Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
234<br />
S<strong>in</strong>ce its <strong>in</strong>dependence Kazakhstan has <strong>in</strong>troduced pr<strong>of</strong>ound social, political, <strong>education</strong>al <strong>and</strong><br />
economic reforms to face <strong>the</strong> new challenges. These reforms are driven by democracy, free<br />
choice, openness, freedom <strong>of</strong> expression <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>novative ideas. In this regard new laws have been<br />
established. These laws determ<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong> State <strong>education</strong>al policy, <strong>the</strong> objectives <strong>and</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>ciples <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>education</strong>, <strong>the</strong> adm<strong>in</strong>istrative structure, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> system <strong>of</strong> private schools (IAU 2011).<br />
Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reforms <strong>in</strong>troduced to <strong>education</strong> sector <strong>in</strong>clude: system restructurization,<br />
transformation <strong>of</strong> <strong>education</strong>al programs, teacher <strong>education</strong> <strong>and</strong> curriculum reforms. Likewise,<br />
different <strong>in</strong>itiatives were taken to improve <strong>the</strong> effectiveness <strong>of</strong> networks <strong>of</strong> <strong>education</strong>al<br />
<strong>in</strong>stitutions: higher, technical, pr<strong>of</strong>essional <strong>and</strong> secondary <strong>education</strong>. These reforms <strong>in</strong> <strong>education</strong><br />
sector have resulted <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> decentralized adm<strong>in</strong>istration, development <strong>of</strong> multi-sourced <strong>education</strong><br />
system, sett<strong>in</strong>g new st<strong>and</strong>ards, alignment <strong>of</strong> curricula with societal <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational dem<strong>and</strong>s,<br />
improvement <strong>of</strong> quality <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternationalization <strong>of</strong> higher <strong>education</strong>.<br />
Uzbekistan<br />
In Uzbekistan <strong>the</strong> Government <strong>in</strong>troduced <strong>the</strong> process <strong>of</strong> transformation <strong>and</strong> reforms to align <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>education</strong> system with democratic society <strong>and</strong> a free market economy, to improve <strong>the</strong> quality <strong>and</strong><br />
effectiveness <strong>of</strong> <strong>education</strong>. In 1997 <strong>the</strong> National Program for Personnel Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g System was<br />
launched to improve <strong>the</strong> quality, efficiency <strong>and</strong> effectiveness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>education</strong> system through<br />
capacity build<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stakeholders: teachers, tra<strong>in</strong>ers, managers <strong>and</strong> specialists (IAU 2011).<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore restructur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> re-organization <strong>of</strong> <strong>education</strong>al bodies also <strong>in</strong>troduced <strong>and</strong> new<br />
management units also created to facilitate <strong>the</strong> smooth <strong>and</strong> efficient function<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>education</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>stitutions. Under <strong>the</strong>se policy reform process Institute for <strong>the</strong> Development <strong>of</strong> Specialized<br />
Secondary <strong>and</strong> <strong>Higher</strong> Education <strong>and</strong> a Centre for Specialized Secondary Education have been<br />
established, which are responsible for <strong>the</strong> development <strong>and</strong> growth <strong>of</strong> quality <strong>education</strong>.<br />
5.4.2 Impact on <strong>the</strong> <strong>education</strong><br />
The UNESCO, World Bank <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r IGOs‟ assistance to develop <strong>education</strong> sector <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Asian</strong><br />
<strong>countries</strong>, Jometien Conference <strong>in</strong> 1990 to pursue <strong>and</strong> push states to work for <strong>the</strong> promotion <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>education</strong> for all, <strong>the</strong> UNESCO World <strong>Higher</strong> Education Conference <strong>in</strong> 1998, EFA goals <strong>in</strong><br />
Dakar World Education Forum <strong>in</strong> 2000, The World Bank report Knowledge <strong>and</strong> Development <strong>in</strong><br />
1999, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by UNO general assembly <strong>in</strong> 2000, <strong>the</strong> United<br />
Nations Literacy Decade (UNLD) <strong>in</strong> 2003, UN Decade <strong>of</strong> Education for Susta<strong>in</strong>able