Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...

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212 Reform” this project ended in 2005. This shift can be attributed to a gigantic economic growth and development during the last decade. This economic boom made available sufficient budget for all sub sectors of education consequently the country has no need to go for loans to support education sector. The World Bank investment in the selected countries of East Asia (1947 to Present) Country Type All fields Education China Japan South Korea Higher education Projects 441 40 19 Lending 51705.4 4459.5 1749.4 Projects 31 0 0 Lending 762.9 0 0 Projects 129 16 8 Lending 15997.8 861.3 446.6 Projects for Higher Education Active First Last 0 Jun-81 May-99 0 … … Source: Table is produced by the research, data from The World Bank 2011, Lending unit is in Million US$ Table 23 The World Bank investment in the selected countries of East Asia 0 Jun-93 Feb-80 Central Asia comprises five countries, which became independent after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. These central Asian republics became the World Bank members in the early 1990s. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are the part of this research study. The first loan Kazakhstan get The World Bank has given $6.4billion for 51 Projects in Kazakhstan including $0.20 billion for 4 projects in education sector. Three of the four projects in education sector were for higher education. Two of these projects were approved in 2008 and one in 2010, all of the projects are active. In Uzbekistan the World Bank has invested $1.4billion under 34 projects that also includes $0.16billion for two projects in education sector. The Bank has made no funding for higher education sub-sector in Uzbekistan. The World Bank investment in the selected countries of Central Asia Country Type All fields Education Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Higher education Project Lending 51 6404.11 4 201.43 3 160.33 Project 34 2 0 Lending 1440.88 43 0 Projects for Higher Education Active First Last 3 Jan-08 Jul-10 0 … … Source: Table is produced by the research, data from The World Bank 2011, Lending unit is in Million US$ Table 24 The World Bank investment in the selected countries of Central Asia
213 West Asia comprises of 15 sovereign and two not fully sovereign states. Except Gaza strip, all the rest of 16 states are the members of the World Bank. Six of them are included in this study on the preset criteria of minimum two million population size. The World Bank has given a lending to Turkey of worth $36.1 billion for 208 projects including $4.6billion for 15 projects in education sector. Here four projects of worth $0.53billion were for the development of higher education sub-sector. The Bank funded $3.34billion to Yemen for 189 projects in different sectors that also include $0.90billion for 41 projects in education sector and eleven of them were related to higher education sub-sector. In Yemen and Turkey 22% and 11% respectively of the total funding for education sector was spent on higher education. Two projects in Yemen and one Turkey have active status. The World Bank investment in the selected countries of Southwest Asia Country Type All fields Education Iran Iraq Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey Yemen Higher education Project 54 2 0 Lending 3658.1 199 0 Project 40 7 0 Lending 1164.7 112.9 0 Project 0 0 0 Lending 0 0 0 Project 40 2 0 Lending 660.5 35.6 0 Project 208 15 4 Lending 36161.67 4591.9 531 Project Lending 189 3340.77 41 900.58 11 199.34 Projects for Higher Education Active First Last 0 … … 0 … … 0 … … 0 … … 1 Mar-84 Mar-05 2 Jan-82 May-10 Source: Table is produced by the research, data from The World Bank 2011, Lending unit is in Million Table 25 The World Bank investment in the selected countries of Southwest Asia In Iran the Bank has invested $3.6billion in 54 projects, in Iraq $1.1billion for 40 projects and in Syria $0.66billion in forty projects. The Bank has funded two projects both in Iran and Syria in education sector and seven in Iraq. In Iran, Iraq and Syria there is no project or program in the field of higher education, which is funded by the World Bank. 5.3.11 Review of the WB projects in Asia In Asia, during the last five decades, the World Bank has invested an amount of 13.4 billion US dollars in 187 higher education projects, or projects with higher education components in 27
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Higher education in Asian countries
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ii Dedicated to my parents
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ii 3 CONCEPTUAL WORK ..............
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iv 4.2.3 Europeans in Asia ........
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vi 5.2 ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC CO
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viii 5.3.8.1.2.2 The Robert S. McNa
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Figures x Table 24 The World Bank i
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xii Abbreviations ADB Asian Develop
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xiv UNLD United Nations Literacy De
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2 productivity that has become esse
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4 Central Commission for Navigation
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6 and international levels and over
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1 Presentation of the research 1.1
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10 tertiary level is less than 15%,
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12 These hypotheses are general in
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14 the scope of the study and by de
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16 Participation observation to ha
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18 The count of IGO‟s activities
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20 aims, objectives, priorities and
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22 important actors at internationa
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24 capital theory in order to study
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26 performed by that organization.
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28 According to Bernoux (1985) “E
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30 Before World War I, IGOs were mo
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32 3.3.2 Classification on the basi
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34 council exercise certain of its
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3.3.4.1.1 Hybrid character 36 Conve
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3.4 Theories of International Organ
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40 translate into loss of powers if
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3.4.4.1 Neo-institutionalism 42 Neo
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44 socio-economic development at na
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46 changing needs and meet the new
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48 Game theory deals with parties (
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50 perfect information and imperfec
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3.5.1.2 Cooperative game 52 In a co
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54 economic development, national n
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3.6 Definition of higher education
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58 between 17 to 20 years and durat
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4 Asia and higher education 4.1 Int
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1. East Asia: China, Japan, Mongoli
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65 Similarly in East Asian region a
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4.3 History of Education 67 Educati
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69 institutions, financing and fund
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71 because in these economies the e
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73 capacity, and for developing oth
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75 This region is passing through a
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77 Whereas the average value for As
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79 is evident from the state polici
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81 Thailand and Malaysia are the le
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83 According to the World Bank, wid
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Source: The University of Texas Lib
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4.8 Economic Growth and higher educ
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89 provide objective and effective
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91 purpose of existence and t three
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93 general and of human knowledge,
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95 To approve the draft program sub
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97 non UN intergovernmental organiz
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99 The Bureau of Field Coordination
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101 4. UNESCO Office in Beijing - C
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Chairs And Networks Field Offices 5
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105 and centers function as capacit
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107 5.1.1.7.1 International Institu
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7. Caribbean Development Bank 8. Co
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111 34. International Association o
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113 5. Netherlands Organization for
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115 friendly policies and strategie
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117 Protocol Instituting a Concili
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119 In today‟s globalized world i
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121 and a bridge between research,
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Figure 9 Distribution of UNESCO cha
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5.1.2.7 Open Distant Education (ODL
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127 In this regard both organizatio
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129 At national level UNESCO, throu
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131 was adopted by WCHE in 1998, to
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5.1.2.13 Cluster offices 133 A clus
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2. Jakarta Regional Bureau for Scie
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137 Regional Bureau for Education B
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139 Assessment, Information System
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141 concerned. It assists in the pr
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143 5.1.4 UNESCO-Bangkok office rol
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145 has produced 51 publications on
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147 In the field of higher educatio
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Summary 149 UNESCO is the heir of I
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151 policy reforms. APEID is contri
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5.2.2 History and creation of OECD
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5.2.3.2 Council 155 Governance stru
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157 Directorate for Employment, Lab
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159 Non-Members (CCNM) develops and
Page 179 and 180: 161 laws against spam. They may als
Page 181 and 182: 163 5.2.5.1.1 Program for Internati
Page 183 and 184: 165 students, at age 15, are prepar
Page 185 and 186: 167 The CELE is actively working to
Page 187 and 188: 169 33rd session of its General Con
Page 189 and 190: 171 Phase 2: an exploration of appr
Page 191 and 192: 173 European Federation for Retirem
Page 193 and 194: UN Development Group (UNDG) UN Deve
Page 195 and 196: 177 5.2.8 OECD in the World and its
Page 197 and 198: 179 Status of the Asian Countries i
Page 199 and 200: 181 Knowledge based economy and inf
Page 201 and 202: 183 documents belongs to these cate
Page 203 and 204: 185 A large part of the OECD‟s ac
Page 205 and 206: 5.3.1 A glance at the World Bank 18
Page 207 and 208: of payments and international reser
Page 209 and 210: 191 these countries to meet the ter
Page 211 and 212: 193 by the president of the World B
Page 213 and 214: 5.3.2 The World Bank 195 The World
Page 215 and 216: 197 including early childhood educa
Page 217 and 218: Member states of: 199 All five WBG
Page 219 and 220: 201 The European Bank for Reconstru
Page 221 and 222: 203 transforming and changing in al
Page 223 and 224: 205 graduate studies that are award
Page 225 and 226: 207 despite of two economic recessi
Page 227 and 228: 209 Summary of the total lending in
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Page 235 and 236: 217 Several projects successfully
Page 237 and 238: 219 infrastructure development; fro
Page 239 and 240: 221 The Independent Evaluation Grou
Page 241 and 242: 223 countries has achieved 100% GER
Page 243 and 244: 225 universities. State and institu
Page 245 and 246: Malaysia 227 In Malaysia all educat
Page 247 and 248: 229 primary, secondary and tertiary
Page 249 and 250: 231 government gave more focus to v
Page 251 and 252: 233 transform the higher education
Page 253 and 254: 235 Development (DESD) in 2005, UNE
Page 255 and 256: 237 The time series data, from 1970
Page 257 and 258: 239 Present higher education system
Page 259 and 260: 241 toolkits for teachers and other
Page 261 and 262: 243 these legal instruments. IIEP i
Page 263 and 264: 245 partner countries in Asia and n
Page 265 and 266: 6.3 Response to research questions
Page 267 and 268: 7 Discussion 249 What is the role o
Page 269 and 270: 251 development of human capital, w
Page 271 and 272: 253 In the 1980s the differences be
Page 273 and 274: 255 certainly today we have had a d
Page 275 and 276: 7.4 A shift in IGOs’ stance 257 A
Page 277 and 278: 259 as responsive and high quality
Page 279 and 280: 261 education. The following table
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Conclusions 263 The increased numbe
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265 the countries, for the last two
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267 Outcomes; quality teaching in h
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269 Barnett, M., & Press, M. F. (20
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271 Dincauze, D. F. (2000). Environ
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273 IIEP-UNESCO. (2010). Strategic
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275 McLean, I., & McMillan, A. (200
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277 Powersa, J. B., & McDougall, P.
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279 The World Bank. (2000). Higher
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281 UNESCO. (2010). Recognition of
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283 Yusuf, S. (2007). University-In
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285 is awarded by an institution of
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287 identifying, formulating, and i
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289 Annex II- List of the UNESCO-AP
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291 20th AAOU Annual Conference: Re
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1997-1998 293 Regional Conference o
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Source: Table is based on the data
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Net enrolment rate. Secondary. All
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299 School life expectancy (years).
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301 Educational expenditure by natu
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303 . Public expenditure per pupil
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305 Arab and European States Border
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. 307 Convention on the Recognition
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309 Higher education UNESCO-Bangkok
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. . 311 A glance at education Repub
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. A glance at education Philippines
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315 A glance at education in India
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317 A glance at education in Afghan
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319 A glance at education Syrian Ar
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Annex VI - List of the UNESCO Chair
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323 UNITWIN Network on emergency pr
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325 UNITWIN Network on Economics Te
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327 Major higher education UNESCO p
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Résumé L'augmentation du nombre d
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331 comment, quand et pourquoi ces
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333 laboratoire d'idées, un produc
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335 différents. Le bureau de Bangk
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337 Direction de l'Education de l'O
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339 spécialisées de l'ONU, dix-se
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341 Les résultats des activités d
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L’OCDE 343 OCDE n'est pas puremen
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Author’s introduction Mr. Amjad A
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