Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...

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5.2.7.1 OECD Partner Organizations 176 The OECD is an active organization among the family of international organization. It co- operates with a more than hundred organizations all around the world. The OECD has been working for these organizations on various projects and it has varied type of relations with these bodies: as a partner, cooperator or collaborator. Asian Development Bank since 2005 European Investment Bank since 2009 Inter-American Development Bank since 2010 International Labor Organization since 1961 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development since 2002 The World Bank since 2000 World Health Organization since 2005 5.2.7.2 OECD and UNESCO The OECD has been working and cooperating with the UNESCO for many years. This cooperation has resulted in many joint projects: the World Education Indicators (WEI) program, the Partnership in Statistics for Development in the 21st Century Consortium (Paris21), guidelines on the quality in the provision of cross-border education, OECD Global Forum on Education and OECD Working Party of National Experts on Sciences and Technology Indicators (NESTI). Both organizations also work together for the achievement of EFA and MDG Goals. Furthermore UNESCO is working with OECD Division on Non-Member Economies and both organizations are cooperating with each other on gender issues and policy reviews of early childhood education in OECD non-member economies: Indonesia, Kenya, Brazil and China. 5.2.7.3 OECD and the World Bank Since 2000 the World Bank is a key partner for OECD‟s co-operation with non-members. Both organizations cooperate in a number of areas, including trade, corporate governance, debt management, pensions, taxation and development assistance. In the future OECD and the World Bank are planning to extend the circle of cooperation to other areas: agriculture, anti-corruption, competition, education, environmental sustainability/climate change, governance, health, insurance, investment, labor, migration and statistics and employment. The World Bank has presence and visibility at OECD platform as it participate in more than thirty OECD bodies as an observer and in three bodies as full participant . The Bank also supports OECD's Global Forums.
177 5.2.8 OECD in the World and its enlargement OECD has 34 member states and four centers in Germany, Japan, Mexico and United States. For the last few years the OECD has embarked on extension process of OECD circle by establishing working relations with stable and emerging economies of the world. The process of OECD enlargement is complex and long as non-countries cannot get accession to the Organization directly but as they have to enter into the enhanced engagement first for some period that can later on lead to membership. The accession procedure also involves a series of examinations to assess and evaluate candidate country‟s ability to meet OECD standards in a wide range of policy areas. In 2007 the OECD Council at Ministerial level adopted a resolution to strengthen the cooperation with selected countries of the world they agreed enlarge OECD by inviting Chile, Estonia, Israel, Russia and Slovenia for membership. These countries except Russia became OECD members in 2010. The council also offered Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa OECD cooperation with enhanced engagement in the same meeting. This resolution was adopted in the light of articles 1, 2, 5, 12 and 16 of OECD convention and its 14 December 1960 developments and reports C(2004)60, C/M(2006)9, and C(2007)42 & CORR1 & 2. The council also passed a resolution, which gave an indication of further expansion of OECD umbrella over Asia. According to this resolution “Council Invites the Secretary-General to explore and develop recommendations to Council on how to expand the OECD‟s relations,… and the priority will be given to South East Asia with a view to identifying countries for possible membership”. The OECD‟s Centre for Co-operation with Non-Members acts as a linking line between the Organization and non-member economies. This centre also develops, directs and supervises the strategic orientation of relationship with non-member countries. 5.2.9 OECD in Asia Soon after its birth the OCED increased its presence in Asia by giving an entry to Japan in the Organization in 1964, whereas Turkey was already a member of this organization. Though OECD like OEEC is not purely European or regional organization, until 1995 it did not give membership to any Asian country. In 1996 Korea and in 2010 Israel became its members. OECD further increased its presence and visibility in Asia by giving Enhanced Engagement status to three Asian countries namely China, India and Indonesia. Today after 50 years of its creation the members table shows that still OECD has very low presence and visibility in this continent with
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Higher education in Asian countries
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ii Dedicated to my parents
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ii 3 CONCEPTUAL WORK ..............
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iv 4.2.3 Europeans in Asia ........
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vi 5.2 ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC CO
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viii 5.3.8.1.2.2 The Robert S. McNa
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Figures x Table 24 The World Bank i
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xii Abbreviations ADB Asian Develop
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xiv UNLD United Nations Literacy De
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2 productivity that has become esse
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4 Central Commission for Navigation
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6 and international levels and over
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1 Presentation of the research 1.1
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10 tertiary level is less than 15%,
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12 These hypotheses are general in
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14 the scope of the study and by de
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16 Participation observation to ha
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18 The count of IGO‟s activities
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20 aims, objectives, priorities and
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22 important actors at internationa
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24 capital theory in order to study
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26 performed by that organization.
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28 According to Bernoux (1985) “E
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30 Before World War I, IGOs were mo
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32 3.3.2 Classification on the basi
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34 council exercise certain of its
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3.3.4.1.1 Hybrid character 36 Conve
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3.4 Theories of International Organ
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40 translate into loss of powers if
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3.4.4.1 Neo-institutionalism 42 Neo
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44 socio-economic development at na
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46 changing needs and meet the new
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48 Game theory deals with parties (
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50 perfect information and imperfec
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3.5.1.2 Cooperative game 52 In a co
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54 economic development, national n
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3.6 Definition of higher education
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58 between 17 to 20 years and durat
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4 Asia and higher education 4.1 Int
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1. East Asia: China, Japan, Mongoli
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65 Similarly in East Asian region a
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4.3 History of Education 67 Educati
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69 institutions, financing and fund
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71 because in these economies the e
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73 capacity, and for developing oth
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75 This region is passing through a
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77 Whereas the average value for As
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79 is evident from the state polici
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81 Thailand and Malaysia are the le
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83 According to the World Bank, wid
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Source: The University of Texas Lib
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4.8 Economic Growth and higher educ
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89 provide objective and effective
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91 purpose of existence and t three
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93 general and of human knowledge,
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95 To approve the draft program sub
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97 non UN intergovernmental organiz
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99 The Bureau of Field Coordination
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101 4. UNESCO Office in Beijing - C
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Chairs And Networks Field Offices 5
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105 and centers function as capacit
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107 5.1.1.7.1 International Institu
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7. Caribbean Development Bank 8. Co
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111 34. International Association o
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113 5. Netherlands Organization for
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115 friendly policies and strategie
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117 Protocol Instituting a Concili
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119 In today‟s globalized world i
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121 and a bridge between research,
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Figure 9 Distribution of UNESCO cha
Page 143 and 144: 5.1.2.7 Open Distant Education (ODL
Page 145 and 146: 127 In this regard both organizatio
Page 147 and 148: 129 At national level UNESCO, throu
Page 149 and 150: 131 was adopted by WCHE in 1998, to
Page 151 and 152: 5.1.2.13 Cluster offices 133 A clus
Page 153 and 154: 2. Jakarta Regional Bureau for Scie
Page 155 and 156: 137 Regional Bureau for Education B
Page 157 and 158: 139 Assessment, Information System
Page 159 and 160: 141 concerned. It assists in the pr
Page 161 and 162: 143 5.1.4 UNESCO-Bangkok office rol
Page 163 and 164: 145 has produced 51 publications on
Page 165 and 166: 147 In the field of higher educatio
Page 167 and 168: Summary 149 UNESCO is the heir of I
Page 169 and 170: 151 policy reforms. APEID is contri
Page 171 and 172: 5.2.2 History and creation of OECD
Page 173 and 174: 5.2.3.2 Council 155 Governance stru
Page 175 and 176: 157 Directorate for Employment, Lab
Page 177 and 178: 159 Non-Members (CCNM) develops and
Page 179 and 180: 161 laws against spam. They may als
Page 181 and 182: 163 5.2.5.1.1 Program for Internati
Page 183 and 184: 165 students, at age 15, are prepar
Page 185 and 186: 167 The CELE is actively working to
Page 187 and 188: 169 33rd session of its General Con
Page 189 and 190: 171 Phase 2: an exploration of appr
Page 191 and 192: 173 European Federation for Retirem
Page 193: UN Development Group (UNDG) UN Deve
Page 197 and 198: 179 Status of the Asian Countries i
Page 199 and 200: 181 Knowledge based economy and inf
Page 201 and 202: 183 documents belongs to these cate
Page 203 and 204: 185 A large part of the OECD‟s ac
Page 205 and 206: 5.3.1 A glance at the World Bank 18
Page 207 and 208: of payments and international reser
Page 209 and 210: 191 these countries to meet the ter
Page 211 and 212: 193 by the president of the World B
Page 213 and 214: 5.3.2 The World Bank 195 The World
Page 215 and 216: 197 including early childhood educa
Page 217 and 218: Member states of: 199 All five WBG
Page 219 and 220: 201 The European Bank for Reconstru
Page 221 and 222: 203 transforming and changing in al
Page 223 and 224: 205 graduate studies that are award
Page 225 and 226: 207 despite of two economic recessi
Page 227 and 228: 209 Summary of the total lending in
Page 229 and 230: 211 education sector where 21% of t
Page 231 and 232: 213 West Asia comprises of 15 sover
Page 233 and 234: 215 South East Asia where the Bank
Page 235 and 236: 217 Several projects successfully
Page 237 and 238: 219 infrastructure development; fro
Page 239 and 240: 221 The Independent Evaluation Grou
Page 241 and 242: 223 countries has achieved 100% GER
Page 243 and 244: 225 universities. State and institu
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Malaysia 227 In Malaysia all educat
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229 primary, secondary and tertiary
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231 government gave more focus to v
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233 transform the higher education
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235 Development (DESD) in 2005, UNE
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237 The time series data, from 1970
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239 Present higher education system
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241 toolkits for teachers and other
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243 these legal instruments. IIEP i
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245 partner countries in Asia and n
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6.3 Response to research questions
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7 Discussion 249 What is the role o
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251 development of human capital, w
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253 In the 1980s the differences be
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255 certainly today we have had a d
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7.4 A shift in IGOs’ stance 257 A
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259 as responsive and high quality
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261 education. The following table
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Conclusions 263 The increased numbe
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265 the countries, for the last two
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267 Outcomes; quality teaching in h
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269 Barnett, M., & Press, M. F. (20
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271 Dincauze, D. F. (2000). Environ
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273 IIEP-UNESCO. (2010). Strategic
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275 McLean, I., & McMillan, A. (200
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277 Powersa, J. B., & McDougall, P.
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279 The World Bank. (2000). Higher
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281 UNESCO. (2010). Recognition of
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283 Yusuf, S. (2007). University-In
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285 is awarded by an institution of
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287 identifying, formulating, and i
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289 Annex II- List of the UNESCO-AP
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291 20th AAOU Annual Conference: Re
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1997-1998 293 Regional Conference o
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Source: Table is based on the data
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Net enrolment rate. Secondary. All
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299 School life expectancy (years).
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301 Educational expenditure by natu
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303 . Public expenditure per pupil
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305 Arab and European States Border
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. 307 Convention on the Recognition
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309 Higher education UNESCO-Bangkok
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. . 311 A glance at education Repub
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. A glance at education Philippines
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315 A glance at education in India
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317 A glance at education in Afghan
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319 A glance at education Syrian Ar
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Annex VI - List of the UNESCO Chair
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323 UNITWIN Network on emergency pr
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325 UNITWIN Network on Economics Te
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327 Major higher education UNESCO p
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Résumé L'augmentation du nombre d
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331 comment, quand et pourquoi ces
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333 laboratoire d'idées, un produc
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335 différents. Le bureau de Bangk
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337 Direction de l'Education de l'O
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339 spécialisées de l'ONU, dix-se
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341 Les résultats des activités d
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L’OCDE 343 OCDE n'est pas puremen
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Author’s introduction Mr. Amjad A
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