Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
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viii<br />
5.3.8.1.2.2 The Robert S. McNamara Fellowships Program (RSM Fellowships) ............................................. 205<br />
5.3.8.1.2.3 The Japan Indonesia Presidential Scholarship Program (JIPS) ...................................................... 205<br />
5.3.9 The World Bank <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Higher</strong> Education sub-sector ...................................................................... 205<br />
5.3.10 The World Bank, higher <strong>education</strong> <strong>and</strong> Asia ................................................................................. 207<br />
5.3.11 Review <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> WB projects <strong>in</strong> Asia ................................................................................................. 213<br />
5.3.12 Evaluation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bank’s projects .................................................................................................. 215<br />
5.3.12.1 Evaluation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> WB projects on higher <strong>education</strong> ................................................................................ 215<br />
5.3.12.2 India: Education Sector Development <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1990s ................................................................................. 215<br />
5.3.12.3 Tertiary Education: Lessons from a Decade <strong>of</strong> Lend<strong>in</strong>g, FY1990-2000 .................................................... 216<br />
5.3.13 Critics on <strong>the</strong> World Bank <strong>role</strong> ....................................................................................................... 217<br />
Summary .......................................................................................................................................................... 218<br />
5.4 EFFECT AND IMPACT.......................................................................................................................................... 222<br />
5.4.1 Education Sector Reform Process <strong>in</strong> Asia ........................................................................................... 222<br />
5.4.1.1 East <strong>Asian</strong> <strong>countries</strong> ................................................................................................................................. 223<br />
5.4.1.2 Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia.......................................................................................................................................... 226<br />
5.4.1.3 South Asia ................................................................................................................................................ 230<br />
5.4.1.4 Central Asia .............................................................................................................................................. 233<br />
5.4.2 Impact on <strong>the</strong> <strong>education</strong> .................................................................................................................... 234<br />
5.4.3 The development trends <strong>in</strong> <strong>Asian</strong> higher <strong>education</strong> ........................................................................... 236<br />
6 RESEARCH FINDINGS................................................................................................................................. 240<br />
6.1.1 Role <strong>in</strong> higher <strong>education</strong>: a comparison <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> IGOs .......................................................................... 240<br />
6.2 KEY FINDINGS .................................................................................................................................................. 242<br />
6.2.1 United Nations Educational, Cultural <strong>and</strong> Scientific Organization (UNESCO) .................................... 242<br />
6.2.2 The Organization for Economic Cooperation <strong>and</strong> Development (OECD) ........................................... 244<br />
6.2.3 The World Bank .................................................................................................................................. 245<br />
6.3 RESPONSE TO RESEARCH QUESTIONS .................................................................................................................... 247<br />
7 DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................................................. 249<br />
7.1 CHANGE IN THE VALUE OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN ASIA ............................................................................................ 249<br />
7.2 IGOS ROLE AND REASON OF EXISTENCE ................................................................................................................. 251<br />
7.3 CRITICISM AND APPRECIATION............................................................................................................................. 254<br />
7.4 A SHIFT IN IGOS’ STANCE ................................................................................................................................... 257<br />
7.5 IMPLICATIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 262<br />
CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................................... 263<br />
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................................... 268