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contain spring ⁄ summer sown crops, where such problematic grasses are not adapted (Chauvel et al., 2001). The strong weed community shifts observed in the space-for-time substitution study had to be confirmed by classical crop rotation experiments. In particular, future (long term) studies should analyse the duration of the effect of perennial crops and determine whether, and after how many years of annual crops, weed communities move again to the (initial) state (a), closing the cyclic trajectory or not. In a Canadian survey, farmers estimated that weed control benefits of perennial forage crops lasted for one, two, three or more years (11%, 50% and 33% of respondents, respectively) (Entz et al., 1995). Results of this study suggest that the inclusion of perennial crops into cereal-based crop rotations may reduce the abundances of weeds that are problematic in annual crops while favouring other less problematic species. These species may provide food resources for heterotrophic organisms and other ecosystem services that are increasingly recognised (Gerowitt et al., 2003; Marshall et al., 2003). Changes in weed community composition provoked by the diversification of crop rotations with perennial crops may thus (i) contribute to Integrated Weed Management reducing the need for herbicide applications and (ii) alleviate the trade-off between agricultural production and the conservation of farmland biodiversity. Acknowledgements We are grateful to many people from the groups of INRA Dijon, CNRS Chizé and AgroParisTech, especially L. Grelet, A-C. Denis, D. Charbonnier, L. Bianchi, D. Le Floch, and B. Chauvel for their contribution in field work; J. Gasquez for weed taxonomy; P. Inchausti, A. Thomas and R. Bernard for database maintenance; F. Dessaint and R. Schmiele for statistical advice; G. Fried and R. Gunton and two reviewers for helpful comments. This work received funding from ECOGER and SYSTERRA programs and AgroSupDijon. H. Meiss was granted a scholarship of the French research ministry. References ALBRECHT H (2005) Development of arable weed seedbanks during the 6 years after the change from conventional to organic farming. Weed Research 45, 339–350. ANDERSON MJ, ELLINGSEN KE & MCARDLE BH (2006) Multivariate dispersion as a measure of beta diversity. Ecology Letters 9, 683–693. ANDERSSON TN & MILBERG P (1996) Weed performance in crop rotations with and without leys and at different nitrogen levels. Annals of Applied Biology 128, 505–518. Ó 2010 INRA Journal Compilation Ó 2010 European Weed Research Society Weed Research 50, 331–340 Arable weeds and perennial lucerne 339 BELLINDER RR, DILLARD HR & SHAH DA (2004) Weed seedbank community responses to crop rotation schemes. Crop Protection 23, 95–101. BOOTH BD & SWANTON CJ (2002) Assembly theory applied to weed communities. Weed Science 50, 2–13. CHAUVEL B, GUILLEMIN JP, COLBACH N&GASQUEZ J (2001) Evaluation of cropping systems for management of herbicide-resistant populations of blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.). Crop Protection 20, 127–137. CLARKE KR (1993) Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Austral Ecology 18, 117–143. CLAY SA & AGUILAR I (1998) Weed seedbanks and corn growth following continuous corn or lucerne. Agronomy Journal 90, 813–818. COLWELL RK & CODDINGTON JA (1994) Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 345, 101–118. DOUCET C, WEAVER SE, HAMILL AS & ZHANG JH (1999) Separating the effects of crop rotation from weed management on weed density and diversity. Weed Science 47, 729–735. DUFRENE M&LEGENDRE P (1997) Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecological Monographs 67, 345–366. ENTZ MH, BULLIED WJ & KATEPA-MUPONDWA F (1995) Rotational benefits of forage crops in Canadian prairie cropping systems. Journal of Production Agriculture 8, 521–529. FREYER B (2003) Fruchtfolgen. Ulmer, Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany. GEROWITT B, BERTKE E, HESPELT SK & TUTE C (2003) Towards multifunctional agriculture – weeds as ecological goods? Weed Research 43, 227–235. GRAGLIA E, MELANDER B&JENSEN RK (2006) Mechanical and cultural strategies to control Cirsium arvense in organic arable cropping systems. Weed Research 46, 304–312. HEGGENSTALLER AH & LIEBMAN M (2006) Demography of Abutilon theophrasti and Setaria faberi in three crop rotation systems. Weed Research 46, 138–151. HEGGENSTALLER AH, MENALLED FD, LIEBMAN M& WESTERMAN PR (2006) Seasonal patterns in post-dispersal seed predation of Abutilon theophrasti and Setaria faberi in three cropping systems. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 999–1010. HILTBRUNNER J, SCHERRER C, STREIT B et al. (2008) Long-term weed community dynamics in Swiss organic and integrated farming systems. Weed Research 48, 360–369. HUARTE HR & ARNOLD RLB (2003) Understanding mechanisms of reduced annual weed emergence in lucerne. Weed Science 51, 876–885. KENKEL NC, DERKSEN DA, THOMAS AG & WATSON PR (2002) Multivariate analysis in weed science research. Weed Science 50, 281–292. LIEBMAN M&DYCK E (1993) Crop-rotation and intercropping strategies for weed management. Ecological Applications 3, 92–122. MARSHALL EJP, BROWN VK, BOATMAN ND et al. (2003) The role of weeds in supporting biological diversity within crop fields. Weed Research 43, 77–89.
340 H Meiss et al. MEISS H, MUNIER-JOLAIN N, HENRIOT F&CANEILL J (2008) Effects of biomass, age and functional traits on regrowth of arable weeds after cutting. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 21, 493–499. NAZARKO OM, VAN ACKER RC & ENTZ MH (2005) Strategies and tactics for herbicide use reduction in field crops in Canada: a review. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, 457–479. OKSANEN J, KINDT R, LEGENDRE P et al. (2009) vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package Version 1.15-3. Available at: http://r-forge.r-project.org/projects/vegan/. OMINSKI PD, ENTZ MH & KENKEL N (1999) Weed suppression by Medicago sativa in subsequent cereal crops: a comparative survey. Weed Science 47, 282–290. SCHOOFS A&ENTZ MH (2000) Influence of annual forages on weed dynamics in a cropping system. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, 187–198. SMITH RG & GROSS KL (2007) Assembly of weed communities along a crop diversity gradient. Journal of Applied Ecology 44, 1046–1056. SOSNOSKIE LM, HERMS NP & CARDINA J (2006) Weed seedbank community composition in a 35-yr-old tillage and rotation experiment. Weed Science 54, 263–273. TEASDALE JR, MANGUM RW, RADHAKRISHNAN J & CAVIGELLI MA (2004) Weed seedbank dynamics in three organic farming crop rotations. Agronomy Journal 96, 1429–1435. TILMAN D, HILL J&LEHMAN C (2006) Carbon-negative biofuels from low-input high-diversity grassland biomass. Science 314, 1598–1600. ULBER L, STEINMANN HH, KLIMEK S&ISSELSTEIN J (2009) An on-farm approach to investigate the impact of diversified crop rotations on weed species richness and composition in winter wheat. Weed Research 49, 534–543. ZANIN G, OTTO S, RIELLO L&BORIN M (1997) Ecological interpretation of weed flora dynamics under different tillage systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 66, 177–188. Ó 2010 INRA Journal Compilation Ó 2010 European Weed Research Society Weed Research 50, 331–340
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Diversifying crop rotations with te
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In Chizé, I am indebted to all the
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Talks . ...........................
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C.II.4.1 Differences between crop t
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INDEX OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Population
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ABSTRACTS (ENGLISH, FRENCH & GERMAN
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Extended summary in English Résum
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Extended summary in English Résum
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CONTEXT AND FUNDING This thesis is
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THESIS ORGANISATION This thesis ent
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8) Meiss, H., Lagadec, L. L., Munie
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Posters . 1) Meiss, H., Waldhardt,
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2007). Agriculture is increasingly
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term considerations (Munier-Jolain
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problematic for the production of d
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Newton, 2004). Several bird species
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A.III APPROACHES TO ALLEVIATE THE
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and higher production costs or even
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competitive yield loss (Cousens, 19
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Page 115 and 116: Cumulated BM production (g m -2 ) 1
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XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
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irradiation,…), and (ii) biotic i
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Table I: Species included in the ex
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Fig. 2: Mean biomass (harvestable d
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When both treatments were combined,
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C.IV WEED SEED PREDATION C.IV.1 Art
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XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
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produites restent à la surface du
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Tableau 1 : Liste des espèces adve
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Insectes prédateurs Les principaux
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C.IV.3 Article 8: Meiss, H., Lagade
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Table 1 Studies investigating the i
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Table 2 Overview showing (i) mean s
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higher weed seed losses (e.g., Mena
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D GENERAL DISCUSSION Data from weed
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The first two limits could be addre
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composition that may be compared to
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Frequency in field experiment (Epoi
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crops (Clay and Aguilar, 1998; Card
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Such diversified crop rotations cou
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the leaves (needed for photosynthes
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field margin strips (compare Articl
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1) The absence of soil tillage and
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D.III.2 Predicting weed regrowth af
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Future studies must determine the s
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(illustrated in Fig. 24). Later, re
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D.III.3 Factors determining weed se
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governing the presence and abundanc
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natural conditions, weed species po
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This PhD research project documente
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area needed for crop production. Gl
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seed characteristics, tillage and s
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Fried G., S. Petit, F. Dessaint, X.
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at the Eastern base of the Meissner
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Lindegarth M., L. Gamfeldt. (2005)
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Murphy S.D., D.R. Clements, S. Bela
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affected by experimental substrate.
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Vincent G., M. Ahmim. (1985) Note o
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ANNEXES ANNEXE 1: KEY WORDS IN ENGL
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genetically modified crop varieties
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ANNEXE 3: WEED SPECIES OF THE LARGE
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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ERKLÄRUNG (DECLARATION FOR THE GIE
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