Diversifying crop rotations with temporary grasslands - Université de ...
Diversifying crop rotations with temporary grasslands - Université de ...
Diversifying crop rotations with temporary grasslands - Université de ...
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336 H Meiss et al.<br />
Table 3 Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) of the four groups of fields (a–d) representing key stages of the rotation (Table 1)<br />
Weed species Co<strong>de</strong><br />
Group (treatment)<br />
(a) Wheat after<br />
annuals<br />
(Ominski et al., 1999; Teasdale et al., 2004; Albrecht,<br />
2005; Heggenstaller & Liebman, 2006). Upright and<br />
climbing broad-leaved plants may be particularly vulnerable<br />
to frequent cutting removing large parts of leaves<br />
and also buds ⁄ meristems nee<strong>de</strong>d for resprouting. Therefore,<br />
such plant types are likely to have slowest regrowth<br />
and highest mortality rates in frequently cut <strong>crop</strong>s, such<br />
as lucerne. In contrast, cutting may cause less damage in<br />
(b) Lucerne<br />
1 year<br />
(c) Lucerne<br />
2–6 years P-value<br />
(d) Wheat after<br />
Lucerne<br />
P-value<br />
Indicators of wheat after annuals (a)<br />
Mercurialis annua MERAN 30 6 0 25 0.0008<br />
Veronica he<strong>de</strong>rifolia VERHE 35 9 2 25 0.0002<br />
Fallopia convolvulus POLCO 40 12 1 26 0.0002<br />
Galium aparine GALAP 32 10 2 13 0.0004<br />
Polygonum aviculare POLAV 32 9 2 19 0.0010<br />
Viola arvensis + tricolor + sp. VIOTR 28 9 1 15 0.0022<br />
Chenopodium album CHEAL 20 5 0 16 0.0134<br />
Cirsium arvense + sp. CIRAR 22 9 6 6 0.0196<br />
Solanum nigrum + sp. SOLNI 10 0 0 1 0.0156<br />
Indicators of lucerne 1 year (b)<br />
Stellaria media STEME 10 24 7 11 0.0120<br />
Sinapis arvensis SINAR 17 19 1 4 0.0418<br />
Sonchus oleraceus SONOL 0 38 2 1 0.0002<br />
Reseda lutea + sp. RES 0 31 0 0 0.0002<br />
Kickxia spuria + sp. KICSP 2 24 1 0 0.0002<br />
Malva neglecta + sylvestris + sp. MAL 0 19 5 0 0.0004<br />
Festuca rubra + sp. FES 0 15 1 0 0.0004<br />
Lamium amplexicaule LAMAM 3 15 5 6 0.0470<br />
Lapsana communis + sp. LAPCO 1 14 0 0 0.0044<br />
Atriplex patula + prostrata + sp. ATX 1 40 10 0 0.0002<br />
Picris echioi<strong>de</strong>s PICEC 0 27 17 1 0.0004<br />
Picris hieracioi<strong>de</strong>s PICHI 3 17 15 0 0.0266<br />
Sonchus asper SONAS 1 51 23 4 0.0002<br />
Capsella bursa-pastoris CAPBP 1 33 32 0 0.0004<br />
Lactuca serriola LACSE 1 18 18 0 0.0092<br />
Calepina irregularis CPAIR 0 12 12 0 0.0236<br />
Indicators of lucerne 2–6 years (c)<br />
Veronica arvensis + polita VERAR 1 14 17 9 0.0270<br />
Crepis sancta + vesicaria + sp. CVP 0 7 30 2 0.0002<br />
Poa trivialis POATR 2 4 20 8 0.0098<br />
Bromus sterilis + mollis + sp. BRO 2 5 19 6 0.0210<br />
Rumex crispus RUMCR 0 5 18 3 0.0046<br />
Myosotis arvensis + sp. MYOAR 2 9 17 8 0.0472<br />
Cerastium arvense + glomeratum CER 0 2 13 5 0.0174<br />
Geranium rotundifolium GERRT 1 2 13 0 0.0210<br />
Silene latifolia MELAL 0 15 18 15 0.0484<br />
Veronica persica VERPE 7 17 35 24 0.0002<br />
Indicators of wheat after lucerne (d)<br />
Taraxacum officinale TAROF 0 4 34 39 0.0002<br />
Poa annua POAAN 4 0 3 27 0.0006<br />
Falcaria vulgaris FALVU 1 0 2 11 0.0198<br />
Fumaria officinalis + sp. FUMOF 15 2 0 18 0.0136<br />
High indicator values (IV) are sha<strong>de</strong>d in darker grey <strong>with</strong> three levels: IV ‡ 10, IV ‡ 20 and IV ‡ 30. They appear mostly in one or two<br />
adjacent groups of fields, showing that the weed species are not randomly distributed but follow a trajectory during the long <strong>crop</strong> rotation.<br />
Only weed species <strong>with</strong> IV max ‡ 10 and P < 0.05 are shown.<br />
broad-leaved species <strong>with</strong> rosettes and in grasses, since<br />
buds and leaves are located nearer to the soil surface. This<br />
mechanism has been suggested by experiments on individual<br />
plants (Meiss et al., 2008). The present study is, to<br />
our knowledge, the first one testing this hypothesis for<br />
weed communities in real fields.<br />
Our results also indicate that lucerne favours perennial<br />
broad-leaved species. Increased occurrences of the<br />
Ó 2010 INRA<br />
Journal Compilation Ó 2010 European Weed Research Society Weed Research 50, 331–340