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C RESULTS (Articles & Manuscripts) C.I IMPACTS OF TEMPORARY GRASSLANDS ON WEED COMMUNITIES (CHIZÉ) C.I.1 Article 1: Meiss, H., Médiène, S., Waldhardt, R., Caneill, J. & Munier-Jolain, N. (2010a) Contrasting weed species composition in perennial alfalfas and six annual crops: implications for integrated weed management. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 30, 657-666. 47
Agron. Sustain. Dev. 30 (2010) 657–666 c○ INRA, EDP Sciences, 2010 DOI: 10.1051/agro/2009043 Research article Available online at: www.agronomy-journal.org for Sustainable Development Contrasting weed species composition in perennial alfalfas and six annual crops: implications for integrated weed management Helmut Meiss 1,2 ,SafiaMédiène 3 ,RainerWaldhardt 2 , Jacques Caneill 1 ,NicolasMunier-Jolain 1 * 1 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1210 Biologie et Gestion des Adventices, INRA / ENESAD / Université de Bourgogne, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France 2 Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resources Management, Division of Landscape Ecology and Landscape Planning, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, IFZ, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany 3 AgroParisTech, UMR 211 INRA-AgroParisTech, BP 01, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France (Accepted 9 October 2009) Abstract – Weed communities are most strongly affected by the characteristics and management of the current crop. Crop rotation may thus be used to prevent the repeated selection of particular weed species. While weed communities are frequently compared among annual crops, little is known about the differences between annual and perennial crops that may be included in the rotations. Moreover, nearly all existing studies (17 articles reviewed) are based on local field experiments rather than commercial fields. We compared the weed composition in perennial alfalfas (Medicago sativa) and six annual crops: winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), oilseed rape (Brassica napus), pea (Pisum sativum), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), maize (Zea mays) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) using data from 632 commercial fields in western France. Weed species composition showed the strongest dissimilarities between perennial alfalfas and all annual crops, followed by the well-known differences between autumn- and spring/summer-sown annual crops. Indicator Species Analysis showed that most weed species either preferred perennial alfalfas (including Taraxacum officinale, Veronica persica, Crepis spp., Poa trivialis, Silene latifolia, Capsella bursa-pastoris and Picris spp.) or annual crops (including Mercurialis annua, Galium aparine, Fallopia convolvulus, Chenopodium album and Cirsium arvense). Perennial alfalfas thus suppressed many weeds that are widespread (and sometimes problematic) in annual crops while favouring other species. Shifted weed composition and reduced frequency of several noxious weeds suggest that perennial alfalfas may be used as a valuable part of integrated weed management, reducing the need for herbicides and sustaining plant and animal diversity in agricultural landscapes. crop diversification / temporary grassland / perennial forage crop / alfalfa / Medicago sativa / plant community composition 1. INTRODUCTION Weed communities in arable fields are mainly characterised by the current crop type and associated farming practices (Doucet et al., 1999). These anthropogenic factors are probably more important than environmental factors linked to, e.g., soil type and climate (Fried et al., 2008). Each crop and associated management practices provide more or less specific conditions that act as filters (sensu Belyea and Lancaster, 1999) offering different ecological niches for weeds. Rotating dissimilar crops constitutes an important part of preventative weed management (Liebman and Dyck, 1993; Bellinder et al., 2004; Nazarko et al., 2005; Smith and Gross, 2007). It may avoid selection for, and rapid population increases in, particular weed species adapted to one crop type, such as may * Corresponding author: munierj@dijon.inra.fr Article published by EDP Sciences happen when one crop is cultivated during consecutive years (‘monoculture’). Doucet et al. (1999) tried to disentangle the effects of intrinsic crop characteristics and crop management practices on weeds. They concluded that management had stronger influences than crop characteristics; however, both are often closely associated. First, the crop type influences several management practices important for weeds including the sowing season, the usable types of (selective) herbicides, the possibilities of mechanical weed control in the crop, and the harvesting date (determining, e.g., the potential for weed seed production). Second, several management practices (e.g., sowing date and density, fertilisation, irrigation, pest control) affect crop growth dynamics and thus crop-weed competition. The ‘weed-regulating function’ of crop rotations may, however, be restricted if crop types and management practices are too similar or if the rotations are too short. To avoid this
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Diversifying crop rotations with te
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In Chizé, I am indebted to all the
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Talks . ...........................
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C.II.4.1 Differences between crop t
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INDEX OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Population
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ABSTRACTS (ENGLISH, FRENCH & GERMAN
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Extended summary in English Résum
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Extended summary in English Résum
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CONTEXT AND FUNDING This thesis is
Page 19 and 20: THESIS ORGANISATION This thesis ent
Page 21 and 22: 8) Meiss, H., Lagadec, L. L., Munie
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Page 29 and 30: problematic for the production of d
Page 31 and 32: Newton, 2004). Several bird species
Page 33 and 34: A.III APPROACHES TO ALLEVIATE THE
Page 35 and 36: and higher production costs or even
Page 37 and 38: competitive yield loss (Cousens, 19
Page 39 and 40: 2006; Makowski et al., 2007). Moreo
Page 41 and 42: Table 3: Four strategies for combin
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Page 47 and 48: Clay & Aguilar (1998) compared the
Page 49 and 50: Heggenstaller & Liebman (2006) comp
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Page 53 and 54: A.V DIVERSIFIED CROPPING SYSTEM CON
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Page 59 and 60: • Which species are suppressed, w
Page 61 and 62: B OVERWIEW OF THE MATERIALS & METHO
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Page 67 and 68: B.III.2.4 Cutting height In 2008, t
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Page 73 and 74: Contrasting weed species compositio
Page 79 and 80: Mean frequency in perennial lucerne
Page 81 and 82: C.I.2 Article 2: Meiss, H., Médiè
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Page 85 and 86: 334 H Meiss et al. functional group
Page 87 and 88: 336 H Meiss et al. Table 3 Indicato
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Page 99 and 100: The viability and germination abili
Page 101 and 102: Table 8: Organic carbon and total n
Page 103 and 104: The development of weed species ric
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Page 109 and 110: Time Fig. 14: Temporal development
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Page 113 and 114: Difference sown - unsown (plants m
Page 115 and 116: Cumulated BM production (g m -2 ) 1
Page 117 and 118: Weed biomass (g m -2 ) 500 400 300
Page 119 and 120: Table 12: Factors differing between
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However, some differences in densit
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Table 13: Mechanisms causing the im
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2007 and 2008, while big numbers of
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• Weed biomasses decreased in sum
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Our results show that different mec
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including exotic species (Palmer an
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XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
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irradiation,…), and (ii) biotic i
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Table I: Species included in the ex
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Fig. 2: Mean biomass (harvestable d
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When both treatments were combined,
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C.IV WEED SEED PREDATION C.IV.1 Art
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XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
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produites restent à la surface du
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Tableau 1 : Liste des espèces adve
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Insectes prédateurs Les principaux
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C.IV.3 Article 8: Meiss, H., Lagade
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Table 1 Studies investigating the i
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Table 2 Overview showing (i) mean s
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higher weed seed losses (e.g., Mena
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D GENERAL DISCUSSION Data from weed
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The first two limits could be addre
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composition that may be compared to
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Frequency in field experiment (Epoi
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crops (Clay and Aguilar, 1998; Card
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Such diversified crop rotations cou
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the leaves (needed for photosynthes
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field margin strips (compare Articl
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1) The absence of soil tillage and
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D.III.2 Predicting weed regrowth af
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Future studies must determine the s
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(illustrated in Fig. 24). Later, re
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D.III.3 Factors determining weed se
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governing the presence and abundanc
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natural conditions, weed species po
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This PhD research project documente
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area needed for crop production. Gl
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seed characteristics, tillage and s
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Fried G., S. Petit, F. Dessaint, X.
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at the Eastern base of the Meissner
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Lindegarth M., L. Gamfeldt. (2005)
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Murphy S.D., D.R. Clements, S. Bela
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affected by experimental substrate.
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Vincent G., M. Ahmim. (1985) Note o
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ANNEXES ANNEXE 1: KEY WORDS IN ENGL
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genetically modified crop varieties
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ANNEXE 3: WEED SPECIES OF THE LARGE
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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ERKLÄRUNG (DECLARATION FOR THE GIE
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