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B.II.2 Design of the field experiment ...................................................................... 41 B.II.3 Data collection ............................................................................................... 42 B.II.4 Statistical analysis ......................................................................................... 42 B.III GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENTS ANALYZING THE REGROWTH CAPACITY OF WEED PLANTS AFTER CUTTING B.III.1 ........................................................................................ 42 Rationale ........................................................................................................ 42 B.III.2 Design of the greenhouse experiments .......................................................... 43 B.III.2.1 Differences between species ....................................................................... 43 B.III.2.2 Plant biomass .............................................................................................. 43 B.III.2.3 Plant age ...................................................................................................... 43 B.III.2.4 Cutting height .............................................................................................. 44 B.III.2.5 Interactions between cutting and competition ............................................. 44 B.III.3 Cutting treatment and data collection ............................................................ 44 B.IV FIELD EXPERIMENTS ANALYZING WEED SEED PREDATION B.IV.1 .................................. 44 Rationale ........................................................................................................ 44 B.IV.2 Measuring weed seed predation .................................................................... 45 B.IV.3 Design of the seed predation experiments ..................................................... 46 B.IV.3.1 Weed species ............................................................................................... 46 B.IV.3.2 Vegetation cover ......................................................................................... 46 C RESULTS (ARTICLES & MANUSCRIPTS) ............................................................... 47 C.I IMPACTS OF TEMPORARY GRASSLANDS ON WEED COMMUNITIES (CHIZÉ) ......... 47 C.I.1 Article 1: Meiss, H., Médiène, S., Waldhardt, R., Caneill, J. & Munier- Jolain, N. (2010a) Contrasting weed species composition in perennial alfalfas and six annual crops: implications for integrated weed management. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 30, 657-666. 47 C.I.2 Article 2: Meiss, H., Médiène, S., Waldhardt, R., Caneill, J., Bretagnolle, V., Reboud, X. & Munier-Jolain, N. (2010b) Perennial alfalfa affects weed community trajectories in grain crop rotations. Weed Research 50, 331-340. ................................ 58 C.II EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSES OF THE IMPACTS OF TEMPORARY GRASSLANDS ON WEED POPULATIONS ............................................................................................... 69 Manuscript 3: H Meiss, R Waldhardt, J Caneill, N Munier-Jolain (in preparation) Mechanisms affecting population dynamics of weeds in perennial forage crops. ....... 69 C.II.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 70 C.II.2 Methods ......................................................................................................... 73 C.II.2.1 Experimental design .................................................................................... 73 C.II.2.1.1 Weed seed addition ................................................................................................... 75 C.II.2.2 Measurements ............................................................................................. 76 C.II.2.2.1 Plant densities ........................................................................................................... 76 C.II.2.2.2 Biomass ..................................................................................................................... 76 C.II.2.2.3 Chemical soil parameters .......................................................................................... 77 C.II.2.3 Statistical analysis ....................................................................................... 79 C.II.2.3.1 Emerged weed densities ............................................................................................ 79 C.II.3 Results ........................................................................................................... 79 C.II.3.1 Dynamics of emerged weeds ...................................................................... 79 C.II.3.1.1 Dynamics of weed plant density and diversity .......................................................... 79 C.II.3.1.2 Dynamics of weed community composition ............................................................. 82 C.II.3.1.3 Dynamics of individual weed species ....................................................................... 84 C.II.3.1.4 Effect of weed seed addition ..................................................................................... 89 C.II.3.1.5 Dynamics of weed and crop biomass ........................................................................ 90 C.II.4 Discussion ..................................................................................................... 95 vi
C.II.4.1 Differences between crop treatments .......................................................... 95 C.II.4.1.1 Plant densities ........................................................................................................... 96 C.II.4.1.2 Species composition .................................................................................................. 96 C.II.4.2 Grassland management practices ................................................................ 97 C.II.4.2.1 Sowing date ............................................................................................................... 97 C.II.4.2.2 Crop species .............................................................................................................. 97 C.II.4.2.3 Cutting frequency ...................................................................................................... 98 C.II.4.3 Underlying mechanisms .............................................................................. 99 C.II.4.3.1 Soil tillage (A) ......................................................................................................... 100 C.II.4.3.2 Competition (B) ...................................................................................................... 103 C.II.4.3.3 Hay cuttings (C) ...................................................................................................... 104 C.II.4.3.4 Interactions between the three factors ..................................................................... 105 C.II.4.4 Strength, limits, perspectives and preliminary recommendations ............. 106 C.III REGROWTH AFTER CUTTING ............................................................................... 109 C.III.1 Article 4: Meiss, H., Munier-Jolain, N., Henriot, F. & Caneill, J. (2008b) Effects of biomass, age and functional traits on regrowth of arable weeds after cutting. J. Plant Dis. Prot. XXI, 493-499. .............................................................................. 109 C.III.2 Article 5: Meiss, H., Bonnot, R., Strbik, F., Waldhardt, R., Caneill, J. & Munier-Jolain, N. (2009) Cutting and competition reduce weed growth: additive or interactive effects? XIII th International Conference on Weed Biology, Dijon, 28-37. 117 C.IV WEED SEED PREDATION ....................................................................................... 128 C.IV.1 Article 6: Alignier, A., Meiss, H., Petit, S. & Reboud, X. (2008) Variation of post-dispersal weed seed predation according to weed species, space and time. J. Plant Dis. Prot., XXI, 221-226. ........................................................................................... 128 C.IV.2 Article 7: Cordeau, S.; Meiss, H.; Boursault, A. (2009) Bandes enherbées: Quelle flore, quelles prédateurs, quelle prédation? XIII th International Conference on Weed Biology, Dijon, 50-59. ...................................................................................... 135 C.IV.3 Article 8: Meiss, H., Lagadec, L. L., Munier-Jolain, N., Waldhardt, R. & Petit, S. (2010c) Weed seed predation increases with vegetation cover in arable fields. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 138, 10-16. .......................................................................... 144 D GENERAL DISCUSSION ............................................................................................. 152 D.I EVIDENCE OF THE IMPACTS OF PFCS ON WEEDS .............................................. 153 D.I.1 Differences in species composition between current crops ......................... 153 D.I.2 Weed community trajectories during crop rotations ................................... 154 D.I.3 Weed population dynamics under various crop management practices in the small-scale field experiment ....................................................................................... 155 D.I.4 Comparison of weed species reactions between the large-scale surveys and the small-scale field experiment ................................................................................. 156 D.I.5 Functional groups ........................................................................................ 159 D.I.5.1 Annual vs. perennial weed species ............................................................ 159 D.I.5.2 Small vs. tall or climbing species .............................................................. 159 D.I.5.3 Grasses vs. broadleaved species ................................................................ 159 D.I.6 Weed abundance and diversity .................................................................... 160 D.I.7 Conclusion: PFCs, useful tools for Integrated Weed Management ............ 161 D.II UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ................................................................................. 162 D.II.1 Absence of soil tillage (A) .......................................................................... 162 D.II.2 Competition (B) ........................................................................................... 163 D.II.3 Hay cuttings (C) .......................................................................................... 163 D.II.4 Interactions between cuttings and competition (B*C) ................................ 165 vii
Page 1 and 2: Diversifying crop rotations with te
Page 3 and 4: In Chizé, I am indebted to all the
Page 5: Talks . ...........................
Page 9 and 10: INDEX OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Population
Page 11 and 12: ABSTRACTS (ENGLISH, FRENCH & GERMAN
Page 13 and 14: Extended summary in English Résum
Page 15 and 16: Extended summary in English Résum
Page 17 and 18: CONTEXT AND FUNDING This thesis is
Page 19 and 20: THESIS ORGANISATION This thesis ent
Page 21 and 22: 8) Meiss, H., Lagadec, L. L., Munie
Page 23 and 24: Posters . 1) Meiss, H., Waldhardt,
Page 25 and 26: 2007). Agriculture is increasingly
Page 27 and 28: term considerations (Munier-Jolain
Page 29 and 30: problematic for the production of d
Page 31 and 32: Newton, 2004). Several bird species
Page 33 and 34: A.III APPROACHES TO ALLEVIATE THE
Page 35 and 36: and higher production costs or even
Page 37 and 38: competitive yield loss (Cousens, 19
Page 39 and 40: 2006; Makowski et al., 2007). Moreo
Page 41 and 42: Table 3: Four strategies for combin
Page 43 and 44: otations is thus an obvious approac
Page 45 and 46: iv) the availability of cheap and e
Page 47 and 48: Clay & Aguilar (1998) compared the
Page 49 and 50: Heggenstaller & Liebman (2006) comp
Page 51 and 52: growth of any (crop or weed) plant
Page 53 and 54: A.V DIVERSIFIED CROPPING SYSTEM CON
Page 55 and 56: crops will thus probably show rathe
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annual crops while increasing organ
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• Which species are suppressed, w
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B OVERWIEW OF THE MATERIALS & METHO
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A) France B) Study site ~1000 km Pe
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perennial crops with different mana
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B.III.2.4 Cutting height In 2008, t
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B.IV.3 Design of the seed predation
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Agron. Sustain. Dev. 30 (2010) 657-
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Contrasting weed species compositio
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Mean frequency in perennial lucerne
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C.I.2 Article 2: Meiss, H., Médiè
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332 H Meiss et al. communities (Boo
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334 H Meiss et al. functional group
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336 H Meiss et al. Table 3 Indicato
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338 H Meiss et al. Relative frequen
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340 H Meiss et al. MEISS H, MUNIER-
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perennial crop treatments, differen
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PFCs might inhibit the successful g
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during winter), T10 without soil ti
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The viability and germination abili
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Table 8: Organic carbon and total n
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The development of weed species ric
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C.II.3.1.2 Dynamics of weed communi
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C.II.3.1.3 Dynamics of individual w
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Time Fig. 14: Temporal development
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At the end of the experiment in spr
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Difference sown - unsown (plants m
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Cumulated BM production (g m -2 ) 1
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Weed biomass (g m -2 ) 500 400 300
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Table 12: Factors differing between
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However, some differences in densit
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Table 13: Mechanisms causing the im
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2007 and 2008, while big numbers of
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• Weed biomasses decreased in sum
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Our results show that different mec
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including exotic species (Palmer an
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XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
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irradiation,…), and (ii) biotic i
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Table I: Species included in the ex
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Fig. 2: Mean biomass (harvestable d
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When both treatments were combined,
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C.IV WEED SEED PREDATION C.IV.1 Art
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XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
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produites restent à la surface du
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Tableau 1 : Liste des espèces adve
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Insectes prédateurs Les principaux
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C.IV.3 Article 8: Meiss, H., Lagade
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Table 1 Studies investigating the i
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Table 2 Overview showing (i) mean s
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higher weed seed losses (e.g., Mena
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D GENERAL DISCUSSION Data from weed
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The first two limits could be addre
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composition that may be compared to
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Frequency in field experiment (Epoi
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crops (Clay and Aguilar, 1998; Card
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Such diversified crop rotations cou
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the leaves (needed for photosynthes
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field margin strips (compare Articl
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1) The absence of soil tillage and
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D.III.2 Predicting weed regrowth af
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Future studies must determine the s
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(illustrated in Fig. 24). Later, re
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D.III.3 Factors determining weed se
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governing the presence and abundanc
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natural conditions, weed species po
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This PhD research project documente
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area needed for crop production. Gl
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seed characteristics, tillage and s
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Fried G., S. Petit, F. Dessaint, X.
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at the Eastern base of the Meissner
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Lindegarth M., L. Gamfeldt. (2005)
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Murphy S.D., D.R. Clements, S. Bela
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affected by experimental substrate.
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Vincent G., M. Ahmim. (1985) Note o
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ANNEXES ANNEXE 1: KEY WORDS IN ENGL
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genetically modified crop varieties
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ANNEXE 3: WEED SPECIES OF THE LARGE
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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ERKLÄRUNG (DECLARATION FOR THE GIE
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