Diversifying crop rotations with temporary grasslands - Université de ...
Diversifying crop rotations with temporary grasslands - Université de ...
Diversifying crop rotations with temporary grasslands - Université de ...
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B.II.2 Design of the field experiment ...................................................................... 41<br />
B.II.3 Data collection ............................................................................................... 42<br />
B.II.4 Statistical analysis ......................................................................................... 42<br />
B.III GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENTS ANALYZING THE REGROWTH CAPACITY OF WEED<br />
PLANTS AFTER CUTTING<br />
B.III.1<br />
........................................................................................ 42<br />
Rationale ........................................................................................................ 42<br />
B.III.2 Design of the greenhouse experiments .......................................................... 43<br />
B.III.2.1 Differences between species ....................................................................... 43<br />
B.III.2.2 Plant biomass .............................................................................................. 43<br />
B.III.2.3 Plant age ...................................................................................................... 43<br />
B.III.2.4 Cutting height .............................................................................................. 44<br />
B.III.2.5 Interactions between cutting and competition ............................................. 44<br />
B.III.3 Cutting treatment and data collection ............................................................ 44<br />
B.IV FIELD EXPERIMENTS ANALYZING WEED SEED PREDATION<br />
B.IV.1<br />
.................................. 44<br />
Rationale ........................................................................................................ 44<br />
B.IV.2 Measuring weed seed predation .................................................................... 45<br />
B.IV.3 Design of the seed predation experiments ..................................................... 46<br />
B.IV.3.1 Weed species ............................................................................................... 46<br />
B.IV.3.2 Vegetation cover ......................................................................................... 46<br />
C RESULTS (ARTICLES & MANUSCRIPTS) ............................................................... 47<br />
C.I IMPACTS OF TEMPORARY GRASSLANDS ON WEED COMMUNITIES (CHIZÉ) ......... 47<br />
C.I.1 Article 1: Meiss, H., Médiène, S., Waldhardt, R., Caneill, J. & Munier-<br />
Jolain, N. (2010a) Contrasting weed species composition in perennial alfalfas and six<br />
annual <strong>crop</strong>s: implications for integrated weed management. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 30,<br />
657-666. 47<br />
C.I.2 Article 2: Meiss, H., Médiène, S., Waldhardt, R., Caneill, J., Bretagnolle, V.,<br />
Reboud, X. & Munier-Jolain, N. (2010b) Perennial alfalfa affects weed community<br />
trajectories in grain <strong>crop</strong> <strong>rotations</strong>. Weed Research 50, 331-340. ................................ 58<br />
C.II EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSES OF THE IMPACTS OF TEMPORARY GRASSLANDS ON<br />
WEED POPULATIONS ............................................................................................... 69<br />
Manuscript 3: H Meiss, R Waldhardt, J Caneill, N Munier-Jolain (in preparation)<br />
Mechanisms affecting population dynamics of weeds in perennial forage <strong>crop</strong>s. ....... 69<br />
C.II.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 70<br />
C.II.2 Methods ......................................................................................................... 73<br />
C.II.2.1 Experimental <strong>de</strong>sign .................................................................................... 73<br />
C.II.2.1.1 Weed seed addition ................................................................................................... 75<br />
C.II.2.2 Measurements ............................................................................................. 76<br />
C.II.2.2.1 Plant <strong>de</strong>nsities ........................................................................................................... 76<br />
C.II.2.2.2 Biomass ..................................................................................................................... 76<br />
C.II.2.2.3 Chemical soil parameters .......................................................................................... 77<br />
C.II.2.3 Statistical analysis ....................................................................................... 79<br />
C.II.2.3.1 Emerged weed <strong>de</strong>nsities ............................................................................................ 79<br />
C.II.3 Results ........................................................................................................... 79<br />
C.II.3.1 Dynamics of emerged weeds ...................................................................... 79<br />
C.II.3.1.1 Dynamics of weed plant <strong>de</strong>nsity and diversity .......................................................... 79<br />
C.II.3.1.2 Dynamics of weed community composition ............................................................. 82<br />
C.II.3.1.3 Dynamics of individual weed species ....................................................................... 84<br />
C.II.3.1.4 Effect of weed seed addition ..................................................................................... 89<br />
C.II.3.1.5 Dynamics of weed and <strong>crop</strong> biomass ........................................................................ 90<br />
C.II.4 Discussion ..................................................................................................... 95<br />
vi