Diversifying crop rotations with temporary grasslands - Université de ...
Diversifying crop rotations with temporary grasslands - Université de ...
Diversifying crop rotations with temporary grasslands - Université de ...
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Talks . ................................................................................................................... xxii<br />
Posters . ................................................................................................................ xxiii<br />
A GENERAL INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1<br />
A.I THE CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE<br />
A.II THE ‘WEEDS TRADE-OFF’<br />
A.II.1<br />
............................................... 1<br />
........................................................................................ 3<br />
Weeds & <strong>crop</strong> production ............................................................................... 3<br />
A.II.2 Weed control & environment .......................................................................... 4<br />
A.II.3 Weeds & biodiversity ...................................................................................... 6<br />
A.II.4 Summary ......................................................................................................... 9<br />
A.III APPROACHES TO ALLEVIATE THE ‘WEED TRADE-OFFS’<br />
A.III.1<br />
....................................... 10<br />
Overview of the approaches .......................................................................... 10<br />
A.III.2 Integrated Weed Management ...................................................................... 11<br />
A.III.3 Combining high weed diversity <strong>with</strong> low weed abundance? ........................ 12<br />
A.III.4 ‘Good’ vs. ‘bad’ weeds? ................................................................................ 12<br />
A.III.5 Favouring weed seed predation ..................................................................... 14<br />
A.III.6 Integration or spatial separation of farming and biodiversity? ...................... 15<br />
A.III.7 Temporal separation of farming and biodiversity? ....................................... 16<br />
A.III.8 Crop rotation ................................................................................................. 18<br />
A.III.9 Perennial forage <strong>crop</strong>s (PFCs) ....................................................................... 21<br />
A.IV EXPECTED IMPACTS OF PERENNIAL CROPS ON WEEDS<br />
......................................... 22<br />
A.IV.1 Literature review ........................................................................................... 22<br />
A.IV.1.1 Farmers interview ....................................................................................... 22<br />
A.IV.1.2 Regional weed survey ................................................................................. 23<br />
A.IV.1.3 Field experiments ........................................................................................ 23<br />
A.IV.1.4 Discussion and limits of the reviewed studies ............................................ 26<br />
A.IV.2 Hypothetical mechanisms causing the impacts ............................................. 27<br />
A.V DIVERSIFIED CROPPING SYSTEM CONCEPT<br />
A.V.1<br />
........................................................... 30<br />
Expected impacts on weeds ........................................................................... 31<br />
A.V.2 Expected impacts on biodiversity ................................................................. 33<br />
A.V.3 Expected impacts on the environment ........................................................... 33<br />
A.V.4 Expected impacts on <strong>crop</strong> production ........................................................... 34<br />
....................................................................................... 35<br />
A.VI.1 Objectives and questions ............................................................................... 35<br />
A.VI.2 Structure of the thesis .................................................................................... 36<br />
A.VI THE RESEARCH PROJECT<br />
B OVERWIEW OF THE MATERIALS & METHODS ................................................. 38<br />
B.I ANALYZING THE IMPACTS OF TEMPORARY GRASSLANDS ON WEED<br />
COMMUNITIES: LARGE-SCALE FIELD SURVEYS<br />
B.I.1<br />
..................................................... 38<br />
Rationale ........................................................................................................ 38<br />
B.I.2 Methods in analyzing weed composition and <strong>crop</strong> rotation histories ........... 38<br />
B.I.3 Statistical analysis ......................................................................................... 40<br />
B.II FIELD EXPERIMENTS ANALYZING THE IMPACTS OF TEMPORARY GRASSLANDS<br />
ON WEED POPULATIONS (EPOISSES)<br />
...................................................................... 41<br />
B.II.1 Rationale ........................................................................................................ 41<br />
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