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2000). The majority of arable weeds are annual species (therophytes, Raunkiær, 1905) that survive the unfavourable season and the yearly soil tillage in arable fields as seeds. However, weeds may also show strong differences in their ecological niches defined by the requirements for light and nutrients, the tolerance to competition and to physical and chemical disturbances. Several species are mainly found in certain crop types, soil types and climatic conditions (specialists) while others are rather generalists. Distribution and status: Today, a quite high number of weed species is found in various regions in temperate climates all around the world. Some species show increasing population dynamics and expanding geographical areas (‘invasive species’) while others are decreasing and locally or globally threatened to extinction and therefore included in Red Lists (Sutcliffe and Kay, 2000). Note that both categories may include ‘native’ and ‘exotic’ species (see ‘Origin’)! 203
ANNEXE 3: WEED SPECIES OF THE LARGE-SCALE SURVEYS A total of 197 weed taxa were distinguished in the large-scale weed surveys in Chizé comprising 161 species and 36 groups of several species of the same genus, which were pooled together due to determination difficulties (see Table 14 for a complete species list). The overall frequency of occurrence of these taxa closely followed a negative exponential distribution with few frequent and many rare species (see Fig. 26 for details). Table 14: Weed species of the large-scale surveys (Chizé). Name contains species, groups of species (separated with ‘+’), sometimes with undefined species (‘sp’), and genera without any determined species (‘spp’). Codes are 5-letter Bayer/WSSA computer codes (3 letters for the genera, 2 for the species) or 3-letter genera codes. Frequencies designate the absolute number of micro-plots in the Chizé weed surveys where the species has been observed out of 18441 micro-plots in total (confounding all seven crops and three survey years). Life cycle distinguishes three categories: annual species (A), perennial species (P) and intermediate species (I, with biennial or variable life cycles). Mono/Dicot distinguishes grasses (monocots, M) and broadleaved species (dicots, D). Morphology distinguishes four morphological types for the broad-leaved species. FG, Functional Group, distinguishes eight types of species based on the three criteria life cycle, number of cotyledons and morphology (see methods of Article 2 for details on FGs). Name of species /genera Code Freq. Life cycle Mono/Dicot Morphology FG Achillea millefolium ACHMI 1 P D rosette 6 Adonis spp ADO 56 A D upright 1 Aegopodium podagraria AEOPO 5 P D rosette 6 Aethusa cynapium AETCY 70 A D rosette 4 Agrostis stolonifera +sp AGSST 26 P M grass 8 Alliaria petiolata ALAPE 4 I D upright 5 Allium spp ALL 69 P M upright 8 Alopecurus myosuroides ALOMY 1686 A M grass 7 Amaranthus retroflexus AMARE 401 A D upright 1 Ambrosia artemisiifolia AMBEL 23 A D upright 1 Ammi majus AMIMA 290 A D rosette 4 Anagallis arvensis ANGAR 1637 A D creeping, other 3 Anagallis foemina ANGCO 31 A D creeping, other 3 Anthemis ANT 11 A D rosette 4 Anthriscus caucalis ANRCA 13 A D rosette 4 Anthriscus sylvestris ANRSY 15 P D rosette 6 Apera spica-venti APESV 18 A M grass 7 Aphanes arvensis APHAR 919 A D creeping, other 3 Arabidopsis thaliana ARBTH 24 A D rosette 4 Arctium lappa ARFLA 5 I D rosette 5 Arenaria serpyllifolia ARISE 273 A D creeping, other 3 Arrhenatherum elatius ARREB 53 P M grass 8 Artemisia vulgaris ARTVU 18 P D upright 6 Arum sp ABG 2 P M upright 8 204
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Diversifying crop rotations with te
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In Chizé, I am indebted to all the
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Talks . ...........................
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C.II.4.1 Differences between crop t
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INDEX OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Population
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ABSTRACTS (ENGLISH, FRENCH & GERMAN
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Extended summary in English Résum
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Extended summary in English Résum
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CONTEXT AND FUNDING This thesis is
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THESIS ORGANISATION This thesis ent
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8) Meiss, H., Lagadec, L. L., Munie
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Posters . 1) Meiss, H., Waldhardt,
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2007). Agriculture is increasingly
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term considerations (Munier-Jolain
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problematic for the production of d
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Newton, 2004). Several bird species
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A.III APPROACHES TO ALLEVIATE THE
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and higher production costs or even
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competitive yield loss (Cousens, 19
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2006; Makowski et al., 2007). Moreo
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Table 3: Four strategies for combin
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otations is thus an obvious approac
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iv) the availability of cheap and e
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Clay & Aguilar (1998) compared the
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Heggenstaller & Liebman (2006) comp
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growth of any (crop or weed) plant
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A.V DIVERSIFIED CROPPING SYSTEM CON
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crops will thus probably show rathe
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annual crops while increasing organ
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• Which species are suppressed, w
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B OVERWIEW OF THE MATERIALS & METHO
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A) France B) Study site ~1000 km Pe
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perennial crops with different mana
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B.III.2.4 Cutting height In 2008, t
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B.IV.3 Design of the seed predation
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Agron. Sustain. Dev. 30 (2010) 657-
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Contrasting weed species compositio
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Mean frequency in perennial lucerne
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C.I.2 Article 2: Meiss, H., Médiè
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332 H Meiss et al. communities (Boo
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334 H Meiss et al. functional group
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336 H Meiss et al. Table 3 Indicato
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338 H Meiss et al. Relative frequen
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340 H Meiss et al. MEISS H, MUNIER-
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perennial crop treatments, differen
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PFCs might inhibit the successful g
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during winter), T10 without soil ti
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The viability and germination abili
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Table 8: Organic carbon and total n
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The development of weed species ric
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C.II.3.1.2 Dynamics of weed communi
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C.II.3.1.3 Dynamics of individual w
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Time Fig. 14: Temporal development
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At the end of the experiment in spr
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Difference sown - unsown (plants m
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Cumulated BM production (g m -2 ) 1
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Weed biomass (g m -2 ) 500 400 300
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Table 12: Factors differing between
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However, some differences in densit
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Table 13: Mechanisms causing the im
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2007 and 2008, while big numbers of
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• Weed biomasses decreased in sum
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Our results show that different mec
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including exotic species (Palmer an
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XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
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irradiation,…), and (ii) biotic i
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Table I: Species included in the ex
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Fig. 2: Mean biomass (harvestable d
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When both treatments were combined,
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C.IV WEED SEED PREDATION C.IV.1 Art
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XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
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produites restent à la surface du
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Tableau 1 : Liste des espèces adve
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Insectes prédateurs Les principaux
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C.IV.3 Article 8: Meiss, H., Lagade
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Table 1 Studies investigating the i
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Table 2 Overview showing (i) mean s
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higher weed seed losses (e.g., Mena
Page 175 and 176: D GENERAL DISCUSSION Data from weed
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Page 193 and 194: D.III.2 Predicting weed regrowth af
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Page 197 and 198: (illustrated in Fig. 24). Later, re
Page 199 and 200: D.III.3 Factors determining weed se
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Page 207 and 208: area needed for crop production. Gl
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Page 211 and 212: Fried G., S. Petit, F. Dessaint, X.
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Page 215 and 216: Lindegarth M., L. Gamfeldt. (2005)
Page 217 and 218: Murphy S.D., D.R. Clements, S. Bela
Page 219 and 220: affected by experimental substrate.
Page 221 and 222: Vincent G., M. Ahmim. (1985) Note o
Page 223 and 224: ANNEXES ANNEXE 1: KEY WORDS IN ENGL
Page 225: genetically modified crop varieties
Page 229 and 230: Name of species /genera Code Freq.
Page 231 and 232: Name of species /genera Code Freq.
Page 233 and 234: ERKLÄRUNG (DECLARATION FOR THE GIE
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