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intratns, production of perennial forage or biomass crops, and the provision of favourable habitats and food resources for wildlife) will be continuously provided. The proposed ‘temporal separation’ strategy might also be combined with the ‘spatial separation’ and the ‘complete integration’ strategies (illustrated in Fig. 5 in the General Introduction). In this way, the different strategies may be complementary. This shows that beneficial intermediate solutions may exist between the two extreme alternatives, ‘complete integration’ or ‘complete spatial separation’, formulated by Green et al. (2005). Besides the advantages for biodiversity, facilitating the access of wild animals to different food resources in PFCs (and overwinter stubble fields) may also have a regulating impact on weed populations (‘biological weed control’). This would correspond to a positive feedback useful for alleviating the ‘weeds trade-off’. Of course the work done during this PhD program does not cover all the interesting questions in the area of the agro-ecological management of weeds and other components of biodiversity involving perennial forage crops. The investigations presented in this thesis directly motivate various further research: • Finalising a model of crop–weed competition dedicated to PFCs, accounting for the specific process of post-cutting regrowth and potentially of seed predation. Such a model would make it possible to conduct in silico experiments, testing alternative scenarios for agro-ecological management of arable fields. • Conducting socio-economic evaluations of the cropping system concept with various agro- ecological functions fulfilled at different phases of the crop rotation. In regions where farm animals are currently rare, perennial forage crops may be replaced by other perennial crops grown for energy or for biomass (see chapter A.V.4). Future studies should verify whether they may have similar benefits as PFCs. • Conducting additional investigations in the area of agro-ecology dealing with the complexity of the consequences of crop rotation. For example, there is a clear need for defining what is actually a diversified crop rotation. Such a research program could aim at defining an indicator of crop rotation diversity, which would probably be a new useful tool for explaining weed communities and characterising the agro-ecological value of cropping systems in a given region. 181
This PhD research project documented the possible role that diversifying arable crop rotation with PFCs could play for reconciling agriculture, environment and biodiversity. The list of potential research areas touched upon is not exhaustive. But it is hoped that this thesis contributed to increasing our knowledge needed for enhancing agricultural sustainability. 182
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Diversifying crop rotations with te
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In Chizé, I am indebted to all the
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Talks . ...........................
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C.II.4.1 Differences between crop t
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INDEX OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Population
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ABSTRACTS (ENGLISH, FRENCH & GERMAN
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Extended summary in English Résum
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Extended summary in English Résum
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CONTEXT AND FUNDING This thesis is
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THESIS ORGANISATION This thesis ent
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8) Meiss, H., Lagadec, L. L., Munie
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Posters . 1) Meiss, H., Waldhardt,
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2007). Agriculture is increasingly
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term considerations (Munier-Jolain
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problematic for the production of d
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Newton, 2004). Several bird species
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A.III APPROACHES TO ALLEVIATE THE
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and higher production costs or even
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competitive yield loss (Cousens, 19
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2006; Makowski et al., 2007). Moreo
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Table 3: Four strategies for combin
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otations is thus an obvious approac
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iv) the availability of cheap and e
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Clay & Aguilar (1998) compared the
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Heggenstaller & Liebman (2006) comp
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growth of any (crop or weed) plant
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A.V DIVERSIFIED CROPPING SYSTEM CON
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crops will thus probably show rathe
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annual crops while increasing organ
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• Which species are suppressed, w
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B OVERWIEW OF THE MATERIALS & METHO
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A) France B) Study site ~1000 km Pe
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perennial crops with different mana
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B.III.2.4 Cutting height In 2008, t
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B.IV.3 Design of the seed predation
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Agron. Sustain. Dev. 30 (2010) 657-
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Contrasting weed species compositio
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Mean frequency in perennial lucerne
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C.I.2 Article 2: Meiss, H., Médiè
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332 H Meiss et al. communities (Boo
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334 H Meiss et al. functional group
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336 H Meiss et al. Table 3 Indicato
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338 H Meiss et al. Relative frequen
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340 H Meiss et al. MEISS H, MUNIER-
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perennial crop treatments, differen
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PFCs might inhibit the successful g
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during winter), T10 without soil ti
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The viability and germination abili
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Table 8: Organic carbon and total n
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The development of weed species ric
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C.II.3.1.2 Dynamics of weed communi
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C.II.3.1.3 Dynamics of individual w
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Time Fig. 14: Temporal development
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At the end of the experiment in spr
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Difference sown - unsown (plants m
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Cumulated BM production (g m -2 ) 1
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Weed biomass (g m -2 ) 500 400 300
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Table 12: Factors differing between
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However, some differences in densit
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Table 13: Mechanisms causing the im
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2007 and 2008, while big numbers of
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• Weed biomasses decreased in sum
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Our results show that different mec
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including exotic species (Palmer an
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XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
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irradiation,…), and (ii) biotic i
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Table I: Species included in the ex
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Fig. 2: Mean biomass (harvestable d
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When both treatments were combined,
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C.IV WEED SEED PREDATION C.IV.1 Art
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Page 159 and 160: XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
Page 161 and 162: produites restent à la surface du
Page 163 and 164: Tableau 1 : Liste des espèces adve
Page 165 and 166: Insectes prédateurs Les principaux
Page 167 and 168: C.IV.3 Article 8: Meiss, H., Lagade
Page 169 and 170: Table 1 Studies investigating the i
Page 171 and 172: Table 2 Overview showing (i) mean s
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Page 175 and 176: D GENERAL DISCUSSION Data from weed
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Page 181 and 182: Frequency in field experiment (Epoi
Page 183 and 184: crops (Clay and Aguilar, 1998; Card
Page 185 and 186: Such diversified crop rotations cou
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Page 189 and 190: field margin strips (compare Articl
Page 191 and 192: 1) The absence of soil tillage and
Page 193 and 194: D.III.2 Predicting weed regrowth af
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Page 197 and 198: (illustrated in Fig. 24). Later, re
Page 199 and 200: D.III.3 Factors determining weed se
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Page 203: natural conditions, weed species po
Page 207 and 208: area needed for crop production. Gl
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Page 211 and 212: Fried G., S. Petit, F. Dessaint, X.
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Page 215 and 216: Lindegarth M., L. Gamfeldt. (2005)
Page 217 and 218: Murphy S.D., D.R. Clements, S. Bela
Page 219 and 220: affected by experimental substrate.
Page 221 and 222: Vincent G., M. Ahmim. (1985) Note o
Page 223 and 224: ANNEXES ANNEXE 1: KEY WORDS IN ENGL
Page 225 and 226: genetically modified crop varieties
Page 227 and 228: ANNEXE 3: WEED SPECIES OF THE LARGE
Page 229 and 230: Name of species /genera Code Freq.
Page 231 and 232: Name of species /genera Code Freq.
Page 233 and 234: ERKLÄRUNG (DECLARATION FOR THE GIE
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