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crops, some species including Poa annua showed an intermediate behaviour in both studies, and only few species showed inconsistent reactions between the studies (see Fig. 21 for details). This result is remarkable, as the two studies differed in several aspects. While the Chizé study compared perennial alfalfa crops with six different annual crops (with various sowing dates) inserted in various crop rotations with a big variability in crop management practices (herbicides, soil tillage, sowing and cutting dates…) and in natural conditions in the region, the Epoisses experiment compared only one succession of annual cereal crops with two PFC species, alfalfa and cocksfoot, with different management practices (but all without herbicides) and a rather homogeneous weed species pool (weed seed adding at the beginning). For instance, the high frequencies of Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG) and A. retroflexus (AMARE) in perennial crops of the Epoisses experiment (Fig. 21) occurred only in the springsown and never in the autumn-sown perennial crops. Such weed species would probably find good emergence and growing conditions in summer-sown annual crops which were not included in the Epoisses experiment. Alopecurus myosuroides (AMOMY) was clearly associated with the annual cereal crops in the Epoisses experiment. In the Chizé surveys, this species appeared with equal frequencies in annual and perennial crops. Its frequency in annual crops was probably lowered due to the fact that the six annual crops of the large-scale study included also 3 spring/summer-sown crops, where this species rarely grows. However, the reason why Veronica persica (VERPE) was associated with alfalfa in Chizé and with annual crops in the Epoisses experiment is still unclear. 157
Frequency in field experiment (Epoisses) annual cereal crops perennial crops 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 ECHCG AMARE ANGAR SOLNI KICSP CHEAL AETCY POLAV CHEPO POLCO VIOTR POLLA GALAP EPHEX FUMOF SINAR PAPRH 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 six annual crops perennial lucerne Frequency in large-scale survey (Chizé) Fig. 21: Comparison of relative weed species frequencies in annual and perennial crops in the large-scale weed surveys (Chizé) and the field experiment (Epoisses). SENVU POAAN See Annexe 3 for species codes. Rare species are not shown. Chizé: data from 2006, 2007 and 2008, perennial lucerne (M. sativa, 2 or more years old) and six annual crops apart those directly following perennial lucerne (see Fig. 2 of Article 1 for details). Epoisses: data from 2008 and 2009 only, perennial crops: M. sativa and D. glomerata (1.5-2.5 years old, all six crop treatments pooled), annual cereal crops: spring barley (following winter wheat, including only T9 and T11, excluding T10 with untilled stubble fields). The frequencies are calculated as follows: (species frequency in perennial crop) / (total species frequency in all crops). They are thus 0 if the species occurs only in annual crops and 1 if the species occurs only in perennial crops. Species near to the diagonal 1:1-line show similar behaviour in the two studies. 158 ATX PLA LOL GERDI STEME ALOMY BRO 1:1 SONAS MYOAR TAROF TRF CVP VERPE
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Diversifying crop rotations with te
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In Chizé, I am indebted to all the
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Talks . ...........................
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C.II.4.1 Differences between crop t
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INDEX OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Population
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ABSTRACTS (ENGLISH, FRENCH & GERMAN
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Extended summary in English Résum
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Extended summary in English Résum
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CONTEXT AND FUNDING This thesis is
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THESIS ORGANISATION This thesis ent
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8) Meiss, H., Lagadec, L. L., Munie
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Posters . 1) Meiss, H., Waldhardt,
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2007). Agriculture is increasingly
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term considerations (Munier-Jolain
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problematic for the production of d
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Newton, 2004). Several bird species
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A.III APPROACHES TO ALLEVIATE THE
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and higher production costs or even
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competitive yield loss (Cousens, 19
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2006; Makowski et al., 2007). Moreo
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Table 3: Four strategies for combin
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otations is thus an obvious approac
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iv) the availability of cheap and e
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Clay & Aguilar (1998) compared the
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Heggenstaller & Liebman (2006) comp
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growth of any (crop or weed) plant
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A.V DIVERSIFIED CROPPING SYSTEM CON
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crops will thus probably show rathe
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annual crops while increasing organ
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• Which species are suppressed, w
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B OVERWIEW OF THE MATERIALS & METHO
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A) France B) Study site ~1000 km Pe
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perennial crops with different mana
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B.III.2.4 Cutting height In 2008, t
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B.IV.3 Design of the seed predation
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Agron. Sustain. Dev. 30 (2010) 657-
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Contrasting weed species compositio
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Mean frequency in perennial lucerne
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C.I.2 Article 2: Meiss, H., Médiè
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332 H Meiss et al. communities (Boo
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334 H Meiss et al. functional group
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336 H Meiss et al. Table 3 Indicato
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338 H Meiss et al. Relative frequen
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340 H Meiss et al. MEISS H, MUNIER-
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perennial crop treatments, differen
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PFCs might inhibit the successful g
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during winter), T10 without soil ti
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The viability and germination abili
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Table 8: Organic carbon and total n
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The development of weed species ric
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C.II.3.1.2 Dynamics of weed communi
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C.II.3.1.3 Dynamics of individual w
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Time Fig. 14: Temporal development
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At the end of the experiment in spr
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Difference sown - unsown (plants m
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Cumulated BM production (g m -2 ) 1
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Weed biomass (g m -2 ) 500 400 300
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Table 12: Factors differing between
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However, some differences in densit
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Table 13: Mechanisms causing the im
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2007 and 2008, while big numbers of
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• Weed biomasses decreased in sum
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Page 131 and 132: including exotic species (Palmer an
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Page 141 and 142: XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
Page 143 and 144: irradiation,…), and (ii) biotic i
Page 145 and 146: Table I: Species included in the ex
Page 147 and 148: Fig. 2: Mean biomass (harvestable d
Page 149 and 150: When both treatments were combined,
Page 151 and 152: C.IV WEED SEED PREDATION C.IV.1 Art
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Page 159 and 160: XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
Page 161 and 162: produites restent à la surface du
Page 163 and 164: Tableau 1 : Liste des espèces adve
Page 165 and 166: Insectes prédateurs Les principaux
Page 167 and 168: C.IV.3 Article 8: Meiss, H., Lagade
Page 169 and 170: Table 1 Studies investigating the i
Page 171 and 172: Table 2 Overview showing (i) mean s
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Page 175 and 176: D GENERAL DISCUSSION Data from weed
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Page 183 and 184: crops (Clay and Aguilar, 1998; Card
Page 185 and 186: Such diversified crop rotations cou
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Page 189 and 190: field margin strips (compare Articl
Page 191 and 192: 1) The absence of soil tillage and
Page 193 and 194: D.III.2 Predicting weed regrowth af
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Page 199 and 200: D.III.3 Factors determining weed se
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Page 205 and 206: This PhD research project documente
Page 207 and 208: area needed for crop production. Gl
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Page 215 and 216: Lindegarth M., L. Gamfeldt. (2005)
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Page 219 and 220: affected by experimental substrate.
Page 221 and 222: Vincent G., M. Ahmim. (1985) Note o
Page 223 and 224: ANNEXES ANNEXE 1: KEY WORDS IN ENGL
Page 225 and 226: genetically modified crop varieties
Page 227 and 228: ANNEXE 3: WEED SPECIES OF THE LARGE
Page 229 and 230: Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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ERKLÄRUNG (DECLARATION FOR THE GIE
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