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directeur de recherche at the UPR 1934 ‘Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé’ (CEBC) of the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) ; • the two framework programs of the weed research group UMR ‘Biologie et Gestion des Adventices’ in Dijon (2007-2010): 1) ‘Traits de vie et systèmes de culture’ 11 and 2) ‘Influence de l'organisation spatiale du territoire sur les populations et les communautés d'adventices’ 12 , which are part of ‘Agroécologie’, a program that involves several research groups at INRA Dijon ; and • the research program on ‘agricultural ecology’ of the ‘Division of Landscape Ecology and 13 Landscape Planning’ at the Justus-Liebig-University Giessen. The experimental research was mainly effectuated at INRA Dijon (at the experimental farm ‘Epoisses’ and in the greenhouses), the weed surveys on commercial fields were done in the CNRS-Chizé study region. The research received funding from the following institutions and projects: • the ECOGER-Chizé project (see above), • the French ANR project SYSTERRA-ADVHERB 14 , • the UMR ‘Biologie et Gestion des Adventices’ (see above), • the ENDURE Network ‘Diversifying crop protection’ 15 , • AgroSup Dijon (Appel d’Offre Interne, AOI de l’ENESAD 2007-2008) • the Division of Landscape Ecology and Landscape Planning of Giessen University (see above). The PhD candidate was funded for 3 years (Oct. 2006 - Sept. 2009) by the French Research Ministry 17 (allocataire de recherche). 11 http://www2.dijon.inra.fr/bga/umrbga2009/spip.php?article21, accessed on 11 Mars 2010. 12 http://www2.dijon.inra.fr/bga/umrbga2009/spip.php?article22, accessed on 11 Mars 2010. 13 http://www.uni-giessen.de/cms/faculties/f09/institutes/ilr/loek-en/main-fields-ofactivity/view?set_language=en, accessed on 20 Oct. 2009. 14 http://www2.dijon.inra.fr/bga/umrbga/squelettes/pieces/Advherb.pdf, accessed on 11 Mars 2010. 15 http://www.endure-network.eu, accessed on 20 Oct. 2009. 16 http://www.enesad.fr, accessed on 11 Mars 2010. xviii 16 ,
THESIS ORGANISATION This thesis entitled ‘Diversifying crop rotations with temporary grasslands: potentials for weed management and farmland biodiversity’ is composed of four parts (A-D). Part A (‘General Introduction’) exposes the problem, introduces possible solutions arising from a literature review, and defines the research questions. These questions are studied using four empirical approaches that are summarized in part B (‘Overview of Materials & Methods’). The results are presented in part C, which is divided in four chapters (C.I - C.IV) corresponding to the four empirical approaches. Each of them is constituted of one, two, or three scientific articles or manuscripts (Articles 1-8), where the present author figures as the first author (6) or as a co-author (2). The contribution of the present author to these eight articles and manuscripts is detailed in Table 1. Most of the articles have already been published or accepted for publication, others are ‘in preparation’. Published articles are reproduced with kind permission from EDP Sciences (Article 1), John Wiley and Sons (Aricle 2), Eugen Ulmer (Articles 4 and 6), and Elsevier (Article 8). Of course, each article has its own introduction, methods, results and discussion sections. A General Discussion (part D) summarizes and links the different findings presented in the articles, shows the strength and limits of the methods and discusses some perspectives. The Reference section (part E) contains the literature sources cited in the whole thesis including the articles. The Annexes comprise (i) a translation of about 35 key words and other technical expressions in English, French and German, (ii) a short definition and discussion of the term ‘weed’, and (iii) a list of all weed species observed in the large-scale surveys, their frequency of occurrence, and information on the species functional groups. 17 http://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr, accessed on 11 Mars 2010. xix
Page 1 and 2: Diversifying crop rotations with te
Page 3 and 4: In Chizé, I am indebted to all the
Page 5 and 6: Talks . ...........................
Page 7 and 8: C.II.4.1 Differences between crop t
Page 9 and 10: INDEX OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Population
Page 11 and 12: ABSTRACTS (ENGLISH, FRENCH & GERMAN
Page 13 and 14: Extended summary in English Résum
Page 15 and 16: Extended summary in English Résum
Page 17: CONTEXT AND FUNDING This thesis is
Page 21 and 22: 8) Meiss, H., Lagadec, L. L., Munie
Page 23 and 24: Posters . 1) Meiss, H., Waldhardt,
Page 25 and 26: 2007). Agriculture is increasingly
Page 27 and 28: term considerations (Munier-Jolain
Page 29 and 30: problematic for the production of d
Page 31 and 32: Newton, 2004). Several bird species
Page 33 and 34: A.III APPROACHES TO ALLEVIATE THE
Page 35 and 36: and higher production costs or even
Page 37 and 38: competitive yield loss (Cousens, 19
Page 39 and 40: 2006; Makowski et al., 2007). Moreo
Page 41 and 42: Table 3: Four strategies for combin
Page 43 and 44: otations is thus an obvious approac
Page 45 and 46: iv) the availability of cheap and e
Page 47 and 48: Clay & Aguilar (1998) compared the
Page 49 and 50: Heggenstaller & Liebman (2006) comp
Page 51 and 52: growth of any (crop or weed) plant
Page 53 and 54: A.V DIVERSIFIED CROPPING SYSTEM CON
Page 55 and 56: crops will thus probably show rathe
Page 57 and 58: annual crops while increasing organ
Page 59 and 60: • Which species are suppressed, w
Page 61 and 62: B OVERWIEW OF THE MATERIALS & METHO
Page 63 and 64: A) France B) Study site ~1000 km Pe
Page 65 and 66: perennial crops with different mana
Page 67 and 68: B.III.2.4 Cutting height In 2008, t
Page 69 and 70:
B.IV.3 Design of the seed predation
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Agron. Sustain. Dev. 30 (2010) 657-
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Contrasting weed species compositio
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Mean frequency in perennial lucerne
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C.I.2 Article 2: Meiss, H., Médiè
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332 H Meiss et al. communities (Boo
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334 H Meiss et al. functional group
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336 H Meiss et al. Table 3 Indicato
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338 H Meiss et al. Relative frequen
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340 H Meiss et al. MEISS H, MUNIER-
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perennial crop treatments, differen
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PFCs might inhibit the successful g
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during winter), T10 without soil ti
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The viability and germination abili
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Table 8: Organic carbon and total n
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The development of weed species ric
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C.II.3.1.2 Dynamics of weed communi
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C.II.3.1.3 Dynamics of individual w
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Time Fig. 14: Temporal development
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At the end of the experiment in spr
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Difference sown - unsown (plants m
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Cumulated BM production (g m -2 ) 1
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Weed biomass (g m -2 ) 500 400 300
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Table 12: Factors differing between
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However, some differences in densit
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Table 13: Mechanisms causing the im
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2007 and 2008, while big numbers of
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• Weed biomasses decreased in sum
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Our results show that different mec
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including exotic species (Palmer an
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XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
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irradiation,…), and (ii) biotic i
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Table I: Species included in the ex
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Fig. 2: Mean biomass (harvestable d
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When both treatments were combined,
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C.IV WEED SEED PREDATION C.IV.1 Art
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XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
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produites restent à la surface du
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Tableau 1 : Liste des espèces adve
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Insectes prédateurs Les principaux
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C.IV.3 Article 8: Meiss, H., Lagade
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Table 1 Studies investigating the i
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Table 2 Overview showing (i) mean s
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higher weed seed losses (e.g., Mena
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D GENERAL DISCUSSION Data from weed
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The first two limits could be addre
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composition that may be compared to
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Frequency in field experiment (Epoi
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crops (Clay and Aguilar, 1998; Card
Page 185 and 186:
Such diversified crop rotations cou
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the leaves (needed for photosynthes
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field margin strips (compare Articl
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1) The absence of soil tillage and
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D.III.2 Predicting weed regrowth af
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Future studies must determine the s
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(illustrated in Fig. 24). Later, re
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D.III.3 Factors determining weed se
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governing the presence and abundanc
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natural conditions, weed species po
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This PhD research project documente
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area needed for crop production. Gl
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seed characteristics, tillage and s
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Fried G., S. Petit, F. Dessaint, X.
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at the Eastern base of the Meissner
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Lindegarth M., L. Gamfeldt. (2005)
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Murphy S.D., D.R. Clements, S. Bela
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affected by experimental substrate.
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Vincent G., M. Ahmim. (1985) Note o
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ANNEXES ANNEXE 1: KEY WORDS IN ENGL
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genetically modified crop varieties
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ANNEXE 3: WEED SPECIES OF THE LARGE
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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ERKLÄRUNG (DECLARATION FOR THE GIE
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