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increase the impact of cutting by further reducing the weed biomass production and the probability of surviving subsequent cuttings. Besides negative effects of cutting and competition on biomass production, both processes might also delay or accelerate the phenological development of the weed plants, which would alter their reproductive output and their chance of surviving subsequent cuttings. The analysis of plant survivorship under the four treatments (data not shown) indicates that the plants in higher competition died earlier than the plants in low competition and that the plants not cut at the early date survived the longest in the case of all species except Adonis aestivalis, where cut plants survived longer. CONCLUSION By comparing cut and uncut plants in more and less competitive environments, we detected negative effects of both factors on weed biomass production. Our results suggest that both negative effects will add up when the two factors are combined (case B of Fig. 1 is thus the most likely situation). This knowledge is important for weed management, as competition and disturbances are closely related in various situations. These include not only mown forage crops, but also mown set-aside and field margin strips, annual crops where inrow-mowing techniques are used for weed control (Donald, 2006) and even grazed pastures. The concepts and findings presented here might be used to construct a model predicting the impacts of cutting and competition on weed growth and to optimize the cutting dates for Integrated Weed Management. In this study, we concentrated on the possible interactions between disturbances and competition; future studies should also investigate possible interactions between competition, disturbance and other stresses perceived by the weed plants. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank Delphine Ramillon and Sébastien Brenot for assisting with the greenhouse experiment and Richard Gunton for correcting the English text. This work was funded by the ECOGER program (INRA) and the Etablissement National d’Enseignement Supérieur Agronomique de Dijon (ENESAD) and supported by a PhD scholarship from the French research ministry to H.M. REFERENCES (at the end of the thesis). 127
C.IV WEED SEED PREDATION C.IV.1 Article 6: Alignier, A., Meiss, H., Petit, S. & Reboud, X. (2008) Variation of post-dispersal weed seed predation according to weed species, space and time. J. Plant Dis. Prot., XXI, 221-226. 128
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Diversifying crop rotations with te
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In Chizé, I am indebted to all the
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Talks . ...........................
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C.II.4.1 Differences between crop t
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INDEX OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Population
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ABSTRACTS (ENGLISH, FRENCH & GERMAN
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Extended summary in English Résum
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Extended summary in English Résum
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CONTEXT AND FUNDING This thesis is
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THESIS ORGANISATION This thesis ent
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8) Meiss, H., Lagadec, L. L., Munie
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Posters . 1) Meiss, H., Waldhardt,
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2007). Agriculture is increasingly
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term considerations (Munier-Jolain
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problematic for the production of d
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Newton, 2004). Several bird species
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A.III APPROACHES TO ALLEVIATE THE
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and higher production costs or even
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competitive yield loss (Cousens, 19
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2006; Makowski et al., 2007). Moreo
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Table 3: Four strategies for combin
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otations is thus an obvious approac
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iv) the availability of cheap and e
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Clay & Aguilar (1998) compared the
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Heggenstaller & Liebman (2006) comp
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growth of any (crop or weed) plant
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A.V DIVERSIFIED CROPPING SYSTEM CON
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crops will thus probably show rathe
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annual crops while increasing organ
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• Which species are suppressed, w
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B OVERWIEW OF THE MATERIALS & METHO
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A) France B) Study site ~1000 km Pe
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perennial crops with different mana
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B.III.2.4 Cutting height In 2008, t
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B.IV.3 Design of the seed predation
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Agron. Sustain. Dev. 30 (2010) 657-
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Contrasting weed species compositio
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Mean frequency in perennial lucerne
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C.I.2 Article 2: Meiss, H., Médiè
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332 H Meiss et al. communities (Boo
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334 H Meiss et al. functional group
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336 H Meiss et al. Table 3 Indicato
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338 H Meiss et al. Relative frequen
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340 H Meiss et al. MEISS H, MUNIER-
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perennial crop treatments, differen
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PFCs might inhibit the successful g
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during winter), T10 without soil ti
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Page 101 and 102: Table 8: Organic carbon and total n
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Page 105 and 106: C.II.3.1.2 Dynamics of weed communi
Page 107 and 108: C.II.3.1.3 Dynamics of individual w
Page 109 and 110: Time Fig. 14: Temporal development
Page 111 and 112: At the end of the experiment in spr
Page 113 and 114: Difference sown - unsown (plants m
Page 115 and 116: Cumulated BM production (g m -2 ) 1
Page 117 and 118: Weed biomass (g m -2 ) 500 400 300
Page 119 and 120: Table 12: Factors differing between
Page 121 and 122: However, some differences in densit
Page 123 and 124: Table 13: Mechanisms causing the im
Page 125 and 126: 2007 and 2008, while big numbers of
Page 127 and 128: • Weed biomasses decreased in sum
Page 129 and 130: Our results show that different mec
Page 131 and 132: including exotic species (Palmer an
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Page 141 and 142: XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
Page 143 and 144: irradiation,…), and (ii) biotic i
Page 145 and 146: Table I: Species included in the ex
Page 147 and 148: Fig. 2: Mean biomass (harvestable d
Page 149: When both treatments were combined,
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Page 159 and 160: XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
Page 161 and 162: produites restent à la surface du
Page 163 and 164: Tableau 1 : Liste des espèces adve
Page 165 and 166: Insectes prédateurs Les principaux
Page 167 and 168: C.IV.3 Article 8: Meiss, H., Lagade
Page 169 and 170: Table 1 Studies investigating the i
Page 171 and 172: Table 2 Overview showing (i) mean s
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Page 175 and 176: D GENERAL DISCUSSION Data from weed
Page 177 and 178: The first two limits could be addre
Page 179 and 180: composition that may be compared to
Page 181 and 182: Frequency in field experiment (Epoi
Page 183 and 184: crops (Clay and Aguilar, 1998; Card
Page 185 and 186: Such diversified crop rotations cou
Page 187 and 188: the leaves (needed for photosynthes
Page 189 and 190: field margin strips (compare Articl
Page 191 and 192: 1) The absence of soil tillage and
Page 193 and 194: D.III.2 Predicting weed regrowth af
Page 195 and 196: Future studies must determine the s
Page 197 and 198: (illustrated in Fig. 24). Later, re
Page 199 and 200: D.III.3 Factors determining weed se
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governing the presence and abundanc
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natural conditions, weed species po
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This PhD research project documente
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area needed for crop production. Gl
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seed characteristics, tillage and s
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Fried G., S. Petit, F. Dessaint, X.
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at the Eastern base of the Meissner
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Lindegarth M., L. Gamfeldt. (2005)
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Murphy S.D., D.R. Clements, S. Bela
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affected by experimental substrate.
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Vincent G., M. Ahmim. (1985) Note o
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ANNEXES ANNEXE 1: KEY WORDS IN ENGL
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genetically modified crop varieties
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ANNEXE 3: WEED SPECIES OF THE LARGE
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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ERKLÄRUNG (DECLARATION FOR THE GIE
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