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factor ANOVAs followed by Tukey tests were finally used to analyze the pairwise differences between the four treatments. Statistical tests and graphs were done using Systat 11 (Systat Software Inc.) and R 2.8.1 (R Development Core Team, 2008). RESULTS Biomass production varied strongly between the weed species (p
Fig. 2: Mean biomass (harvestable dry matter, cut at 5 cm above soil surface) of 12 weed species and lucerne cut at 8 consecutive dates for 4 treatments: A) Reference with no early cutting and low competition. B) No early cutting as A, but with higher competition (presence of lucerne). C) Low competition as A, but with an additional early cutting (25 March 2008). D) Combining high competition and early cutting treatments. See Table I for species codes. Grey bars indicate the biomass of other minor dicotyledonous weed species. Fig. 2: Biomasse moyenne de 12 espèces adventices + luzerne coupé à 8 dates consécutives pour 4 conditions expérimentales. Total dry matter (g/tray) 200 150 100 50 0 200 150 100 50 0 No early cutting A) Reference B) 25/03/08 16/04/08 09/05/08 06/06/08 03/07/08 01/08/08 08/09/08 16/12/08 01/03/08 C- C+ C) F- D) 25/03/08 16/04/08 09/05/08 06/06/08 03/07/08 01/08/08 08/09/08 16/12/08 01/03/08 No early cutting 25/03/08 25/03/08 Cutting date 124 16/04/08 16/04/08 09/05/08 09/05/08 06/06/08 06/06/08 03/07/08 03/07/08 01/08/08 01/08/08 08/09/08 08/09/08 16/12/08 16/12/08 Species Lucerne BROST ALOMY STEME GALAP AMBEL GERDI VERPE 6 Dicots When looking at the cumulative biomass production per plant up to the first common cutting treatment, the reference plants (no early cutting, low competition) of each species always had the highest biomasses (Fig. 3). Cutting always had a negative impact on biomass production, as (even) the sums of the cut + regrown biomasses were lower compared to the uncut reference plants. The effect of cutting was highly significant (p
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Diversifying crop rotations with te
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In Chizé, I am indebted to all the
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Talks . ...........................
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C.II.4.1 Differences between crop t
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INDEX OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Population
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ABSTRACTS (ENGLISH, FRENCH & GERMAN
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Extended summary in English Résum
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Extended summary in English Résum
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CONTEXT AND FUNDING This thesis is
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THESIS ORGANISATION This thesis ent
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8) Meiss, H., Lagadec, L. L., Munie
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Posters . 1) Meiss, H., Waldhardt,
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2007). Agriculture is increasingly
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term considerations (Munier-Jolain
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problematic for the production of d
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Newton, 2004). Several bird species
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A.III APPROACHES TO ALLEVIATE THE
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and higher production costs or even
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competitive yield loss (Cousens, 19
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2006; Makowski et al., 2007). Moreo
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Table 3: Four strategies for combin
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otations is thus an obvious approac
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iv) the availability of cheap and e
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Clay & Aguilar (1998) compared the
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Heggenstaller & Liebman (2006) comp
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growth of any (crop or weed) plant
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A.V DIVERSIFIED CROPPING SYSTEM CON
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crops will thus probably show rathe
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annual crops while increasing organ
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• Which species are suppressed, w
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B OVERWIEW OF THE MATERIALS & METHO
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A) France B) Study site ~1000 km Pe
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perennial crops with different mana
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B.III.2.4 Cutting height In 2008, t
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B.IV.3 Design of the seed predation
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Agron. Sustain. Dev. 30 (2010) 657-
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Contrasting weed species compositio
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Mean frequency in perennial lucerne
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C.I.2 Article 2: Meiss, H., Médiè
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332 H Meiss et al. communities (Boo
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334 H Meiss et al. functional group
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336 H Meiss et al. Table 3 Indicato
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338 H Meiss et al. Relative frequen
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340 H Meiss et al. MEISS H, MUNIER-
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perennial crop treatments, differen
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Page 101 and 102: Table 8: Organic carbon and total n
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Page 109 and 110: Time Fig. 14: Temporal development
Page 111 and 112: At the end of the experiment in spr
Page 113 and 114: Difference sown - unsown (plants m
Page 115 and 116: Cumulated BM production (g m -2 ) 1
Page 117 and 118: Weed biomass (g m -2 ) 500 400 300
Page 119 and 120: Table 12: Factors differing between
Page 121 and 122: However, some differences in densit
Page 123 and 124: Table 13: Mechanisms causing the im
Page 125 and 126: 2007 and 2008, while big numbers of
Page 127 and 128: • Weed biomasses decreased in sum
Page 129 and 130: Our results show that different mec
Page 131 and 132: including exotic species (Palmer an
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Page 141 and 142: XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
Page 143 and 144: irradiation,…), and (ii) biotic i
Page 145: Table I: Species included in the ex
Page 149 and 150: When both treatments were combined,
Page 151 and 152: C.IV WEED SEED PREDATION C.IV.1 Art
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Page 159 and 160: XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
Page 161 and 162: produites restent à la surface du
Page 163 and 164: Tableau 1 : Liste des espèces adve
Page 165 and 166: Insectes prédateurs Les principaux
Page 167 and 168: C.IV.3 Article 8: Meiss, H., Lagade
Page 169 and 170: Table 1 Studies investigating the i
Page 171 and 172: Table 2 Overview showing (i) mean s
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Page 175 and 176: D GENERAL DISCUSSION Data from weed
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Page 181 and 182: Frequency in field experiment (Epoi
Page 183 and 184: crops (Clay and Aguilar, 1998; Card
Page 185 and 186: Such diversified crop rotations cou
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Page 189 and 190: field margin strips (compare Articl
Page 191 and 192: 1) The absence of soil tillage and
Page 193 and 194: D.III.2 Predicting weed regrowth af
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(illustrated in Fig. 24). Later, re
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D.III.3 Factors determining weed se
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governing the presence and abundanc
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natural conditions, weed species po
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This PhD research project documente
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area needed for crop production. Gl
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seed characteristics, tillage and s
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Fried G., S. Petit, F. Dessaint, X.
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at the Eastern base of the Meissner
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Lindegarth M., L. Gamfeldt. (2005)
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Murphy S.D., D.R. Clements, S. Bela
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affected by experimental substrate.
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Vincent G., M. Ahmim. (1985) Note o
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ANNEXES ANNEXE 1: KEY WORDS IN ENGL
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genetically modified crop varieties
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ANNEXE 3: WEED SPECIES OF THE LARGE
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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ERKLÄRUNG (DECLARATION FOR THE GIE
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