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Diversifying crop rotations with temporary grasslands - Université de ...

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Exten<strong>de</strong>d summary in English Résumé substantiel en Français Ausführliche Zusammenfassung Deutsch<br />

When comparing weed plants of<br />

different ages, the regrowth capacity was<br />

reduced for ol<strong>de</strong>r plants, where resources<br />

are probably already remobilized for<br />

reproduction. In field conditions, the<br />

regrowth capacity of weeds may also<br />

<strong>de</strong>pend on the competitive environment<br />

before and after cutting, thus also on the<br />

regrowth speed of neighbouring (forage<br />

<strong>crop</strong>) plants. A study on experimental<br />

plant communities in the greenhouse<br />

<strong>with</strong> a 2x2 factorial <strong>de</strong>sign suggested that<br />

the negative effects of cutting and<br />

competition on weed biomass production<br />

are mainly additive. The combination of<br />

both treatments thus resulted in the<br />

lowest weed biomass production.<br />

4) Weed seed predation might be more<br />

important in perennial <strong>crop</strong>s compared to<br />

annual <strong>crop</strong>s, as newly produced seeds<br />

stay longer on the soil surface, accessible<br />

to seed eating animals. A series of field<br />

experiments on seven weed species<br />

showed that the seeds of some species<br />

are much more eaten than others. Seed<br />

predation may thus be another reason for<br />

the changes in weed community<br />

composition observed after perennial<br />

<strong>crop</strong>s.<br />

Moreover, perennial <strong>crop</strong>s might<br />

constitute a favourable habitat for weed<br />

seed predators due to the absence of soil<br />

tillage and the permanent vegetation<br />

cover. This was tested in another field<br />

experiment, which suggested that seed<br />

predation by both vertebrates (over<br />

12mm in diameter) and invertebrates<br />

(un<strong>de</strong>r 12 mm) increased <strong>with</strong> vegetation<br />

cover. Mowing treatments (cut vs. uncut)<br />

had a much stronger (negative) influence<br />

on predation rates than the forage <strong>crop</strong><br />

species (alfalfa vs. cocksfoot). The<br />

quantity of aboveground vegetation was<br />

thus more important than its quality.<br />

Conclusion: These various results agree<br />

<strong>with</strong> the initial hypothesis that perennial<br />

forage <strong>crop</strong>s create conditions that are<br />

unfavourable to many typical weed<br />

species including those that are<br />

problematic in annual <strong>crop</strong>s. On the other<br />

hand, other less problematic plant<br />

species may profit from the specific<br />

conditions. Integrating perennial forage<br />

<strong>crop</strong>s into <strong>crop</strong> <strong>rotations</strong> may thus be<br />

used as a part of Integrated Weed<br />

Management and may reduce the need<br />

for herbici<strong>de</strong> applications. At the same<br />

pour la croissance post-fauche. La<br />

comparaison <strong>de</strong> plantes d’âges différents a<br />

montré que la capacité <strong>de</strong> croissance postfauche<br />

diminue avec l’âge (malgré une plus<br />

gran<strong>de</strong> taille), probablement en raison <strong>de</strong> la<br />

remobilisation <strong>de</strong> ressources pour la<br />

croissance <strong>de</strong>s organes reproducteurs. Au<br />

champ, la capacité <strong>de</strong> croissance post-fauche<br />

peut également dépendre <strong>de</strong> l’environnement<br />

compétitif avant et après la fauche, et donc<br />

aussi <strong>de</strong> la vitesse <strong>de</strong> croissance post-fauche<br />

<strong>de</strong>s plantes voisines (<strong>de</strong> la culture fourragère<br />

et d’autres adventices). Une étu<strong>de</strong> sur <strong>de</strong>s<br />

communautés expérimentales <strong>de</strong> plantes avec<br />

<strong>de</strong>ux facteurs croisés a suggéré que les effets<br />

négatifs <strong>de</strong> la fauche et <strong>de</strong> la compétition sur<br />

la production <strong>de</strong> biomasse <strong>de</strong>s adventices sont<br />

souvent additifs, la production <strong>de</strong> biomasse<br />

était donc la moins importante lorsque les<br />

<strong>de</strong>ux traitements étaient combinés.<br />

4) La prédation <strong>de</strong> graines d’adventices peut<br />

être plus importante dans <strong>de</strong>s cultures<br />

pérennes que dans <strong>de</strong>s cultures annuelles, car<br />

les graines nouvellement produites restent plus<br />

longtemps en surface du sol, accessibles pour<br />

<strong>de</strong>s animaux granivores. Une série<br />

d’expérimentations au champ avec sept<br />

espèces adventices a montré que les graines <strong>de</strong><br />

certaines espèces sont souvent préférées à<br />

d’autres. La prédation <strong>de</strong> graines peut donc<br />

être une autre cause <strong>de</strong>s changements <strong>de</strong> la<br />

composition <strong>de</strong>s communautés observés après<br />

les cultures pérennes.<br />

De plus, les cultures pérennes pourraient<br />

constituer un habitat favorable pour <strong>de</strong>s<br />

prédateurs <strong>de</strong> graines en raison <strong>de</strong> l’absence<br />

<strong>de</strong> travail du sol et <strong>de</strong> la couverture<br />

permanente par la végétation. Cette hypothèse<br />

à été testée avec une expérimentation au<br />

champ suggérant que la prédation <strong>de</strong> graines<br />

par <strong>de</strong>s vertébrés (diamètre >12mm) et par<br />

<strong>de</strong>s invertébrés (

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