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Table 9: Pairwise multivariate comparisons of emerged weed communities between 9 crop treatments for all survey dates during 2.5 years using the pairwise Multiple Response Permutation Procedure (MRPP). See Table 6 for details of the nine crop treatments (T2-T11). The table sows the MRPP-A values indicating the magnitude of the differences. They vary between 1 (no differences within the groups) and 0 (within groups heterogeneity equals the expectation by chance) (McCune and Grace, 2002). Avalues >0.3 are shaded, cells are empty if the comparison is not available (insufficient data). P-values are Bonferroni-corrected (up to 36 comparisons per date); **** p
C.II.3.1.3 Dynamics of individual weed species While total weed densities showed increasing tendencies in annual crops and decreasing in perennial crops, three groups of weed species can be distinguished by their reaction to the different crop treatments (see Fig. 13 for an analysis per treatment and Fig. 14 for an analysis per species). A first group of species showed increasing plant densities in all three annual crop treatments. This group included 10 species: G. aparine, A. myosuroides, V. persica, S. arvensis, F. convolvulus, P. aviculare, P. persicaria & P. lapathifolium, A. arvensis, and P. rhoeas. Some additional species showed increasing densities mainly in the annual crop treatment with OSFs (T10): L. multiflorum, B. sterilis, and G. dissectum. A second group of species showed high plant densities in the spring-sown perennial crops after sowing in 2007 including 12 species: C. album, A. retroflexus, S. nigrum, S. asper, A. arvensis, C. bursapastoris, E. crus-galli, Senecio vulgaris, T. officinale, P. persicaria & P. lapathifolium and S. media. However, the densities of these species decreased strongly with time. While some of them were no longer detected in both alfalfa and cocksfoot crops in 2008, others did not completely disappear (or reappeared for some periods, mostly with low densities in 2008), especially in spring-sown alfalfa. A third group of species emerged with high or medium densities after sowing of the autumn sown perennial crop treatments. Nearly all of them showed decreasing densities in most treatments, especially in cocksfoot regardless the cutting frequency (T7 and T8), while seven species did not completely disappear from the alfalfa treatments with a low cutting frequency (T2): A. myosuroides, V. persica, B. sterilis, L. multiflorum, F. convolvulus, S. media, A. arvensis and four species remained present in the alfalfa treatments with a high cutting frequency (T4): V. persica, F. convolvulus, P. aviculare, and Sonchus sp. Three species (C. bursa pastoris, A. retroflexus, and V. arvensis) showed strongly decreasing densities and were no longer detected at the end of the experiment in any of the four autumn sown perennial crops. A. arvensis was the only species that showed low but rather stable densities in all perennial crops. Finally, G. dissectum showed strongly decreasing densities in all perennial crops, but did not completely disappear after 2.5 years ( Fig. 14). 84
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Diversifying crop rotations with te
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In Chizé, I am indebted to all the
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Talks . ...........................
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C.II.4.1 Differences between crop t
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INDEX OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Population
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ABSTRACTS (ENGLISH, FRENCH & GERMAN
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Extended summary in English Résum
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Extended summary in English Résum
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CONTEXT AND FUNDING This thesis is
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THESIS ORGANISATION This thesis ent
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8) Meiss, H., Lagadec, L. L., Munie
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Posters . 1) Meiss, H., Waldhardt,
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2007). Agriculture is increasingly
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term considerations (Munier-Jolain
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problematic for the production of d
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Newton, 2004). Several bird species
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A.III APPROACHES TO ALLEVIATE THE
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and higher production costs or even
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competitive yield loss (Cousens, 19
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2006; Makowski et al., 2007). Moreo
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Table 3: Four strategies for combin
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otations is thus an obvious approac
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iv) the availability of cheap and e
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Clay & Aguilar (1998) compared the
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Heggenstaller & Liebman (2006) comp
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growth of any (crop or weed) plant
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A.V DIVERSIFIED CROPPING SYSTEM CON
Page 55 and 56: crops will thus probably show rathe
Page 57 and 58: annual crops while increasing organ
Page 59 and 60: • Which species are suppressed, w
Page 61 and 62: B OVERWIEW OF THE MATERIALS & METHO
Page 63 and 64: A) France B) Study site ~1000 km Pe
Page 65 and 66: perennial crops with different mana
Page 67 and 68: B.III.2.4 Cutting height In 2008, t
Page 69 and 70: B.IV.3 Design of the seed predation
Page 71 and 72: Agron. Sustain. Dev. 30 (2010) 657-
Page 73 and 74: Contrasting weed species compositio
Page 79 and 80: Mean frequency in perennial lucerne
Page 81 and 82: C.I.2 Article 2: Meiss, H., Médiè
Page 83 and 84: 332 H Meiss et al. communities (Boo
Page 85 and 86: 334 H Meiss et al. functional group
Page 87 and 88: 336 H Meiss et al. Table 3 Indicato
Page 89 and 90: 338 H Meiss et al. Relative frequen
Page 91 and 92: 340 H Meiss et al. MEISS H, MUNIER-
Page 93 and 94: perennial crop treatments, differen
Page 95 and 96: PFCs might inhibit the successful g
Page 97 and 98: during winter), T10 without soil ti
Page 99 and 100: The viability and germination abili
Page 101 and 102: Table 8: Organic carbon and total n
Page 103 and 104: The development of weed species ric
Page 105: C.II.3.1.2 Dynamics of weed communi
Page 109 and 110: Time Fig. 14: Temporal development
Page 111 and 112: At the end of the experiment in spr
Page 113 and 114: Difference sown - unsown (plants m
Page 115 and 116: Cumulated BM production (g m -2 ) 1
Page 117 and 118: Weed biomass (g m -2 ) 500 400 300
Page 119 and 120: Table 12: Factors differing between
Page 121 and 122: However, some differences in densit
Page 123 and 124: Table 13: Mechanisms causing the im
Page 125 and 126: 2007 and 2008, while big numbers of
Page 127 and 128: • Weed biomasses decreased in sum
Page 129 and 130: Our results show that different mec
Page 131 and 132: including exotic species (Palmer an
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Page 141 and 142: XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
Page 143 and 144: irradiation,…), and (ii) biotic i
Page 145 and 146: Table I: Species included in the ex
Page 147 and 148: Fig. 2: Mean biomass (harvestable d
Page 149 and 150: When both treatments were combined,
Page 151 and 152: C.IV WEED SEED PREDATION C.IV.1 Art
Page 153 and 154: 99"268)3635683498354836792666676983
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XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL SU
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produites restent à la surface du
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Tableau 1 : Liste des espèces adve
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Insectes prédateurs Les principaux
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C.IV.3 Article 8: Meiss, H., Lagade
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Table 1 Studies investigating the i
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Table 2 Overview showing (i) mean s
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higher weed seed losses (e.g., Mena
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D GENERAL DISCUSSION Data from weed
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The first two limits could be addre
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composition that may be compared to
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Frequency in field experiment (Epoi
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crops (Clay and Aguilar, 1998; Card
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Such diversified crop rotations cou
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the leaves (needed for photosynthes
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field margin strips (compare Articl
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1) The absence of soil tillage and
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D.III.2 Predicting weed regrowth af
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Future studies must determine the s
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(illustrated in Fig. 24). Later, re
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D.III.3 Factors determining weed se
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governing the presence and abundanc
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natural conditions, weed species po
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This PhD research project documente
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area needed for crop production. Gl
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seed characteristics, tillage and s
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Fried G., S. Petit, F. Dessaint, X.
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at the Eastern base of the Meissner
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Lindegarth M., L. Gamfeldt. (2005)
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Murphy S.D., D.R. Clements, S. Bela
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affected by experimental substrate.
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Vincent G., M. Ahmim. (1985) Note o
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ANNEXES ANNEXE 1: KEY WORDS IN ENGL
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genetically modified crop varieties
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ANNEXE 3: WEED SPECIES OF THE LARGE
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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Name of species /genera Code Freq.
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ERKLÄRUNG (DECLARATION FOR THE GIE
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