Mining_Methods_UnderGround_Mining - Mining and Blasting

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el SOldadO, CHile Boomer drilling Scooptram loading Raise El Soldado underground mining schematic overview. total concentrator feed, but rather more of the contained copper. The sulphide plant's current capacity is 6.5 million t/year, of which the underground mine supplied 2 million t in 2006. This is expected to decrease to 1.6 million t in 2007 as open pit output increases. Section of El Soldado mine and plant process. Development DTH Drilling Simba drilling Extraction level Problematical geology The El Soldado deposit is located in the Lower Cretaceous Lo Prado formation, and is thought to be of epigenetic origin. The main host rocks are trachytes, followed in importance by andesites and tuffs. Copper mineralization occurs as 5½" Simba DTH drilling Ore-pass Transport level 2½"Simba radial drilling numerous isolated orebodies, with a strong structural control, located through- out an area 1,800 m-long by 800 mwide. The lateral limits of the orebodies are characterized by abrupt variations in the copper grade. The transition from high-grade mineralization of 1.2% to 2% Cu to low grade areas of 0.5% 78 underground mining methods
Max 15.0 m Ventilation shaft 17 to 22 m 18.0 to 20.0 m 40-50 o Extraction level layout. Shaft 2.5 x 2.5 m to 1.2% Cu takes place within a few metres. Orebodies typically exhibit an outer pyrite-rich halo, followed inwards by an abundant chalcopyrite and bornite core, with minor chalcocite and hematite. The main gangue minerals are calcite, quartz, chlorite, epidote and albite. The orebodies are of tabular shape, with dimensions that vary from 100 to 200 m in length, 30 to 150 m in width, and 80 to 350 m in height. The ground conditions are classified as competent, with an intact rock strength greater than 200 Mpa, in a moderate stress regime ranging from 15 to 30 Mpa. These geotechnical conditions facilitate the development of large open cavities, normally as large as the orebodies, with dimensions from 40 to 90 m width, 50 to 290 m length, and up to 300 m height. Rocket Boomer M2 C underground . Ventilation shaft m 22 to 17 10.0 m Max 15.0 m Extraction level layout 40-50 o 150.0 m Max. transport distance 18.0 to 20.0 m OP Shaft = 1.5 m Max 15.0 m 50.0 m Shaft 2.5 x 2.5 m Max 15.0 m 10.0 m The nature of the major structures, and the inherent condition of the rock mass, play a critical role in determining the extent of any likely instability surrounding excavations at El Soldado mine. Seven main fault systems, and a system of bed contacts, have been de- fined within the ore deposit limits as being significant in geotechnical terms. The induced state of stress after excavation is a significant mine design criteria, and a monitoring objective. In an attempt to obtain information on the insitu stress in critical areas of the mine, measurements have been carried out. Mine stability 17 to 22 m 17 to 22 m Mine stability is a matter of prime importance in the planning process, particu- larly as the El Morro open pit is situated el SOldadO, CHile immediately above the underground mine. An integral mine plan is therefore required, in which the sequence of extraction, both in the open pit and underground, needs to satisfy safety and efficiency criteria. In particular, the design and extraction sequence of underground stopes have to be managed in such a way that they do not affect the open pit operations, and minimize disturbance to unmined areas, enabling maximum resource recovery. This has to be balanced with the need to maintain high-grade feed, and the selectivity that comes with underground mining. There has been a large amount of development in the underground mine, creating a large number of stopes, and a complex layout. Because of all the aspects that need to be taken into account before mining can start, extensive geotechnical monitoring is applied to rock conditions, to detect and identify failures and instabilities, to collect data for mine planning and stope design, and for ongoing assessment of mine stability. Over the longer term, the collected data provides control points to update the geotechnical database, and to verify the assumptions made in the design. underground layout The access points to the orebodies are located on the slope of the Chilean coa- stal range hosting the mine, several underground mining methods 79 40-50 o 18.0 to 20.0 m Ventilation shaft 40-50 o 10.0 m B + + + + + + + ++ + + + E + ++ ++ 18.0 to 20.0 m OP Max 15.0 m 150.0 m Max. transport distance Shaft Surface workshop at El Soldado.
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Mining Methods in Underground Minin
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Contents Foreword 2 Foreword by Han
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Mining TrendS Trends in underground
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Rock production (2005) Ore (Mt) noi
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geOlOgy FOr Mining geology for unde
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Sandstone. Gneiss. Many salts, for
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drives within the mineral deposit,
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Mineral prospecting and exploration
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Atlas Copco underground core drilli
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Finding the right balance in explor
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% 100 80 60 40 20 0 Canada latin am
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Mine inFraSTruCTure underground min
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pumphouses and workshops. Drill/bla
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Principles of raise boring efficien
Page 29 and 30: Typical operating installation of t
Page 31 and 32: MeCHanized BOlTing Mechanized bolti
Page 33 and 34: on the latest Boomer and Simba seri
Page 35 and 36: Mining in steep orebodies Based on
Page 37 and 38: main level, providing access and ve
Page 39 and 40: waste ratio during a typical muckin
Page 41 and 42: Mining in flat orebodies nearly hor
Page 43 and 44: crosscut drift Foot wall (The Fossu
Page 45 and 46: BaCkFilling Backfilling for safety
Page 47 and 48: Thickener Binder cement and/or slag
Page 49 and 50: History Mining has been conducted a
Page 51 and 52: 0.1% Cu, 99 g/t Ag and 0.3 g/t Au.
Page 53 and 54: This joint development process star
Page 55 and 56: zinkgruVan, Sweden Changing systems
Page 57 and 58: longhole open stoping has contribut
Page 59 and 60: flexibility during drilling and bol
Page 61 and 62: increasing outputs at lkaB iron ore
Page 63 and 64: 2 Groups of ore passes 7 Developmen
Page 65 and 66: keMi, Finland From surface to under
Page 67 and 68: The crusher station at the 560 m le
Page 69 and 70: Kemi is carrying out slot hole dril
Page 71 and 72: JelSˇ aVa, SlOVakia Mining magnesi
Page 73 and 74: Pillar between stopes 5.0 m-high, b
Page 75 and 76: kure, Turkey all change for asikoy
Page 77 and 78: m along the footwall contact, or in
Page 79: History The El Soldado and Los Bron
Page 83 and 84: Simba M6 C drilling radial holes. a
Page 85 and 86: Pioneering mass caving at el Tenien
Page 87 and 88: caving in primary rock. Currently,
Page 89 and 90: Production area 5 4 80 m 57,5 m 22,
Page 91 and 92: used is again panel caving with pre
Page 93 and 94: introduction Codelco, renowned for
Page 95 and 96: During pilot hole drilling and rea-
Page 97 and 98: 40 m in length were drilled each mo
Page 99 and 100: anTOFagaSTa, CHile Modernization at
Page 101 and 102: MOunT iSa, auSTralia Mount isa mine
Page 103 and 104: 4500N Advance south Stoping sequenc
Page 105 and 106: to the hanging wall. The fill used
Page 107 and 108: MelBOurne, auSTralia High speed hau
Page 109 and 110: The Minetruck MT5010 exits from the
Page 111 and 112: geology The Olympic Dam mineral dep
Page 113 and 114: Activity Overview Mucking Overview
Page 115 and 116: on site. Later stopes, which are no
Page 117 and 118: improved results at Meishan iron or
Page 119 and 120: ig, six hours/shift, two shifts/day
Page 121 and 122: Mechanized mining in low headroom a
Page 123 and 124: large scale copper mining adapted t
Page 125 and 126: tricky, because the pillars in the
Page 127 and 128: gerMany/SOuTH kOrea underground min
Page 129 and 130: which are spread over 10-130 Mpa. A
Page 131 and 132:
CaMPO FOrMOSO, Brazil Sub level cav
Page 133 and 134:
Slot drilling at Ferbasa: The Simba
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getting the best for Peñoles Speci
Page 137 and 138:
They went from drilling 20 m downwa
Page 139 and 140:
keeping a low profile at Panasqueir
Page 141 and 142:
Boomer S1 L drill rig in operation.
Page 143 and 144:
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