Mining_Methods_UnderGround_Mining - Mining and Blasting

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karta sid 2.pdf 9/18/07 9:05:34 PM Metal ore Mining TrendS Metal shares of total value gold copper iron ore nickel lead zinc PGMs diamonds other Value of metal production at mines. (Raw Materials Data 2007) Global metal ore production is around 5,000 Mt/y. Open pit mining accounts for some 83% of this, with underground methods producing the remaining 17%. Barren rock production from underground operations is small, not exceeding 10% of total ore production, but the barren rock production from open pit operations is significant. Open pits typically have a strip ratio, the amount of overburden that has to be removed for every tonne of ore, of 2.5. Based on this assumption, the amount of barren rock produced can be calculated as some 10,000 Mt/y. In total, the amount of rock moved in the metals mining business globally is hence around 15,000 Mt/y. The dominance of open pit operations stems in terms of the amounts of rock handled, to a large extent, from the necessary removal of overburden, which is often drilled and blasted. By necessity, the open pit operations are larger than the underground ones. The map below shows the distribution of metal ore production around the world, and also the split between open pit and underground tonnages. Metal ore production from open pits (green), underground (red). (Raw Materials Data 2005) 898/77 Mt 1319/117 Mt open pit underground Europe + Russia 401/188 Mt 244/175 Mt 750/185 Mt Total 5 000 Mt 455/85 Mt Open pit vs underground There was a slow trend in the late 20th century towards open pit production. Two of the most important reasons for this were as follows: Lower ore grades Due to depletion of the richer ore bodies, the higher-cost underground extraction methods are not economic. See the figure below. New technologies The more efficient exploitation of lowergrade deposits using new equipment and new processes, such as the hydrometallurgical SX-EW methods for copper extraction, has enabled companies to work with lower ore grades than with traditional methods. Future Development of new mining technologies is driven by a range of underlying factors, which affect all stakeholders. Mines are getting deeper and hotter, and are now more often located in harsh en- vironments. Legislation, particularly concerning emissions, and increased demands on 4 underground mining methods
Rock production (2005) Ore (Mt) noise and vibration, affect the miners and equipment operators. Safety demands have already completely changed some unit operations, such as rock bolting and scaling. Similar developments will continue. Customers demand higher productivity, and there is an increasing focus on machine availability and simpler service procedures in order to reduce downtime. Reduction of internal development and production costs by the equipment Waste (Mt) manufacturer promotes new technologies, as does competition from other suppliers. In the early years of the 21st century, new efficient underground methods and equipment have made it possible to turn open pit mines that had become uneconomical because of their depth into profitable underground operations. The orebody in these mines is usually steep dipping, and can be mined with the most efficient block caving methods. The competition for land in some Mining TrendS Metals Underground 850 85 935 3 Open pit 4 130 10 325 14 500 47 Total Industrial minerals 4 980 10 410 15 400 50 Underground 65 5 70 0 Open pit 535 965 1 500 5 Total 600 970 1 570 5 Sub total 5 600 11 400 17 000 55 Coal Underground 2 950 575 3 500 12 Open pit 2 900 7 250 10 000 33 Total 5 850 7 825 13 500 45 Overall total 11 450 19 225 30 700 100 Assumptions: 10% waste in underground metal and industrial mineral operations. Strip ratio (overburden/ore) in open pit metal operations is 2.5. The strip ratio in industrial minerals is 1.8. For coal, underground barren rock is set at 20%, and the strip ratio in open-pit mines is 2.5. Industrial minerals includes limestone, kaolin, etc. but excludes crushed rock and other construction materials. Salt, dimensional stones, precious stones are not included. Diamonds are included in metals. Copper/ore metal production (mt) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 densely populated countries has further meant that underground mining is the only viable alternative. Such developments have halted the growth of open pit mining and it is projected that the present ratio 1:6 underground to open pit mining will continue in the medium term. Magnus ericsson Raw Materials Group underground mining methods 5 Total (Mt) 0 1930 1945 1960 1975 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 Copper production Ore production Copper ore grade 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Ore grade (%) %
Page 1 and 2: Mining Methods in Underground Minin
Page 3 and 4: Contents Foreword 2 Foreword by Han
Page 5: Mining TrendS Trends in underground
Page 9 and 10: geOlOgy FOr Mining geology for unde
Page 11 and 12: Sandstone. Gneiss. Many salts, for
Page 13 and 14: drives within the mineral deposit,
Page 15 and 16: Mineral prospecting and exploration
Page 17 and 18: Atlas Copco underground core drilli
Page 19 and 20: Finding the right balance in explor
Page 21 and 22: % 100 80 60 40 20 0 Canada latin am
Page 23 and 24: Mine inFraSTruCTure underground min
Page 25 and 26: pumphouses and workshops. Drill/bla
Page 27 and 28: Principles of raise boring efficien
Page 29 and 30: Typical operating installation of t
Page 31 and 32: MeCHanized BOlTing Mechanized bolti
Page 33 and 34: on the latest Boomer and Simba seri
Page 35 and 36: Mining in steep orebodies Based on
Page 37 and 38: main level, providing access and ve
Page 39 and 40: waste ratio during a typical muckin
Page 41 and 42: Mining in flat orebodies nearly hor
Page 43 and 44: crosscut drift Foot wall (The Fossu
Page 45 and 46: BaCkFilling Backfilling for safety
Page 47 and 48: Thickener Binder cement and/or slag
Page 49 and 50: History Mining has been conducted a
Page 51 and 52: 0.1% Cu, 99 g/t Ag and 0.3 g/t Au.
Page 53 and 54: This joint development process star
Page 55 and 56: zinkgruVan, Sweden Changing systems
Page 57 and 58:
longhole open stoping has contribut
Page 59 and 60:
flexibility during drilling and bol
Page 61 and 62:
increasing outputs at lkaB iron ore
Page 63 and 64:
2 Groups of ore passes 7 Developmen
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keMi, Finland From surface to under
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The crusher station at the 560 m le
Page 69 and 70:
Kemi is carrying out slot hole dril
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JelSˇ aVa, SlOVakia Mining magnesi
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Pillar between stopes 5.0 m-high, b
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kure, Turkey all change for asikoy
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m along the footwall contact, or in
Page 79 and 80:
History The El Soldado and Los Bron
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Max 15.0 m Ventilation shaft 17 to
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Simba M6 C drilling radial holes. a
Page 85 and 86:
Pioneering mass caving at el Tenien
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caving in primary rock. Currently,
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Production area 5 4 80 m 57,5 m 22,
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used is again panel caving with pre
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introduction Codelco, renowned for
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During pilot hole drilling and rea-
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40 m in length were drilled each mo
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anTOFagaSTa, CHile Modernization at
Page 101 and 102:
MOunT iSa, auSTralia Mount isa mine
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4500N Advance south Stoping sequenc
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to the hanging wall. The fill used
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MelBOurne, auSTralia High speed hau
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The Minetruck MT5010 exits from the
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geology The Olympic Dam mineral dep
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Activity Overview Mucking Overview
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on site. Later stopes, which are no
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improved results at Meishan iron or
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ig, six hours/shift, two shifts/day
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Mechanized mining in low headroom a
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large scale copper mining adapted t
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tricky, because the pillars in the
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gerMany/SOuTH kOrea underground min
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which are spread over 10-130 Mpa. A
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CaMPO FOrMOSO, Brazil Sub level cav
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Slot drilling at Ferbasa: The Simba
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getting the best for Peñoles Speci
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They went from drilling 20 m downwa
Page 139 and 140:
keeping a low profile at Panasqueir
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Boomer S1 L drill rig in operation.
Page 143 and 144:
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