Mining_Methods_UnderGround_Mining - Mining and Blasting

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Headframe at Garpenberg. garPenBerg, Sweden 52 underground mining methods
zinkgruVan, Sweden Changing systems at zinkgruvan Partners in production Zinkgruvan Mining, Sweden’s third largest mining company, is owned and operated by Lundin Mining Group. Zinkgruvan Mining produces zinc concentrate (55% Zn) and lead concentrate (73% Pb and l,400 g/t Ag) and ships to smelters in northern Europe. The mine has been continuously in production since 1857, and ore output in 2006 was 787,000 t, together with around 250,000 t from waste development. Average zinc grades were high at 10.3%, whereas lead grades fell to 4.6%, and silver to 93 g/t. For 2007, ore production is planned at 850,000 t, and a project to increase reserves is underway. Zinkgruvan ore reserves total 11.2 million t, containing 9.3% zinc, 4.3% lead and 107 g/t silver, equivalent to approximately 15 years of production. Added to this, discovered in the 1990s, is a copper mineralization of 3.5 million t containing 3.1% copper and 49 g/t silver. Production is obtained from open stopes where, following difficulties with seepage from hydraulic fill when rock quality diminished, the mine now uses paste fill. Rather than deepen the main hoisting shaft, the main ramp access was developed be- low the 800 m level and will bot- tom out at 1,100 m under present plans. Key to Zinkgruvan production efforts is equipment sup- plied by Atlas Copco, which includes four Simba production drill rigs, three Rocket Boomers and two Boltec rigs, together with long-term maintenance and consumable supply contracts. Methodology Until the mid-1980s, upwards cut and fill was the dominant mining method. However, when mining began at the 650 m-level in Nygruvan, the first problems with rock stress occurred, resulting in the need for increased rock reinforcement. Longhole drilling with Simba M4 C in the Burkland stopes. When mining reached the 566 mlevel, a borehole camera survey revealed a roof split 6 m above the stopes, causing abandonment of cut and fill methods on safety grounds. Benching methods were introduced, and have been under constant development since, primarily because of high rock stress. Using benching, no working place need be developed wider than 7 m. Over the years, benching has developed from longitudinal bench and fill. The mined out bench is backfilled with hydraulic fill before mining the next bench above. Vertical pillars in the ore are left to stabilize the surrounding rock. Open stoping Development continued towards sublevel open stoping, which is a larger scale stoping method than longitudinal bench and fill, with improved rock stress. Sub-level open stoping as a production method worked excellently in Nygruvan, where the country rock is of extremely good quality. The ore is homogeneous, with distinct ore boundaries where dip in the ore is greater than 75 degrees. The open room that is formed after the stope is mucked has height measurements of up to 70 m, width of 15 m, and a length of 50 m. After mucking is completed, the drawpoints are sealed with bulkheads, and filled with hydraulic fill. In the mid-1990s, the Burkland orebody was developed. Rock quality and ore geometry were different compared to earlier orebodies, and a project was initiated to utilize a modified sub-level open stoping method for orebodies with weaker hanging walls, but retaining the advantages of the stoping method. In this method, open stopes have the approximate dimensions 40 m-high x 50 m-long, and the orebody width up to 30 m. Pillars up to 10 m-thick are left between every stope to support the hanging wall, so some 16% of the ore is utilized as pillars. After the first stope underground mining methods 53
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Mining Methods in Underground Minin
Page 3 and 4: Contents Foreword 2 Foreword by Han
Page 5 and 6: Mining TrendS Trends in underground
Page 7 and 8: Rock production (2005) Ore (Mt) noi
Page 9 and 10: geOlOgy FOr Mining geology for unde
Page 11 and 12: Sandstone. Gneiss. Many salts, for
Page 13 and 14: drives within the mineral deposit,
Page 15 and 16: Mineral prospecting and exploration
Page 17 and 18: Atlas Copco underground core drilli
Page 19 and 20: Finding the right balance in explor
Page 21 and 22: % 100 80 60 40 20 0 Canada latin am
Page 23 and 24: Mine inFraSTruCTure underground min
Page 25 and 26: pumphouses and workshops. Drill/bla
Page 27 and 28: Principles of raise boring efficien
Page 29 and 30: Typical operating installation of t
Page 31 and 32: MeCHanized BOlTing Mechanized bolti
Page 33 and 34: on the latest Boomer and Simba seri
Page 35 and 36: Mining in steep orebodies Based on
Page 37 and 38: main level, providing access and ve
Page 39 and 40: waste ratio during a typical muckin
Page 41 and 42: Mining in flat orebodies nearly hor
Page 43 and 44: crosscut drift Foot wall (The Fossu
Page 45 and 46: BaCkFilling Backfilling for safety
Page 47 and 48: Thickener Binder cement and/or slag
Page 49 and 50: History Mining has been conducted a
Page 51 and 52: 0.1% Cu, 99 g/t Ag and 0.3 g/t Au.
Page 53: This joint development process star
Page 57 and 58: longhole open stoping has contribut
Page 59 and 60: flexibility during drilling and bol
Page 61 and 62: increasing outputs at lkaB iron ore
Page 63 and 64: 2 Groups of ore passes 7 Developmen
Page 65 and 66: keMi, Finland From surface to under
Page 67 and 68: The crusher station at the 560 m le
Page 69 and 70: Kemi is carrying out slot hole dril
Page 71 and 72: JelSˇ aVa, SlOVakia Mining magnesi
Page 73 and 74: Pillar between stopes 5.0 m-high, b
Page 75 and 76: kure, Turkey all change for asikoy
Page 77 and 78: m along the footwall contact, or in
Page 79 and 80: History The El Soldado and Los Bron
Page 81 and 82: Max 15.0 m Ventilation shaft 17 to
Page 83 and 84: Simba M6 C drilling radial holes. a
Page 85 and 86: Pioneering mass caving at el Tenien
Page 87 and 88: caving in primary rock. Currently,
Page 89 and 90: Production area 5 4 80 m 57,5 m 22,
Page 91 and 92: used is again panel caving with pre
Page 93 and 94: introduction Codelco, renowned for
Page 95 and 96: During pilot hole drilling and rea-
Page 97 and 98: 40 m in length were drilled each mo
Page 99 and 100: anTOFagaSTa, CHile Modernization at
Page 101 and 102: MOunT iSa, auSTralia Mount isa mine
Page 103 and 104: 4500N Advance south Stoping sequenc
Page 105 and 106:
to the hanging wall. The fill used
Page 107 and 108:
MelBOurne, auSTralia High speed hau
Page 109 and 110:
The Minetruck MT5010 exits from the
Page 111 and 112:
geology The Olympic Dam mineral dep
Page 113 and 114:
Activity Overview Mucking Overview
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on site. Later stopes, which are no
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improved results at Meishan iron or
Page 119 and 120:
ig, six hours/shift, two shifts/day
Page 121 and 122:
Mechanized mining in low headroom a
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large scale copper mining adapted t
Page 125 and 126:
tricky, because the pillars in the
Page 127 and 128:
gerMany/SOuTH kOrea underground min
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which are spread over 10-130 Mpa. A
Page 131 and 132:
CaMPO FOrMOSO, Brazil Sub level cav
Page 133 and 134:
Slot drilling at Ferbasa: The Simba
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getting the best for Peñoles Speci
Page 137 and 138:
They went from drilling 20 m downwa
Page 139 and 140:
keeping a low profile at Panasqueir
Page 141 and 142:
Boomer S1 L drill rig in operation.
Page 143 and 144:
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