Mining_Methods_UnderGround_Mining - Mining and Blasting

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BaCkFilling Backfilling for safety and profit Permanent support Empty stopes are frequently backfilled as a means of providing support for future mining. Other than its own body weight, backfill is a passive support system that has to be compressed before exerting a restraining force. Backfill material is normally generated by the mine as waste rock underground, or as tailings from the surface concentrator, so backfilling may serve a secondary purpose as a means of disposal of otherwise useless byproducts. The optimum backfill method is clearly related to the mi ning method. Costs of backfill ty pically range between 10-20% of mine operating cost, of which cement represents up to 75%. Paste fill is gaining in popularity because it uses unclassified tailings and less water, but the capital cost of a paste fill plant is approximately twice the cost of a conventional hydraulic fill plant of the same capacity. Functions of backfill The original function of backfill in hard rock mines was to support rock walls and pillars, and to provide a working surface for continuing mining. This was initially accomplished by rock fill, and more often in the present day by hydraulic fill. If 3-4% of cement is added to a hydraulic backfill of concentrator tailings, and this is topped off in the stope with a 10% mix, a smooth and hard surface results. This is useful for mechanized removal of broken ore from the subsequent mining operation, and reduces dilution from the fill. Backfill also affords the opportunity for more selective mining and better re- covery of ore and pillars, thereby increasing both mine life and total return on investment. Other functions of backfill are the prevention of subsidence, and better control over ventilation flow through A. B. C. D. Drift and fill mining sequence. Drift 1 Fill Drift 1 Fill Fencing Drift 1 Fill Drift 1 Cemented Fill the mine workings. Cemented hydraulic fill (CHF) or paste backfill may also be used to stabilize caved areas in the mine. Backfill is also considered an essential tool to help preserve the structural integrity of the mine workings as a whole, and to help avoid stressing ground to the point where rock bursts take place. application and design Drift 2 Fill Drift 3 Fill preparation and placement systems should be simple and efficient, with special attention paid to quality control. Two systems are used: cyclic filling and delayed filling. In cyclic systems, the fill is placed in successive lifts, as in cut-and-fill mining sequences. The fill can form a platform for the operation Drift 3 Drift 3 Drift 3 Fill Drift 2 Fill Fencing Drift 2 Fill Drift 4 Drift 2 Cemented Fill of mining equipment, or mining may be undertaken below, beside, or through the backfill. In delayed backfill, the entire stope is filled in one operation. In this case, the fill must be able to stand as an unsupported wall rigid enough to withstand the effects of blasting. It should allow adjacent stopes to be extracted with minimal dilution from sloughing. A whole host of factors have to be taken into consideration when designing a backfill regime. The geology and dimensions of the orebody and its dip and grade are important factors, as are the physical and mechanical properties of both the ore and its host rock. Environmental considerations, fill material resources, mining method, production capacity and operations schedules bear underground mining methods 43
Page 1 and 2: Mining Methods in Underground Minin
Page 3 and 4: Contents Foreword 2 Foreword by Han
Page 5 and 6: Mining TrendS Trends in underground
Page 7 and 8: Rock production (2005) Ore (Mt) noi
Page 9 and 10: geOlOgy FOr Mining geology for unde
Page 11 and 12: Sandstone. Gneiss. Many salts, for
Page 13 and 14: drives within the mineral deposit,
Page 15 and 16: Mineral prospecting and exploration
Page 17 and 18: Atlas Copco underground core drilli
Page 19 and 20: Finding the right balance in explor
Page 21 and 22: % 100 80 60 40 20 0 Canada latin am
Page 23 and 24: Mine inFraSTruCTure underground min
Page 25 and 26: pumphouses and workshops. Drill/bla
Page 27 and 28: Principles of raise boring efficien
Page 29 and 30: Typical operating installation of t
Page 31 and 32: MeCHanized BOlTing Mechanized bolti
Page 33 and 34: on the latest Boomer and Simba seri
Page 35 and 36: Mining in steep orebodies Based on
Page 37 and 38: main level, providing access and ve
Page 39 and 40: waste ratio during a typical muckin
Page 41 and 42: Mining in flat orebodies nearly hor
Page 43: crosscut drift Foot wall (The Fossu
Page 47 and 48: Thickener Binder cement and/or slag
Page 49 and 50: History Mining has been conducted a
Page 51 and 52: 0.1% Cu, 99 g/t Ag and 0.3 g/t Au.
Page 53 and 54: This joint development process star
Page 55 and 56: zinkgruVan, Sweden Changing systems
Page 57 and 58: longhole open stoping has contribut
Page 59 and 60: flexibility during drilling and bol
Page 61 and 62: increasing outputs at lkaB iron ore
Page 63 and 64: 2 Groups of ore passes 7 Developmen
Page 65 and 66: keMi, Finland From surface to under
Page 67 and 68: The crusher station at the 560 m le
Page 69 and 70: Kemi is carrying out slot hole dril
Page 71 and 72: JelSˇ aVa, SlOVakia Mining magnesi
Page 73 and 74: Pillar between stopes 5.0 m-high, b
Page 75 and 76: kure, Turkey all change for asikoy
Page 77 and 78: m along the footwall contact, or in
Page 79 and 80: History The El Soldado and Los Bron
Page 81 and 82: Max 15.0 m Ventilation shaft 17 to
Page 83 and 84: Simba M6 C drilling radial holes. a
Page 85 and 86: Pioneering mass caving at el Tenien
Page 87 and 88: caving in primary rock. Currently,
Page 89 and 90: Production area 5 4 80 m 57,5 m 22,
Page 91 and 92: used is again panel caving with pre
Page 93 and 94: introduction Codelco, renowned for
Page 95 and 96:
During pilot hole drilling and rea-
Page 97 and 98:
40 m in length were drilled each mo
Page 99 and 100:
anTOFagaSTa, CHile Modernization at
Page 101 and 102:
MOunT iSa, auSTralia Mount isa mine
Page 103 and 104:
4500N Advance south Stoping sequenc
Page 105 and 106:
to the hanging wall. The fill used
Page 107 and 108:
MelBOurne, auSTralia High speed hau
Page 109 and 110:
The Minetruck MT5010 exits from the
Page 111 and 112:
geology The Olympic Dam mineral dep
Page 113 and 114:
Activity Overview Mucking Overview
Page 115 and 116:
on site. Later stopes, which are no
Page 117 and 118:
improved results at Meishan iron or
Page 119 and 120:
ig, six hours/shift, two shifts/day
Page 121 and 122:
Mechanized mining in low headroom a
Page 123 and 124:
large scale copper mining adapted t
Page 125 and 126:
tricky, because the pillars in the
Page 127 and 128:
gerMany/SOuTH kOrea underground min
Page 129 and 130:
which are spread over 10-130 Mpa. A
Page 131 and 132:
CaMPO FOrMOSO, Brazil Sub level cav
Page 133 and 134:
Slot drilling at Ferbasa: The Simba
Page 135 and 136:
getting the best for Peñoles Speci
Page 137 and 138:
They went from drilling 20 m downwa
Page 139 and 140:
keeping a low profile at Panasqueir
Page 141 and 142:
Boomer S1 L drill rig in operation.
Page 143 and 144:
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