Mining_Methods_UnderGround_Mining - Mining and Blasting

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MeCHanized BOlTing Mechanized bolting and screening utilization is the key In tunnelling operations, it is quite common to use the same equipment for all drilling requirements. These days, a single drill rig can accommodate drilling for face blasting, bolt holes, protection umbrellas, and drainage. As there are normally only one or two faces available for work before blasting and mucking, it is difficult to obtain high utilization for specialized equipment such as mechanized bolting rigs. By contrast, in underground mining, especially where a number of working areas are accessible using methods such as room and pillar, high utilization of specialized equipment can be expected. This is where mechanized bolting and screening is rapidly taking root, for speed, safety and consistency. Specializing for safety There was a time when underground mining and safety were terms not commonly referred to in the same sentence. However, times have changed, and today safety is given a place of prominence in the operational priorities of the mining industry. Freshly blasted openings leave considerable areas of loose rock, which must be removed to prevent fall-of-ground injuries. Improvements in drilling and blasting techniques have helped to signi- ficantly reduce the amount of this loose rock. Scaling, which is the most hazardous part of the work cycle, is used to remove loose rock. Subsequent blasting might result in additional rock falls, especially in fractured ground conditions. Screening or shotcreting, as a means of retention of this loose rock, is often used in combination with rockbolting. Screening, which is a time-consuming operation, is common practice in Canada and Australia. Since the 1960s and 1970s, considerable effort has been spent on Mechanized scaling with hydraulic hammer. mechanizing underground operational activities, including the rock excavation cycle. Within the drill-blast-mucking cycle repeated for each round, the drilling phase has become fully mechanized, with the advent of high productivity hydraulic drill jumbos. Similarly, blasting has become an ef- ficient process, thanks to the development of bulk charging trucks and easily configured detonation systems. After only a short delay to provide for adequate removal of dust and smoke by high capacity ventilation systems, the modern LHD rapidly cleans out the muck pile. These phases of the work cycle have been successfully mechanized, and modern equipment provides a safe operator environment. By contrast, the most hazardous operations, such as scaling, bolting and screening, have only enjoyed limited progress in terms of productivity improvements and degree of mechanization. The development of mechanized scaling and bolting rigs has been slower, mainly due to variations in safety rules and works procedure in specific rock conditions. To summarize, equipment manufac- turers have had difficulty in providing globally accepted solutions. Nevertheless, there is equipment available from Atlas Copco to meet most of the current demands of miners and tunnellers. Mechanization stages Various methods of mechanized bolting are available, and these can be listed under the following three headings. Manual drilling and bolting This method employs light hand held rock drills, scaling bars and bolt installation equipment, and was in widespread use until the advent of hydraulic drilling in the 1970s. Manual methods are still used in small drifts and tunnels, where drilling is performed with handheld pneumatic rock drills. The bolt holes are drilled with the same equipment, or with stopers. Bolts, with or without grouting, are installed manually with impact wrenches. To facilitate access to high roofs, service trucks or cars with elevated platforms are commonly used. Semi-mechanized drilling and bolting The drilling is mechanized, using a hydraulic drill jumbo, followed by manual installation of the bolts by operators working from a platform mounted on the underground mining methods 29
Page 1 and 2: Mining Methods in Underground Minin
Page 3 and 4: Contents Foreword 2 Foreword by Han
Page 5 and 6: Mining TrendS Trends in underground
Page 7 and 8: Rock production (2005) Ore (Mt) noi
Page 9 and 10: geOlOgy FOr Mining geology for unde
Page 11 and 12: Sandstone. Gneiss. Many salts, for
Page 13 and 14: drives within the mineral deposit,
Page 15 and 16: Mineral prospecting and exploration
Page 17 and 18: Atlas Copco underground core drilli
Page 19 and 20: Finding the right balance in explor
Page 21 and 22: % 100 80 60 40 20 0 Canada latin am
Page 23 and 24: Mine inFraSTruCTure underground min
Page 25 and 26: pumphouses and workshops. Drill/bla
Page 27 and 28: Principles of raise boring efficien
Page 29: Typical operating installation of t
Page 33 and 34: on the latest Boomer and Simba seri
Page 35 and 36: Mining in steep orebodies Based on
Page 37 and 38: main level, providing access and ve
Page 39 and 40: waste ratio during a typical muckin
Page 41 and 42: Mining in flat orebodies nearly hor
Page 43 and 44: crosscut drift Foot wall (The Fossu
Page 45 and 46: BaCkFilling Backfilling for safety
Page 47 and 48: Thickener Binder cement and/or slag
Page 49 and 50: History Mining has been conducted a
Page 51 and 52: 0.1% Cu, 99 g/t Ag and 0.3 g/t Au.
Page 53 and 54: This joint development process star
Page 55 and 56: zinkgruVan, Sweden Changing systems
Page 57 and 58: longhole open stoping has contribut
Page 59 and 60: flexibility during drilling and bol
Page 61 and 62: increasing outputs at lkaB iron ore
Page 63 and 64: 2 Groups of ore passes 7 Developmen
Page 65 and 66: keMi, Finland From surface to under
Page 67 and 68: The crusher station at the 560 m le
Page 69 and 70: Kemi is carrying out slot hole dril
Page 71 and 72: JelSˇ aVa, SlOVakia Mining magnesi
Page 73 and 74: Pillar between stopes 5.0 m-high, b
Page 75 and 76: kure, Turkey all change for asikoy
Page 77 and 78: m along the footwall contact, or in
Page 79 and 80: History The El Soldado and Los Bron
Page 81 and 82:
Max 15.0 m Ventilation shaft 17 to
Page 83 and 84:
Simba M6 C drilling radial holes. a
Page 85 and 86:
Pioneering mass caving at el Tenien
Page 87 and 88:
caving in primary rock. Currently,
Page 89 and 90:
Production area 5 4 80 m 57,5 m 22,
Page 91 and 92:
used is again panel caving with pre
Page 93 and 94:
introduction Codelco, renowned for
Page 95 and 96:
During pilot hole drilling and rea-
Page 97 and 98:
40 m in length were drilled each mo
Page 99 and 100:
anTOFagaSTa, CHile Modernization at
Page 101 and 102:
MOunT iSa, auSTralia Mount isa mine
Page 103 and 104:
4500N Advance south Stoping sequenc
Page 105 and 106:
to the hanging wall. The fill used
Page 107 and 108:
MelBOurne, auSTralia High speed hau
Page 109 and 110:
The Minetruck MT5010 exits from the
Page 111 and 112:
geology The Olympic Dam mineral dep
Page 113 and 114:
Activity Overview Mucking Overview
Page 115 and 116:
on site. Later stopes, which are no
Page 117 and 118:
improved results at Meishan iron or
Page 119 and 120:
ig, six hours/shift, two shifts/day
Page 121 and 122:
Mechanized mining in low headroom a
Page 123 and 124:
large scale copper mining adapted t
Page 125 and 126:
tricky, because the pillars in the
Page 127 and 128:
gerMany/SOuTH kOrea underground min
Page 129 and 130:
which are spread over 10-130 Mpa. A
Page 131 and 132:
CaMPO FOrMOSO, Brazil Sub level cav
Page 133 and 134:
Slot drilling at Ferbasa: The Simba
Page 135 and 136:
getting the best for Peñoles Speci
Page 137 and 138:
They went from drilling 20 m downwa
Page 139 and 140:
keeping a low profile at Panasqueir
Page 141 and 142:
Boomer S1 L drill rig in operation.
Page 143 and 144:
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