Robbins Raise Drills ... keep on raising Ever since the first Robbins raise drill was built in 1962, it has been a constant success. By meeting customer needs through innovation, reliability <strong>and</strong> an unrivalled product range, we have gained the lion’s share of the global market – <strong>and</strong> we intend to keep it that way! Robbins Raise Drill Systems produce shafts <strong>and</strong> raises from 0.6 m to 6.0 m in diameter, <strong>and</strong> up to 1000 m in length. Committed to your superior productivity. Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB Fax: +46 19 670 7393 www.raiseboring.com
MeCHanized BOlTing Mechanized bolting <strong>and</strong> screening utilization is the key In tunnelling operations, it is quite common to use the same equipment for all drilling requirements. These days, a single drill rig can accommodate drilling for face blasting, bolt holes, protection umbrellas, <strong>and</strong> drainage. As there are normally only one or two faces available for work before blasting <strong>and</strong> mucking, it is difficult to obtain high utilization for specialized equipment such as mechanized bolting rigs. By contrast, in underground mining, especially where a number of working areas are accessible using methods such as room <strong>and</strong> pillar, high utilization of specialized equipment can be expected. This is where mechanized bolting <strong>and</strong> screening is rapidly taking root, for speed, safety <strong>and</strong> consistency. Specializing for safety There was a time when underground mining <strong>and</strong> safety were terms not commonly referred to in the same sentence. However, times have changed, <strong>and</strong> today safety is given a place of prominence in the operational priorities of the mining industry. Freshly blasted openings leave considerable areas of loose rock, which must be removed to prevent fall-of-ground injuries. Improvements in drilling <strong>and</strong> blasting techniques have helped to signi- ficantly reduce the amount of this loose rock. Scaling, which is the most hazardous part of the work cycle, is used to remove loose rock. Subsequent blasting might result in additional rock falls, especially in fractured ground conditions. Screening or shotcreting, as a means of retention of this loose rock, is often used in combination with rockbolting. Screening, which is a time-consuming operation, is common practice in Canada <strong>and</strong> Australia. Since the 1960s <strong>and</strong> 1970s, considerable effort has been spent on Mechanized scaling with hydraulic hammer. mechanizing underground operational activities, including the rock excavation cycle. Within the drill-blast-mucking cycle repeated for each round, the drilling phase has become fully mechanized, with the advent of high productivity hydraulic drill jumbos. Similarly, blasting has become an ef- ficient process, thanks to the develop- ment of bulk charging trucks <strong>and</strong> easily configured detonation systems. After only a short delay to provide for adequate removal of dust <strong>and</strong> smoke by high capacity ventilation systems, the modern LHD rapidly cleans out the muck pile. These phases of the work cycle have been successfully mechanized, <strong>and</strong> modern equipment provides a safe operator environment. By contrast, the most hazardous ope- rations, such as scaling, bolting <strong>and</strong> screening, have only enjoyed limited progress in terms of productivity improvements <strong>and</strong> degree of mechanization. The development of mechanized scaling <strong>and</strong> bolting rigs has been slower, mainly due to variations in safety rules <strong>and</strong> works procedure in specific rock conditions. To summarize, equipment manufac- turers have had difficulty in providing globally accepted solutions. Nevertheless, there is equipment available from Atlas Copco to meet most of the current dem<strong>and</strong>s of miners <strong>and</strong> tunnellers. Mechanization stages Various methods of mechanized bolting are available, <strong>and</strong> these can be listed under the following three headings. Manual drilling <strong>and</strong> bolting This method employs light h<strong>and</strong> held rock drills, scaling bars <strong>and</strong> bolt installation equipment, <strong>and</strong> was in widespread use until the advent of hydraulic drilling in the 1970s. Manual methods are still used in small drifts <strong>and</strong> tunnels, where drilling is performed with h<strong>and</strong>held pneumatic rock drills. The bolt holes are drilled with the same equipment, or with stopers. Bolts, with or without grouting, are installed manually with impact wrenches. To facilitate access to high roofs, service trucks or cars with elevated platforms are commonly used. Semi-mechanized drilling <strong>and</strong> bolting The drilling is mechanized, using a hydraulic drill jumbo, followed by manual installation of the bolts by operators wor- king from a platform mounted on the underground mining methods 29
- Page 1 and 2: Mining Methods in Underground Minin
- Page 3 and 4: Contents Foreword 2 Foreword by Han
- Page 5 and 6: Mining TrendS Trends in underground
- Page 7 and 8: Rock production (2005) Ore (Mt) noi
- Page 9 and 10: geOlOgy FOr Mining geology for unde
- Page 11 and 12: Sandstone. Gneiss. Many salts, for
- Page 13 and 14: drives within the mineral deposit,
- Page 15 and 16: Mineral prospecting and exploration
- Page 17 and 18: Atlas Copco underground core drilli
- Page 19 and 20: Finding the right balance in explor
- Page 21 and 22: % 100 80 60 40 20 0 Canada latin am
- Page 23 and 24: Mine inFraSTruCTure underground min
- Page 25 and 26: pumphouses and workshops. Drill/bla
- Page 27 and 28: Principles of raise boring efficien
- Page 29: Typical operating installation of t
- Page 33 and 34: on the latest Boomer and Simba seri
- Page 35 and 36: Mining in steep orebodies Based on
- Page 37 and 38: main level, providing access and ve
- Page 39 and 40: waste ratio during a typical muckin
- Page 41 and 42: Mining in flat orebodies nearly hor
- Page 43 and 44: crosscut drift Foot wall (The Fossu
- Page 45 and 46: BaCkFilling Backfilling for safety
- Page 47 and 48: Thickener Binder cement and/or slag
- Page 49 and 50: History Mining has been conducted a
- Page 51 and 52: 0.1% Cu, 99 g/t Ag and 0.3 g/t Au.
- Page 53 and 54: This joint development process star
- Page 55 and 56: zinkgruVan, Sweden Changing systems
- Page 57 and 58: longhole open stoping has contribut
- Page 59 and 60: flexibility during drilling and bol
- Page 61 and 62: increasing outputs at lkaB iron ore
- Page 63 and 64: 2 Groups of ore passes 7 Developmen
- Page 65 and 66: keMi, Finland From surface to under
- Page 67 and 68: The crusher station at the 560 m le
- Page 69 and 70: Kemi is carrying out slot hole dril
- Page 71 and 72: JelSˇ aVa, SlOVakia Mining magnesi
- Page 73 and 74: Pillar between stopes 5.0 m-high, b
- Page 75 and 76: kure, Turkey all change for asikoy
- Page 77 and 78: m along the footwall contact, or in
- Page 79 and 80: History The El Soldado and Los Bron
- Page 81 and 82:
Max 15.0 m Ventilation shaft 17 to
- Page 83 and 84:
Simba M6 C drilling radial holes. a
- Page 85 and 86:
Pioneering mass caving at el Tenien
- Page 87 and 88:
caving in primary rock. Currently,
- Page 89 and 90:
Production area 5 4 80 m 57,5 m 22,
- Page 91 and 92:
used is again panel caving with pre
- Page 93 and 94:
introduction Codelco, renowned for
- Page 95 and 96:
During pilot hole drilling and rea-
- Page 97 and 98:
40 m in length were drilled each mo
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anTOFagaSTa, CHile Modernization at
- Page 101 and 102:
MOunT iSa, auSTralia Mount isa mine
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4500N Advance south Stoping sequenc
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to the hanging wall. The fill used
- Page 107 and 108:
MelBOurne, auSTralia High speed hau
- Page 109 and 110:
The Minetruck MT5010 exits from the
- Page 111 and 112:
geology The Olympic Dam mineral dep
- Page 113 and 114:
Activity Overview Mucking Overview
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on site. Later stopes, which are no
- Page 117 and 118:
improved results at Meishan iron or
- Page 119 and 120:
ig, six hours/shift, two shifts/day
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Mechanized mining in low headroom a
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large scale copper mining adapted t
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tricky, because the pillars in the
- Page 127 and 128:
gerMany/SOuTH kOrea underground min
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which are spread over 10-130 Mpa. A
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CaMPO FOrMOSO, Brazil Sub level cav
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Slot drilling at Ferbasa: The Simba
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getting the best for Peñoles Speci
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They went from drilling 20 m downwa
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keeping a low profile at Panasqueir
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Boomer S1 L drill rig in operation.
- Page 143 and 144:
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