Mining_Methods_UnderGround_Mining - Mining and Blasting

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Mine inFraSTruCTure underground mining infrastructure Maximizing recovery The underground mine aims for maximum economic recovery of minerals contained in the bedrock. The orebody is the recovered volume containing valuable minerals, taking ore losses and dilution into account. The amount of ore losses in pillars and remnants, and the effects of waste dilution, will largely depend on the mining method to be applied. Waste dilutes the ore, so miners try to leave it in place, wherever possible, especially when expensive mineral dressing methods are applied. Flotation of sulphide ore is more expensive than magnetic separation of iron ore. Ore close to the surface is mined by open pit techniques, in which the waste rock can be separated by selective blasting and loading, and trucked to the waste dump instead of entering and diluting the ore flow into the concentra- tor. Subsurface orebodies are exploited by underground mining, for which techniques are more complex. A combination of open pit mining and preparation for future underground mining is commonly used. underground infrastructure Mining methods used underground are adapted to the rock conditions, and the shape, dimensions, strength and stability of the orebody. In order to work the underground rock mass, infrastructure is required for access to work places, ore production, power supply, transport of ore, ventilation, drainage and pumping as well as maintenance of equipment. Traditionally, the most common method to transport men, material, ore and waste is via vertical shafts. The shaft forms the access to the various main underground levels, and is the mine’s main artery for anything going up or down. Shaft stations, drifts and ramps connect Ramp access for transport and haulage. stopes with orepasses, tramming levels, and workshops for movement of miners and equipment. Efficient ore handling is important. The blasted ore is loaded from production stopes, via orepasses to a main haulage level, commonly railbound, and thence to the crusher at the hoisting shaft. The crushed ore is then stored in a silo before transfer by conveyor to the measuring pocket at the skip station, from where it is hoisted to the surface stockpile. To decide on the shaft bottom and main haulage level elevations are crucial, as these are permanent installations offering little or no flexibility in the event that mining progresses below these levels. Consequently extensive exploration drilling has to be conducted to identify sufficient ore reserves above the main haulage level before final design of the permanent installations can progress. There is currently a strong tendency to avoid shaft sinking by extending ramps from the surface successively deeper, to depths exceeding 1,000 m. There are a number of locations where the deeper ore is hauled by trucks up ramps to an existing railbound haulage system to the main crusher, from where it can be hoisted to the surface. Services Electric power is distributed throughout the mine, and is used to illuminate work underground mining methods 21
Page 1 and 2: Mining Methods in Underground Minin
Page 3 and 4: Contents Foreword 2 Foreword by Han
Page 5 and 6: Mining TrendS Trends in underground
Page 7 and 8: Rock production (2005) Ore (Mt) noi
Page 9 and 10: geOlOgy FOr Mining geology for unde
Page 11 and 12: Sandstone. Gneiss. Many salts, for
Page 13 and 14: drives within the mineral deposit,
Page 15 and 16: Mineral prospecting and exploration
Page 17 and 18: Atlas Copco underground core drilli
Page 19 and 20: Finding the right balance in explor
Page 21: % 100 80 60 40 20 0 Canada latin am
Page 25 and 26: pumphouses and workshops. Drill/bla
Page 27 and 28: Principles of raise boring efficien
Page 29 and 30: Typical operating installation of t
Page 31 and 32: MeCHanized BOlTing Mechanized bolti
Page 33 and 34: on the latest Boomer and Simba seri
Page 35 and 36: Mining in steep orebodies Based on
Page 37 and 38: main level, providing access and ve
Page 39 and 40: waste ratio during a typical muckin
Page 41 and 42: Mining in flat orebodies nearly hor
Page 43 and 44: crosscut drift Foot wall (The Fossu
Page 45 and 46: BaCkFilling Backfilling for safety
Page 47 and 48: Thickener Binder cement and/or slag
Page 49 and 50: History Mining has been conducted a
Page 51 and 52: 0.1% Cu, 99 g/t Ag and 0.3 g/t Au.
Page 53 and 54: This joint development process star
Page 55 and 56: zinkgruVan, Sweden Changing systems
Page 57 and 58: longhole open stoping has contribut
Page 59 and 60: flexibility during drilling and bol
Page 61 and 62: increasing outputs at lkaB iron ore
Page 63 and 64: 2 Groups of ore passes 7 Developmen
Page 65 and 66: keMi, Finland From surface to under
Page 67 and 68: The crusher station at the 560 m le
Page 69 and 70: Kemi is carrying out slot hole dril
Page 71 and 72: JelSˇ aVa, SlOVakia Mining magnesi
Page 73 and 74:
Pillar between stopes 5.0 m-high, b
Page 75 and 76:
kure, Turkey all change for asikoy
Page 77 and 78:
m along the footwall contact, or in
Page 79 and 80:
History The El Soldado and Los Bron
Page 81 and 82:
Max 15.0 m Ventilation shaft 17 to
Page 83 and 84:
Simba M6 C drilling radial holes. a
Page 85 and 86:
Pioneering mass caving at el Tenien
Page 87 and 88:
caving in primary rock. Currently,
Page 89 and 90:
Production area 5 4 80 m 57,5 m 22,
Page 91 and 92:
used is again panel caving with pre
Page 93 and 94:
introduction Codelco, renowned for
Page 95 and 96:
During pilot hole drilling and rea-
Page 97 and 98:
40 m in length were drilled each mo
Page 99 and 100:
anTOFagaSTa, CHile Modernization at
Page 101 and 102:
MOunT iSa, auSTralia Mount isa mine
Page 103 and 104:
4500N Advance south Stoping sequenc
Page 105 and 106:
to the hanging wall. The fill used
Page 107 and 108:
MelBOurne, auSTralia High speed hau
Page 109 and 110:
The Minetruck MT5010 exits from the
Page 111 and 112:
geology The Olympic Dam mineral dep
Page 113 and 114:
Activity Overview Mucking Overview
Page 115 and 116:
on site. Later stopes, which are no
Page 117 and 118:
improved results at Meishan iron or
Page 119 and 120:
ig, six hours/shift, two shifts/day
Page 121 and 122:
Mechanized mining in low headroom a
Page 123 and 124:
large scale copper mining adapted t
Page 125 and 126:
tricky, because the pillars in the
Page 127 and 128:
gerMany/SOuTH kOrea underground min
Page 129 and 130:
which are spread over 10-130 Mpa. A
Page 131 and 132:
CaMPO FOrMOSO, Brazil Sub level cav
Page 133 and 134:
Slot drilling at Ferbasa: The Simba
Page 135 and 136:
getting the best for Peñoles Speci
Page 137 and 138:
They went from drilling 20 m downwa
Page 139 and 140:
keeping a low profile at Panasqueir
Page 141 and 142:
Boomer S1 L drill rig in operation.
Page 143 and 144:
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