Mining_Methods_UnderGround_Mining - Mining and Blasting

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CAF fill Secondary Primary wOOMera, SOuTH auSTralia Tertiary Unmined Unmined Secondary Designed stopes ROCK fill Primary Secondary stope extractio n CAF filled on side adjacent to unmined stope ROCK filled on side adjacent to mined stope Stope extraction and filling sequence. drilling is complete, the stope is fired in stages to ensure maximum fragmen- Ore progression from stope to train level. 450 m B.S.L. Loaders and Trucks dump ore into the Ore Pass Grizzly's. ORE PASS The Grizzly is essentially a large steel grate designed to stop large rocks getting into the ore pass. These large rocks are broken up 520 m B.S.L. by a Mobile Rock Crusher. Ore slides down the ore passes into the Surge Bin. 550 m B.S.L. 650 m B.S.L. The Ore is loaded onto the Train. The Train continues to the Crusher, dumps the ore which is crushed and hauled to the surface 36 tonnes at a time. FINGER PASS Unmined CAF fill Unmined Unmined tation and minimum dilution of ore. First the slot is formed around the raise- bored hole, and then subsequent blasts peel away the ore into the void. Sufficient broken ore has to be removed by loader from the bottom sublevel of the stope at the footwall to allow for swelling of the rock and the next firing stage. The extraction process continues in this way, and then all broken ore is removed leaving a roughly rectangular prism-like vertical void, which is then backfilled. The broken ore is transferred to one of the permanent, near vertical, orepasses linking the extraction levels with the rail transport level. These load minecar trains, which carry the ore to the underground crusher and shaft hoist system. The optimum geotechnical dimensions of the unsupported open stope are usually insufficient for complete extraction of the suitable ore at that position, so a series of secondary, and maybe tertiary, stopes have to be developed adjacent to the primary stope. This ne- cessitates a substantial structural fill for the primary stope, to ensure the structural security of the adjacent stopes without leaving a pillar. This comprises a cement aggregate fill (CAF) produced 112 underground mining methods Unmined Unmined Primary stope extracted CAF filled due to unmined adjacent stopes CAF fill ROCK fill Secondary stope extracted CAF filled on side adjacent to unmined stope ROCK filled on side adjacent to mined stope SURGE BIN TRAIN LEVEL GRIZZLY 400 m B.S.L. FINGER PASS FINGER PASS 570 m B.S.L. Unmined Unmined Unmined 2nd Primary stope extracted CAF filled due to adjacent unmined stopes ROCK fill CAF fill Tertiary stope extracted ROCK filled as no adjacent stopes
on site. Later stopes, which are not cri- tical in geotechnical terms, can be restored more economically with unconsolidated rock fill, or a combination of both. Other factors determining the use of CAF include planned future development within the stope, and/or a need for a tight fill to the crown of the stope. Since CAF forms a substantial proportion of the mining costs, mine development plans usually try to minimize the size of primary stopes in favour of larger secondary stopes, which use unconsolidated fill. This is particularly important in areas where the orebody is relatively narrow. If the primary stope is not filled with CAF, and adjacent stopes are then required, a pillar, generally 10 m-wide, is left between the two. Additional support of the stope crown may be required, and this is carried out by cable bolting. This is also used to reinforce drawpoints. Careful sequencing of the stope extraction programme is an important feature of mining at Olympic Dam, for economical mining and minimal ore dilution. The sequence is determined by several factors, including ventilation capacity to remove radon gas and other contaminants, the grade and tonnage requirements of the mill, and the proximity of any unfilled stopes. The XPAC Autoscheduler computer software package has been introduced to improve the efficiency of the sequencing process. Pride of Simba rigs Atlas Copco has had a fleet of Simba 4356S machines at Olympic Dam since 1992, and has had a service contract on site supporting and maintaining the fleet since 1994. The machines consistently achieve high levels of productivity and availability at a minimal cost. The Simba rigs are predominantly used to drill downhole production blast holes for the stopes. Their average mechanical availability is 88-92%, and they drill between 8,629 m and 9,359 m/month. Drill-and-blast methods are also used for main drive developments, and for roof bolting as necessary, or in the rehabilitation of old mining areas reentered. Simba 4356S longhole drill rig with COP 4050 tophammer rock drill. wOOMera, SOuTH auSTralia Olympic Dam mining and production statistics Description Amount Underground development drives (2000) 1,100 m/month Producing stopes each month (2000) 24 Average stope size (2000) 300,000 tonne Average stope production rate (2000) 30,000 tonne/month Average stope production time Ten months Average stope filling time One month Average stope fill curing time Three months Copper production (2002) 178,523 tonne Uranium Oxide production (2002) 2,890 tonne Gold production (2002) 64,289 oz Silver production (2002) 643,975 oz underground mining methods 113
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Mining Methods in Underground Minin
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Contents Foreword 2 Foreword by Han
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Mining TrendS Trends in underground
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Rock production (2005) Ore (Mt) noi
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geOlOgy FOr Mining geology for unde
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Sandstone. Gneiss. Many salts, for
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drives within the mineral deposit,
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Mineral prospecting and exploration
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Atlas Copco underground core drilli
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Finding the right balance in explor
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% 100 80 60 40 20 0 Canada latin am
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Mine inFraSTruCTure underground min
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pumphouses and workshops. Drill/bla
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Principles of raise boring efficien
Page 29 and 30:
Typical operating installation of t
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MeCHanized BOlTing Mechanized bolti
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on the latest Boomer and Simba seri
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Mining in steep orebodies Based on
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main level, providing access and ve
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waste ratio during a typical muckin
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Mining in flat orebodies nearly hor
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crosscut drift Foot wall (The Fossu
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BaCkFilling Backfilling for safety
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Thickener Binder cement and/or slag
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History Mining has been conducted a
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0.1% Cu, 99 g/t Ag and 0.3 g/t Au.
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This joint development process star
Page 55 and 56:
zinkgruVan, Sweden Changing systems
Page 57 and 58:
longhole open stoping has contribut
Page 59 and 60:
flexibility during drilling and bol
Page 61 and 62:
increasing outputs at lkaB iron ore
Page 63 and 64: 2 Groups of ore passes 7 Developmen
Page 65 and 66: keMi, Finland From surface to under
Page 67 and 68: The crusher station at the 560 m le
Page 69 and 70: Kemi is carrying out slot hole dril
Page 71 and 72: JelSˇ aVa, SlOVakia Mining magnesi
Page 73 and 74: Pillar between stopes 5.0 m-high, b
Page 75 and 76: kure, Turkey all change for asikoy
Page 77 and 78: m along the footwall contact, or in
Page 79 and 80: History The El Soldado and Los Bron
Page 81 and 82: Max 15.0 m Ventilation shaft 17 to
Page 83 and 84: Simba M6 C drilling radial holes. a
Page 85 and 86: Pioneering mass caving at el Tenien
Page 87 and 88: caving in primary rock. Currently,
Page 89 and 90: Production area 5 4 80 m 57,5 m 22,
Page 91 and 92: used is again panel caving with pre
Page 93 and 94: introduction Codelco, renowned for
Page 95 and 96: During pilot hole drilling and rea-
Page 97 and 98: 40 m in length were drilled each mo
Page 99 and 100: anTOFagaSTa, CHile Modernization at
Page 101 and 102: MOunT iSa, auSTralia Mount isa mine
Page 103 and 104: 4500N Advance south Stoping sequenc
Page 105 and 106: to the hanging wall. The fill used
Page 107 and 108: MelBOurne, auSTralia High speed hau
Page 109 and 110: The Minetruck MT5010 exits from the
Page 111 and 112: geology The Olympic Dam mineral dep
Page 113: Activity Overview Mucking Overview
Page 117 and 118: improved results at Meishan iron or
Page 119 and 120: ig, six hours/shift, two shifts/day
Page 121 and 122: Mechanized mining in low headroom a
Page 123 and 124: large scale copper mining adapted t
Page 125 and 126: tricky, because the pillars in the
Page 127 and 128: gerMany/SOuTH kOrea underground min
Page 129 and 130: which are spread over 10-130 Mpa. A
Page 131 and 132: CaMPO FOrMOSO, Brazil Sub level cav
Page 133 and 134: Slot drilling at Ferbasa: The Simba
Page 135 and 136: getting the best for Peñoles Speci
Page 137 and 138: They went from drilling 20 m downwa
Page 139 and 140: keeping a low profile at Panasqueir
Page 141 and 142: Boomer S1 L drill rig in operation.
Page 143 and 144: Want peace of mind? Visit our Maste
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