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4.7
McCullough, J.D. & Williams, S. (1976). Electrically powered sampler for
benthic macroinvertebrates. Progve Fish Cult. 38, 186-187. [Light
grab (6.8 kg) with jaws closed by electric motor and geared levers,
sampling area about 500 cm 2 to depth of 8 cm] R, MC, FW
Mann, K.H. (1965). Heated effluents and their effects on the invertebrate
fauna of rivers. Proc. Soc. Wat. Treat. Exam. 14, 45-53. [Manuallyoperated
grab on pole; sampling area about 400 cm 2 ; operates to depths
of 4 m] R, MC, FW
Mozley, S.C. & Schapelsky, 0. (1973). A Ponar grab modified to take three
samples in one cast, with notes on Ponar construction. Proc. 16th
Conf. Gt Lakes Res. 97-99. [Ponar grab (see Powers & Robertson,
1967) divided into three compartments] R, MC, FW
Okland, J. (1962). Litt om teknikk ved insammling og konservering av
freshvannsdyer. (Notes on methods for collecting and preserving freshwater
invertebrates) (In Norwegian). Fauna, Oslo 15, 69-92.
[Modified vegetation grab of Macan (1949) for use in deep water (5-6 m)]
R, P, FW
Powers, C.F. & Robertson, A. (1967). Design and evaluation of an allpurpose
benthos sampler. Spec. Rep. Gt Lakes Res. Div., Univ. Mich.
30, 126-131. [Original description of Ponar grab] R, MC, FW
Rieth, A. (1960). Ein vereinfachter funktionssicherer Bodengreifer. (A
simplified, positively-fuctioning bottom grab) (In German). Mikrokosmos
49, 252-6. [Grab kept open by very simple mechanism that is automatically
released when grab touches bottom] R, MC, FW
Ruttner, F. (1913/14). Uber einige bei der Untersuchung der Lunzer Seen
verwendete Apparate und Geratschaften. (Some of the apparatus and
equipment used in the study of Lunz lakes) (In German). Int. Revue ges.
Hydrobiol. Hydrogr. 6, 53-62. [Describes Ruttner scissor grab]
R, M, FW
Snerzhinskii, V.A. (1951). Practical oceanography (work in marine
exploration) (In Russian). Leningrad. Gidrometeoizdat. 600 pp.
[Describes Ulsky grab, weight 25 kg, and Ross 'Clamshell' or 'Telegraph'
grab] R, M, Mar
Thomson, C.W. (1873). The depths of the sea. London. Macmillan. 527 pp.
[Describes the 'Bulldog' grab, a forerunner of the 'Clamshell' snapper;
the jaws are held apart by a weight that falls off on reaching the
bottom; jaws closed by heavy rubber band] R, MC, Mar
Verneaux, J.. (1966). Sur une technique d'analyse benthique quantitative.
Adaptation de deux modeles d'echantillonneurs de fond aux prelevements
quantitatifs de la faune benthique en riviere profonde (type Doubs).
(On a technique of quantitative analysis for benthos. Adaptation of
two models of bottom samplers for quantitative sampling of the benthic
fauna of deep rivers) (In French). Annls Fac. Sci. Besancon, Zool.,
27-35. [Describes a "coupole" (= dome-shaped) grab; sampling area
0.05 m 2 , weight 25 kg] R, MC, FW
4.7. DIVER-OPERATED GRAB
Rowe, G.T. & Clifford, C.H. (1973). Modifications of the Birge-Ekman box
corer for use with SCUBA or deep submergence research vessels. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 18, 172-175. D, M, Mar
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