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4.2
Murray, T.D. & Charles, W.N. (1975). A pneumatic grab for obtaining
large, undisturbed mud samples : its construction and some applications
for measuring the growth of larvae and emergence of adult Chironomidae.
Freshwat. Biol. 5, 205-210. [Heavy grab is closed by pneumatic
pistons; sampling area 0.25 m2, depth of sample 15 cm, weight of grab
130 kg] R, M, FW
Rawson, D.S. (1947). An automatic-closing Ekman dredge and other equipment
for use in extremely deep water. Spec. Publs Limnol. Soc. Am. No.
18, 1-8. R, M, FW
Schrader, Th. (1932). Uber die Moglichkeit einer quantitativen Untersuchung
der Boden-und Ufertierwelt flieSender Gewasser, zugleich:
Fischereibiologische Untersuchungen im Wesergebiet I. (On the possibility
of a quantitative study of both the bottom and bank animals of
flowing waters: fishery biology studies in the Weser district I) (In
German). Z. Fisch. 30, 105-127. [Describes operation of Ekman grab
in running water; grab should be lowered to just above bottom, boat
and grab drift together, then grab and messenger dropped simultaneously
so that grab is sprung at once] R, M, FW
Slack, H.D. (1972). A lever-operated Ekman grab. Freshwat. Biol. 2, 401-
405. [Larger Ekman that is lever-operated and is therefore similar
to van Veen grab] R, M, FW
Szczepanski, A. (1953). Analiza dynamiki populacji Skaposzczetow dna
Wisly pod Warszawa. (Variations of the population of the bottom-living
oligochaetes in the Vistula) (In Polish). Polskie Archwm Hydrobiol.
1, 227-50. [Ekman-type grab with only one jaw and small sampling
area of 10-20 cm 2 ] R, M, FW
Zhadin, V.I. (1960). Methods of. hydrobiological investigation (In Russian).
Moskva. Vysshaya Shkola. 191 pp. [Describes modified Ekman grab of
Szczepanski (1953)]
4.2. ORANGE-PEEL-TYPE
[Samplers with four curved jaws closing to encircle a
hemisphere of sediment]
Briba, C. & Reys, J.P. (1966). Modifications d'une benne 'orange peel'
pour des prelevements quantitatifs du benthos de substrates meubles.
(Modifications of an orange-peel grab for the quantitative sampling of
the benthos of loose substrata) (In French). Recl Trav. Stn mar.
Endoume 41, 117-121. [Spring-loaded version] R, M, Mar
Hartman, 0. (1955). Quantitative survey of the benthos of San Pedro Basin.
Southern California. Part 1. Preliminary results. Allan Hancock Pacif.
Exped. 19, 185 pp. [Describes orange-peel grab in use] R, M, Mar
Merna, J.W. (1962). Quantitative sampling with the orange peel dredge.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 7, 432-33. [Estimates sampling area and volume of
sediment sampled] R, M, FW
Packard, E.L. (1918). A quantitative analysis of the molluscan fauna of
San Francisco Bay. Univ. Calif. Pubis Zool. 18, 299-336. [Describes
orange-peel grab] R, M, Mar
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