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4. GRABS
4.1
[Samplers with jaws that are forced shut by weights, lever
arms, springs, or cords]
4.1. EKMAN-TYPE
[Box-shaped sampler with two scoop-like jaws]
Alsterberg, G. (1922). Om provtagning med Ekman's bott-hamtare. (On
trials with Ekman's bottom grab) (In Swedish). Skr. sod. Sver. Fisk
Fbr. R, M, Mar.
Bacescu, M. (1957). Apucatorul-sonda pentru studiul cantitativ al
organismelor de fundun aparat mixt pentru colectarea simulanta a macrosi
microbentosulia. (A grab-corer for the quantitative study of benthic
organisms, a dual apparatus for sampling macro- and micro-benthos at
the same time) (In Roumanian). Bul. Inst. Cerc. pisc. 16, 69-82.
[Large grab enclosing a square corer; sampling area 0.1 m 2 for grab,
100 cm 2 for corer] R, M, Mar
Berg, K. (1938). Studies on the bottom animals of Esrom Lake. K. danske
vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 8, 259 pp. [Ekman grab on pole with lower end
modified to release closing mechanism] R, M, FW
Borutskii, E.V. (1935). Vertical distribution of benthos in open-water
lake sediments and the significance of this factor in assessing the
food-value of water-bodies. (In Russian). Trudy limnol. Sta. Kosine
20, 129-49. [Tall grab for very soft mud] R, M, FW
Burton, W. & Flannagan, J.F. (1973). An improved Ekman-type grab. J.
Fish. Res. Bd Can. 30, 287-290. [Has weighted top lids, kept open
during descent] R, M, FW
Deevey, E.S. & Bishop, J.D. (1942). A fishery survey of important
Connecticut lakes: Limnology. Bull. Conn. St. geol. nat. Hist. Surv.
63, 69-121. [Grab on pole, jaws closed by rope operated levers]
R, M, FW
Ekman, S. (1911). Neue Apparate zur qualitativen und quantitativen
Erforschung der Bodenfauna der Seen. (New apparatus for the qualitative
and quantitative investigation of the bottom fauna of lakes) (In German)
Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. Hydrogr. 3, 553-561. [Original description
of grab] R, M, FW
Ekman, S. (1933). Uber einen neuen Bodengreifer fur marinzoologische
Zwecke nebst Bemerkungen Uber die limnologische Bodengreifermethodik.
(On a new bottom grab for marine zoology with observations on the
methodology of bottom grabs in limnology) (In German). Int. Revue ges.
Hydrobiol. Hydrogr. 28, 312-329. [Heavier marine version of Ekman
grab] R, M, Mar
Hrbacek, J. (ed.) (1962). Hydrobiologicke metody. (Hydrobiological
methods) (In Czech). Praha, 130 pp. [Grab on pole, used in shallow
water with harder sediments] R, MC, FW
Lenz, F. (1931). Untersuchung Uber die Vertikalverteilung der Bodenfauna
im Tiefensediment von Seen. Ein neuer Bodengreifer mit Zerteilungsvorrichtung.
(Studies on the vertical distribution of the bottom fauna
of the profundal sediments of lakes. A new bottom grab with a dividing
mechanism) (In German). Verh. int. Verein. theor. angew. Limnol. 5,
232-61 [Modified Ekman] R, M, FW
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