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3.2. SHOVELS
3.2
[Samplers that are pushed through the substratum for a
fixed distance and are therefore limited to shallow water]
Allen, K.R. (1940). Studies on the biology of the early stages of the
salmon (Salmo salar), 1. Growth in the River Eden. J. Anim. Ecol. 9,
1-23. [Describes shovel sampler, 30.5 cm wide and sampling an area
of 0.185 m 2 to depth of 7.5 cm] S, CL, FW
Dittmar, H. (1955). Ein Sauerlandbach. (A stream in Sauerland) (In
German). Arch. Hydrobiol. 50, 305-552. [Describes shovel sampler
that looks like a dust-pan with wire mesh (aperture 0.1 mm) over top
and bottom] S, CL, FW
Hynes, H.B.N. (1961). The invertebrate fauna of a Welsh mountain stream.
Arch. Hydrobiol. 57, 344-388. [Describes draw-hoe type sampler that
samples an area of 600 cm 2 to depth of 4 cm; nets consist of outer fine
net (40 threads cm-1) and inner string bag to retain large stones]
S, CL, FW
Macan, T.T. (1958). Methods of sampling the bottom fauna in stony streams.
Mitt. int. Verein. theor. angew. Limnol. 8, 1-21. [Describes shovel
sampler that samples an area of 0.05 m 2 (width 22.5 cm); nets consist
of outer fine net (68 threads cm - l) and inner coarse net to retain
large stones] S, CL, FW
Moon, H.P. (1935). Methods and apparatus suitable for an investigation of
the littoral region of oligotrophic lakes. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol.
Hydrogr. 32, 319-333. [Describes sampler that is a cross between a
scoop and a shovel; used for sampling littoral benthos in lakes]
S, CL, FW
Percival, E. & Whitehead. H. (1926). Observations on the biology of the
mayfly Ephemera danica Mull. Proc. Leeds phil. lit. Soc. 1, 136-148.
[Describes shovel sampler, similar to that of Macan (1958)]
S, CL, FW
Prater, B.L., Barton, D.R. & Olive, J.H. (1977). New sampler for shallowwater
benthic macroinvertebrates. Progve Fish Cult. 39, 57-8.
[Sampler looks like a box mounted on a shovel] S, CL, FW
Scott, W., Hile, R.O. & Spieth, H.T. (1928). A quantitative study of the
bottom fauna of Lake Wawasee (Turkey Lake). Invest. Indiana Lakes
Streams 1, 5-25. [Metal frame (20 cm x 50 cm x 12 cm deep) inserted
into substratum to depth of 6 cm; hoe dredge then used to remove
substratum enclosed by frame] S, CL, FW
Wundsch, H.H. (1924). Die quantitative Untersuchung der Bodenfauna und
-flora in ihrer Bedeutung fur die theoretische und angewandte
Limnologie. (The quantitative study of the bottom fauna and flora, and
their significance in theoretical and applied limnology) (In German).
Verh. int. Verein. theor. angew. Limnol. 2, 13-59. [Brief
description of D-shaped and triangular shovel samples; no figures]
S, CL, FW
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