Mount Hebron Restoration Project Fire and Fuels Specialists Report ...

Mount Hebron Restoration Project
Fire and Fuels Specialists Report
Michael Powell
District Fire Management Officer
Goosenest Ranger District
Klamath National Forest
5/18/2010
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Introduction
The Mount Hebron Restoration Project was developed in response to landscape-level ecosystem
restoration needs following the 2009 Tennant Fire on the Goosenest Ranger District of the
Klamath National Forest. The Tennant Fire began on July 19, 2009 by human causes and was
contained on July 24, 2009, burning approximately 3,225 acres. Fire intensity was very high, and
nearly all conifer trees within the project boundary were killed.
The project is located southeast of Macdoel, California in Siskiyou County in Township 44
North, Range 1 West, Sections 5-6 and 8; Township 44 North, Range 2 West, Sections 1;
Township 45 North, Range 1 West, Sections 29-32; and Township 45 North, Range 2 West,
Sections 25-27 and 34-36, Mt. Diablo Meridian (see attached vicinity map). The project is
located within the Shafter-Butte Creek, Bray-Butte Creek, and Mud Lake 7th field watersheds
and the Lower Butte Valley and Butte Creek 5th field watersheds. The perimeter of the project
boundary follows the fire perimeter, except on the eastern side of the project area. Some portions
of the fire have been excluded from the project boundary because they are located on private
land.
Management Direction
The Klamath National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan (Forest Plan) (USDA Forest
Service 1995, as amended) provides guidance for managing KNF System lands. Guidance from
the Northwest Forest Plan Record of Decision (USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land
Management 1994, as amended) is incorporated in the Forest Plan, including all plan
amendments in effect on the date of the decision.
The Forest Plan provides Forest-wide direction and Management Area (MA) direction. Forestwide
direction, which applies to all management areas, is detailed in Chapter 4 of the Forest
Plan.
The Mount Hebron Restoration project area lies mostly within lands allocated in the Forest Plan
to the Partial Retention Visual Quality Objective Management Area (MA 15) and Winter Range
(MA 14). Portions of the project area are within the General Forest land allocation (MA 17),
Special Habitat (MA 5), Forage (MA 16), Retention (MA 11), and Riparian Area (MA 10).
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Table 1. Management Areas
Management Areas (MA)
Acres by Management Area
Winter Range (14) 897
Partial Retention VQO (15) 748
Special Habitat, T&E Species (5) 250
General Forest (17) 139
Forage (16) 127
Retention VQO (11) 64
Riparian Area (10) 26
Most of the Mount Hebron Restoration Project lies within the Wildland Urban Interface
Community Threat Zone as described in the Forest’s Fire Management Plan.
There are no northern spotted owl nests, territories or sightings in the project area, nor is there
any U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service designated Critical Habitat or Managed Owl Conservation
Areas. There are no northern goshawk nests or territories or bald eagle nests directly within the
project area. There is a bald eagle winter roost within and adjacent to the project area.
Purpose and Need for Action
The Mount Hebron Restoration project was established to meet the following purpose and need:
• Restore the project area to a healthy forested landscape with a diversity of habitat
conditions that reflect historical vegetation conditions and the ecological capability of the
landscape, including natural openings and native browse species components within a
conifer-dominated landscape.
• Limit fuel continuity and reduce fuel loads to minimize unacceptable fire risk, while
promoting the successful protection of the public, the WUI and other valued resources
within the project area.
• Restore scenery conditions within the project area to a conifer-dominant scenic character
that is more consistent with historic scenery conditions, while minimizing short-term
scenery disturbances to retain a largely natural appearance.
The fuels assessment will assess how fuel conditions meet the historic vegetation conditions and
minimize unacceptable fire risk. Restoration of scenery conditions is outside of the scope of the
fuels assessment.
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Methodology for Analysis
Data Sources and Models
Biophysical settings (BPS) as defined by the Landfire project define a range of succession
pathways and disturbance regimes for various vegetation assemblages nationwide. The Landfire
BPS descriptions were developed with input and peer review from local ecologists based on
recent literature and advanced modeling. The Klamath National Forest has assessed local
conditions and developed a GIS coverage defining BPS for the forest. The BPS can be used as a
basis to assess desired conditions and how fuel conditions and fire behavior change over time.
Forest wide coverage of BPS was developed in 2004. Additional updates to the Landfire BPS
descriptions continue through the current time. Stand exam data was collected throughout the
project area. When newer BPS descriptions were found they were applied to the forest wide
coverage based on the initial forest wide coverage and results from the stand exam data. Specific
updates to the 2004 data to account for the updated descriptions include the following:
• East side Ponderosa pine was updated to California Montane Jeffrey Pine (-Ponderosa
Pine) Woodland
• White Fire mixed conifer was updated to Mediterranean California Mesic Mixed Conifer
Forest and Woodland
• Red Fir, white fire was updated to Mediterranean California Red Fir Forest
Site specific stand exam data was used to assess the increase in surface fuels as the dead trees
fall.
Assessment of fuel conditions was based on a qualitative assessment of future fuel conditions
based on predicted vegetation growth and changes in fuel conditions. Each treatment type was
assessed to determine the general change in fuel conditions, e.g., the treatments would result in
increased flammability to a greater or lesser extent.
Assumptions and Limitations
The use of BPS to assess fuel conditions and fire behavior does have some limitations. Local
conditions such as climate, soil productivity, past management, climate, future weather and many
other factors can result in deviation from the BPS descriptions. The BPS provides a consistent
model to assess a desired condition and the deviation of different treatment options from that
desired condition.
Limitations of models and uncertainty of specific vegetation responses relating to fuel loading
and flammability provide limited information relating to making a decision. Certain treatments,
such as reforestation with conifers can be predicted to provide a conifer propagate into an
ecosystem. The survival rate of the conifers, competition with brush species, health of conifers
and other factors cannot be predicted with certainty. Due to factors such as these, quantitative
assessments of fuel conditions would not provide information that would be any better than a
qualitative assessment.
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Assessment of long term changes in fuel conditions is related to a lot of assumptions associated
with vegetation growth and other factors. Errors within assumptions will tend to multiply as
errors are continuously added to previous errors. Assessments over extended time periods most
likely result in significant deviation from predicted results.
Scope of Analysis
This project is designed to be a fire restoration treatment. The direct and indirect effects analysis
was limited to the direct area where restoration treatments are proposed. Assessment of fuel
conditions over time is generally estimated for a 20 year time period. This time period was used
as there is a reasonable probability of predicting the response of vegetation and fuels conditions.
The cumulative effects analysis assessed all present and reasonably foreseeable similar actions
(e.g. timber harvest and fuels reduction activities) within the 7th field watersheds that intersect
the Mount Hebron Restoration project.
Affected Environment
Because of the intensity of the Tennant Fire, major vegetation condition and structure change has
occurred on the analysis area. An estimated 79 % of the forested land is currently in a deforested
condition within the fire perimeter. Due to lack of mature trees for a seed source, natural
regeneration over most of the area will not occur in a reasonable time frame. Some additional
delayed tree mortality near the fire boundary will occur due to effects of the fire and beetle
activity on stressed trees not initially killed in the fire event.
Studies (Turner et al., 1998; Stahelin, R., 1943) on large intense disturbance event, including
fires, have shown that the species composition of vegetation that repopulates disturbed areas is
dependent on available seed sources within and adjacent to the disturbed perimeter (Turner et al.,
1998). Due to the intense fire severity of the Tennant Fire, seeds from conifers and valued brush
species are not likely to enter the area of the Tennant fire for an extended time period (Landfire,
2007). Seeds from Juniper that are transported by birds are more likely to become established
within the project area than the desired conifers (Tirmenstein, D. 1999).
A BPS represents the vegetation that may have been dominant on the landscape prior to Euro-
American settlement and is based on both the current biophysical environment and an
approximation of the historical disturbance regime (LANDFIRE, 2007). BPS within the Mount
Hebron Project area are described in Table 2 with the areas occupied shown in Map 1.
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Table 2: Biophysical Setting Overview
BPS Name
Mediterranean
California Mesic
Mixed Conifer
Forest and
Woodland (Mixed
Conifer)
California
Montane Jeffrey
Pine (-Ponderosa
Pine) Woodland
(Ponderosa pine)
Mediterranean
California Red Fir
Forest (Red Fir)
Inter-Mountain
Basins Big
Sagebrush
Shrubland
(Sagebrush)
Early
Succession
Characteristics
Shrubs
dominating,
conifers
establishing
Shrubs
dominating,
conifers
establishing
Shrubs
dominating,
conifers
establishing
Herbs and
grasses
dominating
Mid
Succession
Characteristics
Pole and
medium sized
conifers
dominating,
shrubs
declining
Pole and
medium sized
Ponderosa pine
dominating,
fires keep shrub
layer low
Pole and
medium sized
red fire and
other conifers
Shrubs
establishing
Late
Succession
Characteristics
Large overstory
of
Ponderosa pine,
incense cedar,
white fir, sugar
pine
Large overstory
dominated
by Ponderosa
pine
Large overstory
dominated
by red fir and
white fir
Average Fire Disturbance
Regime (years)
Surface Fires - 14
Mixed Severity Fires – 250
Replacement Fires – 225
Surface Fires - 25
Mixed Severity Fires – 125
Replacement Fires – 250
Surface Fires - 50
Mixed Severity Fires – 90
Replacement Fires – 140
Shrubs
dominating Surface Fires - none
Mixed Severity Fires – 60
Replacement Fires – 72
Wet Meadow Small area not assessed or planed for treatment

Map 1: Biophysical Settings
All of the timber oriented succession paths (the Ponderosa Pine, Red Fir, and Mixed Conifer
Biophysical Settings) are based on there being a seed source for continued recruitment of conifer
species. The size and intensity of the Tennant fire likely consumed all but the heartiest seeds and
sprouting vegetation within the area. Seeds that are likely to persist include that of snowbrush
ceanothus and greenleaf manzanita that produce extremely hard seeds than need to be cracked
from the heat of a fire (Anderson, M 2001, Hauser, A 2007). Seeds from these brush species can
survive in the soil for over 200 years (Anderson, M 2001, Hauser, A 2007). Additionally prolific
sprouting vegetation such as rabbitbrush and manzanita will also likely respond quickly after a
fire (Tirmenstein, D. 1999).
Within the conifer BPS, the Early Development period is defined by a period of time where
brush dominates the system and conifers are becoming established. The Mid development phases
are defined where the conifers are becoming dominate over the brush species (LANDFIRE,
2007). Without a seed source to establish conifers within these systems, the brush will continue
to dominate and will likely follow the BPS of California Montane Woodland and Chaparral
(Chaparral) (LANDFIRE, 2007). Somewhat frequent fires (averaging 1 every 34 years within the
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chaparral BPS) will tend to keep this BPS within the mid development classes where shrubs are
more likely to dominate creating an altered steady state ecosystem that exists over most of the
project area (LANDFIRE, 2007).
In addition to the general succession paths where brush dominates and is slowly replaced by
competing conifers that the BPS are expected to follow, there is a baseline of snags that are a
result of the Tennant fire. The snags will add an additional fuel load to the chaparral BPS that
will increase fire behavior and potential fire severity.
Stand exam data was collected for all the stands within the project area. The potential tons of fuel
within the dead trees can be calculated which will eventually fall to the ground to become
surface fuels. Additional fuel loads from the snags that will be added to the fuel loads from
vegetation growth are as follows in Table 3, Tons of Fuel from Snags:
Table 3, Tons of Fuel from Snags
Stand Acres Total tons of fuel Tons of fuel per acre
720-07 89 2,350 26.4
720-09 40 865 21.6
720-11 40 874 21.8
720-21 12 154 12.8
720-61 93 735 7.9
720-62 76 1,933 25.4
720-64 28 138 4.9
720-65 62 1,264 20.4
720-66 27 474 17.6
720-67 96 2,915 30.4
720-68 122 4,529 37.1
720-69 20 2,482 124.1
720-70 14 2,714 193.9
720-71 511 15,749 30.8
720-73 73 1,114 15.3
720-75 17 317 18.6
720-77 21 973 46.3
720-905 23 384 16.7
720-906 57 1,161 20.4
720-907 157 2,301 14.7
720-908 25 1,304 52.2
720-914 29 112 3.9
720-915 19 618 32.5
Totals/Averages 1,634 45,460 27.8
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As shown in Table 3 above, fuel loads vary from 193 tons per acre to 4.9 tons per acre with an
average of 27.8 tons per acre. Natural fuel loads for the timbered BPS range from 1.5 to 35 tons
per acre with 35 tons per acre only occurring on 15% of the Red Fir BPS (LANDFIRE, 2007,
Anderson, H 1982). Early and mid succession fuel loads range from 1.5 to 10 tons per acre
(LANDFIRE, 2007, Anderson, H 1982).
Fuel loads for dead material less than 3” in diameter relate directly to fire behavior within the
flaming front of the fire. Increases in these fuels generally result in an increase in fire behavior
and an increase in suppression effort needed to control fires and the potential for passive and
active crown fires. An increase in potential for crown fires increases the potential for mortality
due to crown consumption (Brown and Kapler, 2000).
Dead fuel greater than 3” in diameter are slow to ignite, but burn for a greater duration causing
heating for an extended period of time resulting in more heat available to consume or damage
organic material in the ground and immediately above the ground. Increases in these fuels relate
to increased fire severity to soils and increased mortality due to damage to cambium layers and
root systems (Brown and Kapler, 2000).
As snags fall some of the woody material will decompose. The amount of decomposition is
related to a variety of factors including the effects of insects and future weather trends. As
decomposition occurs some of the larger diameter material (greater than 3”) will be converted to
smaller diameter material (less than 3”). The amount of this conversion cannot be predicted with
accuracy. As the snags fall it will increase both the larger diameter material and smaller diameter
material resulting in increases in potential fire severity and fire behavior.
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Environmental Consequences
Alternative 1 – No Action
Direct and Indirect Effects
Under the no action alternative there would be no actions present. Vegetation would be
dominated by shrubs for an extended time period. Conifers would be very slow to establish due
to the lack of nearby seed sources. Potential unplanned fires would promote continued
dominance of shrubs until a seed source for conifers can become established.
The additional fuel loads from the snag material will be an addition to the fuel load from the
vegetation that establishes naturally. Total fuel loads for small diameter material (less than 3”)
and large diameter material (greater than 3”) will be in excess the natural fuel loads generated for
timbered BPS (see Affected Environment). Fuel conditions from snags will result in increased
potential fire behavior and severity.
The actual timing of when the snag material will fall to the ground is uncertain, but based on
observed mortality and snag fall in other areas (Hotlum Fire, prescribed burns at Lava Beds
National Monument) it is estimated that most of this material will be on the ground within 20
years.
Alternative 1—Cumulative Effects
Spatial and temporal boundaries are discussed in the methodology section above. Current,
ongoing and reasonably foreseeable future actions that could affect vegetation in the MHRP are
listed in Appendix B of the EA.
The no action alternative combined with the potential effects of current, ongoing and reasonably
foreseeable future actions would result in reduced a potential for high intensity wildfires limited
only to those areas in and around the other vegetation treatments. For example, where dead tree
removal is planned on private land the potential for high intensity wildfire would decrease
around these private inholdings due to decrease fuel loading. However, within the Shafter Elk
(use name in appendix B) project, no snags will be removed and no trees will be planted. The
potential for high intensity wildfire within this portion of the fire perimeter would be similar to
that of the no action direct and indirect effects described above because no treatment is proposed.
Treatments outside the fire perimeter of Shafter Elk and within the boundary of Round Valley
(use name in appendix B) project will reduce ladder fuels and stand density, decreasing the
potential for high-intensity fire within and around the projects following implementation. Fires
are likely within the 7th field watershed over the next 20 years, but too many variables exist to
accurately predict the impact of these fires within the analysis areas over this time period. With
no treatment within the fire perimeter on federal land, in conjunction with other future
foreseeable actions, the dominance and persistence of fire-dependent brush species such as
ceanothus and manzanita will be favored across much of the analysis area. Conifer establishment
within much of the 7th field watershed and the fire perimeter will be less than with the action
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alternative, resulting in increased shrub cover and an increased potential for high intensity fire
risk throughout the analysis area.
Action Alternatives
Direct and Indirect Effects of Treatments
Each action alternative includes a variety of treatments. The effects by treatment type are
described below. Effects of each alternative will include the combined effect of each of the
treatments within that alternative.
Dead tree removal
Dead tree removal will reduce the potential fuel load as the dead trees fall. Fuel loads
would more closely follow the natural succession paths of the timbered BPS.
Reforestation
Planting of conifer species will provide new propagates that are not currently within the
area. These conifers will eventually compete with the shrubs which would help the
timbered BPS to more closely follow their natural succession paths.
Felling, Hand Piling and Burning
Felling hand piling and burning will help to reduce the potential fuel load as dead trees
fall. This will reduce the potential fire behavior and severity and reduce fuels to levels
that are closer to those that would naturally occur within the timbered BPS.
Browse Species planting and/or Seeding
Planting or seeding of browse species, specifically mountain mahogany and bitter brush,
within the project area. This will provide new propagates that were naturally present in
the project are, but due to the burn severity are likely absent at this time. This will help to
promote natural diversity within the area. Bitterbrush and Mountain Mahogany are both
very volatile brush species with consistently low live fuel moistures. These brush species
would compete with Manzanita and Ceanothus species that are less volatile. This would
increase the potential fire behavior by replacing less volatile brush species with more
volatile brush species.
Sub-soiling for planting site preparation (Alternative 4 only)
It is assumed that Sub-soiling for planting site preparation improve trees establishment.
This will allow trees to dominate over shrub species earlier shortening the early
development succession path. Fuel loads will more closely follow the natural succession
paths of the timbered BPS.
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Road Access
The use of roads within the project area will not have an effect on the fuels or potential
fire behavior.
Snag Retention
Various levels of snag retention are proposed for each alternative ranging from 7 to 20
snags per acre. This will be a significant reduction in snags compared to the current
conditions. Snags can be related to the potential for spotting, but generally only have
limited and isolated effects on fire behavior. Snags can make fire more difficult to control
and pose a safety hazard to firefighters. Retaining 7 to 20 snags per acre will reduce the
potential for spotting and will make fire easier to control and safer for firefighters.
Alternative 2 Direct and Indirect Effects
Alternative 2 includes the following treatments:
• Dead tree removal: 851 acres
• Reforestation: 2033 acres
• Felling Handpiling and burning: 143 acres
• Browse Species Planting: less than 50 acres
• Sub-soiling for planting site preparation: 0 acres
• Snag retention: 6-10 snags/ac ≥10” DBH; 8 snags/ac >19” DBH
The effects of these treatments will be to promote conditions where conifer species will
reestablish within a shorter time frame than Alternative 1, the no action alternative. Excess fuel
loads from falling trees will be limited to the areas where tree removal is not planned. The
location of tree removal areas will provide reduced fuel conditions in strategic locations closest
to the urban interface and wildlife sensitive areas. The reduction of fuels from tree removal and
felling handpiling and burning will break up the horizontal fuel continuity creating conditions
where crown fire will be less likely to continuously propagate through the fuels. Browse species
planting will provide areas where fire behavior may be more intense, but it will be limited in
extent and not allow for problem fire behavior across the project area. Limited snag retention
will reduce the probability of spotting, the suppression effort needed to contain a fire and create
less hazardous conditions for firefighters as compared to the no action alternative.
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Alternative 3 Direct and Indirect Effects
Alternative 3 includes the following treatments:
• Dead tree removal: 830 acres
• Reforestation: 2033 acres
• Felling Handpiling and burning: 167 acres
• Browse Species Planting: less than 300 acres
• Sub-soiling for planting site preparation: 0 acres
• Snag retention: ≥ 10 snags/ac ≥10” DBH; 10 snags/ac >19” DBH
The difference between alternative 2 and 3 are that felling handpiling and burning will replace
dead tree removal in pond management areas, additional acreage will be planted with browse
species, and additional snags will be left on site.
The effects of these treatments will be similar to those of alternative 2 except that there will be
the potential for increased fire behavior associated with the increase in planted volatile browse
species. The increase in snag retention from alternative 2 will increase the probability of
spotting, increase the suppression effort needed to contain a fire, and create more hazardous
conditions for firefighters as compared to alternative 2.
Alternative 4 Direct and Indirect Effects
Alternative 4 includes the following treatments:
• Dead tree removal: 851 acres
• Reforestation: 2033 acres
• Felling Handpiling and burning: 143 acres
• Browse Species Planting: less than 50 acres
• Sub-soiling for planting site preparation: 406 acres
• Snag retention: 3-5 snags/ac ≥10” DBH; 4 snags/ac >19” DBH
The difference between alternative 2 and alternative 4 is that subsoiling will occur on 406 acres
and fewer snags will be retained.
The effects of these treatments will be similar to alternative 2 except that there will be decreased
competition of brush with trees on the sites that are subsoiled promoting earlier dominance of
conifer species. Snag retention that is less dense than alternative 2 will reduce the probability of
spotting, reduce the suppression effort needed to contain a fire, and create less hazardous
conditions for firefighters.
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Alternatives 2, 3, and 4—Cumulative Effects
Spatial and temporal boundaries are discussed in the methodology section above. Current,
ongoing and reasonably foreseeable future actions that could affect vegetation in the MHRP are
listed in Appendix B of the EA.
The action alternatives combined with the potential effects of current, ongoing and reasonably
foreseeable future actions would result in reduced potential for high intensity wildfires will be
limited only to those areas around the other vegetation treatments. For example, where dead tree
removal is planned on private land the potential for high intensity wildfire would decrease
around these private inholdings due to decrease fuel loading. Within the Shafter Elk (use name
in appendix B) project, no snags will be removed and no trees will be planted. The potential for
high intensity wildfire within this portion of the fire perimeter would be similar to that of the no
action direct and indirect effects described above because no treatment is proposed. Treatments
outside the fire perimeter of Shafter Elk and within the boundary of Round Valley (use name in
appendix B) project will reduce ladder fuels and stand density, decreasing the potential for highintensity
fire within and around the projects following implementation. Fires are likely within the
7th field watershed over the next 20 years, but too many variables exist to accurately predict the
impact of these fires within the analysis areas over this time period. Treatments within the fire
perimeter on federal land, in conjunction with other future foreseeable actions, will favor the
dominance and persistence of conifers over fire-dependent brush species such as ceanothus and
manzanita across the analysis area. Overall, the cumulative effects of the vegetation treatments
proposed in Alternatives 2, 3, and 4 in combination with all present and reasonably foreseeable
timber harvest and fuels reduction activities (as listed in Appendix D) will help to reduce fuel
loads, thereby decreasing the potential for future large, high intensity wildfires throughout the 7 th
field watersheds that contain the Mount Hebron Restoration Project.
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Comparison of Alternatives
The Mount Hebron Restoration Project was established to meet the following purpose and need:
• Restore the project area to a healthy forested landscape with a diversity of habitat
conditions that reflect historical vegetation conditions and the ecological capability of the
landscape, including natural openings and native browse species components within a
conifer-dominated landscape.
• Limit fuel continuity and reduce fuel loads to minimize unacceptable fire risk, while
promoting the successful protection of the public, the WUI and other valued resources
within the project area.
• Restore scenery conditions within the project area to a conifer-dominant scenic character
that is more consistent with historic scenery conditions, while minimizing short-term
scenery disturbances to retain a largely natural appearance.
There is a reasonable amount of uncertainty in the response of vegetation over time. Planting or
seeding of desired species helps to ensure that these desired species will become established.
Alternative 1, the no action alternative, is least likely to promote the establishment of historical
vegetation conditions or reduce unacceptable fire risk within the time frame assessed.
The action alternatives are more likely to move the project towards the purpose and need of the
project and are more likely to meet the desired future conditions. Table 4: Comparison of Action
Alternatives, describes how each alternative will meet specific fuels guidance from the purpose
and need:
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Table 4, Comparison of Action Alternatives
Restore the project area to a healthy
forested landscape with a diversity
of habitat conditions that reflect
historical vegetation conditions
Limit fuel continuity and reduce
fuel loads to minimize unacceptable
fire risk:
Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4
Uncertain Uncertain Uncertain
Moderate level
effective
Least effective Most effective
Each of the action alternatives will more likely meet the purpose and need of the project and
trend toward historic vegetation conditions with greater certainty than Alternative 1, the no
action alternative. The No Action Alternative does not reduce fire risk. Alternative 4 best
reduces fire risk, but Alternative 2 will have very similar effects overall.
Page 16 of 18

References
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