Chapter 3 Resource: Rocks

Glencoe Science 

Includes: 

Reproducible Student Pages 

ASSESSMENT 

✔ Chapter Tests 

✔ Chapter Review 

HANDS-ON ACTIVITIES 

✔ Lab Worksheets for each Student Edition Activity 

✔ Laboratory Activities 

✔ Foldables–Reading and Study Skills activity sheet 

MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS 

✔ Directed Reading for Content Mastery 

✔ Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish 

✔ Reinforcement 

✔ Enrichment 

✔ Note-taking Worksheets 

Chapter Resources 

Rocks 

TRANSPARENCY ACTIVITIES 

✔ Section Focus Transparency Activities 

✔ Teaching Transparency Activity 

✔ Assessment Transparency Activity 

Teacher Support and Planning 

✔ Content Outline for Teaching 

✔ Spanish Resources 

✔ Teacher Guide and Answers

Glencoe Science 

Photo Credits 

Section Focus Transparency 1: Jonathan Blair/NGS Image Collection; Section Focus Transparency 2: 

Bettmann/CORBIS; Section Focus Transparency 3: Farrell Grehan/Photo Researchers; Section Focus Transparency 

4: John M. Roberts/The Stock Market; Teaching Transparency: (l) Martin Miller, (c) Jeff Gnass, (r) 

Doug Sokell/Tom Stack & Assoc. 

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 

Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition 

that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, 

teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with the 

Rocks program. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without 

prior written permission of the publisher. 

Send all inquiries to: 

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 

8787 Orion Place 

Columbus, OH 43240-4027 

ISBN 0-07-866941-3 

Printed in the United States of America. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 071 09 08 07 06 05 04

Reproducible 

Student Pages 

Reproducible Student Pages 

■ Hands-On Activities 

MiniLAB: Try at Home Modeling Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

MiniLAB: Classifying Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 

Lab: Igneous Rock Clues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

Lab: Sedimentary Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 

Laboratory Activity 1: Concretions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 

Laboratory Activity 2: Identifying Metamorphic Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

Foldables: Reading and Study Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 

■ Meeting Individual Needs 

Extension and Intervention 

Directed Reading for Content Mastery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 

Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 

Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 

Enrichment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

Note-taking Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 

■ Assessment 

Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 

Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 

■ Transparency Activities 

Section Focus Transparency Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 

Teaching Transparency Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 

Assessment Transparency Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 

Rocks 1

Hands-On Activities 

2 Rocks 

Hands-On 

Activities

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 

Name Date Class 

Modeling Rock 

Procedure 

1. Mix about 10 mL of white glue with about 7 g of dirt or sand in a small 

paper cup. 

2. Stir the mixture and then allow it to harden overnight. 

3. Tear away the paper cup carefully from your mixture. 

Analysis 

1. Which rock type is similar to your hardened mixture? 

2. Which part of the rock cycle did you model? 

Rocks 3 

Hands-On Activities




Classifying Sediments 

Procedure 

WARNING: Use care when handling sharp objects. 

1. Collect different samples of sediment. 

2. Spread them on a sheet of paper. 

3. Use Table 2 in your textbook to determine the size range of gravel-sized 

sediment. 

4. Use tweezers or a dissecting probe and a magnifying lens to separate the 

gravel-sized sediments. 

5. Separate the gravel into piles—rounded or angular. 

Analysis 

1. Describe the grains in both piles. 

2. Determine what rock could form from each type of sediment you have. 

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.



Lab Preview 

Directions: Answer these questions before you begin the Lab. 

1. Why does this lab have a sharp objects safety symbol? 

2. According to what characteristics will you arrange the rocks in this lab? 

You’ve learned how color often is used to estimate the composition of an 

igneous rock. The texture of an igneous rock describes its overall appearance, 

including mineral grain sizes and the presence or absence of bubble holes, for 

example. In most cases, grain size relates to how quickly the magma or lava 

cooled. Crystals you can see without a magnifying lens indicate slower 

cooling. Smaller, fine-grained crystals indicate quicker cooling, possibly due 

to volcanic activity. Rocks with glassy textures cooled so quickly that there 

was no time to form mineral grains. 

Real-World Question 

What does an igneous rock’s texture and color indicate about its formation history? 

Materials 

rhyolite 

basalt 

vesicular basalt 

Goals 

Igneous Rock Clues 

pumice 

granite 

obsidian 

■ Classify different samples of igneous rocks 

by color and infer their composition. 

■ Observe the textures of igneous rocks and 

infer how they formed. 

Safety Precautions 

WARNING: Some rock samples might have 

sharp edges. Always use caution while handling 

samples. 

gabbro 

magnifying lens 

Procedure 

1. Arrange rocks according to color (light or 

dark). Record your observations in the data 

table in the Data and Observations section. 

2. Arrange rocks according to similar texture. 

Consider grain sizes and shapes, presence 

of holes, etc. Use your magnifying lens to 

see small features more clearly. Record your 

observations. 


Hands-On Activities



Data and Observations 

Size and Shape 

of Crystals 

Conclude and Apply 

1. Infer which rocks are granitic based on color. 

2. Infer which rocks cooled quickly. What observations led you to this inference? 

3. Identify any samples that suggest gases were escaping from them as they cooled. 

4. Describe Which samples have a glassy appearance? How did these rocks form? 

5. Infer which samples are not volcanic. Explain. 

Communicating Your Data 


(continued) 

Color Texture Other Rock Name 

Research the compositions of each of your samples. Did the colors of any samples lead 

you to infer the wrong compositions? Communicate to your class what you learned. 




Lab Preview 

Directions: Answer these questions before you begin the Lab. 

1. What warning does the eye safety symbol in this lab give you? 

2. How do the materials for classifying sedimentary rocks differ from the materials you used for 

classifying igneous rocks? 

Sedimentary rocks are formed by compaction and cementation of sediment. 

Because sediment is found in all shapes and sizes, do you think these characteristics 

could be used to classify detrital sedimentary rocks? Sedimentary 

rocks also can be classified as chemical, or organic. 

Real-World Question 

How are rock characteristics used to classify 

sedimentary rocks as detrital, chemical, or 

organic? 

Goals 

■ Observe sedimentary rock characteristics. 

■ Compare and contrast sedimentary rock 

textures. 

■ Classify sedimentary rocks as detrital, 

chemical, or organic. 

Materials 

unknown sedimentary rock samples 

marking pen 

5% hydrochloric acid (HCl) 

dropper 

paper towels 

water 


metric ruler 


Sedimentary Rocks 

WARNING: HCl is an acid and can cause 

burns. Wear goggles and a lab apron. Rinse 

spills with water and wash hands afterward. 

Procedure 

1. Complete the procedure below and fill in 

the Sedimentary Rock Samples table in the 

Data and Observations section. 

2. Determine the sizes of sediments in each 

sample, using a magnifying lens and a 

metric ruler. Using Table 2, in your textbook, 

classify any grains of sediment in 

the rocks as gravel, sand, silt, or clay. In 

general, the sediment is silt if it is gritty 

and just barely visible, and clay if it is 

smooth and if individual grains are not 

visible. 

3. Put a few drops of 5% HCl solution on 

each rock sample. Bubbling on a rock indicates 

the presence of calcite. 

4. Examine each sample for fossils and 

describe any that are present. 

5. Determine whether each sample has a 

granular or nongranular texture. 

Analyze Your Data 

1. Classify your samples as detrital, chemical, 

or organic. 

2. Identify each rock sample. 


Hands-On Activities




Sedimentary Rock Samples 

Sample Observations 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 


1. Explain why you tested the rocks with acid. What minerals react with acid? 

2. Compare and contrast sedimentary rocks that have a granular texture with sedimentary rocks 

that have a nongranular texture. 

Communicating Your Data 


(continued) 

Minerals or Sediment 

Fossils Present Size 

Detrital 

Chemical, 

or Organic 

Compare your conclusions with those of other students in your class. For more help, 

refer to the Science Skill Handbook. 

Rock 

Name 




1 

Concretions 

Concretions are features found in sedimentary rocks. They may be spheres or flattened ovals. 

Concretions are formed when successive layers of cementing material are deposited and precipitated 

around a central core. Concretions may be harder than the surrounding rock. They are found as the 

surrounding rock is weathered. 

Strategy 

You will make a concretion. 

You will observe the process of precipitation. 

You will demonstrate the process by which 

some sedimentary rocks are formed. 

Materials 

waxed paper 

cardboard (stiff) 

pie pan (disposable) 

spoon 

patching plaster 

water 

rock with flat side 

dropper 

food coloring 

Procedure 

1. Place a piece of waxed paper on a piece of 

cardboard. 

2. In the pie pan, mix some plaster with 

water. Add the water drop by drop until the 

plaster will spread but not run. 


Table 1 

Day 

1 

2 

Laboratory 

Activity 

Color 

3. Place the rock flat side down on the waxed 

paper. Spread the plaster over its exposed 

sides. Record the color of the layer in 

Table 1. 

4. Clean the pie pan thoroughly. 

5. Place the rock in a location where it can 

dry undisturbed. 

6. On the second day, repeat steps 3 through 5. 

Mix a drop of food coloring in the plaster. 

Record the color of the layer in Table 1. 

Let dry. 

7. On the third day, add another layer using a 

different color. Record the color in the table. 

8. On the fourth day, add another layer using 

a third color. Record. Contours may be 

thicker in some places since concretions are 

not always smooth. 

9. On the fifth day, remove the cardboard and 

waxed paper. Sketch the bottom of the 

concretion on the next page. 

Day 

3 

4 

Color 


Hands-On Activities



Laboratory Activity 1 (continued) 

Sketch of concretion 

Questions and Conclusions 

1. What do the different layers represent? 

2. What causes the different layers in naturally formed concretions? 

3. Sometimes fossil hunters crack concretions open. Why do you think they do that? 

Strategy Check 


Can you make a concretion? 

Can you observe the process of precipitation? 

Can you demonstrate how some sedimentary rocks are formed? 




2 

Identifying Metamorphic 


Metamorphic rocks are those which have been changed by heat, pressure, fluids, and chemical 

activity beneath Earth’s surface. Each metamorphic rock can be identified and classified by its 

composition and texture. Foliated metamorphic rocks have a sheetlike or layering orientation of 

their minerals. Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks are composed of mineral grains that don’t form 

layers. In this activity, you will examine and identify samples of both types of metamorphic rocks. 

Strategy 

You will describe the physical properties of various metamorphic rocks. 

You will use a key to identify metamorphic rock samples. 

You will group rocks into foliated and nonfoliated samples. 

Materials 

numbered rock samples: gneiss, hornfels, 

marble, phyllite, quartzite, schist, slate, and 

soapstone 


colored pencils 


Laboratory 

Activity 

Procedure 

1. Arrange your rock samples in numerical 

order. Begin by examining rock sample 1. 

In the table in the Data and Observations 

section, make a sketch of the rock sample. 

Use colored pencils to make your sketch as 

realistic as possible. 

2. Next observe the rock’s physical properties, 

such as the color and the size and arrangement 

of crystals. Write a description of the 

rock in the data table. 

3. Use the identification key in Figure 1 to 

identify the name of the rock sample. Write 

the name in the data table. 

4. Based on your observations and what you 

know about metamorphic rocks, classify 

the rock sample as foliated or nonfoliated. 

Record your classification in the data table. 

5. Repeat steps 1 through 4 with rock samples 

2 through 8. 

Figure 1 

Rock Description 

Alternating bands of light and 

dark minerals; bands may or 

Gneiss may not be bent; often visible 

crystals; may contain thin, 

dark streaks 

Usually dark in color, but may 

Hornfels be pink, brown, violet, or green; 

fine-grained, dense, hard rock 

Can be white, brown, red, green, 

Marble 

or yellow; can be scratched with 

a nail; texture can be smooth or 

sugary; large interlocking cystals 

Fine-grained rock; has a frosted 

Phyllite sheen resembling frosted 

eye shadow 

Made of interlocking quartz 

crystals; pure quartzite is white, 

Quartzite but other minerals may color it 

gray or even black; 

scratches glass 

Medium-grained rock; may have 

Schist long, stretched crystals; may 

shimmer or look flaky 

Usually gray or black; very finegrained 

rock; individual grains 

Slate 

difficult to see with hand lens; 

has obvious layers 

Soft, easily carved rock; slippery 

Soapstone feel; color varies from very pale 

to dark green 


Hands-On Activities



Laboratory Activity 2 (continued) 


Sample 

Rock Foliated or 

Drawing Description 

Number Name Nonfoliated 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Questions and Conclusions 

1. Which rock samples were the most difficult to identify? 

2. Suggest why two samples of the same type of metamorphic rock might look different from 

each other. 

Strategy Check 


Can you describe the physical properties of various metamorphic rocks? 

Can you use a key to identify metamorphic rock samples? 

Can you group rocks into foliated and nonfoliated samples? 





Directions: Use this page to label your Foldable at the beginning of the chapter. 

Rock Types 

Igneous 

Metamorphic 

Sedimentary 

can be chemical or organic sedimentary 

can be foliated or nonfoliated 

can be intrusive or extrusive 

examples include basalt, granite, and pumice 

examples include limestone, chalk, and coal 

examples include shale, schist, and quartz 

formed by heat, pressure, and fluids 

formed by magma and lava 

formed when rock fragments and minerals are compacted and 

cemented together 


Hands-On Activities

Meeting Individual Needs 


Meeting Individual 

Needs



Directed Reading for 

Content Mastery 

Overview 


Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below. 

metamorphic rock cycle igneous limestone 

The 

and includes and includes and includes 

2. 3. 

rocks such as rocks such as 

rocks such as 

granite marble 

Directions: Select the correct answer from the possibilities below and write the letter in the space provided. 

5. The rock cycle illustrates the principal of the conservation of matter by 

explaining how______________. 

a. a sedimentary rock can become metamorphic rock 

b. a metamorphic rock can become an igneous rock 

c. an igneous rock can form a sedimentary rock 

d. all of the above 

1. 

illustrates how rocks 

change through time 

sedimentary 

4. 


Meeting Individual Needs






Section 1 ■ The Rock Cycle 

Section 2 ■ Igneous Rocks 

Directions: Study the following diagram. Then answer the questions below. 

Magma 

Cooling 

Melting 

Metamorphic 

rock 

Melting 

Heat and 

pressure 

1. The diagram shows the three types of rock and the processes that form them. 

This process is called the _____________________. 

2. Lava and ___________________ can cool to become igneous rocks. 

3. Heat and pressure can turn sedimentary or ____________________ rocks into 

metamorphic rocks. 

4. Metamorphic rock can ____________________ and then cool to become 

igneous rock. 

5. Weathering and erosion break igneous and other types of rock into smaller pieces 

called _____________________. 

Igneous 

rock 

Melting 

Heat and 

pressure 

Weathering 

and erosion 

Weathering 

and erosion 

Weathering 

and erosion 

Sediments 

Compaction 

and 

cementation 

Sedimentary 

rock 






Section 3 ■ Metamorphic Rocks 

Section 4 ■ Sedimentary Rocks 

Directions: Draw a line from the description on the left to the correct term on the right. 

1. a type of metamorphic rock in which 

metamorphic rocks 

mineral grains grow and rearrange 

but do not form layers 

2. a type of organic sedimentary rock 

foliated rock 

formed from the pieces of dead plants 

3. rocks formed by changes in temperature 

coal 

and pressure or the presence of hot, 

watery fluids 

4. sedimentary rocks such as halite that 

nonfoliated rock 

are formed when minerals come out 

of solution 

5. sedimentary rocks such as sandstone 

chalk 

that are formed from broken fragments 

of other rocks 

6. a type of organic sedimentary rock made 

detrital rocks 

of the mineral calcite and formed largely 

from the shells of ocean animals 

7. rocks formed when sediments are pressed 

chemical rocks 

and cemented together or when minerals 

form from solutions 

stacked rocks 

8. a type of metamorphic rock in which 

mineral grains flatten and line up in 

parallel layers 

sedimentary rocks 

9. sedimentary rock in which the older rocks, 

unless disrupted, are on the bottom 

10. an organic sedimentary rock made of 

fossil-rich limestone 

microscopic shells 








Key Terms 


Directions: Write the terms below next to their definitions on the lines provided. Then circle the terms in 

the puzzle. 

compaction foliated granitic igneous 

intrusive metamorphic sediment rock 

A 

R 

H 

W 

O 

F 

C 

B 

P 

I 

E 

G 

D 

F 

B 

I 

Q 

K 

T 

Y 

N 

C 

N 

R 

O 

C 

K 

M 

E 

H 

P 

T 

O 

T 

D 

L 

L 

S 

S 

K 

I 

Q 

R 

M 

U 

O 

I 

G 

N 

E 

O 

U 

S 

U 

P 

R 

Z 

A 

R 

S 

Y 

F 

A 

T 

S 

A 

M 

E 

T 

A 

M 

O 

R 

P 

H 

I 

C 

Z 

A 

E 

N 

B 

F 

E 

O 

I 

V 

T 

D 

T 

D 

I 

R 

X 

J 

K 

P 

E 

I 

1. igneous rocks that form below Earth’s surface 

2. rocks created by changes in temperature and pressure 

or the presence of hot, watery liquid 

3. loose material such as rock fragments, mineral grains, 

and plant and animal remains 

4. process in which layer upon layer of sediment builds 

up and pressure from the upper layers causes the 

lower layers to stick together and form solid rock 

5. a mixture of minerals, organic matter, volcanic glass, 

or other materials 

6. the type of metamorphic rock that forms when 

mineral grains flatten and line up in parallel layers 

7. the kind of rock that forms when magma cools 

8. the kind of magma that is thick and stiff and 

contains lots of silica 

J 

N 

V 

T 

L 

C 

M 

I 

P 

M 

O 

S 

E 

D 

I 

M 

E 

N 

T 

G 

H 

N 

W 

V 

U 

C 

G 

J 

Q 

C 

N 

X 

O 



Nombre Fecha Clase 

Lectura dirigida para 

Dominio del contenido 

Sinopsis 

Las rocas 

Instrucciones: Completa el mapa de conceptos usando los siguientes términos. 

metamórficas ciclo de las rocas ígneas la piedra caliza 

El(La) 

e incluye rocas e incluye rocas e incluye rocas 

2. 3. 

como como 

como 

el granito el mármol 

Instrucciones: Elige la respuesta correcta y escribe la letra en el espacio dado. 

1. 

illustra cómo cambian 

las rocas con el tiempo 

sedimentarias 

5. El ciclo de las rocas ilustra el principio de conservación de la materia al 

explicar cómo ______________. 

a. una roca sedimentaria puede convertirse en una roca metamórfica 

b. una roca metamórfica puede convertirse en una roca ígnea 

c. una roca ígnea puede convertirse en una roca sedimentaria 

d. todas las anteriores 

4. 

Las rocas 19 

Satisface las necesidades individuales

Satisface las necesidades individuales 


20 Las rocas 



Sección 1 ■ El ciclo de las 

rocas 

Sección 2 ■ Rocas ígneas 

Instrucciones: Estudia el siguiente diagrama. Luego contesta las preguntas. 

Enfriamiento 

Magma 

Fundición 

Roca 

metamórfica 

Fundición 

Calor y 

presión 

Fundición 

Roca 

ígnea í 

Calor y 

presión 

Meteorización 

y erosión 


y erosión 


y erosión 

1. El diagrama muestra los tres tipos de rocas y los procesos que las forman. Este 

proceso se llama el(la) _____________________. 

2. La lava y el(la) ___________________ se enfrían y forman rocas ígneas. 

3. El calor y la presión pueden convertir las rocas sedimentarias o 

____________________ en rocas metamórficas. 

Sedimentos 

Compactación 

y 

cementación 

Roca 

sedimentaria 

4. Las rocas metamórficas pueden ____________________ y luego enfriarse y convertirse 

en rocas ígneas. 

5. La meteorización y la erosión desintegran las rocas ígneas y otros tipos de rocas 

en fragmentos llamados _____________________. 






Sección 3 ■ Rocas 

metamórficas 

Sección 4 ■ Rocas 

sedimentarias 

Instrucciones: Une con una línea cada descripción de la izquierda con el término correcto a la derecha. 

1. tipo de roca metamórfica en la cual los granos 

rocas metamórficas 

minerales crecen y se reorganizan pero no 

forman capas 

roca foliada 

2. tipo de roca sedimentaria orgánica que se forma 

de los fragmentos de plantas muertas 

3. rocas que se formaron al cambiar la temperatura carbón 

y la presión o debido a la presencia de líquidos 

calientes 

4. rocas sedimentarias como la halita que se formaron roca no foliada 

cuando los minerales precipitaron de la solución 

5. rocas sedimentarias como la arenisca que se formaron tiza 

a partir de los fragmentos de otras rocas 

6. tipo de roca sedimentaria orgánica compuesta del 

mineral calcita, la cual se forma sobre todo de las rocas detríticas 

conchas de animales marinos 

7. rocas que se forman cuando los sedimentos son 

rocas químicas 

presionados y cimentados o cuando se forman 

minerales a partir de soluciones 

8. tipo de roca metamórfica en la cual los granos de rocas apiladas 

los minerales se aplanan y se organizan en capas 

paralelas 

rocas sedimentarias 

9. roca sedimentaria en la cual las rocas más antiguas, 

si no han sido alteradas, se encuentran en el fondo 

10. roca sedimentaria orgánica compuesta de conchas piedra caliza rica en 

microscópicas 

fósiles 

Las rocas 21 

Satisface las necesidades individuales

Satisface las necesidades individuales 


22 Las rocas 



Términos claves 

Las rocas 

Instrucciones: Escribe los términos al lado de sus definiciones en las líneas dadas. Luego encierra en un círculo 

cada término en la sopa de letras. 

compactación foliada granítica ígnea 

intrusiva metamórfica sedimento roca 

C 

R 

I 

W 

O 

F 

C 

B 

P 

I 

G 

O 

D 

N 

B 

I 

R 

K 

T 

Y 

N 

R 

M 

E 

T 

A 

M 

O 

R 

F 

I 

C 

A 

P 

D 

R 

L 

S 

C 

O 

O 

Q 

R 

N 

A 

O 

U 

G 

N 

A 

L 

Z 

S 

U 

I 

C 

Z 

S 

R 

S 

Y 

I 

I 

T 

S 

T 

T 

E 

I 

G 

N 

E 

A 

S 

H 

I 

I 

A 

A 

V 

N 

B 

F 

D 

T 

I 

V 

C 

C 

T 

A 

I 

R 

X 

A 

A 

P 

E 

A 

1. roca ígnea que se forma bajo la superficie terrestre 

2. rocas que se forman debido a cambios en la temperatura 

y presión o en presencia de líquidos calientes 

3. material suelto como fragmentos de rocas, granos de 

minerales y restos de plantas y animales 

4. proceso por el cual se acumula capa tras capa de sedimento 

y la presión causada por las capas que están 

arriba hace que las capas inferiores se junten y formen 

roca sólida 

5. mezcla de minerales, materia orgánica, vidrio volcánico 

u otros materiales 

I 

N 

V 

T 

L 

C 

M 

I 

P 

M 

O 

6. tipo de roca metamórfica que se forma cuando los 

granos minerales se aplanan y forman capas paralelas 

7. tipo de roca que se forma cuando el magma se enfría 

8. tipo de magma denso y poco flexible que contiene 

gran cantidad de sílice 

O 

S 

E 

D 

I 

M 

E 

N 

T 

O 

N 

N 

V 

U 

C 

G 

J 

Q 

C 

N 

X 

O 




1 

The Rock Cycle 

Directions: Study the diagram of the rock cycle. In a paragraph explain how minerals originally in magma could 

travel through the cycle and eventually end up in each of the three main classifications of rocks. Tell what must 

happen for each rock type to change into another. 

Magma 

Cooling 

Melting 

Metamorphic 

rock 

Reinforcement 

Melting 

Heat and 

pressure 

Igneous 

rock 

Melting 

Heat and 

pressure 

Weathering 

and erosion 

Weathering 

and erosion 

Weathering 

and erosion 

Sediments 

Compaction 

and 

cementation 

Sedimentary 

rock 





2 


Reinforcement 

Igneous Rocks 

Directions: Write the term that matches each description below on the spaces provided. The boxed letters 

should spell the kind of rocks that form from magma. 

1. Igneous rocks that are dense and dark-colored. They form from magma that is rich in iron and 

magnesium and poor in silica. 

2. Thick, gooey, molten material inside a volcano or deep inside Earth 

3. Igneous rocks that are light-colored and have a lower density. They form from thick, stiff 

magma that contains lots of silica and lesser amounts of iron and magnesium. 

4. Igneous rocks that have mineral compositions between those of granitic and basaltic rocks 

5. One kind of volcanic glass that has holes caused by pockets of gas 

6. The kind of igneous rock that forms below Earth’s surface 

7. The kind of igneous rock that forms on or near Earth’s surface 

8. Magma forms this kind of rock. 

1 

7 

6 

3 

4 

2 

5 




3 

Reinforcement 

Metamorphic Rocks 

Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms below. 

metamorphic rocks foliated rocks nonfoliated rocks 

marble quartzite sandstone 

gneiss shale granite 

slate 

forms from forms from forms from forms from 

7. 

2. 

two examples 

are 

can be 

classified as 

Directions: Write T if the statement is true. Write F if the statement is false. 

10. Metamorphic rocks form only from igneous rocks. 

11. An igneous rock like granite can be formed into a metamorphic rock like gneiss. 

12. Heat and pressure have no effect on rocks. 

4. 5. 6. 

8. 9. 

13. One type of rock, such as shale, can change into several different kinds of 

metamorphic rock. 

1. 

3. 

two examples 

are 

limestone 





4 

Directions: Complete the outline by filling in the blanks. 


I. Materials that make up sediments 

A. 

B. 

C. 

II. Ways sedimentary rocks can form 

A. 


Definition: 

B. 

Definition: 

C. 

Definition: 

III. Classification of sedimentary rocks 

A. 

B. 

C. 

Reinforcement 

Examples: 

Examples: 

Examples: 





1 

Enrichment 

Analyzing Rocks 

Materials 

10 rock samples 

towel 

rock hammer 

hand lens 

Field Guide to Rocks 

Procedure 

1. On a piece of paper, copy the table heading 

shown in Data and Observations. Make 

your table ten rows long to provide space 

for recording information about the ten 

rock samples. 

2. Examine the rock samples. Observe characteristics 

such as minerals present, the size 

and shape of mineral grains, and the 

arrangement of grains. Record your observations 

in your table. Sample observations are 

shown in the Data and Observations section. 


Sample 

1 

Minerals 

Present 

Quartz 

Feldspar 

Diorite 

Analyze and Conclude 

Size / Shape 

of Minerals 

0.5 cm, 

rectangular 

3. Group all the rocks that have a common 

characteristic. Make at least three categories. 

In the last column of the table, record the 

common characteristics on which you 

based your groupings. 

4. Compare your system of classification with 

those devised by your classmates. 

5. Crush bits of the rocks. WARNING: Wrap 

rock samples in a towel before hitting them 

with the hammer. Always wear goggles when 

using a rock hammer. 

6. Examine the crushed samples with the hand 

lens. Record any observable characteristics 

not seen in the larger specimen. 

Arrangement 

of Grains 

1. Were there any characteristics common to all rock samples? Explain one. 

2. What feature was most useful in grouping the rocks? 

Other 

Information 

Common 

Characteristic 

Grain size 

similar to 

samples 3 and 7 

3. What feature was least helpful in grouping the rocks? 

4. Was there a characteristic observed in the crushed rocks that aided or changed your system of 

grouping? Explain. 

5. Was your system of grouping different from those of your classmates? Why did students devise 

different classification systems? 





2 


Crystallization 

Directions: This chart represents the order in which different minerals crystallize from cooling magma or lava to 

form igneous rocks. Both mineral names and the rocks they form are shown. Use the chart to answer the questions. 

Crystallization 

First to 

crystallize 

Decreasing temperature 

Last to 

crystallize 

1. Which minerals are the first to crystallize from cooling magma? 

2. What kind of rocks are formed by these minerals? 

3. Which mineral crystallizes at the lowest temperature? 

4. Which mineral, pyroxene or orthoclase, crystallizes from magma first? 

5. Which feldspar mineral is found in granite? 

6. What minerals form the rocks diorite and andesite? 

7. Minerals higher in silica content crystallize from magma at lower temperatures. Which magma, 

basaltic or granitic, is higher in silica content? 

8. Magma that is low in silica content flows more easily. Which kind of lava, basaltic or granitic, 

flows faster? 

Enrichment 

Iron-magnesium 

silicate minerals 

Olivine 

Pyroxene 

Amphibole 

Biotite 

Orthoclase 

(potassium feldspar) 

Quartz 

Feldspar minerals 

Plagioclase 

(calcium feldspar) 

Plagioclase 

(sodium feldspar) 

Rock 

names 

Gabbro, 

basalt 

Diorite, 

andesite 

Granite, 

rhyolite 




3 

Everyday Quartzite 

Quartzite is a nonfoliated rock that is used in many everyday things. Quartzite is most 

commonly used for friction control on asphalt roads and highways. Adding quartzite to road 

surfaces helps keep drivers safe. That’s because the hard, angular surfaces created by quartzite 

cause more friction, which prevents skidding. Quartzite is made up of quartz grains that are 

firmly cemented together when sandstone is subjected to heat and pressure. 

Directions: Research and define the following terms related to quartzite. 

1. aggregates 

2. micro-texture of pavement 

3. macro-texture of pavement 

4. hydroplaning 

Enrichment 

5. precast concrete panels 

6. pink Sioux quartzite 





4 


Enrichment 

Materials 

flat pan or shallow dish 

water 

spoon 

table salt 

Procedure 

1. Place about 3 cm of water in the pan or 

shallow dish. 

2. Gradually add table salt to the water as you 

stir it gently. 

3. Continue adding salt until no more can be 

dissolved in the water. 

Analyzing Sedimentary Rocks 

Analyze 

1. What did you observe in the pan as the days passed and on the final day of this activity? 

2. What caused the salt deposition in the pan? 

4. Stir the solution thoroughly. 

5. Observe and note the appearance of the 

pan and its contents. 

6. Place the pan with its contents on a 

windowsill or countertop where it will not 

be disturbed. 

7. Once each morning and evening, observe 

the pan and record what you see. 

8. Continue this process until all the water 

has evaporated. 

9. Once all the water has evaporated, observe 

and record the appearance of the pan. 


3. How does what you observed in the pan help explain sedimentary rock formation? 

4. Sedimentary rocks formed by deposition of minerals when water evaporates are called 

evaporites. Name a common evaporite mineral or rock. 

5. Deposition of evaporite sedimentary rocks occurred in the Dead Sea flats and the Bonneville 

salt flats. Explain what might have happened to cause the evaporite deposits. 




Note-taking 

Worksheet 

Section 1 The Rock Cycle 


A. _____________—mixture of minerals, volcanic glass, organic matter, or other material 

B. ___________________—model showing processes that create and change rock 

1. ____________________ rock can be changed by heat and pressure into metamorphic rock. 

2. ____________________ rock can melt and cool to form igneous rock. 

3. ________________ rock can be broken into fragments that may later form sedimentary 

rock. 

C. Conservation of _______________—rock cycle never destroys elements of rocks but merely 

redistributes them 

D. _____________________ recognized the rock cycle in 1788 by observing Siccar Point, Scotland. 

Section 2 Igneous Rock 

A. ______________________ form from magma found deep under Earth’s surface. 

1. Magma reaching the surface flows from a volcano as _____________. 

2. Magma trapped below the surface forms large-grained __________________ igneous rock 

when it cools. 

3. Magma cooling at or near Earth’s surface forms small-grained __________________ 

igneous rock. 

4. _________________ igneous rocks are dark-colored and dense. 

a. Contain _____________ and __________________ but very little silica 

b. Basaltic lava flows _______________ from a volcano. 

5. _________________ igneous rocks are lower density and lighter color. 

a. Contain more _______________ and less iron and magnesium 

b. Granitic magma is ______________ and ______________. 

6. __________________ rocks have a more balanced composition of minerals and density 

than basaltic or granitic rocks. 

7. Crystal _____________, large or small, can help identify an igneous rock as intrusive or extrusive. 

8. Volcanic glass rocks _____________ so quickly that few crystals form. 

9. Some rocks have ______________ formed around once-trapped air and other gases. 





Note-taking Worksheet (continued) 

B. Igneous rocks are ___________________ in two ways. 

1. Where they formed—__________________ (under the Earth’s surface) or 


__________________ (at or near the Earth’s surface) 

2. ______________ type—basaltic, granitic, or andesitic 

Section 3 Metamorphic Rocks 

A. Metamorphic rocks—changed by ____________________, _________________, and hot fluids 

1. _____________ and _________________ result from one layer of rock on top of another layer. 

a. Sometimes temperature and pressure are great enough to _____________ rock, forming 

magma. 

b. Sometimes pressure _________________ mineral grains in rocks without melting them. 

c. As pressure and temperature continue to increase over time, one type of rock can change 

into __________________________ metamorphic rocks. 

2. Hot, water-rich _______________ can move through rock, chemically changing it. 

B. Classification of metamorphic rocks—by composition and _________________ 

1. _________________ texture—mineral grains flatten and line up in parallel layers or bands 

2. ______________________ texture—mineral grains grow and rearrange but do not form layers 

Section 4 Sedimentary Rocks 

A. ____________________ rocks—mostly found on the exposed surface of Earth 

1. Rock fragments, mineral grains, and bits of plants and animal remains moved by wind, 

water, ice or gravity are called __________________. 

2. Sedimentary rocks form in _______________. 

B. Sedimentary rocks—___________________ by what they were made of and how they were formed 

C. _________________ sedimentary rocks—made from broken fragments of other rocks 

1. When layers of small sediments stick together because of pressure, ___________________ 

occurs. 

2. When water and other minerals move through open spaces between larger sediments, 

gluing them together, ____________________ occurs. 

3. Detrital rocks often have a _________________ texture. 




Note-taking Worksheet (continued) 

4. Rocks are named according to _____________ and ______________ of sediments. 

a. Sediment size can be large like _______________ or small like _____________. 

b. Sediments can be _____________________ or have ______________ angles. 

D. Chemical sedimentary rocks—non-clastic rocks formed when dissolved _________________ 

came out of solution 

1. Limestone forms from ________________, which was calcium carbonate in solution. 

2. Rock salt forms from _______________, which was salt in solution. 

E. Organic sedimentary rocks—made from ________________ of once-living plants or animals 

1. ______________—made of microscopic calcite-shell remains of animals 

2. _____________—made of plant remains, chemically changed by microorganisms and 

compacted over millions of years 

F. Rock cycle—a ___________________ and dynamic process 



Assessment 


Assessment



Chapter 

Review 


Part A. Vocabulary Review 

Directions: Match the terms in Column II with the descriptions in Column I. Write the letter of the correct term 

in the blank at the left. 

Column I 

1. rocks formed by changes in heat and pressure or 

the presence of hot, watery fluids 

2. rocks formed from molten material 

3. rocks formed from sediments 

4. igneous rocks formed on or near Earth’s surface 

5. layered metamorphic rocks 

6. process by which sediments are pressed together to 

form rock 

7. light-colored igneous rocks with a lower density 

than basaltic rocks 

8. dense, dark-colored igneous rocks 

9. metamorphic rocks that don’t have layers 

10. process by which large sediments are glued together 

by dissolved minerals to form rock 

11. igneous rocks formed below Earth’s surface 

12. bits of weathered rock, minerals, grains, plants, 

and animals that have been eroded 

13. model that illustrates the processes that create and 

change rocks 

14. magma that reaches Earth’s surface and flows 

from volcanoes 

15. a mixture of minerals, organic matter, volcanic glass, 

or other materials 

Column II 

a. granitic 

b. metamorphic rocks 

c. rock cycle 

d. sedimentary rocks 

e. cementation 

f. basaltic 

g. rock 

h. extrusive 

i. sediments 

j. igneous rocks 

k. compaction 

l. intrusive 

m. foliated 

n. lava 

o. nonfoliated 


Assessment

Assessment 


Chapter Review (continued) 

Part B. Concept Review 

Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences. 

1. Suppose you found an igneous rock that had almost even amounts of silica, iron, and 

magnesium. How would you classify this rock? Why? 

2. How do detrital, chemical, and organic sedimentary rocks differ from one another? 

3. Your friend challenges you to tell what you know about a rock without seeing it. You are given 

a one-word hint: clastic. What can you tell your friend about the rock? 

4. What makes the rock cycle a “cycle”? 

5. What is cementation? 



Transparency 

Activities 


Transparency Activities

Transparency Activities 


1 


Section Focus 

Transparency Activity 

A Cone Cave Place 

To Live 

Have you ever thought about living in a rock? This photo shows an 

area in Turkey called Cappadocia. People have carved their homes 

into the giant rock cones at Cappadocia for at least 2,000 years. 

1. What properties of these cones make them useful for carving 

homes? 

2. What advantages are there to living in a rock? Disadvantages? 

3. How might weather affect these rock homes? 




2 

Section Focus 


Bad For Pompeii, Good 

For Archaeology 

The ancient city of Pompeii in Italy was buried by the eruption of 

Mt. Vesuvius in 79 A.D. The ruins were discovered in the late 1500s, but 

excavations were not systematized until the 1860s. 

1. How did the volcano preserve the artifacts in Pompeii? 

2. What clues do you have that Pompeii was covered by ash rather 

than lava? 





3 


Section Focus 


Pressured to Change 

Since the days of ancient Greece, sculptors have used marble to 

create beautiful works of art. Formed from limestone and various 

minerals, marble must be carefully cut from quarries like the one 

shown below. 

1. Why is marble so valued by sculptors? 

2. Besides sculpture, how else do people use marble? 

3. Marble comes in many different colors and internal patterns. Why 

is there so much variation? 




4 

Section Focus 


It’s Sedimentary 

Natural arches or bridges are features that are most often eroded 

in sandstone or limestone. Examples in the United States include 

Natural Bridge in western Virginia, Natural Bridges National 

Monument in Utah, and Arches National Park, also in Utah. Arches 

National Park is pictured below. 

1. How do you think this arch was formed? 

2. Notice the layers in the sandstone formations pictured. Which 

layers are the oldest? Explain your answer. 





1 

Teaching Transparency 

Activity 

The Rock Cycle 





Teaching Transparency Activity (continued) 

1. Heat and pressure deep below the Earth’s surface form what kind of rock? 

2. What formed the alluvial fan? 

3. Name the three major classifications of rocks and the processes that can form each type. 

4. Kansas’s Monument Rocks are made up of what type of rocks? 

5. Metamorphic rock can be weathered and eroded into what? 





Assessment 



Directions: Carefully review the graph and answer the following questions. 

Elements in Earth's Crust 

Oxygen 

Sodium 

Silicon 

Calcium 

Aluminum 

1. According to this information, which element in Earth’s crust has 

a percentage greater than 40%? 

A Aluminum C Iron 

B Silicon D Oxygen 

2. According to the graph, which element in Earth’s crust has the 

LEAST percentage? 

F Aluminum H Calcium 

G Sodium J Iron 

3. About how much greater is the percentage of aluminum in Earth’s 

crust than that of iron? 

A less than 1% C 10% 

B 3% D 20% 

Iron 

Others

Chapter 3 Resource: Rocks

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?