Biology 48 - Human Physiology Lecture 5 Cellular Respiration ...

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• NADH + H + : Donates Hydrogens to : Reduces Pyruvic Acid into : • Products: Anaerobic Respiration 2 ATP molecules (NET) 2 Lactic Acid (reduced)molecules (reduced)molecules 2 NAD + (Oxidized) NAD oxidized & Substrate Level Phosphorylation ATP production results from using bond energy in : • Negative Effects of Anaerobic Respiration 1. 2. Decreases intracellular: Resting Skeletal Muscle pH = 7.0 Exercising Muscle pH = 6.4 • Interferes w/ Ca 2+ release & muscle contraction • Inhibits muscle : Muscle Weakness & Fatigue Muscle pain Lactic Acid Removal: Normal Daily occurrence occurrence • Lactic Acid inter-converted back into: Occurs within : Blood carries : • Liver produces: “Reverse Glycolysis Enzymes” Glycolysis Enzymes” • Glucose 6-Phosphate fates: Conversion into: a. Liver Glycogen :
. “Free” : Blood glucose: Available to : Only the liver can de-phosphorylate & release : • CORI CYCLE : 2-way traffic between : Blood Glucose: a. Utilized immediately: b. Stored: Study Questions : 1. Define Cellular respiration. What is the overall highly simplified reaction for cellular respiration? What are the three primary sets of reactions involved? 2. What are the two main strategies for energy utilization (hint one converts energy more efficiently than the other) Each strategy is advantageous under specific physiological circumstances; explain when you think each might be an advantage? One of the two process is definitely preferred under most conditions, explain why. 3. What is the first step involved in cellular respiration of glucose by cells? Can cellular glucose be released from a cell once it is taken up? Why or why not? Does this initial step occur regardless of the presence of oxygen? 4. From where is the phosphate needed for glucose activation derived? 5. What does glycolysis literally mean? What are the products of this reaction? 6. Diagram the overall reaction of Glycolysis (do not include all of the intermediate steps – just the components going into the reactions and the products coming out). 7. 2 Pyruvic acids have 4 less hydrogens than the original glucose; where do these hydrogens end up? 8. Why must NADH be oxidized into NAD+? In this oxidation reaction, what molecule is reduced? What is the reduced form of the molecule called? 9. What are the two strategies for oxidizing NADH? 10. Why is Lactic Acid produced in the absence of oxygen? Why do cells prefer NOT to utilize anaerobic respiration (Lactic Acid Fermentation)? 11. How is the lactic acid removed from the muscle cells? Why can’t the skeletal muscle cells simply reconvert the lactic acid into glucose 6-phosphate themselves? 12. Why is it important for cells to : 1) immediately phosphorylate glucose as it enters the cells &2) Why must glucose be stored as a macromolecule / polymer (glycogen)? What is the only organ which synthesizes the enzymes capable of catalyzing reverse glycolysis? Why is this important? 13. Niacin (VitB3) and Riboflavin(vitB2) are essential vitamins partially because of their role as coenzymes (NAD and FAD). With this in mind, what do you think are some of the symptoms related to Vit. B2 & 3 deficiencies?
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Page 3: Answer: • Glycolysis: Results in:

Biology 48 - Human Physiology Lecture 5 Cellular Respiration ...

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