Report in English with a Dutch summary (KCE reports 45A)

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14 Screening for Colorectal Cancer KCE reports vol.45 Retrospective study Risk factor Screening Secondary care Selection bias Sensitivity Sensitivity analysis Sequential screening Specificity Stratification Strength of Inference Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry examination Study design in which cases where individuals who had an outcome event in question are collected and analyzed after the outcomes have occurred (see also Case-control study). An exposure or aspect of personal behaviour or lifestyle, which on the basis of epidemiologic evidence is associated with a health-related condition. Patient characteristics or factors associated with an increased probability of developing a condition or disease in the first place. To compare with prognostic factors. Neither risk or prognostic factors necessarily imply a cause and effect relationship. Screening is the examination of asymptomatic people in order to classify them as likely or unlikely to have the disease that is the object of screening. The aim of screening is to detect disease before it is clinically apparent, and for this to improve the outcome for people with the disease. Surgical and medical services that are generally provided in a hospital setting. In many cases, access to these services is by referral from a primary care health professional such as a general practitioner. Any error in selecting the study population such that the people who are selected to participate in a study are not representative of the reference population or, in analytic studies the comparison groups are not comparable. A bias in assignment or a confounding variable that arises from study design rather than by chance. These can occur when the study and control groups are chosen so that they differ from each other by one or more factors that may affect the outcome of the study. Sensitivity is the proportion of truly diseased persons, as measured by the gold standard, in a screened population who are identified as diseased by a screening test. Sensitivity is a measure of the probability of correctly diagnosing a case, or the probability that any given case will be identified by the test. A method to determine the robustness of an assessment by examining the extent to which results are affected by changes in methods, values of variables, or assumptions. Rescreening offers made to the same persons regardless of whether they completed a prior test. The proportion of truly nondiseased persons, as measured by the gold standard, who are so identified by the diagnostic test under study. It is a measure of the probability of correctly identifying a non-diseased person with a screening test. Division into groups. Stratification may also refer to a process to control for differences in confounding variables, by making separate estimates for groups of individuals who have the same values for the confounding variable. The likelihood that an observed difference between groups within a study represents a real difference rather than mere chance or the influence of confounding factors, based on both p values and confidence intervals. Strength of inference is weakened by various forms of bias and by small sample sizes. A set of geographically defined, population-based, central cancer registries in the United States, operated by local non-profit organisations under contract to the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Registry data are submitted electronically without personal identifiers
KCE reports vol.45 Screening for Colorectal Cancer 15 to the NCI on a biannual basis, and the NCI makes the data available to the public for scientific research. A graph of the number of events occurring over time or the chance of being free of these events over time. The events must be discrete and the time at which they occur must be precisely known. In most clinical Survival curve situations, the chance of an outcome changes with time. In most survival curves the earlier follow-up periods usually include results from more patients than the later periods and are therefore more precise. Symptomatic people are those who have one or more symptoms (e.g., Symptomatic rectal bleeding) If a tumor with the same histology is identified in the same site within 2 months after the original diagnosis (with pre-operative complete Synchronous colonoscopy or one negative post-operative colonoscopic follow-up to tumor rule out synchronous tumor), this is called a synchronous primary tumor. Systematic Literature review reporting a systematic method to search for, identify review and appraise a number of independent studies. Term Definition True negative A test correctly identifies a person without the disease. True positive A test correctly identifies a person with the disease. The extent to which a variable or intervention measures what it is Validity supposed to measure or accomplishes what it is supposed to accomplish.
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KCE reports 1. Effectiviteit en kos
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