III. Gm-C Filtering - Epublications - Université de Limoges

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III. GM-C FILTERING................................................................................................................................ - 83 - III.I THEORETICAL STUDY.............................................................................................................................- 83 - III.1.a Structure of the Gm-C Bandpass Filter ...................................................................................... - 83 - III.1.b Linearity Considerations ............................................................................................................ - 85 - III.1.c Noise Considerations................................................................................................................. - 89 - III.1.d Focus on VHF Bands .................................................................................................................. - 91 - III.1.e Introduction to Transconductors Optimizations........................................................................ - 92 - III.2 TRANSCONDUCTORS LINEARIZATION TECHNIQUES ......................................................................................- 96 - III.2.a Introduction to linearization techniques ................................................................................... - 96 - III.2.b Transistor Current Increase Technique...................................................................................... - 96 - III.2.c Active and Passive Source Degeneration Technique ................................................................. - 97 - III.2.d Dynamic Source Degeneration Technique................................................................................. - 98 - III.2.e Unbalanced Differential Pairs Technique .................................................................................. - 99 - III.2.f FDA//PDA technique ............................................................................................................... - 100 - III.2.g Transconductance Linearization Techniques Comparison....................................................... - 102 - III.3 FILTER IMPLEMENTATIONS AND SIMULATIONS .........................................................................................- 104 - III.3.a Generalities ............................................................................................................................. - 104 - III.3.b Gm-cells with Dynamic Source Degeneration ......................................................................... - 106 - III.3.c Gm-cells with MGTR................................................................................................................ - 109 - III.4 COMPARISON OF THE FILTERS ...............................................................................................................- 115 - III.4.a Comparison of the Performances............................................................................................ - 115 - III.4.b Filter Limitations...................................................................................................................... - 116 - III.5 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................................- 117 - III.6 REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................- 118 - IV. RAUCH FILTERING ........................................................................................................................... - 119 - IV.1 SALLEN-KEY VERSUS RAUCH FILTERS......................................................................................................- 119 - IV.1.a Towards an Operational Amplifier Based Filter ...................................................................... - 119 - IV.1.b Sallen-Key Filters ..................................................................................................................... - 120 - IV.1.c Rauch Filters ............................................................................................................................ - 121 - IV.1.d Comparison of the Sallen-Key and Rauch filters...................................................................... - 124 - IV.2 DIMENSIONING THE RAUCH FILTER........................................................................................................- 128 - IV.2.a Choice of the Components Values ........................................................................................... - 128 - IV.2.b Innovative Implementation of Gain K...................................................................................... - 131 - IV.3 CHOICE OF THE TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN OF THE RAUCH FILTER ...............................................................- 136 - IV.3.a Operational Amplifier Design in 65nm CMOS ......................................................................... - 136 - IV.3.b Operational Amplifier Design in 0.25µm BiCMOS ................................................................... - 138 - IV.3.c Implemented Filter and Test Bench......................................................................................... - 145 - IV.3.d Filter Layout............................................................................................................................. - 146 - IV.3.e Filter Chip ................................................................................................................................ - 148 - IV.3.f Post-layout Robustness Simulations........................................................................................ - 148 - IV.4 RAUCH FILTER PERFORMANCES: MEASUREMENTS VERSUS SIMULATIONS......................................................- 151 - IV.4.a Measurements Bench.............................................................................................................. - 151 - IV.4.b Measurements Results ............................................................................................................ - 151 - IV.4.c Performances Sum-up ............................................................................................................. - 155 - IV.5 FREQUENCY LIMITATIONS ....................................................................................................................- 156 - IV.6 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................................- 158 - IV.7 REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................- 159 - - 4 -
V. A PERSPECTIVE FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ................................................................................ - 161 - V.1 N-PATH FILTERING PRINCIPLE...............................................................................................................- 161 - V.2 4-PATH FILTER SIMULATIONS ...............................................................................................................- 163 - V.2.a 4-path Filter Architecture ........................................................................................................ - 163 - V.2.b Selectivity and Main Parameters............................................................................................. - 164 - V.2.c RF Performances...................................................................................................................... - 166 - V.3 STATE-OF-THE-ART ............................................................................................................................- 167 - V.3.a 4-path Filtering State-of-the-Art ............................................................................................. - 167 - V.3.b An Innovative Fully-integrated Architecture ........................................................................... - 167 - V.4 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................................- 169 - V.5 REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................- 170 - VI. CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................... - 172 - CONTEXT OF THE PHD THESIS .............................................................................................................................- 172 - RF SELECTIVITY CHALLENGES...............................................................................................................................- 173 - GM-C FILTERS..................................................................................................................................................- 173 - RAUCH FILTERS ................................................................................................................................................- 174 - COMPARISON OF THE PROPOSED FILTERS..............................................................................................................- 176 - CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES.........................................................................................................................- 177 - REFERENCE .....................................................................................................................................................- 177 - FRENCH CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. - 178 - APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................................................. - 180 - A.1 AVAILABLE POWER AND AVAILABLE GAIN ...............................................................................................- 180 - A.1.a Available Input and Output Powers......................................................................................... - 180 - A.1.b Available Gain ......................................................................................................................... - 181 - A.2 THE VARIOUS ORIGINS OF NOISE ..........................................................................................................- 182 - A.2.a Origins of Noise ....................................................................................................................... - 182 - A.2.b Available Input and Output Noise Powers............................................................................... - 182 - A.3 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO.....................................................................................................................- 183 - A.4 NOISE FACTOR AND NOISE FIGURE........................................................................................................- 184 - A.5 FRIIS’ FORMULA ................................................................................................................................- 185 - A.6 NOISE MEASUREMENTS ......................................................................................................................- 186 - A.7 REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................- 187 - APPENDIX B.............................................................................................................................................. - 188 - B.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS..................................................................................................................- 188 - B.1.a “Single-tone” input signal........................................................................................................ - 188 - B.1.b “Duo-tone” input signal........................................................................................................... - 190 - B.1.c Intercept Point Definition ........................................................................................................ - 192 - B.1.d Example................................................................................................................................... - 194 - B.2 RF FILTER LINEARITY MEASUREMENTS ...................................................................................................- 195 - B.2.a In-band IIP3 measurement...................................................................................................... - 195 - B.2.b Out-of-band IIP3 measurement............................................................................................... - 196 - B.2.c IIP2 measurement ................................................................................................................... - 197 - B.3 REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................- 198 - - 5 -
Page 1: UNIVERSITE DE LIMOGES ECOLE DOCTORA
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgments En préambule à ce
Page 7: Summary ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...........
Page 11 and 12: French Introduction Les signaux TV
Page 13 and 14: I. Introduction to TV tuners and to
Page 15 and 16: I.1.b.ii Digital modulations In dig
Page 17 and 18: makes the covering of a large terri
Page 19 and 20: I.1.c.iii Terrestrial spectrum Firs
Page 21 and 22: I.1.e Broadband Reception Systems F
Page 23 and 24: I.2.b TV Tuner High Performance Spe
Page 25 and 26: I.2.b.ii High linearity Although co
Page 27 and 28: I.3 RF Filter Specifications I.3.a
Page 29 and 30: 27. This leads to the downconversio
Page 31 and 32: These adjacent channel rejection re
Page 33 and 34: Above 870MHz, there are no more ter
Page 35 and 36: Newest silicon tuners generations,
Page 37 and 38: I.6 References [I.1] B. Razavi, RF
Page 39 and 40: II. Challenges of RF Selectivity Fo
Page 41 and 42: Figure 39. H3 and N+5 rejections of
Page 43 and 44: Figure 43. Second order Low-pass Fi
Page 45 and 46: Figure 46 illustrates the transfer
Page 47 and 48: H HPF s ( s) = s 1 + ω This corres
Page 49 and 50: Topologies comparison for a same Q-
Page 51 and 52: Figure 56. Low-pass to Notch Transf
Page 53 and 54: II.2 Passive LC Second Order Bandpa
Page 55 and 56: A possible solution is to split the
Page 57 and 58: II.2.c Second Order Bandpass Filter
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 69. Band Switching Figure 70
Page 61 and 62:
Another paper [II.7] provides a FOM
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A parallel self resonating circuit
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This gives the following values for
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Vb - 63 - M1 M2 Zin Figure 76. Anot
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when given, reported noise figures
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In all publications dedicated to Gm
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II.4.c Second Order Bandpass Filter
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Figure 87. Biquad Schematic The Gm-
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Vin Rm - 73 - C Vout Figure 89. Der
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Figure 93 depicts the RF performanc
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A second advantage of advanced BiCM
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II.7 Conclusion As a conclusion, th
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[II.13] C. Andriesei, L. Goras, and
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III.I Theoretical Study III. Gm-C F
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g V m3 in III.1.b Linearity Conside
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Assuming an ideal input transconduc
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Figure 102. Linearity of the filter
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Furthermore, a Gm-C circuit is not
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In terms of noise, the Flicker nois
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Table 7 summarizes the specificatio
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Idiff (A) levels reached with this
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III.2.e Unbalanced Differential Pai
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Hence, the combination of the expon
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Technique Current Increase Source D
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Using this structure and considerin
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The dimensioning of the transistors
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III.3.c Gm-cells with MGTR III.3.c.
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Furthermore, the high sensitivity t
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Figure 136. Filter in-band IIP3 ver
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III.4 Comparison of the filters III
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III.5 Conclusion Once the Gm-C seco
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IV. Rauch Filtering IV.1 Sallen-Key
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Thus, an equation linking Q and Gai
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IV.1.c.ii Proposed positive feedbac
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For both Rauch and Sallen-Key filte
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The high sensitivity to passive com
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Furthermore, it should also be take
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IV.2.b Innovative Implementation of
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esulting gain K, constituted of the
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Table 25. Sum-up of the OA specific
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Figure 153. OA voltage gain versus
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Filtering in the mirror, by means o
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However, this feedback makes the fi
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Figure 160. OA Gain and phase versu
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IV.3.c Implemented Filter and Test
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Figure 165 depicts the layout of th
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Figure 169. PVT variations of the f
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IV.4 Rauch Filter Performances: Mea
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Figure 178. IIP3 versus input power
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IV.4.c Performances Sum-up The filt
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Table 30. Frequency Limitations of
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IV.7 References [IV.1] Y. Tsividis
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V. A Perspective for Future Develop
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V.2 4-path Filter Simulations V.2.a
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The frequency tunability is ensured
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V.3 State-of-the-Art V.3.a 4-path F
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V.4 Conclusion In this chapter, it
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IEEE International, 2009, pp. 222-2
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RF selectivity challenges In this t
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The positive feedback Rauch filter
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It is worth highlighting that FOM1
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étudiée. Il s’avère que la lin
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It is worth noticing that S0 only d
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A.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio These dif
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A.5 Friis’ Formula In case of mul
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A.7 References [A.1] Friis, H.T., N
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To estimate the influence of the di
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Now, let’s have a look to the cub
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Figure 200. Third order intercept p
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B.2 RF Filter Linearity Measurement
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B.2.c IIP2 measurement To measure t
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- 199 -
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C.1 Gyrator-C filtering year Ref. f
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C.2 Gm-C Filtering year Ref. f0 (MH
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year C.3 Rm-C filtering Ref. f0 (MH
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C.5 References C.5.a Gyrator-C filt
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[C.23] J. De Lima and C. Dualibe,
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- 211 -
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this gives: I I I md d1 d 2 = I I =
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D.2 MOS Degenerated Common-Source C
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⎛ I s ⎞ Vout = Vin + U T ln ⎜
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Computing, this leads to: V out + v
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- 221 -
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- 223 -
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FIGURE 54. H3 AND N+5 REJECTIONS AC
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FIGURE 168. PVT VARIATIONS OF THE F
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- 229 -
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