III. Gm-C Filtering - Epublications - Université de Limoges

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Summary ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................................................. - 1 - SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................... - 3 - FRENCH INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. - 7 - I. INTRODUCTION TO TV TUNERS AND TO RF FILTERING ........................................................................ - 9 - I.1 TV SIGNALS TRANSMISSION..........................................................................................................................- 9 - I.1.a Video Signal Transmissions ......................................................................................................... - 9 - I.1.b Modulation.................................................................................................................................. - 9 - I.1.c Satellite, Cable & Terrestrial spectra......................................................................................... - 13 - I.1.d General Description of a TV Receiver ........................................................................................ - 16 - I.1.e Broadband Reception Systems .................................................................................................. - 17 - I.2 TV RECEIVERS ARCHITECTURE & SPECIFICATIONS............................................................................................- 18 - I.2.a TV Tuner Architecture................................................................................................................ - 18 - I.2.b TV Tuner High Performance Specifications ............................................................................... - 19 - I.3 RF FILTER SPECIFICATIONS..........................................................................................................................- 23 - I.3.a TV Tuner Bloc Specifications...................................................................................................... - 23 - I.3.b Roles of RF Selectivity................................................................................................................ - 25 - I.3.c Selectivity Specifications............................................................................................................ - 27 - I.3.d Abacus....................................................................................................................................... - 28 - I.3.e RF Performances Specifications................................................................................................. - 29 - I.4 TECHNOLOGICAL TREND OF RF SELECTIVITY ...................................................................................................- 30 - I.4.a RF filtering integration history .................................................................................................. - 30 - I.4.b Opportunities & Limitations of active circuits ........................................................................... - 31 - I.5 ANSWERING THE PROBLEMATIC OF THE PHD THESIS........................................................................................- 32 - I.6 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................- 33 - II. CHALLENGES OF RF SELECTIVITY ....................................................................................................... - 35 - II.1 COMPARISON OF THE POSSIBLE TOPOLOGIES.............................................................................................- 35 - II.1.a Possible Topologies ................................................................................................................... - 35 - II.1.b Low-pass Topologies ................................................................................................................. - 35 - II.1.c Bandpass Topologies................................................................................................................. - 40 - II.1.d Double Notch Topologies .......................................................................................................... - 46 - II.1.e Comparison of the Topologies................................................................................................... - 48 - II.2 PASSIVE LC SECOND ORDER BANDPASS FILTERING .....................................................................................- 49 - II.2.a Frequency Tunability ................................................................................................................. - 49 - II.2.b Selectivity Tunability.................................................................................................................. - 51 - II.2.c Second Order Bandpass Filter for TV Tuners Specifications ...................................................... - 53 - II.2.d Passive LC Filters from the Literature ........................................................................................ - 54 - II.3 TOWARDS A FAIR FIGURE-OF-MERIT .......................................................................................................- 56 - II.3.a Required Parameters to Handle a Fair Comparison .................................................................. - 56 - II.3.b Study of the Figures-of-Merit Found in the Literature............................................................... - 56 - II.3.c Proposed Figure-of-Merit .......................................................................................................... - 57 - II.4 ACTIVE FILTERING SOLUTIONS ................................................................................................................- 58 - II.4.a Gyrator-C Filtering..................................................................................................................... - 58 - II.4.b Gm-C filtering ............................................................................................................................ - 66 - II.4.c Second Order Bandpass Filters .................................................................................................. - 69 - II.4.d Rm-C Filtering............................................................................................................................ - 72 - II.5 LITERATURE SURVEY .............................................................................................................................- 74 - II.6 TECHNOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES AND LIMITATIONS ...................................................................................- 76 - II.6.a Integrated Passive Components................................................................................................ - 76 - II.6.b Transistors................................................................................................................................. - 76 - II.7 CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................................- 79 - II.8 REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................- 80 - - 3 -
Page 1: UNIVERSITE DE LIMOGES ECOLE DOCTORA
Page 5: Acknowledgments En préambule à ce
Page 9 and 10: V. A PERSPECTIVE FOR FUTURE DEVELOP
Page 11 and 12: French Introduction Les signaux TV
Page 13 and 14: I. Introduction to TV tuners and to
Page 15 and 16: I.1.b.ii Digital modulations In dig
Page 17 and 18: makes the covering of a large terri
Page 19 and 20: I.1.c.iii Terrestrial spectrum Firs
Page 21 and 22: I.1.e Broadband Reception Systems F
Page 23 and 24: I.2.b TV Tuner High Performance Spe
Page 25 and 26: I.2.b.ii High linearity Although co
Page 27 and 28: I.3 RF Filter Specifications I.3.a
Page 29 and 30: 27. This leads to the downconversio
Page 31 and 32: These adjacent channel rejection re
Page 33 and 34: Above 870MHz, there are no more ter
Page 35 and 36: Newest silicon tuners generations,
Page 37 and 38: I.6 References [I.1] B. Razavi, RF
Page 39 and 40: II. Challenges of RF Selectivity Fo
Page 41 and 42: Figure 39. H3 and N+5 rejections of
Page 43 and 44: Figure 43. Second order Low-pass Fi
Page 45 and 46: Figure 46 illustrates the transfer
Page 47 and 48: H HPF s ( s) = s 1 + ω This corres
Page 49 and 50: Topologies comparison for a same Q-
Page 51 and 52: Figure 56. Low-pass to Notch Transf
Page 53 and 54: II.2 Passive LC Second Order Bandpa
Page 55 and 56: A possible solution is to split the
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II.2.c Second Order Bandpass Filter
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Figure 69. Band Switching Figure 70
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Another paper [II.7] provides a FOM
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A parallel self resonating circuit
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This gives the following values for
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Vb - 63 - M1 M2 Zin Figure 76. Anot
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when given, reported noise figures
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In all publications dedicated to Gm
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II.4.c Second Order Bandpass Filter
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Figure 87. Biquad Schematic The Gm-
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Vin Rm - 73 - C Vout Figure 89. Der
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Figure 93 depicts the RF performanc
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A second advantage of advanced BiCM
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II.7 Conclusion As a conclusion, th
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[II.13] C. Andriesei, L. Goras, and
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III.I Theoretical Study III. Gm-C F
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g V m3 in III.1.b Linearity Conside
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Assuming an ideal input transconduc
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Figure 102. Linearity of the filter
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Furthermore, a Gm-C circuit is not
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In terms of noise, the Flicker nois
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Table 7 summarizes the specificatio
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Idiff (A) levels reached with this
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III.2.e Unbalanced Differential Pai
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Hence, the combination of the expon
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Technique Current Increase Source D
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Using this structure and considerin
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The dimensioning of the transistors
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III.3.c Gm-cells with MGTR III.3.c.
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Furthermore, the high sensitivity t
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Figure 136. Filter in-band IIP3 ver
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III.4 Comparison of the filters III
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III.5 Conclusion Once the Gm-C seco
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IV. Rauch Filtering IV.1 Sallen-Key
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Thus, an equation linking Q and Gai
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IV.1.c.ii Proposed positive feedbac
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For both Rauch and Sallen-Key filte
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The high sensitivity to passive com
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Furthermore, it should also be take
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IV.2.b Innovative Implementation of
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esulting gain K, constituted of the
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Table 25. Sum-up of the OA specific
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Figure 153. OA voltage gain versus
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Filtering in the mirror, by means o
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However, this feedback makes the fi
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Figure 160. OA Gain and phase versu
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IV.3.c Implemented Filter and Test
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Figure 165 depicts the layout of th
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Figure 169. PVT variations of the f
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IV.4 Rauch Filter Performances: Mea
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Figure 178. IIP3 versus input power
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IV.4.c Performances Sum-up The filt
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Table 30. Frequency Limitations of
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IV.7 References [IV.1] Y. Tsividis
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V. A Perspective for Future Develop
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V.2 4-path Filter Simulations V.2.a
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The frequency tunability is ensured
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V.3 State-of-the-Art V.3.a 4-path F
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V.4 Conclusion In this chapter, it
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IEEE International, 2009, pp. 222-2
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RF selectivity challenges In this t
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The positive feedback Rauch filter
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It is worth highlighting that FOM1
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étudiée. Il s’avère que la lin
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It is worth noticing that S0 only d
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A.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio These dif
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A.5 Friis’ Formula In case of mul
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A.7 References [A.1] Friis, H.T., N
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To estimate the influence of the di
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Now, let’s have a look to the cub
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Figure 200. Third order intercept p
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B.2 RF Filter Linearity Measurement
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B.2.c IIP2 measurement To measure t
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C.1 Gyrator-C filtering year Ref. f
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C.2 Gm-C Filtering year Ref. f0 (MH
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year C.3 Rm-C filtering Ref. f0 (MH
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C.5 References C.5.a Gyrator-C filt
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[C.23] J. De Lima and C. Dualibe,
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this gives: I I I md d1 d 2 = I I =
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D.2 MOS Degenerated Common-Source C
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⎛ I s ⎞ Vout = Vin + U T ln ⎜
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Computing, this leads to: V out + v
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FIGURE 54. H3 AND N+5 REJECTIONS AC
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FIGURE 168. PVT VARIATIONS OF THE F
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