III. Gm-C Filtering - Epublications - Université de Limoges

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Figure 10. Satellite TV transmissions Terrestrial transmissions correspond to TV signals emitted with the help of several antennas located everywhere in a country. To pick up these electromagnetic waves, an antenna has to be located on the roof of the house. Figure 11. Terrestrial TV transmissions All these TV signals have their own specificities and have to be studied, to specify as accurately as possible the TV receiver requirements. Only cable and terrestrial signals are considered in the following. Satellite reception does not enter the scope of study of the present PhD thesis because of their different constraints. I.1.c.ii Cable spectrum The cable spectrum is fully loaded and covers frequencies from 45 to 1002MHz, with channel bandwidths between 6 and 8 MHz according to the standard. It is worth adding that both digital and analog signals coexist. However, the cable operator determines a power at which all channels are transmitted. Thus, all channels are received with almost the same power level, as shown on Figure 12 [I.2]. Figure 12. Cable TV Spectrum - 14 -
I.1.c.iii Terrestrial spectrum First of all, the terrestrial spectrum is divided into several TV sub-bands, as depicted in Figure 13. These TV sub-bands have to coexist with non-TV bands, like the CB 1 , the FM 2 bands (88-108MHz), TETRA 3 or GSM 4 . These signals act as interferers which may degrade the quality of the reception and have to be filtered out by the TV tuner. Figure 13. Terrestrial TV Spectrum As said previously, in the countries where the analog switch-off has not yet taken place, digital and analog signals still coexist. Figure 14 illustrates the TV spectrum received in Caen before the analog switch-off. Signals from three antennas are received simultaneously: Caen, Le Havre and Mont-Pinçon. Since the received power depends on the distance between the emitting and the receiving antennas, a weak desired signal received from a far-away antenna can coexist with a strong unwanted interferer emitted very close to the reception antenna. Hence, the TV tuner should be able to handle signals having power differences which can go up to 57dB according to ATSC A/74 requirements [I.3]. Figure 14. Terrestrial TV spectrum in Caen (before analog switch-off) 1 CB, standing for Cell Broadcast, is a mobile radio standard used for the delivery of messages to multiple users in a specified geographical area. 2 FM, standing for Frequency Modulation, is a broadcast technology used by radio stations. 3 TETRA, standing for Terrestrial TRuncked Radio, is a mobile radio standard designed for use by government agencies or emergency services. 4 GSM, standing for Global System for Mobile Communications, is a standard used for cellular networks. - 15 -
Page 1: UNIVERSITE DE LIMOGES ECOLE DOCTORA
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgments En préambule à ce
Page 7 and 8: Summary ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...........
Page 9 and 10: V. A PERSPECTIVE FOR FUTURE DEVELOP
Page 11 and 12: French Introduction Les signaux TV
Page 13 and 14: I. Introduction to TV tuners and to
Page 15 and 16: I.1.b.ii Digital modulations In dig
Page 17: makes the covering of a large terri
Page 21 and 22: I.1.e Broadband Reception Systems F
Page 23 and 24: I.2.b TV Tuner High Performance Spe
Page 25 and 26: I.2.b.ii High linearity Although co
Page 27 and 28: I.3 RF Filter Specifications I.3.a
Page 29 and 30: 27. This leads to the downconversio
Page 31 and 32: These adjacent channel rejection re
Page 33 and 34: Above 870MHz, there are no more ter
Page 35 and 36: Newest silicon tuners generations,
Page 37 and 38: I.6 References [I.1] B. Razavi, RF
Page 39 and 40: II. Challenges of RF Selectivity Fo
Page 41 and 42: Figure 39. H3 and N+5 rejections of
Page 43 and 44: Figure 43. Second order Low-pass Fi
Page 45 and 46: Figure 46 illustrates the transfer
Page 47 and 48: H HPF s ( s) = s 1 + ω This corres
Page 49 and 50: Topologies comparison for a same Q-
Page 51 and 52: Figure 56. Low-pass to Notch Transf
Page 53 and 54: II.2 Passive LC Second Order Bandpa
Page 55 and 56: A possible solution is to split the
Page 57 and 58: II.2.c Second Order Bandpass Filter
Page 59 and 60: Figure 69. Band Switching Figure 70
Page 61 and 62: Another paper [II.7] provides a FOM
Page 63 and 64: A parallel self resonating circuit
Page 65 and 66: This gives the following values for
Page 67 and 68: Vb - 63 - M1 M2 Zin Figure 76. Anot
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when given, reported noise figures
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In all publications dedicated to Gm
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II.4.c Second Order Bandpass Filter
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Figure 87. Biquad Schematic The Gm-
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Vin Rm - 73 - C Vout Figure 89. Der
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Figure 93 depicts the RF performanc
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A second advantage of advanced BiCM
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II.7 Conclusion As a conclusion, th
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[II.13] C. Andriesei, L. Goras, and
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III.I Theoretical Study III. Gm-C F
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g V m3 in III.1.b Linearity Conside
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Assuming an ideal input transconduc
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Figure 102. Linearity of the filter
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Furthermore, a Gm-C circuit is not
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In terms of noise, the Flicker nois
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Table 7 summarizes the specificatio
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Idiff (A) levels reached with this
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III.2.e Unbalanced Differential Pai
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Hence, the combination of the expon
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Technique Current Increase Source D
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Using this structure and considerin
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The dimensioning of the transistors
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III.3.c Gm-cells with MGTR III.3.c.
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Furthermore, the high sensitivity t
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Figure 136. Filter in-band IIP3 ver
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III.4 Comparison of the filters III
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III.5 Conclusion Once the Gm-C seco
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IV. Rauch Filtering IV.1 Sallen-Key
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Thus, an equation linking Q and Gai
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IV.1.c.ii Proposed positive feedbac
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For both Rauch and Sallen-Key filte
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The high sensitivity to passive com
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Furthermore, it should also be take
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IV.2.b Innovative Implementation of
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esulting gain K, constituted of the
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Table 25. Sum-up of the OA specific
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Figure 153. OA voltage gain versus
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Filtering in the mirror, by means o
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However, this feedback makes the fi
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Figure 160. OA Gain and phase versu
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IV.3.c Implemented Filter and Test
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Figure 165 depicts the layout of th
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Figure 169. PVT variations of the f
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IV.4 Rauch Filter Performances: Mea
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Figure 178. IIP3 versus input power
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IV.4.c Performances Sum-up The filt
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Table 30. Frequency Limitations of
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IV.7 References [IV.1] Y. Tsividis
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V. A Perspective for Future Develop
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V.2 4-path Filter Simulations V.2.a
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The frequency tunability is ensured
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V.3 State-of-the-Art V.3.a 4-path F
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V.4 Conclusion In this chapter, it
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IEEE International, 2009, pp. 222-2
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RF selectivity challenges In this t
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The positive feedback Rauch filter
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It is worth highlighting that FOM1
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étudiée. Il s’avère que la lin
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It is worth noticing that S0 only d
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A.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio These dif
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A.5 Friis’ Formula In case of mul
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A.7 References [A.1] Friis, H.T., N
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To estimate the influence of the di
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Now, let’s have a look to the cub
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Figure 200. Third order intercept p
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B.2 RF Filter Linearity Measurement
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B.2.c IIP2 measurement To measure t
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- 199 -
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C.1 Gyrator-C filtering year Ref. f
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C.2 Gm-C Filtering year Ref. f0 (MH
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year C.3 Rm-C filtering Ref. f0 (MH
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C.5 References C.5.a Gyrator-C filt
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[C.23] J. De Lima and C. Dualibe,
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- 211 -
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this gives: I I I md d1 d 2 = I I =
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D.2 MOS Degenerated Common-Source C
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⎛ I s ⎞ Vout = Vin + U T ln ⎜
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Computing, this leads to: V out + v
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- 223 -
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FIGURE 54. H3 AND N+5 REJECTIONS AC
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FIGURE 168. PVT VARIATIONS OF THE F
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