NESTA Crime Online - University of Brighton Repository

7) Click fraud: also called pay-per-click fraud –the practice of artificially inflating
traffic statistics to defraud advertisers or websites that provide venues for advertisers.
Click fraud is the subject of some controversy and increasing litigation due to the
advertising networks being a key beneficiary of the fraud.
8) Crackers: see definition of blackhat hackers.
9) CVV2: is a three or four digit value that is uniquely derived for each credit card
and is found at the back of the card. It is a new authentication procedure established by
credit card companies to further efforts towards reducing fraud for internet transactions,
since it attempts to verify to the merchant that the cardholder does in fact have the card
in his or her possession.
10) DDoS: abbreviation for Distributed Denial of Service. This is an attack in which
thousands of separate computers, which are usually part of a botnet, bombard a target
with bogus data to knock it off the net. DDoS attacks have been used by extortionists
who threaten to knock a site offline unless a hefty ransom is paid.
11) Drop services: online money laundry service, where someone sets up
anonymous mailboxes and has people send goods purchased with stolen card details for
a certain fee, and then ship it off to the customer.
12) Exploit: a bug or vulnerability in software that malicious hackers use to
compromise a computer or network. Exploit code is the snippet of programming that
actually does the work of penetrating via this loophole.
13) Fast flux: is a technique used by botnets to hide phishing and malware delivery
sites behind an ever-changing network of compromised hosts acting as proxies. This
sophisticated technique is used to hide the location of criminal servers, complicating the
process of tracking them down. The Storm worm is one of the recent malware variants
to make use of this technique.
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