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2.1.1 Mapping the cybercrime value chain Most cybercrime attacks of credit card and identity fraud share the need to go through three basic activities: detecting vulnerabilities, infection and distribution, and exploitation. Cybercrime has moved away from the fragmented activities of a few isolated programmers and is increasingly mimicking corporate business. The fraudsters seem to have defined roles and specialities and a clear division of labour. This applies to everything from ATM skimming to phishing and hacking. The actors involved in these crimes have specific means of communications, rules of engagement and even ethics. They coordinate their actions to gain competitive advantage – over the system they are attacking rather than from rival groups, given that the gains are so plentiful – and target a specific segment of the market. Each of these activities is intended to support the undetected generation of financial profit. Therefore, each activity can be associated with multiple methods of achieving a financial reward (or business models as explained below), with their own sources of competitive advantage and associated gains or value added, combining with each other to form a value chain. Cybercrime can thus be seen as a whole value chain facilitating fraud, with different operations, profit margins, technological capabilities and innovation opportunities attached to each stage. Cybercrime attacks resulting in identity theft and credit card fraud generally share the need to go through three basic activities. Various actors can perform these actions, either collectively or individually. The increasing trend towards specialisation is rapidly differentiating the tasks, which has improved the efficiency of each activity and subsequently the efficiency of the whole industry. The cybercrime value chain is represented in figure 8. Page 42
Figure 8: The cybercrime value chain Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Hackers Detecting vulnerabilities Infection and distribution vulnerabilities Malicious code writers Script kiddies Botnet masters/ Exploitation herders Spammers Cashiers Criminal gangs ! Technical skills ! Value added " Degree of organisation Page 43
Page 1 and 2: Research report: July 2009 Crime on
Page 3 and 4: ‘official’ statistics exist yet
Page 5 and 6: Dynamic Capabilities The second com
Page 7 and 8: economics (finance, micro-, macro-)
Page 9 and 10: 2.3 Cybercrime business models 73 2
Page 11 and 12: we focus on financial cybercrime. O
Page 13 and 14: measure all other statistical outpu
Page 15 and 16: fraud. Their methodology is still b
Page 17 and 18: opportunity for online theft of cre
Page 19 and 20: However, the recent increase in fra
Page 21 and 22: penalties for those who make fraudu
Page 23 and 24: Source: Elaborated from CIFAS onlin
Page 25 and 26: The rise of online and telephone ba
Page 27 and 28: ecruitment marketplace for cybercri
Page 29 and 30: Figure 6: Origin and destination of
Page 31 and 32: corporate blackmail, spam attacks a
Page 33 and 34: Nigerian criminal gangs in North Am
Page 35 and 36: the fastest growing segments. Howev
Page 37 and 38: 2 Digital ecosystem Innovation stud
Page 39 and 40: A digital business ecosystem is one
Page 41: actors, which are increasingly dist
Page 45 and 46: tool is used by security and networ
Page 47 and 48: writers do not necessarily know how
Page 49 and 50: conceal this. Third, the device con
Page 51 and 52: Fraud on fraudster The most recent
Page 53 and 54: and facilitated by an explosion in
Page 55 and 56: The Storm botnet case study: the su
Page 57 and 58: accelerating on a monthly basis. Wi
Page 59 and 60: improvement and the introduction of
Page 61 and 62: that employees are more concerned a
Page 63 and 64: origin or signature or a presence o
Page 65 and 66: few simple words and a web link, wh
Page 67 and 68: web 2.0 sites (such as, social netw
Page 69 and 70: Source: John Leyden, “Trojan traw
Page 71 and 72: Cybercriminals find e-gold a conven
Page 73 and 74: ecosystem at various levels, creati
Page 75 and 76: expertise they need to perpetrate o
Page 77 and 78: are often offered for bulk purchase
Page 79 and 80: Crimeware-as-a-Service (CaaS): Para
Page 81 and 82: no dominant force. Unlike tradition
Page 83 and 84: is taken, priority is understandabl
Page 85 and 86: particularly good one, since consta
Page 87 and 88: outreach needs to be evaluated to e
Page 89 and 90: some of these firms may have adopte
Page 91 and 92: esilience must now surely be of con
Page 93 and 94:
7) Click fraud: also called pay-per
Page 95 and 96:
20) Pharming: is a scamming practic
Page 97:
Acknowledgements Numerous people as
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