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according to the police records, from 199,700 offences in 2006/07 to 155,400 in 2007/08 – a 22 per cent decrease. 48 Figure 2 Source: Calculated from APACS, “Fraud: the facts” (2008). 1.4 Identity theft trends Identity theft is on the rise, but so are the detection techniques. Increasing data breaches and the widespread social networking websites could lead to the growth of identity fraud, since they provide a platform for cybercriminals to access large amounts of personal information. Identity theft is the misappropriation of somebody else’s personal details, without their knowledge or consent. However, ID theft is not in itself an offence in the UK, and 48 These offences were modified by the Fraud Act 2006 which came into force on 15 January 2007. For cheque and credit card fraud counting changed from per fraudulent transaction to per account basis from 15 January 2007. From 1 April 2007 these offences were reported to a single point of contact within each police force by financial institutions. Source: Home Office (2008): “Crime in England and Wales 2007/08: A summary of the main findings”. Page 20
penalties for those who make fraudulent applications (for example for passports) are very small. 49 Identity fraud occurs when the misappropriated identity is actually used in criminal activity, to obtain goods or services by deception, generally for financial gain. This is a criminal offence in the UK. ID theft generally combines online and offline methods. Online methods include stealing personal information stored in computer databases (using Trojans or hacking); or through phishing, vishing and pharming (see glossary). Offline methods include intercepting bills and bank documents from the post and rubbish bins. These techniques allow cybercriminals to obtain Social Security numbers, bank or credit card account numbers, phone numbers, addresses, birth dates, usernames and passwords; all information that criminals can use to perform illicit transactions with another person's identity. 50 According to CIFAS, the top three false or stolen documents used by fraudsters attempting identity fraud in 2006 were: utility bills, passports and bank statements. 51 The full scope of the impact of ID fraud is hard to measure, since this type of crime can take months to be noticed by the victim and be reported. Available financial compensation and legislative measures do not account for the cost in recovering the reputation of the victims (particularly their credit rating). The impact of identity fraud varies substantially. CIFAS reported that it can take between three and 48 hours of work for a typical victim to sort out their life and clear their name but in cases of 'total hijack' where many of their details are stolen it can take 20-30 different organisations, over 200 hours and up to £8,000 to recover from the consequences of the fraud. 52 However, financial institutions and lending organisations are often considered to be the real 49 Cabinet Office, (2002), “Identity Fraud: a study”, p.4. 50 With even the most basic information, a criminal can either take over another person’s existing financial accounts or use somebody’s identity to create new ones. Common fraudster activities include withdrawing funds from your accounts, charging purchases to your credit cards, opening up new telephone accounts or taking out loans in your name, all of which can have a damaging effect on the victim’s credit rating. 51 CIFAS website: www.cifas.org.uk. 52 See www.cifas.org.uk/. Page 21
Page 1 and 2: Research report: July 2009 Crime on
Page 3 and 4: ‘official’ statistics exist yet
Page 5 and 6: Dynamic Capabilities The second com
Page 7 and 8: economics (finance, micro-, macro-)
Page 9 and 10: 2.3 Cybercrime business models 73 2
Page 11 and 12: we focus on financial cybercrime. O
Page 13 and 14: measure all other statistical outpu
Page 15 and 16: fraud. Their methodology is still b
Page 17 and 18: opportunity for online theft of cre
Page 19: However, the recent increase in fra
Page 23 and 24: Source: Elaborated from CIFAS onlin
Page 25 and 26: The rise of online and telephone ba
Page 27 and 28: ecruitment marketplace for cybercri
Page 29 and 30: Figure 6: Origin and destination of
Page 31 and 32: corporate blackmail, spam attacks a
Page 33 and 34: Nigerian criminal gangs in North Am
Page 35 and 36: the fastest growing segments. Howev
Page 37 and 38: 2 Digital ecosystem Innovation stud
Page 39 and 40: A digital business ecosystem is one
Page 41 and 42: actors, which are increasingly dist
Page 43 and 44: Figure 8: The cybercrime value chai
Page 45 and 46: tool is used by security and networ
Page 47 and 48: writers do not necessarily know how
Page 49 and 50: conceal this. Third, the device con
Page 51 and 52: Fraud on fraudster The most recent
Page 53 and 54: and facilitated by an explosion in
Page 55 and 56: The Storm botnet case study: the su
Page 57 and 58: accelerating on a monthly basis. Wi
Page 59 and 60: improvement and the introduction of
Page 61 and 62: that employees are more concerned a
Page 63 and 64: origin or signature or a presence o
Page 65 and 66: few simple words and a web link, wh
Page 67 and 68: web 2.0 sites (such as, social netw
Page 69 and 70: Source: John Leyden, “Trojan traw
Page 71 and 72:
Cybercriminals find e-gold a conven
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ecosystem at various levels, creati
Page 75 and 76:
expertise they need to perpetrate o
Page 77 and 78:
are often offered for bulk purchase
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Crimeware-as-a-Service (CaaS): Para
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no dominant force. Unlike tradition
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is taken, priority is understandabl
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particularly good one, since consta
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outreach needs to be evaluated to e
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some of these firms may have adopte
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esilience must now surely be of con
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7) Click fraud: also called pay-per
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20) Pharming: is a scamming practic
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Acknowledgements Numerous people as
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