Present Day Political Organization of China. - University of Oregon
Present Day Political Organization of China. - University of Oregon
Present Day Political Organization of China. - University of Oregon
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<strong>Present</strong>ed to the<br />
LIBRARY <strong>of</strong> the<br />
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO<br />
by<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor John L.<br />
Cranmer-B^mg
PRESENT DAY<br />
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION<br />
OF CHINA<br />
BY<br />
H. S. BRFlfNERT AND V. V. HaGELSTKOM<br />
8TUDENT-INTERPRETER8 OF THE<br />
IMPERIAL RUSSIAN LEGATION, PEIPING<br />
REVISED BY<br />
N. Th. KOLE880FF<br />
CHINESE SECRETARY OF THE<br />
IMPERIAL RUSSIAN LEGATION, PEIPING<br />
TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSIAN<br />
WITH THE authors' S>"' TION<br />
BY<br />
A. BELT.CHP^NKO<br />
H.I.K.M. CONSUL AT FOOCHOW ; AND<br />
E. E. MORA^, Ph. B. (yale)<br />
OF THE CHINESE IMPERIAL MARITIAIE CUSTOMS SERVICE
TRANSLATORS' NOTE.<br />
Since the issue <strong>of</strong> the original edition <strong>of</strong> the "<strong>Present</strong> <strong>Day</strong><br />
PoUtical <strong>Organization</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong>," in May, I'JIO, numerous and varied<br />
changes have been effected in <strong>China</strong>'s government system. Many<br />
establishments and posts have been abolished, such as the Grand<br />
Secretariat and the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Civil Appointments ; others' have been<br />
re-organized, while some have been neAvly-instituted,<br />
Cabinet and the Privy Council.<br />
'<br />
^r instance, the<br />
These changes and mocUfications, thanks to the untiring energy <strong>of</strong><br />
Messrs. Brunnert and Hagelgtrom, the joint-authors <strong>of</strong> the " <strong>Present</strong><br />
<strong>Day</strong> PoUtical <strong>Organization</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong>," have been incorporated in the<br />
text <strong>of</strong> this translation or are separately treated in the Supplement.<br />
The translatoi:s tender their heartiest thanks to Mr. H. S. Brunnert,<br />
who fcindly checked the translation with the original text, and to<br />
Mr. E. T. C. Werner, H. B. M. Consul at Foochow, for his kindly<br />
interest in re-reading the manuscript.<br />
FoocEow, ibth August, 1911.<br />
A. BELTCHENKO.<br />
E. MORAN.
PREFACE<br />
" The activity for reform in <strong>China</strong> has <strong>of</strong> late become so intense that<br />
it has affected varions branches <strong>of</strong> the Government, and the old<br />
organization <strong>of</strong> the State—an inheritance <strong>of</strong> grey antiquity — is gradually<br />
making way for another, based, for the most part, on principles brought<br />
to <strong>China</strong> from other countries.<br />
" An Imperial Edict stated that it was necessary for <strong>China</strong> to become<br />
a Constitutional State and, conforming to this, there began a radical<br />
demoUtion <strong>of</strong> existing institutions or their adjustment to a new govern-<br />
jnent organization.<br />
The system <strong>of</strong> competitive examinations for literary<br />
degrees, held periodically, existing long since, was abolished, and the<br />
G-overnment is now occupied in the organization <strong>of</strong> a net <strong>of</strong> schools,<br />
where the younger generation may study sciences as in Europe, America<br />
and Japan.<br />
" There is being gradually introduced the principle <strong>of</strong> separation <strong>of</strong><br />
judicial and administrative authorities and throughout the whole <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>China</strong> new judicial establishments are making their appearance, organized<br />
on the European model.<br />
"The Police have been organized on new lines and the prisons<br />
reformed.<br />
" With the object <strong>of</strong> strengthening the national power there is being<br />
carried out a scheme for the organization <strong>of</strong> an army, and measures are<br />
being taken to re-create a navy.<br />
" The Bannermen, up to now .a favoured class, are being gradually<br />
placed on an equal footing with the mass <strong>of</strong> the population and are, bit<br />
by bit, losing the privileges obtained three centuries ago.<br />
" In the various towns and villages the Government is striving by<br />
every means to inculcate the principles <strong>of</strong> local self-government.
" The population is acquainted with the principles <strong>of</strong> representative<br />
government and an assembly <strong>of</strong> the people has been called, in the<br />
beginning to he a deliberative organization,<br />
government affairs.<br />
for the discussion <strong>of</strong><br />
'* The whole country watches with strained attention the activity <strong>of</strong><br />
the Government in its efforts for the enlargement and improvement <strong>of</strong><br />
means <strong>of</strong> communication, the fostering <strong>of</strong> industry and commerce, the<br />
reinforcement <strong>of</strong> the. colonization on the borders, and, finally,<br />
its measures<br />
looking towards the placing <strong>of</strong> the controj <strong>of</strong> the finances <strong>of</strong> the Empire<br />
in the hands <strong>of</strong> one responsible establishment— the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance.<br />
" In connection with general reforms the Grovernment is materializing<br />
a practice <strong>of</strong> centralization <strong>of</strong> power and abolition <strong>of</strong> that abnormal<br />
phenomenon, liistorically formed, by which the highest provincial <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
was its full and irresponsible master and ruler, to the Central Govern-<br />
ment appertaining a general supervision and the right <strong>of</strong> appointment <strong>of</strong><br />
provincial <strong>of</strong>ficials only. At the same time there is observed on the<br />
part <strong>of</strong> thf> Chinese Government a policy <strong>of</strong> entire re-organization <strong>of</strong> the<br />
go^'ernn Hht <strong>of</strong> the dependencies, looking towards their gradual conver-<br />
sion into actual provinces <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong>.<br />
"Although all the proposed reforms are, so far, not completed,<br />
nevertheless, the achievement in this direction has greatly altered the<br />
political organization <strong>of</strong> the country. Many<br />
institutions have been<br />
entirely aboUslied, others have lieen re-organized on new lines, while<br />
some have just been called into existence.<br />
"For everyone interested in the life <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong>, and following<br />
attentively all the reforms in progress, it is, <strong>of</strong> course, very interesting<br />
and important to know, at least in general, the internal organization <strong>of</strong><br />
the old, the reformed, and the newly-organized institutions.<br />
" Until lately there was no dearth <strong>of</strong> works in European languages<br />
furnishing copious information in this direction.<br />
"<br />
Every student <strong>of</strong> Chinese is acquainted, <strong>of</strong> course, with the well-<br />
known work <strong>of</strong> W. F. Mayers, " The Chinese Government," a work<br />
enjoying a well-deserved reputation in the sinological world and, as a<br />
classic, unique in its genre, which, notwithstanding its small size, gives<br />
in a very concise form a mass <strong>of</strong> information and acquaints the reader<br />
with the government organization <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong> as it existed, with no<br />
substantial changes, for a long period.<br />
/
" A good sequel to the work <strong>of</strong> W. F. Mayers is " Melanges sur<br />
rAdministration," by P. Hoang (from series " Varietes Sinologiques,")<br />
which, though not a systematic exposition, gives much information<br />
concerning the political organization <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong>, gathered<br />
from Chinese<br />
sources chiefly.<br />
" It is to he regretted that both works mentioned abo\e, edited, the<br />
first in 189(i (3rd edition) and the second in 1902, are now largely<br />
obsolete and hence their use by persons unable to follow the reforms in<br />
<strong>China</strong> presents great inconvenience.<br />
" The Trade and Administration <strong>of</strong> the Chinese Empire," by<br />
H. B. Morse, issued in 1908, a masterpiece in all other respects, where<br />
the present government organization <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong> is treated, does nothing,<br />
we regret to say, but disseminate the information already compiled by<br />
W. F. Mayers, presenting nothing new in the literature on this subject.<br />
"The articles "Pekinger Zentralregierung," by Dr. Hauer, and<br />
"<br />
Die Provianzial behorden," by Dr. Betz, in " Mittheilungen des Seminars<br />
fiir Orientalische Sprachen an der Koniglichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-<br />
Universitat zu Berlin, Jahrgang XII," are, so far as we are aware, the<br />
first and only attempts to draw a general picture <strong>of</strong> the administrative<br />
organization <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong> from the latest sources <strong>of</strong> iniormation.<br />
"In Russia our venerable and respected sinologue. Pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
P. S. Pop<strong>of</strong>T, following attentively all movements in <strong>China</strong>, did not<br />
permit that part <strong>of</strong> which we are speaking to escape him and in his<br />
work "Government <strong>Organization</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong> and Branches <strong>of</strong>. Adminis-<br />
tration," St. Petersbui-g, 1903, Supplement, St. Petersburg, 1909, in a<br />
compact form but, nevertheless, <strong>of</strong> sufficient fullness, tlie ordinary<br />
reader (the book was chiefly intended for the use <strong>of</strong> the students <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor— students <strong>of</strong> the Oriental Languages Section <strong>of</strong> the St.<br />
Petersburg <strong>University</strong>) is • made<br />
acquainted with the government<br />
organization, as well as with the latest reforms affecting it.<br />
" On the one hand, the obsoleteness <strong>of</strong> some works, on the other,<br />
the insufficiency <strong>of</strong> the information supplied (for those who are<br />
constrained to a close acquaintance <strong>of</strong> the complicated mechanism <strong>of</strong><br />
the government establishments <strong>of</strong> Cliina), encouraged us to devote part<br />
<strong>of</strong> our leisure to the study, from Chinese sources, <strong>of</strong> the reforms<br />
undertaken by <strong>China</strong> during the past ten years.<br />
t
"As a result <strong>of</strong> our laboufs We notv present this book to the<br />
judgment <strong>of</strong> Russian students <strong>of</strong> Chinese, whose remarks as to mistakes,<br />
inexactitudes and imperfections in general will be gratefully received<br />
and, should a subsequent edition be needed, taken into consideration.<br />
" Invaluable assistance was rendered us by Mr. N. Th. Koless<strong>of</strong>f,<br />
Chinese Secretary <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Russian Legation, who not only<br />
placed at our disposal his numerous manuscripts but, also, undertook<br />
the heavy task <strong>of</strong> scrutinizing the text from beginning to end and<br />
corrected numerous errors therein, for which we express our sincere and<br />
grateful thanks.<br />
" In conclusion we consider it our duty to express our gratitude to<br />
Hia Excellency J. J. Korostovetz, Imperial Russian Envoy Extra-<br />
ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, to whose keen interest and moral<br />
support the issue <strong>of</strong> this volume is greatly due."<br />
'Peking, 2Slh March, mo.<br />
H. BRUNNERT.<br />
V. HAGELSTROM.<br />
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS.<br />
PART I :—The Emperor add the Imperial Court. Metrojjolitan<br />
Government Establishments (Ministries excepted).<br />
PAGK<br />
The Emperor and the Imperial Court - - - 1<br />
Establishment (Palace) <strong>of</strong> Princes <strong>of</strong> the Blood - - 10<br />
Eunuchs - - - - - - la<br />
The Imperial Clan Court - - ,<br />
- - - 11<br />
The Imperial Household -' - - - - 13<br />
The Imperial Equipage Department<br />
Regency ... -<br />
-<br />
.<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
3&<br />
3^<br />
Parliament - - - - - - 40<br />
Council <strong>of</strong> State - - - - - 41<br />
Grand Secretariat or Imperial Chancery<br />
- - - 43<br />
Committee <strong>of</strong> Ministers - - - - - 46,<br />
Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional<br />
Government ; Statistical and Information Bureaux - 47<br />
The National Assembly and Provincial AssembUes - 52<br />
Committee for Revising and Compiling Civil and Criminal<br />
Codes - - - - - - 59^<br />
General Staff <strong>of</strong> the Army<br />
- - - - 61<br />
Commission for the. Reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Na\y and the<br />
. Naval<br />
Council - - - - - 64<br />
Commission for the Revision <strong>of</strong> the Banner <strong>Organization</strong><br />
The Anti-Opium Commission - - -<br />
'<br />
- 68<br />
- 68<br />
Committee in charge <strong>of</strong> Construction <strong>of</strong> the Imperial<br />
Mausoleum " Ch'ung Ling " - - - - 70<br />
Historiographical Commission ------<br />
- - - - 71<br />
The National - - - - -<br />
Academy<br />
72'<br />
The Censorate<br />
75<br />
Supreme Court <strong>of</strong> Justice - - - - 79<br />
Imperial Board <strong>of</strong> Astronomy<br />
[<br />
i<br />
- - - - 82<br />
]
TABLE OF (!()NTENTS.<br />
PART I :— rtm/inued. pagk<br />
The Imperial Medical Doijartmcnt<br />
- - - 85<br />
Board <strong>of</strong> Customs Control<br />
-<br />
• - - - 8G<br />
The Imperial Maritime Customs - - - - 88<br />
PART IT :—Ministries (Boards).<br />
Ministries (Boards) in General - - - - 97<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs - - - - 104<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Civil - - - -<br />
Appointments<br />
114<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Interior - - - - -115<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance - - - - - 118<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Rites - - - - - 124<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education - - - - - 131<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> War Ministry<br />
- - - - - 138<br />
<strong>of</strong> Justice - - - --147<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Industry and Commerce - - 152<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications - - - 157<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> l>ependencies<br />
Police :<br />
- - - - 160<br />
- - - - - - 167<br />
A. Afetropolitan Police - - - - 167<br />
B. IVovincial Police - - - - 172<br />
Police Schools - - - - - - 173<br />
Local Self-government<br />
- - - - - 174<br />
Oeneral Census - - - - -- - 185<br />
Committee for the Reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Financial Affairs<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Empire<br />
- - - - - 186<br />
Branch Offices <strong>of</strong> the Committee for the Reorganization <strong>of</strong><br />
the I'inancial Affairs <strong>of</strong> the Empire<br />
Banks (Government and others)<br />
- - - 188<br />
- - . - - 189<br />
Mints - - - - - - 193<br />
Head Office for the Collection <strong>of</strong> Excise on Native Opium - 194<br />
Office <strong>of</strong> the Customs and Octroi <strong>of</strong> Peking at the Ch'ung<br />
W^n Gate - . . - . . . 195<br />
Native (Land) Customs - - - - - 196<br />
Government Granaries- - -• - - - 196<br />
Financial College<br />
- - - i - 1 97<br />
[ ii ]
PART II :— continued.<br />
TABLE OF CONTENTS.<br />
page<br />
Imperial Mau&olea - - - - - 198<br />
Metropolitan Temples. — Sacrifices.— Buddhism, Taoism.<br />
and Shamanism - - - - - 202<br />
Education - - - - - -211<br />
Elementary and Primary Schools - - - - 213<br />
Middle Schools - - - - - - 218<br />
Higher Schools<br />
- .<br />
- - - - - 220<br />
Universities - - - - - - 223<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools - - - - -233<br />
A. Agricultural Schools - - - - 236<br />
/>. Schools <strong>of</strong> Trades and Handicrafts - - 238<br />
C. Commercial Schools - - - - 241<br />
D. Mercantile Marine Schools - - - 243<br />
Normal Schools - - - - - 246<br />
Special Schools<br />
----- 253<br />
Examinations and Literary Degrees - - - - 266<br />
Administration <strong>of</strong> Schools - - - - 273<br />
Chinese Students Abroad - - - - 278<br />
Public Libraries ------<br />
283<br />
Military Forces <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong> - - - _ - 285<br />
.1. Lu Chiin or Land Forces - - - 285<br />
Military Ranks - - - - - - 289<br />
Reviews <strong>of</strong> Troops<br />
Committees for Drilling Troops<br />
- - - - - 301<br />
- - - 303<br />
Military Prisons------ 306<br />
Military Police (Gendarmerie)<br />
B. Reserve Forces (Hsiin Fang Tui)-<br />
- - u - 307<br />
- 309<br />
Mihtary Schools - - - - - - 312<br />
Banner Forces - . - - - - - 323<br />
The Old Chinese Army<br />
- - - - - 337<br />
Military Post Stations - - - - - 341<br />
Office <strong>of</strong> Government Droves - - - - 343<br />
Naval Forces <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong> - - - - - 344<br />
Judicial Establishments and Prisons<br />
[<br />
iii<br />
]<br />
... 345
PART II :—conHnueiL<br />
TABLR OF CONTENTS.<br />
A. Shen P'an T'ing or .Judicial Establishments<br />
B. Cliien Cli'a T'ing ov Prosecuting Attorneys' Offices<br />
C. Prisons - - -<br />
Agriculture, Industry and Commerce<br />
Colonization<br />
Railways<br />
Telegraphs and Telephones<br />
- - - -<br />
. - • _ . .<br />
. . - .<br />
Bank <strong>of</strong> Communications - - - - -<br />
PART III :— Metropolitan Prefecture and Manchuria, Provincial<br />
Administration and Dependencies <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong>.<br />
Peking and the Metropolitan Prefecture<br />
Government <strong>of</strong> Manchuria . . - -<br />
Provincial Administration . _ _ -<br />
A. Higher<br />
Administration - - - -<br />
B. Local Administration (<strong>of</strong> Prefectures, Sub-<br />
prefectures, Departments and Districts) -<br />
Administration <strong>of</strong> " Native " Districts . - -<br />
Eastern Turkestan . . . - -<br />
The Dependencies <strong>of</strong> the Empire - - - -<br />
A. Mongolia<br />
- - -<br />
B. K'uk'unor (Kokonor)<br />
C. Tibet and the Lamaist Hierarchy<br />
PART ly :— Appendix.<br />
-<br />
. . - -<br />
Specially Deputed Officials . . - -<br />
Establishments Abolished or Reorganized<br />
Honorary Titles - _ - _<br />
Hereditary Ranks and Titles <strong>of</strong> Honour ...--- ..:---<br />
Posthumous<br />
;<br />
Titles<br />
Distinctions for Merit<br />
Decorations - - _ . -<br />
The Government Service<br />
Supplement.<br />
Alphabetical Index <strong>of</strong> Chinese Characters.<br />
Sources <strong>of</strong> Information.<br />
- - - - -<br />
[<br />
iv ]<br />
PARE<br />
346<br />
353<br />
354<br />
357<br />
365<br />
369<br />
373<br />
377<br />
384<br />
395<br />
395<br />
425<br />
438<br />
439<br />
441<br />
442<br />
46a<br />
465<br />
481<br />
484<br />
490<br />
49^<br />
497<br />
49»<br />
504
PART I .<br />
THE E M P E R O E AND THE<br />
IMPERIAL COURT<br />
METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT<br />
ESTABLISHMENTS<br />
(ministries excepted)
THE<br />
EMPEROR AND THE IMPERIAL COURT.<br />
1. ^ ^ Huang^ Ti', The Emperor. Ordinary designation, i<br />
^ Jt Huang' Shang'; J: Shang*. Title o£ respect, ^ ^ to<br />
T'ien^ Tzu^ the Son <strong>of</strong> Heaven. Popular appellation, j^^<br />
^ ^ ^1^ Tang^ Chin^ Fo^ Yeh^ the Buddha <strong>of</strong> the pi-esent<br />
day. Also i ^ Chu' Tzu^ the Master, Lord ; |g ± Sheng^<br />
Chu^ the Auglist Master, or Lord. Tn addresses, M MM<br />
Wan* Sui* Yeh2, Lord <strong>of</strong> Ten Thousand Years ; P^ f Pi'<br />
HsiaS Your Majesty (literally, beneath the footstool). The<br />
Emperor usually designates himself by the term J^ ('hen*, 1,<br />
We.<br />
A symbol <strong>of</strong> the Emperor's dignity in <strong>China</strong> is a<br />
mythological avn'm'al, the Dragon. Therefore, everything apper-<br />
taining to the Emperor is styled f| Lung^ Dragon ; for instance,<br />
H ^ Tiung* Tso*, the Emperor's (Dragon) Throne, etc.<br />
Since 1644 the ±^M ^i] Tn* Ch'ing^ Ch'ao" or Manchu<br />
dynasty has reigned in <strong>China</strong> ; the present Emperor, the tenth <strong>of</strong><br />
this House, has reigned since the 22nd .latiuarv, 1909. He is<br />
known from his reign as ^ j^^ Hsiian' T'ung^ and is the nephew<br />
<strong>of</strong> the late Emperor ^ ^ Kuang' Hsii*. His real name, -^ ^<br />
P'u' 1% ceased to exist for his subjects on the da}- he ascended<br />
the throne.<br />
lA. ^MB'^ Vi ik Tsai* Yii* Ch'ing* Ivimg' Hsing'<br />
Tsou'. Pei-forming duties at the Yii Ch'inir Palace ( Palace <strong>of</strong><br />
the Heir Apparent ; see No. 104a). This expression refers to<br />
the instruction <strong>of</strong> the Emperor (J^ ^ ^ ff Shou* Huang'^ Ti^<br />
1<br />
[<br />
1<br />
]
PBESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
2 Tu*), for which duty it is customary to appoint the most worthy<br />
q and most learned <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the Empire. Thus, as tutors <strong>of</strong> the<br />
5 late Emperor ^ |g Kuang Hsii there were appointed the late<br />
Assistant Grand Secretary ^ j^J ^«Weug-^ T'ung=^-ho^ (deceased<br />
in 1904), and the late Grand Secretary ^ ^ ^ Sun^ Chia'-nai*<br />
(deceased in November, 1909).<br />
The instruction <strong>of</strong> the reigning Emperor has been entrusted,<br />
by Edict <strong>of</strong> the Empress Dowager, ^ Hj Lung^ Yii-, dated the<br />
lOth July, 1911, to the Chancellor <strong>of</strong> the National Academy,<br />
Grand Secretary f^ ^ j^ Lu'' Jun^-hsiang", Vice-President (<strong>of</strong><br />
a Ministry) BS ^ f|^ Ch'en' Pao'-ch'en^ i.nd Deputy Lieuteuant-<br />
General ^ |^ i0 P K
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
the Emperor ^ |f Kuarig^ Hsu\ which took place on the 14th Q<br />
NovemW-, 1908, on the Empress ^, ^^ Tzu* HsP, in order that to<br />
she might be distinguished from, the Empress <strong>of</strong> the preceding jg<br />
Emperor (see No. 4).<br />
6. ^ §; $B Huang'. Kuei* Fei', Imperial Concubine <strong>of</strong><br />
the First Rank. A concubine <strong>of</strong> the second rank {see No. 7 )<br />
may be advanced by impei'ial favour to this rank and, especially<br />
in the event <strong>of</strong> giving birtli to a son, the Empress Consort<br />
having borne none, a concubine <strong>of</strong> the first i-ank may be raised to<br />
the position <strong>of</strong> Empress Consort.<br />
Rank.<br />
Rank'<br />
7- M ^B Kuei* Fei', imperial Concubine <strong>of</strong> the Second<br />
8. ^ FeiS Imperial Concubine <strong>of</strong> the Third Rank.<br />
9. j^ Pin', Irhperial Concubine <strong>of</strong> the Fourth Rank.<br />
10. ^ \ Kuei* Jen^, Imperial Concubine <strong>of</strong> the Fifth<br />
11- ^ II 'T^' ^'i"g' ^"
TRESBNT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
13 1875) and the Emperor ^ ^ Te' Tsung' ( ! 875-1 908) were <strong>of</strong><br />
to tlie same generation (<strong>of</strong> ^ Tsai*).<br />
16 13. ^ ^ Huang"'' Tzu*, Prince, Son <strong>of</strong> an Emperor (in<br />
conversation pljl |§- A^ Ko*; further distinguished hy ^ Ta*,<br />
great, eldest, and by numerals). This title is applied to bhe^ons<br />
<strong>of</strong> an Emperor until such time as they receive princely rank, i.e.<br />
— Wi ^ Ch'in^ Wnng', literary designation, 3£ J^ •<br />
Wang'' Ti* or<br />
14. ^ ^ Kung^ Chu^, Imperial Princess; Daughter <strong>of</strong> an<br />
Emperor. This is the general designation.<br />
Princesses born to an lOmpress ai'e called IS "^ 5^ ^ Ku'<br />
Eun' Kung^ Chu^ (from the Manchu A\oid (lui-un, the eo^uivalent<br />
<strong>of</strong> Lue Chinese Kuo, meaning State); those born to Imperial<br />
Concubines are called %\ 5g ^ ^ Uo" She> Kung Chu^ (from<br />
the Manchu word lloshe, meaning aj){)anage). Imperial<br />
Princesses retain tliese titles after marriage.<br />
^5"-<br />
Wi. Wi ^^ ^^^^S Husband <strong>of</strong> an Imperial Princess (in<br />
former dynasties the designation was ^f ^ Fu* Ma"*).<br />
Conforming to the i-ank <strong>of</strong> the Im})eriHl Piincesses, their<br />
husbands are styled :— . -<br />
1. IS f^ $1 m Ku^ Lun' E* Fu%<br />
3. ^ M ^ m To' 1.0=^ E* FuS<br />
4. © ai m m ^
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
This title, as well as the eleven following, are conferred on 17<br />
Manchus and Mongols only, i.e. on kinsmen <strong>of</strong> the Imperial House. ^q<br />
17. ^ H H) I To' Lo' Chiin* Wang^, Prince <strong>of</strong> the 27a<br />
Blood <strong>of</strong> the second degree,<br />
18. ^ ^ KWi To' r.o=^ Pei' Le*, Prince <strong>of</strong> the Blood<br />
<strong>of</strong> the third degree.<br />
19. gl tU M ^ K'»' Shan' Pei' Tzu^ Prince <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Blood <strong>of</strong> the fourth degi'ee.<br />
20. ^ M lifl S ^ JE^'eng* En' Chcn^ Kuo' Knng', Prince<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Blood <strong>of</strong> tlie fifjji degree.<br />
21. ^EfiSS^'eng' ^^'n' PV Kuo* Kung', Prince<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Blood <strong>of</strong> the sixth dejrree.<br />
22. :^ A A^M B ^ 1^"' '1"" I'a'' ^c"' Chen* Kuo*<br />
Kung', Prince <strong>of</strong> the Blood <strong>of</strong> the seventh degree.<br />
23. :f;AA^m^^ 1'"' .III' Pa'' Fen' Fu» Kuo^<br />
Kung', Prince <strong>of</strong> the Blood <strong>of</strong> the eighth degree.<br />
24- ^ gj lit ^ Chen-* Kuo' Cliiang' C\mn\ Noble <strong>of</strong> )(<br />
the Imperial lineage <strong>of</strong> the ninth rank. This title is <strong>of</strong> three<br />
classes, ^ Teug*.<br />
25. H ^ Hf ^ I^'u' Kuo'^ Chiang' Chiin', Noble <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Imperial lineage<br />
classes, ^ Teng'.<br />
<strong>of</strong> the tenth rank. This title is <strong>of</strong> three<br />
26. ^ |g )^ 1^ Feng* Kuo^ Chiang' Chiin', Noble <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Imperial lineage<br />
classes, ^ Teng',<br />
<strong>of</strong> the eleventh rank. This titfe is <strong>of</strong> three<br />
27. ^ M ^ W- '^^'"8'^ ^"^ Chiang' Chun', Noble <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Imperial lineage <strong>of</strong> the twelfth rank.<br />
27a. 5^ Kung',<br />
Princes <strong>of</strong> the Blood <strong>of</strong> the fifth and<br />
sixth degree bear the titles ^ ^ Chen* Kuo'', Guarding the<br />
Dynasty (State), and ^ ^ Fu' Kuo', Assisting the Dynasty<br />
(State).<br />
[ 5 ]
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANi;tATION OF CHINA.<br />
27 b The distinction ^ \ A ^ Pu* Ju< Pa* Fen^ in the title <strong>of</strong><br />
Princes <strong>of</strong> the Blood <strong>of</strong> the seventh and eighth degrees signifies<br />
that eight special privileges, allowed the Princes <strong>of</strong> the Blood <strong>of</strong><br />
the first six degrees, are denied them. These privileges are :—<br />
dress,<br />
1 . The wearing <strong>of</strong> a purple button,<br />
2. The wearing <strong>of</strong> the three-eyed peacock feather,<br />
3. The wearing <strong>of</strong> di'agon embroidered plaques on <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
4. The presence <strong>of</strong> red-painted spears at the entrances <strong>of</strong><br />
their residences,<br />
5. The attachment <strong>of</strong> tassels at the breasts <strong>of</strong> their horses,<br />
6. The using <strong>of</strong> purple bridle reins,<br />
7. The using <strong>of</strong> a certain tea-pot (earned by a special<br />
servant when going abroad),<br />
8. The right to a small carpet <strong>of</strong> yellovs^ or i-ed colour for<br />
seating themselves.<br />
^ !^ Chiang' Cluin^, Noble=; <strong>of</strong> the Imperial lineage, are<br />
distinguished in the several grades by the titles |^ ^ Chen*<br />
Kuo", Guarding the Dynasty (State), ^ ^ Fu* Kuo^ Assisting<br />
the Dynasty (State) ^ ^ Feng* Kuo-, Serving the Dynasty<br />
(State), and ^ j§^ Feng* En\ By Imperial Favour.<br />
The above-mentioned titles<br />
{see Nos. 16 to 27) are<br />
transmitted in a descending scale. For instance, a ^ ^ Pei*<br />
Le*'s eldest son becomes a ^ ^ l*ei' Tzu^<br />
An exception to this rule appears, however, in those cases in<br />
which the titles are conferred It g ^ ^ Shih* Hsi^ Wang^ T'i*,<br />
with Right <strong>of</strong> Perpetual Inheritance (for instance, the eldest son<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Princes ^ Ch'un''', ^ Kuug^ and ^ Ch'ing* succeeds to<br />
father's rank).<br />
27 b. The following table shows the method in which<br />
Imperial titles <strong>of</strong> nobility are transmitted to following generations:<br />
[ 6 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OHGAITIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
e
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANJiATION OF CHINA.<br />
28 28. ii' ^ Shih' Tzu^ Son <strong>of</strong> a Prince <strong>of</strong> the Blood <strong>of</strong> the<br />
iirst degree [see No. 16). Designated thus until the title <strong>of</strong><br />
o- Prince is attained. The colloquial designation is pjij |g. A* Ko*.<br />
29. -^ ^ Chang^ Tzu^ Son <strong>of</strong> a Prince <strong>of</strong> the Blood <strong>of</strong><br />
the second degree (jiee No. 17). Designated thus until the title<br />
<strong>of</strong> Prince is attained. The colloquial designation is ppj ^j^<br />
A* Ko*.<br />
30. US ± Chini* Chu^ Daughter <strong>of</strong> a Prince <strong>of</strong> the Blood<br />
<strong>of</strong> the first degree (sec No. 16).<br />
31- ^± Msien^ Chu^ Daughter <strong>of</strong> a Prince <strong>of</strong> the Blood<br />
<strong>of</strong> the second degree (sec No. 17).<br />
32. ^S ^ Chiin^ Chiiu\ Daugliter<br />
Blood <strong>of</strong> the third degree (see No. J 8).<br />
<strong>of</strong> a Prince <strong>of</strong> the<br />
33. 1^,^ Hsiefi* Chiin\ Datighter <strong>of</strong> a Prince <strong>of</strong> tlie Blood<br />
<strong>of</strong> the foui-th degree (a«^ No. 19).<br />
34. ^5 fl" Hsiang' ChiinS Daughtei- <strong>of</strong> a Prince <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Biood <strong>of</strong> the fifth (or sixth) degree (see Nos. 20 to 22).<br />
35. ^ ^ Ko* Ko\ thus are designated, in colloquial<br />
usage, the dav.gliters<br />
<strong>of</strong> Piinces <strong>of</strong> the Blood <strong>of</strong> the first six<br />
degrees (see Nos. 30 to 34). They are further distinguished as<br />
follows :<br />
fD 5g # 1& ^^' She^ Ko4 KoS Daughter <strong>of</strong> a Pi-ince <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Blood <strong>of</strong> the fir.st degree,<br />
^ M !§ ^ To^ Lo'^ Ko" Ko^ Daughter<br />
Blood <strong>of</strong> the second (or third) degree, and<br />
© lU !§ !§• Ku^ Shan' Ko* Ko^ Daughter<br />
the Blood <strong>of</strong> the foiu-th degree.<br />
<strong>of</strong> a Prince <strong>of</strong> the<br />
<strong>of</strong> a Prince <strong>of</strong><br />
35 A. ^^ Tsung^ Nii^, Daughter <strong>of</strong> a Prince <strong>of</strong> the Blood<br />
<strong>of</strong> lower rank (below the sixth).<br />
36. fig ^ Fu^ Chin*, Princess Conjsort <strong>of</strong> a Prince <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Blood <strong>of</strong> the first (or second) degree.<br />
37. M H ^ Ts'^* Fu2 Chin*, Concubine <strong>of</strong> a Pri^uce <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Blood <strong>of</strong> the first (or second) degree.<br />
[ 8 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION Or CHINA.<br />
38. ^ \ Fu^ .Jeir, Princess Cousoil <strong>of</strong> a Prince <strong>of</strong> the 33<br />
Blood <strong>of</strong> the third (01- fouiih) degree. to<br />
Clansmen. (Also called<br />
,<br />
3.9. ^ ^ Tsung^ Shih"*, [niperial<br />
^ ^^ Huang'^ Tai'* Tzn', wearing a yellow girdle). They are<br />
the descendants' <strong>of</strong> tlic acknowledged founder <strong>of</strong> the reigning<br />
Manclm dynasty, ^ jjig Hsien^* Tsu,' xV.D. 1583-16 lo.<br />
40- ^ H ^'hio' (Chiieh') LoS Collateral relatives <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Imperial House. Also cjiUed $C^ ~f' Hung" Tai'* Tzu' (wearing<br />
a red girdle). They are the descendants from the collateral line<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Emperor Hsien Tsii (sec No. 39).<br />
41. Ic $1 ? i T'ieh^ Mao'' Tzu' Wang^<br />
Tl.e Iron-<br />
capped Princes or Princes <strong>of</strong> the Iron Cap (Crown) (also called<br />
A I'^Ji' ^^ "Ta^ C'hia,' Eight Great or Princely Houses).<br />
Thus are designated tlie descendants <strong>of</strong> certni?) <strong>of</strong> the supporters<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Mirichu Emperors in their conquest <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong>. These<br />
Princes, by rigli!: <strong>of</strong> perpetual inheritance, ai'c Princes <strong>of</strong> the first<br />
or second degree, .as ,hown l)elow :<br />
1- iiii M-^ I^i' ^ -'5"' ^^^ang2, LI (family name), Prince <strong>of</strong><br />
the first degree,<br />
2. # j^ ^ -lul^ Ch-in' \Vang2, Jui (family iiiune), Prince<br />
<strong>of</strong> the first degree,<br />
3- 1^ jH 3E Yii^ Ch'in' \Vang^ Yii (family name). Prince<br />
<strong>of</strong> the first degi'ce,<br />
4. IK ^ 2 Su^ Ch'in' Wang', Su (family name), Prince <strong>of</strong><br />
the first degree,<br />
5- IR i^ 3£ Cheng' Ch'in' Wang", Cheng (family name),<br />
Prince <strong>of</strong> the fii'st degree,<br />
6- ^ ?;S .^ Chuang' Ch'in' Wang", ('huajig (family name),<br />
Prince <strong>of</strong> the first degree,<br />
7- M^M^ Shuu^ Ch-eng" Chiin^ Wang", Slmn Ch'eng<br />
(family name), Prince <strong>of</strong> the second degree,<br />
8- ^WjlSii^ K'o* Ch'in" Chim* Wang",<br />
.(family name), Pi-ince <strong>of</strong> the second degree. ^<br />
[ y ]<br />
\<br />
K'o Ch'in<br />
^-i
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
41a All the above Princes are diescended in a direct line from<br />
^ the sons and grandsons <strong>of</strong> the Emperors -jlf^ f£ Tai* Tzu' and<br />
60<br />
^ ^ ^^^* Tsung.'<br />
41 A. t^ j^ ^ T» Ch'in^ Wang', I (family name), Prince <strong>of</strong><br />
the first degree.<br />
The holder <strong>of</strong> this title <strong>of</strong> perpetual inheritance<br />
is descended from the Prince <strong>of</strong> Hsien, thirteenth son <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Emperor ^ ^^^ K'ang Hsi, A.D. 1662-1722.<br />
ESTABLISHMENT (PALACE) OF PRINCES OF<br />
THE BLOOD.<br />
42. ^ J^ Wang2 l^'u', Establishments (palaces) <strong>of</strong> Princes<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Blood. The management <strong>of</strong> these establishments is vested<br />
in the follo^Ying <strong>of</strong>ficials :<br />
Palace ;<br />
43. ^ ^ Chang* Shih^ Commandant <strong>of</strong> a Prince's<br />
3a.*<br />
44. Rj ^ :^<br />
Palace : 4a.<br />
Ssii' 1 2<br />
Chang', Major-domo<br />
<strong>of</strong> a Prince's<br />
45. ^§j Un' \ye\\ Officers <strong>of</strong> a Prince's Bodygiiard ;<br />
from 3b to 5b.<br />
46. Jfe ^ Tien' l\ Assistant Major-domo <strong>of</strong> a Prince's<br />
Palace (xee No. 44) ; from 4b to 8b.<br />
•47. ^^ Pao^ P, Bondservants {see No. 97 for details).<br />
48. U^3M I^ao^ I^ Ts'an^ Ling',<br />
Bondservants : .Sjj.<br />
Chief Controller <strong>of</strong><br />
49- ^^i^^ I'rto' T' Tso' Ling', Department Controller<br />
<strong>of</strong> Bondservants ;<br />
4k.<br />
EUNUCHS.<br />
50. m^±^'^1^:m^mm^ Tsm^g^<br />
Kuan' T'ai*<br />
Chien^ Hsien^ Kung^ Tien* Chien* Tu^ Ling' Shih^ Chief<br />
Eunuch.<br />
* Here, and in paRPs following, the nuinera] and letter signify <strong>of</strong>ficial grade<br />
(tee No. 965).<br />
[ 10 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
51. mWX^W'^^^^lB^ Tsung' Kuan' T'ai^ Chien^ 5I<br />
Hsien^ Kung' Tien* Chien* Ch^ng* Sliih*,<br />
Eunuch.<br />
Senior Assistant Chief<br />
^^<br />
52. mW^k^m'^F^^m ^ Tsung' Kuan^* Tfai* Chien*<br />
Hsien^ Kung^ Tien* Chien* Fu* Shih", .Junior Assistant Chief<br />
Eunuch.<br />
53. if®;«C^^i'l*^it Shou' Ling' T'ai* Chien* Hsien'<br />
Chih^ Shou' ShihS Cliief <strong>of</strong> Office <strong>of</strong> Eunuch Affairs.<br />
54. l" M PfC ^ ^ ^ ^ Shou' Ling' T'ai* Chien* Ilsien'<br />
Shih* Chien*, Senior Assistant Chief <strong>of</strong> Office <strong>of</strong> Eunuch Affairs.<br />
54a. glj If H ^ I^ ^ ^ i^ Fu* Shou' Ling'<br />
T'ai* Chien*<br />
Hsien^ Shih* Chien*, .Tunior Assistant Chief <strong>of</strong> Office <strong>of</strong> Eunuch<br />
Affairs.<br />
55. ;Jtc ^ T^ai* Chien*, Eunucli (or '^ 1* Hnan^ Kuan',<br />
3t Tangi, f^ ^ Chungi Fu*; colloquially called ^ Vx Lao'<br />
Kung'; ^^Ij Ven' Ko').<br />
T«E IMPERIAL CLAN COURT.<br />
5Q- ^ AM Tsung' Jcn» Fu', The Imperial Clan Court.<br />
This department controls all affairs relating to the Fmperial<br />
Kindred {see Nos. 39 and 40), has judicial and disciplinary<br />
authority over them, and preserves the Family Tioll or Genea-<br />
logical Record, 2 j^ Yii* Tieh.2<br />
57. y^ -^ Tsung' Ling'' (literary designation, ^ ^ Tsung'<br />
Ch'ing'), Presiding Controller <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Clan Court.<br />
This <strong>of</strong>ficial is apjminted from the ranks <strong>of</strong> the Senior Princes <strong>of</strong><br />
the Blood.<br />
58. ^ ^^ jE Tso' Tsimg' Cheng\ Senior Assistant<br />
Controller <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Clan Court.<br />
59. ^^JE ^ 'I* Tsung' Cheng"*,<br />
troller <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Clan Court.<br />
Junior Assistant Con-<br />
60. i. ^ A Tso' Tsung' Jen^ Senior Director <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Imperial Clan Court.<br />
[<br />
11<br />
]<br />
60
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OJ' CHiN...<br />
51 Gl. )^ ^ A ^ "' T.sung' len^,<br />
^Q fniperial Clan Court.<br />
wj<br />
.luiiior Director nf the<br />
61a. The positions aforementioned (see No.>. oS to d 1 y are<br />
all filled by Princes' <strong>of</strong> the Blood.<br />
G2. fl^^ Fii' Cli'cng^, yiee-director <strong>of</strong> the lni[)enal Clan<br />
Court (appointed from the ranks <strong>of</strong> Chinese) ;<br />
63. i?^. ^p1 Chingi Li* Ssu', Registry<br />
3a.<br />
Imperial Clan Court. This <strong>of</strong>fice is supervised by :<br />
64. Two i^gg Chhig^ J.i^ Registrars; 6a.<br />
65. i p\ Tso^ Ssii', First Department.<br />
66. ^ "pj Vu' Ssn", Second Department.<br />
Officn <strong>of</strong> ihe<br />
66a. Only Clansnu'n <strong>of</strong> the Tnipcrial House (see No, 39)<br />
are eligi])le for <strong>of</strong>fice in the two departments mentioned above<br />
(see Nos. 65 and 66).<br />
67. fl^'^ Li^ Shih* Kuan', Administrators; o A. There<br />
are two at the llegisiry Office (see Ho. 63), three in the First<br />
Department (see No. 6oj, one in the Second Department<br />
(see No. 66), and one at the Bullion Vaults (see No. 71).<br />
68- SMI^'^ Fu* Li' Shih* KuanS Assistant Adminis-<br />
trators ; on. There are two at the Registry Office (see No. 63),<br />
one in the First Dejiartment (see No. 65), and three in the<br />
Second Department (see No. 66).<br />
69. ^i^ T'ang' Chu^ Shih^ Senior Secretaries; 6 A.<br />
Four are stationed at the Registry Office (see No. 63), two <strong>of</strong><br />
whom are Chinese.<br />
69a. ^^ Chu' Shih\ Secretaries; 6a. There are two<br />
Secretaries in both the First and Second Departments (see?<br />
Nos. 65 and 66) and one at the Bullion Vaults (see No. 71),<br />
70. ^ ip^l,- j^ Pi' T'ieh' ShihS Clerks. The number <strong>of</strong><br />
these <strong>of</strong>ficials to be employed at the Registry Office {sen No. 63),<br />
in the First and Second Departments (see Nos. 65 and 6«^), and<br />
at the Bullion Vaults {see No. 71), is not fixed.<br />
71. M^ y'ni' K'u*,<br />
Bullion Vaults.<br />
[ 12 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHIVA.<br />
72. ^^MM^B Kuan' Li^ Yin^ K'u* Sliih* WuS 73<br />
Treasurers-in-chief. Two <strong>of</strong> these <strong>of</strong>ficials are in charge <strong>of</strong> the to<br />
Bullion Vaults. «q<br />
''^- ^ ^ K'ung^ Fang-2, Prison <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Clan<br />
Court (prison; lit. empty room).<br />
74. 1^" :j;^ ^ Huang^ Tang* Fang', Gehealogical Record<br />
Office <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Clan Court (see No. 56).<br />
THE IMPERIAL HOUSEHOLD.<br />
75. ^ B IM ^'eiV Wu* Fu=*, The Imperial Household.<br />
This department serves numerous and varied needs <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Imperial Court. Being in chariacter more private than govern-<br />
mental, however, it is not included in the list <strong>of</strong> jNTinistries or<br />
" Boards."<br />
76. m if [*] ^ ij^ ic £ Tsung'<br />
Kuan' Kei* Wu* Fu' Ta*<br />
Oh'en'*, Ministers <strong>of</strong> the Household (their number is not fixed ;<br />
at present there are four). To the Ministers <strong>of</strong> the Household<br />
are directly subordinated :<br />
One ^H[54* T'ang'' Lang' ('hung', Department Director<br />
(attached to tlie ^Ministers),<br />
Two ^ i ^ T'ang' Chu' Shih*, Secretaries <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ministers, and<br />
Numerous ^ ^ ifl^ xt T'ang' Pi' T^eh' Shih*, Clerks.<br />
The establishment <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Household is divided<br />
into 7 departments (see below) and special bureaux and <strong>of</strong>fices ;<br />
the <strong>of</strong>ficials employed therein are as follows :<br />
HIS ^ I^ang' Chung\ Department Directors (1 to 4 ; at the<br />
Bullion V^aults, although having the same rights as other<br />
Department Directors, they are called "^ ttt HIS ^ Tsung'<br />
Pan* Lang'^ Chung^),<br />
^ 51' HIS Yiian' Wai* Lang', Assistant Department Direc-<br />
tors (from one to twelve),<br />
[ 13 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANl/.A ri()>r ()V CHINA.<br />
77 ^^
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
78. # tt rJ Hul* Chi* Ssu', Accounts Department. This 73<br />
department collects rent <strong>of</strong> Banner property. ^q<br />
78a. 3M^U^^-MM Sani Ch'i* Yin^ Liang* Chuangi 793<br />
T'.ou^ Ch'u'', Office fqr collecting rents <strong>of</strong> Imperial lands (lands<br />
given oil lease to the three Household Banners, xec No. 97).<br />
79. ^ j^ ^ Chang' Li' Ssu', Department <strong>of</strong> Ceremonial<br />
(by Imperial edict <strong>of</strong> the 12th April, 1909, changed from ^ ^<br />
^ Chang' P Ssu'). This department regulates sacrificial and<br />
ceremonial observances <strong>of</strong> the Court and has control over the<br />
Euntichs (see Nos. 50 to 55).<br />
Officials attached to the Dejiartment <strong>of</strong> Ceremonial, in<br />
addition to those mentioned in No. 76, are :<br />
butes,<br />
ment),<br />
W. IK 'B* '^^^^ Chn' Kxian^, Readers <strong>of</strong> 1 'ravers at Sacrifices,<br />
^ 1^ HI5 Tsan' I.i' Lang2, Heralds,<br />
'fil x^ 'g* Ssu' Tsu' Kuan', Supervisors<br />
<strong>of</strong> Sacrificial Attri-<br />
"rJ I^ Ssu' Shui^ Rent Collectors (for lands <strong>of</strong> the depart-<br />
pj § Ssu' Ilsiiu.ig', Acolytes,<br />
oj W. ^su' Tui^, Supervisors <strong>of</strong> Preparation<br />
<strong>of</strong> [ncense<br />
(supervise the powdering <strong>of</strong> bark used in the nianufcicture <strong>of</strong><br />
incense), and<br />
pj ^ Ssu' Ts'naii^, Supervisors <strong>of</strong> Preparation <strong>of</strong><br />
"<br />
l
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,<br />
79a<br />
^<br />
EuritiAhs are the performers. It has at its head two Department<br />
Directors (oi their 7\,^sistants), designated M ^. ^ ^ ^ ^i ^<br />
Chien^ Ivi' ShOngi P'ing^ Shu' Shih* Wu', ('liiefs <strong>of</strong> the Court<br />
gj<br />
Theatrical Bureau.<br />
79a. P j^ Shen2 Fang2,<br />
Office <strong>of</strong> Sliamanism. This is<br />
attached to the ilp ^ ^ K'un' Ning' Kimg', the Shamanic<br />
Chapel .{see N5C S^^ Mo'<br />
T'ai* T'ai^ {idf>» M M -J^ X >Sa' Mo^ T'ai^ T'ai^ or ^\^:kj^<br />
Sa^ Man^ T'ai* T'ai"*), Shanianic I'l'iestesses, daily <strong>of</strong>fer sacrifices<br />
to the spirits <strong>of</strong> the ancestors <strong>of</strong> the Emperors <strong>of</strong> the reigning<br />
dynasty (com}>are No. 573b).<br />
These Priestesses and iOimnchs are under the (;ontrol <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Offiie <strong>of</strong> Shamanism.<br />
^^^- W> ^ % ^'^' "^ "^ Ssu'. De{)art:Tient<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Household<br />
Guard and tlie Imperial Hunt. This department has charge <strong>of</strong><br />
the Imperial hmits and <strong>of</strong> a staff <strong>of</strong> huntsmen, divided into three<br />
detachments.<br />
and<br />
In this department are found : .<br />
1. ^^ ^ Kou' Fang^, The Imperial Kennels,<br />
-• ^ W '^^^^^ Fang^, The Imperial Gerfalcon Aviai-y,<br />
3. 11 ^- Hu" Fang2, The Imperial Hawk Aviary.<br />
81-<br />
'I:^}fl]tl Shen* Hsing^ Ssu^, .Judicial Department.<br />
This department takes cognisance <strong>of</strong> all cases relating to members<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Imperial (Tan Court and determines the punishment.<br />
To the department there is attached the ^ t^ ^ Fan^ I*<br />
Ch'u*, Police Bureau, which has, amongst other duties, control<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Fiunuchs <strong>of</strong> the Court.<br />
The <strong>of</strong>ficials at the head <strong>of</strong> the Police Bureau (Department<br />
Directors, Assistant Department Directors or <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> lower<br />
rank) are styled ^^ |i ^ f^ Kuan' •Hsia'' Fan^ ^'i*, Controllers ,<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Police Bureau.<br />
[ 16 ]
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
82. ^5i p] Ying2 Tsao* Ssu^ Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Works. 82<br />
This department is responsible for the supplies <strong>of</strong> the (Jouj^t and tO<br />
also for the repairing <strong>of</strong> sCreets, bviildings and walls <strong>of</strong> the gg<br />
Forbidden City.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the department there is a -^ :i^ ;/(; g Chih*<br />
Nien^ Ta* Ch'en^, Chief <strong>of</strong> the Department <strong>of</strong> Works, to whom,<br />
in addition to those mentioned in No. 76,<br />
Overseers,<br />
are subordinated :<br />
!• ^ )^ Chang^, K'u*, Storehouse Overseers,<br />
2. glj ^ 0, Fu" Chang^ K'u'', Assistant Storehouse<br />
3. J^ ^ K'u* Shou', Storehouse Keepers,<br />
4. "^ E ^su^ (Chiang*, Inspectors <strong>of</strong> Works, and<br />
5- ^ ;§• o] E Wei^ Shu' Ssu^ Chiang*, Assistant Inspectors<br />
<strong>of</strong> Works.<br />
Under the Department <strong>of</strong> Works is the 'g* ^ ^ J[$ Kuan^<br />
Fang2 Tsu^ K'u^ Office for Collecting<br />
Rent <strong>of</strong> Confiscated<br />
Property. The heads <strong>of</strong> this <strong>of</strong>fice (Department Director,<br />
Assistant Department Director, etc.) are designated ^ i|| 'j^ ^<br />
^ jg ^ f^ Chien' Li^ Kuan^ Fang^ Tsu^ K'u* Shih* WuS<br />
Superintendents <strong>of</strong> the Office for Collecting Eent <strong>of</strong> Confiscated<br />
Property.<br />
83. MW. ^ Ch'ing* Fcug^ Ssu', Pasturage Department,<br />
which manages the flocks and herds maintained for Palace use,<br />
both near the capital and in the provinces. At its head is a fj|[<br />
^ ;/c E Chih^ Nien^ Ta* Ch'en", Chief <strong>of</strong> the Pasturage<br />
Department.<br />
84. ^ )g ^ P5 Ch'ien^' Liang' Ya^ Men^ Pay Office<br />
(pays the wages <strong>of</strong> the Household Banners),<br />
85. mii^^^MP^^m^B^ ^^'^^S' K^'an^ ^ang^<br />
Kuan3 Li^ Nei^ Kuan* Ling^ Shih* Wu^ Ch'u^ MW^BM<br />
Kuan^ Fang* Shih* Wu* Ch'u*, or ^ |i 155 ^ Chang? Kuan^<br />
Fang^ Ch'u\ Chancery <strong>of</strong> the Imperial<br />
Household. At its head<br />
.there is a Department Director, styled ^ ^ W ^ B Chang'<br />
2 [ 17 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION Ol*' CHINA.<br />
86 Kuan^ Fang'' Shih^ Wu*, Chancellor <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Household,<br />
to<br />
87a<br />
In addition there are two Assistant Department Directors, called<br />
Wi^^^W^B Hsieh^ Li' Kuan^ Fang^ Shih* Wu% Assistant<br />
Chancellors <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Household, thirty P^ ^ ^ Nei*<br />
Kuan' Ling', Chancery Overseers, and thirty g|| [^ ^ H Fu*<br />
Nei* Kuan' Ling', Assistant Chancery<br />
No. 104d).<br />
86. ig 15? ^ Tsao* Pan'' Ch'uS Workshops<br />
• Overseers<br />
(compare<br />
\<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Im-<br />
perial Household (lakhinf, in his "Description <strong>of</strong> Peking," No. 14,<br />
styles these workshops the " Office <strong>of</strong> Arts and Crafts.") These<br />
workshops are attached to the ^ )|)j\ ^ Yang' Hsin^ Tien* (see<br />
No. 104b).<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Workshops <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Household<br />
are Ministers <strong>of</strong> the Household, styled ^ Jjil mM]M^ Wl Kuan'<br />
Li' Tsao* Pan* Ch'u* Shih* Wu", Supenutendents <strong>of</strong> the Imperial<br />
Workshops. In addition, there are two Department Directors,<br />
two Assistant Department Directors, two Secretaries and numer-<br />
ous Clerks (see No. 76). Also, there are ;^ n^ j^ ^ j^i^i*<br />
P'in' K'u* Chang', Overseers <strong>of</strong> the Sixth Class, and /\ ,^, f^ ^<br />
Pa' P'in' Ts'ui' Chang', Overseers <strong>of</strong> the Eighth Class (from<br />
five to seven <strong>of</strong> each).<br />
87. ^ ^ Kiian^ Hstieh^, Schools <strong>of</strong> the Imperial House-<br />
hold (Government Schools) ; three in all.<br />
8 7 A. ^ ^ ^ 'i'^ Hsien^ An^ Kung^ Kuan^ Hsueh^<br />
School at the Palace <strong>of</strong> Universal Peace ; maintained for the<br />
children <strong>of</strong> the high <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the eight Banners (compare<br />
lakhinf's "Description <strong>of</strong> Peking," No. 14). In charge <strong>of</strong> this<br />
school are Ministers <strong>of</strong> the Household, styled ^ JTl )i^ ^ "^ "^ ^<br />
^ f^ Kuan' Li' Hsien^ An^ Kung^ Kuan' Hsiieh^ Shih* Wu%<br />
Curators <strong>of</strong> the School at the Palace <strong>of</strong> Universal Peace. To<br />
these are suboi'dinated Department Directors, called ,|§ ^ 'g* ^<br />
^ f§ Tsung' Kuan' Kuau^ Hsiieh* Shih* Wu*, Superintendents<br />
<strong>of</strong> Government (Imperial Household) Schools. ^<br />
[ 18 ]
PRESENT T>AX POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
87b. :a (ij Ij' ^ Ching' Shan^ Kuan' Hsiiell^ School at 87b<br />
the Red Hill (close to ^ |lj Ching^ Shan', Red Hill—or ^ ^| tO<br />
Mei* Shan^,, Coal Plill), This school is for the children <strong>of</strong> the gg<br />
three Superior Bauntja. For its administration srr No. 87a.<br />
8^c. ^ JM '^ ^ Nan-' Fn= Kuan^ Hsueh^ Court Thea-<br />
trical School (attached to tlie Court Theatrical Office ; see<br />
No. 79b). This school prepares actors for the Court Theatre.<br />
For its administration .sec No. 87a.<br />
88. ± M 1% Shang* Ssu* Yuan^ The Palace Stiid. At<br />
its head is a Minister <strong>of</strong> the Household, styled ^HJlM^^^<br />
Kuan^ Li^ ShaiTg* Ssu* Yiian' Shih* Wu', Superintendent <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Palace Stud, and two t M !>^ W Shang* Ssu* Yuan' Ch'ing\<br />
Directors <strong>of</strong> the Palace Stud.<br />
The Palace Stud is divided into two departments, i.e. ^ pi<br />
Tso^ Ssu', the First Department, and :^ pj Yu' Ssu\ the Second<br />
Department, and, in addition to the <strong>of</strong>ficials mentioned in No. 76,<br />
furnishes employment for the following :—<br />
21 M$k f# ^J ^^* Tun^ Shih* WeiS Supervisors <strong>of</strong><br />
Droves, 3 .pfj |^ ^ Ssu^ An^ Chang', Saddlery Inspectors,<br />
2 ill pI ic -!^ Fu' Ssu^ An' Chang% Assistant Saddlery<br />
Inspectors, 1 ^ l^ijj ;^ I' Shih' ( hang\ Veterinary Surgeons,<br />
and 2 glj ^ gifj ^ Fu* I' Shih' Chang^ Assistant Veter-<br />
inary Surgeons.<br />
The Stables are distinguished' as (1). f^J j^ Nei'* Chiu*,<br />
Stables at the Capital, and (2). ^^ ]^l Wai' Chiu'', Provin-<br />
cial Stables, and are directed by )^ ;^ Chiu' Chang^, Inspectors<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Stables, and J^ |\lj Chiu' Fu', Assistant Inspectors <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Stables. Besides there are |^ ^ Mu* Chang", Inspectors <strong>of</strong><br />
Droves, and ^ glj Mu' Fu*, Assistant Inspectors <strong>of</strong> Droves.<br />
89- il ilm 15c Wu^ Pei* Yuan', The Imperial Armoury<br />
(in lakhinf's "Description <strong>of</strong> Peldng," under No. 68, styled<br />
"War Depot"). This establishment supervises the arsenal,<br />
fullery, harness shop, saddle shop, etc., where arrows, bows,<br />
[ 19 ]
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
90 armour, helmets, saddles, tents, etc.,<br />
are manufactured for the<br />
Emperor's use and for the army.<br />
In charge <strong>of</strong> the is Armoury a Prince or Minister <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Household, called ^Mft&m^B K^an^ ^i' Wu^ Pei" Yuan*<br />
Shih* Wu*, Superintendent <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Armoiu-y, and two<br />
^iB^M W^^ P^i* Yiian^ Oh'ing\ Directors <strong>of</strong> t*he Imperial<br />
Armoury. In addition, besides the <strong>of</strong>ficials mentioned in No. 76,<br />
there are p^ ^ ^ ^ Liu* P'in^ K'u* Chang^ Overseers <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Sixth Class (six), m M ^mMW. Wei^ Shu* Liu* P'in^ K'u*<br />
Chang', Assistant Overseers <strong>of</strong> the Sixth Class (three), te o, ^<br />
J^ ^ \^u2 P'iu' Chi* K'u* Chang', Unclassed Overspe)::s (six)<br />
J^ i^ K'u* Shou', Storehouse Keepers (42), ^ $\ Ssu^ Plan^<br />
Supervisors <strong>of</strong> Armour-makings 'p] |]g Ssvi- Wo*, Supervisors <strong>of</strong><br />
Tent-making, glj p\ |g Fu* Ssu^ Wo*, Assistant Supervisars <strong>of</strong><br />
Tent-making, p] ^ Ssu^ Kung\ Supervisors <strong>of</strong> Bow-making, "SI<br />
^ Ssvi^ Shih', Supervisors <strong>of</strong> Arrow-makin"', ^ ^ |a ^g Chang^<br />
San' Tsung' Ling', also ^ f ^ ^ H ^ Wei' Shu* UhangS<br />
San' Tsung' Ling', Supervisors <strong>of</strong> Urubrella-making, their Assis-<br />
tants and A. SliiU^ Pa^ P'i"^ Ts'^ui^ Chang', Overseers <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Eighth Class, as well as others.<br />
90. ^ M ^ Feng* Ch'en' Yilan*, Bureau <strong>of</strong> Imperial<br />
Gardens and Hunting Parks ; controlling the Imperial Gardens<br />
and Hunting Parks and the growing <strong>of</strong> rice for the Court.<br />
The chief <strong>of</strong> this bxireau is a Prince or a Minister <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Household, styled ^M^M^'d^B K^^n' Li' Feng* Ch'en^<br />
Yiian* Shih* AYu*, Superintendent <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Gardens and<br />
Hunting Parks. He is assisted by two ^ ^ ^^ \!^ Feng* Ch'en*<br />
Ylian* C'h'ing^ Directors <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Gardens and Hunting<br />
Parks, to whom are subordinated Department Directors, Assis-<br />
tant Department Directors, Secretaries, Clerks, etc. (compare<br />
No. 76).<br />
Under the bureau's administration are the following estates,<br />
situated, in or near Peking :—<br />
[ 20 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
1- ^ ^ Nan' Yiian* (commonly called ^ ^ Hai' Tzu'). 90a<br />
2. IH Pjl H Yiian^ Ming" Yiian^ tO<br />
3. ^ # ^ Oh'ang* Ch'im^ Yiian* (also called ;g # ^ 91<br />
Ch'ang^ Ch'mi' Yiian^), and<br />
4. M? ii H Calling'' I« Yuan'' (also called Jf -;^ H Ch'ing^<br />
I' Yuan" or ^f HJ] g) Ching* Ming' Yuan''). At the head <strong>of</strong><br />
these are Ministers <strong>of</strong> the Household, styled ^ Jl H PjJ ^ ^1 #<br />
H ^ ^ Knan' Li^ Yiian^ ]Ming- Yuan" Ch'ang^ Ch'un^ Yiian^<br />
Shih* Wu*, Superintendents <strong>of</strong> the Yiian Ming and Ch'ang Ch'un<br />
Gardens (i.e. Palace <strong>of</strong> Eternal Spring) or
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
92 Chief Trencher-Knight, twelve fi'] ^<br />
Shang"* Shan'*, Serving-men,^<br />
to three fl'} ^> lE Shang'* Ch'a'^ Cheng*, Chief Ciip-bearers, one<br />
04. in} ^ik W'J Shang* Ch'a^ Fu*, Assistant Chief Cup-Learer, and six<br />
fp) ^ Shang' Ch'a*, Cup-bearers (compare No'. 570).<br />
92. ^\ MW ^^^ Yao* Fang', The Imperial Dispensary.<br />
At its head is a Minister <strong>of</strong> the Household, styled ^ JlE ^ IH^<br />
^ f^ Kuan^* Li^ Yu'' Yao'* Fang- Shih" Wu*, Superintendent <strong>of</strong><br />
the Imperial Dispensary ; the subordinate <strong>of</strong>ficials (compare<br />
No. 76) are styled M^M WkW) ^ B Cliien^ Li^ Yii^ Yao*<br />
Fang' Shih* Wu*, to show that their duties at the Dispensary are<br />
in addition to tliose <strong>of</strong> whatever substantive post they may hold.<br />
93. tP )ia ^ Yii* Ch'uaii' Ch'u^ Imperial<br />
Boats Office.<br />
Its chief is a Minister <strong>of</strong> the Household having; the title <strong>of</strong><br />
^ JUi U lift JM ^ i% Kuan' Li^* Yii'i Ch'uan' Ch'u* Shili* Wit%<br />
Superintendent <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Boats Office. The suborainate<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials (compare No. 76) bear the title % JiR ^J il{i J^ ^ ^<br />
C^hien^ Li' Yii* Oh'uan' Ch'u* Shih* Wu .<br />
93a. IP ,^ lit ]M YU* Niao^ Ch'iang^ Ch'u^ Imperial<br />
Game Preserve. One <strong>of</strong> the Princes or Ministeris <strong>of</strong> tup<br />
HoLisehold is at its head and is styled ^ JI Hi) B f^ J^ iJ? 1^<br />
Kuan^ Li' Yii' Niao' C-h'iangi Ch'u* Shih* •Wu% Superintendent<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Imperial Game Preserve. He has assisting him :<br />
2 ^ f4l 111 ^ Lan- Ling' Tsung-^ Ch'eng',<br />
keepers (Subalterns <strong>of</strong> the Guards, No. 99), 2 filj ^<br />
Senior Game-<br />
;?{ Fu*<br />
Tsung' Ch'eng", Junior Gamekeepers, 5 ^^^ ^ Niao^ Ch'iang^<br />
Chang', Keepers <strong>of</strong> the Gunroom, and 2 ^ »X ^| I^. j^ ^ Nei*<br />
Huo' Yao* K'u'* K'u* Chang', Keepers <strong>of</strong> the Ammunition-store.<br />
94. %l ^ f^ fi^ 9 Wu' \jri Ying-^ Tien* Hsiu^ ShuVCh'u*,<br />
Printing Office and Bookbiudery at the Throne Hall {see<br />
No. 104b).\ This <strong>of</strong>fice prepares books for the Court use.<br />
In the above-mentioned Throne Hall were stored, from times<br />
long past, stereotype plates, many <strong>of</strong> which have, unfortunately,<br />
been destroyed by fires that have taken place there.<br />
r 22 ]
PEESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. /<br />
In charge <strong>of</strong> the Printing Office is a Prince or Minister <strong>of</strong> 94a.<br />
the Household, styled ^ Ji |e^ ^ ^^^ f^ ^ ^ ^ f# Kuan' Li* tO<br />
Wu' Ying^ Tien^ Hsiu^ Shu^ Ch'u^ Shih" Wu% Superintendent<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Printing Office and Bookbindery at the Throne Hall, and<br />
subordinated to him, in addition to the usual <strong>of</strong>ficial? {see No. 76),<br />
are 1 Assistant Department Director, styled IE ^ m Cheng*<br />
Chien^ Tsao*, Overseer <strong>of</strong> Works,<br />
1 Assistant Chancellor <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Imperial Household, {see No. 85) styled glj ^ jg<br />
Fu* Chien^<br />
Tsao", Assistant Overseer <strong>of</strong> Works, 4 )^ ^ K'u* ChangS<br />
Inspectors, 6 ^ #• )$ ^ Wei^ Shu* K'u* Chang", Deputy<br />
Inspectors, 2 |]|| ^ Tsung^ Ts'ai^, Revisers (1 Chinese and 1<br />
Manchu), 2 f^ |^ T'i^ Tiao*, Assistant Revisers, 12 g ff Tsuan^<br />
Hsiu*, Pro<strong>of</strong> Readers, and 10 1^ f^ Plsieh^ Hsiu\ Assistant<br />
Pro<strong>of</strong> Readers.<br />
94a. ^ I? ^ Yfi* Shu' Ch'u*, The Imperial Library (also<br />
the private library <strong>of</strong> the Emperor).<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Library is a Prince or<br />
Minister <strong>of</strong> the Household, styled ^ JJI ^ f1^ j^ ^ S Kuan'<br />
Li' Yii* Shui Ch'u* Shih* Wu*, Curator <strong>of</strong> the Imperial<br />
Library, subordinated to him, in addition to the., <strong>of</strong>ficials<br />
mentioned in No. 76, designated % Jf |i{] fi ]^ ^' ^ (Jliien'<br />
Li' Yii' Shu' Ch'u* Shih* Wu*, are 1 jE ^ St ^ if Cheng*<br />
Chien' Tsao* Ssu' K'u* Librarian-in-Chief- (Overseer <strong>of</strong> Works),<br />
1 i'J ^ ?i If ^. ^^' Chien' Tsao* K'u* Chang', Deputy<br />
Librarian-in-Chief (Assistant Overseer <strong>of</strong> Works), 2 |^ ^ K'u*<br />
Chang', Librarians, and 6 ^ ^ ^ ^ Wei' Shu* K'u* Chang',<br />
Deputy Librarians.<br />
95. IJ 51 X ^ ^ Tsimg' Li' Kung' Ch'cng= Ch'u*,<br />
Imperial Construction Office; as opposed to the jg f/(f J^Tsao*<br />
Pan* Ch'u* {see No. 86), this <strong>of</strong>fice has to do with large Palace<br />
buildings only.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Construction Office is a Prince<br />
or Minister <strong>of</strong> the Household, bearing the title ^ JlX^^J^ ^^<br />
[ 23 ]<br />
95
97<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CniNA,<br />
96 Kuan' Li' Kung,^ Ch'eng'^ Ch'u* Shili* Wu^ Superintendent <strong>of</strong><br />
+0 the Imperial (yonstniction Office. The usual subordinate <strong>of</strong>ficials<br />
(see No. 76) are styled ^ Jl X >^ ^ ^ ^ Chien^ Li' Kung^<br />
Ch'eng^ Ch'u* Shih* Wu*.<br />
96. ^ P^ ^ Chih^ Jan' Chir, Imperial Weaving and<br />
Dyeing Office (where<br />
tissues for the Court use are woven and<br />
dyed) ; supervised by a Prince or Minister <strong>of</strong> the Household,<br />
called W M^ ^ ^^ ^ K^^an^ ^^^i^^' '^an' Chii^ Ta^ Ch'en^,<br />
Director <strong>of</strong> the Weaving and Dyeing<br />
. him,<br />
MM^^^B H'B'<br />
Office. Subordinate to<br />
in addition to the usual <strong>of</strong>ficials (sec No. 76), styled<br />
Kuan', are :<br />
PjftESENT DAT POLITICAL O^IGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
1 .± H ;^ Shang* San' Ch'i^ The Three Superior 97a<br />
Banners, or ^ H ^^ ^ei'' San' Ch'i^ The Three Imperial tO<br />
Banners (composed <strong>of</strong> Bordered Yellow, Plain Yellow and Plain<br />
White Banners), and<br />
^ T 3Sl M Hsia" Wu' Ch'i^, The Five Lower Banners<br />
(composed <strong>of</strong> the five remaining Banners; compare No. 718).<br />
The Three Superior Banners appertain to the Imperial<br />
Household, and the Bond-servants composing them are called<br />
^ Q ^ Hnang^ Pao' I', the Imperial Household Bond-servantj^<br />
The Five Lower" Banners are attached to the various<br />
Princely Houses, and the Bond-servants composing them are<br />
called 31'^^ Wang- Pao' I'. Bond -servants <strong>of</strong> Princes <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Blood.<br />
brigades :<br />
The Three Imperial Banners are divided into the following<br />
97 a. Pa ^ ^ ^ Nei-* Hu* ChiJn' Ying', The Imperial<br />
Guards. Its organisation is similar to that <strong>of</strong> the ^ W- ^<br />
Hu" ( 'hiin' Ying^, the Guards {sec No. 734).<br />
97b. I^l^ H ^ Nei* Hsiao' Ch'i^ Ying^,<br />
The Household<br />
Brigade <strong>of</strong> the Line ; this must be distinguished from ^ ^ ^<br />
Hsiao' Ch'i^ Ying^ Brigade <strong>of</strong> the Line {see Nos. 718 to 732a).<br />
The Household<br />
97c. pig" lU ^ 'I Nei^ Ch'ien^ Feng' Ying^<br />
Vangtxard ; its organisation is similar to the ^ ^ ^ Ch'ien^<br />
Feng' Ying^, Banner Vanguard {see No. 735).<br />
97d. la gn^ f^l :^^^^ Yiian^ IVIing^<br />
Yiian^ Nei*<br />
Ch'i^ Hu* Chiin' Ying^, The Imperial Guards at the Summer<br />
Palace, Yiian Ming Yiian. Its is organisation the same as the<br />
m 5/1 Rl A MBW- 'B YiJan^ Ming^ Yii^n^ Pa^ Ch'i^ Hu*<br />
Chiin' Ying2, The Guards "Brigade at the Summer Palace, Yiian<br />
Ming Yiian {see No. 741).<br />
97e. it ^ ^ ^ ^ Nan'^ Yiian* Hu* Wei* Ying^ The<br />
Guards Brigade at the Nan^ Yiian* (The Southern Park ; also<br />
^ ^ Hai' Tzu'). The staff includes 1 ||| ^ Tsung^ Kuan'.<br />
[ 25 ]<br />
gy^<br />
\
X<br />
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
08 Commandant ; 4 a, 8 R5 ^ Fang^ Yii*, (Japtains ; 5a, 10 ^<br />
to Ling' Ts'ui^, Corporals, and 90 ,^ ^ Hsiao^ Ch'i', Privates.<br />
99 98. m^'lM^ (also ff ff ^ Shih* Wei* Ch'u*) Ling»<br />
Shih* Wei* Fu^ Office <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Body-guard. This<br />
<strong>of</strong>fice controls the affairs <strong>of</strong> the |^ ^ ^ Ch'in^ Chim^ Ying^,<br />
the Imperial Body-guard, composed <strong>of</strong> -^ |^ ^ ^ Shih* Wei*<br />
Ch'in^ Chiin'.<br />
The duty <strong>of</strong> the Body-guard is to escort the Emperor,<br />
perform various <strong>of</strong>fices in the interior <strong>of</strong> the Palace, and guard the<br />
Emperor's person. It is chiefly composed <strong>of</strong> young men fi'om<br />
the Three Imperial Banners {see No. 97.)<br />
The administration <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Body-guard is vested, in :<br />
1- Six fl ft ff ^ :^ IS Ling^ Shih* Wei* Nei* Ta*<br />
Ch'en^, Chamberlains <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Body-guard; 1a. Whether<br />
the Emperor is abroad or in the Capital, two <strong>of</strong> these are selected<br />
as ^ Jl ;;c E Hon* Hu* Ta* Ch'en^ Chamberlains <strong>of</strong> the Rear-<br />
guard.<br />
2. Six ^ J^ E& Nei* Ta* Ch'en^ Senior Assistant<br />
Chamberlains <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Body-guard ;<br />
3. An indefinite number <strong>of</strong> jf^ ^ f
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Fifty H ^ Erh Teng^ Second Kank ; 4a, and Tavo Hundred 100<br />
and Seventy ^. ^ San^ Teng^, Third Rank ; 5a, and gg ^ Ssu*<br />
Teng', Fourth Rank ; 5b.<br />
2- W. Wi f# 'im Lan=^ Ling^ Shih* WeiS the Junior Body-<br />
guards (wearing the Bhie Feather) ; 6a. There are Ninety <strong>of</strong><br />
these.<br />
3. ^ .^ f# tw Tsung^ Shih^ Shih" WeiS also H j^ ^ ^<br />
^ ft Sani Ch'i^ Tsungi Shih"* Shih^ Wei% the ..ansmen<br />
Corps <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Body-guards. Nine <strong>of</strong> these are —<br />
^ II Teng^ First Rank, Eighteen are n ^ Erh Teng^<br />
"<br />
Second Rank, and Sixty-three are ^ ^ San^ Teng^, Third Rank.<br />
From the above-mentioned Body-guards, commonly known<br />
s-s H B^ (^ tfj San' Ch'i^ Shih* Wei'*, there are selected an .<br />
indefinite number <strong>of</strong> f|] b5 ff ff Yii* XUi'ien^ Shih^ WeiS<br />
Guards <strong>of</strong> the Ante-chamber, and }|!^ J^ pf] fif |^ Ch'ien^ Ch'ing^<br />
Men- Shih* Wei^ Guards at the Ch'ien Ch'ing Gate.<br />
In addition, there are Sixty ftj ^ Iff f^ It Pao* Wei^ Pan<br />
Shih^ Wei^, the Imperial Body-guards wearing the Leopard's<br />
Tail.<br />
4. ;^ frf ft Han^ Shih^ Wei*, Chinese Corps <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Imperial Body-guards ;<br />
these are <strong>of</strong> three ranks.<br />
When engaged on guard duty, the Body-guards are divided<br />
into 6 55 Pan', Reliefs, which, in turn, are divided into 2 ^ P,<br />
Wings.<br />
In command <strong>of</strong> each relief is a f^ ft IS M Shih* Wei*<br />
Pan^ Eing^ Commander <strong>of</strong> a Relief <strong>of</strong> the Body guards, and<br />
below him is a ^- Jjf f^ Shu* Pan^ I^iQg^ Second in Command<br />
<strong>of</strong> a Relief <strong>of</strong> the Body-guards.<br />
For every ten Privates there is a fvjf ft fJ' ii Shiir Wei*<br />
Shih^ Chang', Sergeant.<br />
100. The Emperor's personal detachment <strong>of</strong> the Body-<br />
guards consists <strong>of</strong> 77 ^^ '^ ?^ Ch'in^ Chiin' Hsiao*, Lieutenants;<br />
6 A, 70 ^ II iff ^ Shu* Ch'ini Chun^ Hsiao*, Sub-Lieutenants;<br />
[ 27 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
101 8b, 7 ^ ^ Ijj ^ ;^ Wei^ Shu* Ch'ini Chiin^ Hsiao*, Sergeants,<br />
to and 1,756 |^ ^ Ch'in' Chvin\ Privates.<br />
JQ3<br />
101. Ill HiJ ;/^ ^ Yu* Ch'ien^ Ta* Ch'en^ Adjutant<br />
General ; there are four <strong>of</strong> these, appointed from the Princes or<br />
Ministers <strong>of</strong> the Houssehold,<br />
101 A. m? Ill tl ^ Yu* Gh'ien- Hsing^ Tsou', Attache to<br />
the Emperor's Suite. This title is usually conferred on<br />
Mongolian Princes.<br />
102. li "TJl fi g ^ It * i: Jt Tsung^<br />
Shou^ Wei' Shih^ V Ch'u% Vigilance Office (<strong>of</strong>fice<br />
Ssu^ Chi^ Ch'a»<br />
<strong>of</strong> the<br />
General Inspectoi's charged ^^'ith the safety and tranquillity <strong>of</strong><br />
the Palace precincts).<br />
This <strong>of</strong>fice "was established in accordance with an Edict <strong>of</strong><br />
the 13th December, 1908, and is under the control <strong>of</strong> 3 U^ v\ f^<br />
-S ^ ^ ^ t: ;^ E Tsung^<br />
Ssu^ Chi^ Ch'a^ Shou^ Wei^ Shih*<br />
I'' Ta* Ch'en", General Inspectors (charged with the safety and<br />
tranquillity <strong>of</strong> the Palace precincts). These <strong>of</strong>ficials are<br />
appointed from the Princes or High Officials.<br />
Two reports <strong>of</strong> the Vigilance Office, approved on the 19th<br />
December, 1908, and the 9th January, 1909, show its adminis-<br />
tration and staff to be as follows :<br />
The actual management is vested in a |||; |J| Tsung' Pan*,<br />
Manager, and 1 ^ l/jf Pang' Pan*, Assistant. Below these are 4<br />
^ S m JK Chl^ Ch'a^ Chang^ Ching\ Secretaries, and 10<br />
^ ^ ^ ^
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANTZATION OF CHINA.<br />
" <strong>of</strong> the ^Ministry <strong>of</strong> War, are appointed Siipcrintentlents for the 103a<br />
" organisation and drilling <strong>of</strong> an Imperial Guards Corps. They tO<br />
" are authorised to select from any <strong>of</strong> the Banner Corps men <strong>of</strong> i qSb<br />
" good })hysique and health for these Guards and they ai-e to be<br />
" conscientious and diligent in this work. The Corps will be<br />
" under the special command <strong>of</strong> the Prince Regent. A further<br />
" Edict will be issued when the Corps is functioning smoothly.<br />
*' Such is the Emperor's pleasure."<br />
103a. The New Palace Guards are, so it seems, to replace<br />
the original Imperial Guards. They are to be organised as<br />
divisions <strong>of</strong>, and will be in type similar to, the New Army.<br />
It is proposed to first complete the formation <strong>of</strong> one division<br />
<strong>of</strong> the New Palace Guards, recruits to be drawn from the First<br />
and Sixth Divisions <strong>of</strong> the New Army. With this object in view<br />
there has been established the ^| ^ 1^ f || f|f ^ Chin* Wei*<br />
Chiin^ Hsiui* Lien* Ch'u*, Office for Drilling <strong>of</strong> the New Palace<br />
Guards, under the supervision <strong>of</strong> three ^ "gj yj)| |^ ^^ f^ .1]^ ;/c S<br />
Chuan^ Ssu^ Hsiin* Lien* Chin* Wei* Chiini Ta* L:h'cn^ Super-<br />
visors <strong>of</strong> the Drilling <strong>of</strong> the New Palace Guards. To these are<br />
attached : v<br />
103b. a. l^ii-g'B* Chun^TzuMvuan\:\Iilitary Instructors;<br />
—• six in all (one is <strong>of</strong> the ^ I^ Teng^, First Rank, two are <strong>of</strong><br />
tbe ZZ. ^ Erh* Teng', Second Rank, and three are <strong>of</strong> the<br />
^ ^ San^ Teng^, Third Rank). These Officers manage<br />
correspondence, supervise sections <strong>of</strong> the staff, are responsible for<br />
instruction, and are in charge <strong>of</strong> the four sub-<strong>of</strong>fices attached to<br />
the Chief Drilling Office {see below. No., 103c).<br />
Office,<br />
Directly<br />
subordinated to the above-mentioned are :<br />
1. 10 fi 4^ ^ Chih^ Shih* Yiian^ Adjutants,<br />
2. 5 fl 5i» ^ Shu' Chi* Yiian=, Writers (<strong>of</strong> three ranks),<br />
3- 2 II [11 ^ Hui' T'u= Yiian^ Draftsmen,<br />
4. 1 f.\l llll] M, Yin* Shua^ Yiian^ Manager <strong>of</strong> Printing<br />
[ 29 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKG ANlZATION Ol' CHINA.<br />
;03c 5. 1 if^ ^ M Shoui Chihi Yiian^, Treasurer,<br />
to 6. 1 B B il Shn^ VVu^ Yiian^, General Supervisor,<br />
103i' 7. 2 ^ ^ H Ti^ Shih* YiiaiA Reg-istrai's.<br />
103c. B. To the Office for Drilling <strong>of</strong> the New Palace<br />
Guards there are attached the follow ing fonr sub-<strong>of</strong>iices :<br />
dence,<br />
1- WM^^ ^l^""' ^[sieh^ K'o\ Armoury,<br />
2. ^ ^ ^^. diuni Fa* K'o', Office <strong>of</strong> Military Jurispru-<br />
3. ^ ff^ 14 Chiin^ Hsil^ K'o', (.'onimissariat Department, and<br />
4. Sg p ^ Chiini II K'o\ Medical Department.<br />
In each <strong>of</strong> the sub-<strong>of</strong>fices, or sections, there is a E^ §<br />
Cliien^ Tu', Section Chief, and from thi-ee to five fif ^ K'o^<br />
YiJan^, Secretaries. In addition, there ai'e .<br />
1. 17 ^ ^^ >^ Ssu' Shui Sheng', Writers,<br />
2. 11 nl ^ 3i Ssu^ Shih< Shengi, Clerks,<br />
3. 10 ]^|] pp =p- Shua^ Yin'* Shou*, Compositors, and<br />
4. 20 ^ i^ Fu^ IS Servants.<br />
103d. As has been stated above (sce^o. 103a), the<br />
formation <strong>of</strong> the New Palace Guards, with very few exceptions,<br />
is identical with that <strong>of</strong> the [^^ ^ ^ |t Lu^ Chnn^ Ko^ ChcnS<br />
Divisions <strong>of</strong> the New Army. The artillery detachment, for<br />
instance, consists <strong>of</strong> three companies <strong>of</strong> field artillery. Also,,<br />
there are :<br />
1- ^ M, M' Chiao^ T'ung^ Ying^ Military Communica-<br />
cions compo.«»d <strong>of</strong> two companies, i.e. ^ ^^ [^ T'ieh^ Lu* Tui*,<br />
Railway Company, and ^ f^ PJj^ Tien* Ilsin"* Tui*, Telegraph<br />
Company.<br />
2. 1 ^. YingS Corps, <strong>of</strong> |i J| ® B Chi^ Kuan^ P'ao^<br />
Tui*, Machine-gun Corps (this is a temporary organisation and<br />
will be abolished when the complete formation <strong>of</strong> tlie New<br />
Palace Guards has been effected), and 1 ^ Ying^, ;£ ^ ^<br />
Chung* P'ao* Tui*, Corps <strong>of</strong> Heavy Artillery.<br />
[ 30 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANI7ATION OF CHINA.<br />
3. Later it is planned to organise a |^ •^ ]^ Chiin^ Ke^ 104<br />
Tu[\ Carrier Pigeon Corps, and a g, ]^ I^ Ch'i* Ch'iu" Tui", tO<br />
Aeronautic Corps. 104a<br />
To the Commander <strong>of</strong> each brigade, regiment or battalion<br />
there will be attached a ^[j '^ Fu* Kuan^, Adjutant<br />
104. The Imperial Palaces in Peking are situated in the<br />
§^^^ Tzu^ Chin" Ch'eng2, j^g^j Forbidden City, which lies<br />
where most <strong>of</strong><br />
within the ^ j^^^ Huang^ Ch'eng^, Imperial City,<br />
the buildings and <strong>of</strong>fices pertaining to the Imperial Household<br />
are to be found.<br />
Four gates afford access to the Forbidden City :<br />
1. On the North, jjiifl f^ p^] Shen^ Wu^ Men^<br />
2. On the East, i^ ^ P^ Tung^ Hua'' Men^<br />
3. On the South, ^ p^<br />
Wu^* Men-.<br />
4. On the West, ^ ^. V^ Hsi^ Hua'^ Men^.<br />
104a. Within the Forbidden City there is a series <strong>of</strong> ^<br />
Kung\ Palaces, ^ Tien*, Halls, and ^ Ko^ Pavilions.<br />
'The best known <strong>of</strong> the Palaces are :<br />
1-, ^t ira ^* Ch'ien^ Ch'ing^ Kung\ where the most<br />
brilliant receptions take place, audiences are granted to Foreign<br />
Representatiyes (since a few years ago), Chinese <strong>of</strong>ficials are<br />
received, and state business transacted.<br />
2. iff ^ ^7 K'un^ Ning» Kung^ Palace <strong>of</strong> an Empress, or<br />
Shamanic Chapel [sec Nos. 79c and 573c).<br />
^- H M ^ Yu-t Ch'ing^ Kung\ Palace <strong>of</strong> the Heir<br />
Apparent.<br />
4- ^ S ^ Ning2 Shoii* Kung\ To this Palace there<br />
are six gates ; the main gate, on the South, is called -^ ^i f^<br />
Huang^ Chi- Mm'. Beyond the gates there is the Throne Hall,<br />
^ M Fdc Huang2 Chi^ Tieu^ and behind this is the Palace<br />
Ning2 Shou* Kung^, where the Empress Dowager ^§{M^B<br />
Hsiao^ Ch'in^ Hsien^ Huang^ Hou* resided.<br />
[ 31 ]<br />
'/
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OJ^ CHINA.<br />
104b 5. ^ ^ Chai^ Kung\ Palace <strong>of</strong> Expiation or Abstinence.<br />
The Emperor visits this Palace to fast previous to important<br />
sacrifices.<br />
6. pg fD ^ Yungi Ho^ KungS Buddhist Temple (lakhipf<br />
calls it the Tibetan Monastery). At the head <strong>of</strong> this temple,<br />
is one <strong>of</strong> the four Hutukhtus living in Peking (see No. 917).<br />
104b. The best known <strong>of</strong> the Halls are :<br />
1-<br />
:*C in Wt T'ai^ Ho^ TienS Hall <strong>of</strong> Perfect Harmony<br />
(or Hall <strong>of</strong> Harmony in Nature). Here the Emperor holds<br />
levees on New Year's <strong>Day</strong>, his birthday, and. on the Winter<br />
solstice.<br />
2. 4» fn Be Chungi Ho^ TienS Throne Hall. In this<br />
Hall the Emperor scrutinises prayers written for state worship<br />
and examines the corn and implements provided for the<br />
ploughing ceremony.<br />
3. i^ fU ^ Pao^ Ho2 Tien^ Throne Hall. In this Hall<br />
the Emperor attends examinations for highest literary degrees.<br />
4- ^ #' Be Wen" Hua= TienS Throne Hall. Jlere the<br />
Emperor, in the second moon, attends for explanation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Classics.<br />
5. %l ^ Be Wu^ Ying^ TienS Throne Hall where<br />
stereotype plates are stored (properly Printing Office, see<br />
No.:94).<br />
6. ^ 5t Be 3^'eng* Hsien^ TienS Hall vhere the Emperor<br />
worships his ancestors.<br />
^<br />
7. ^ JC> Be Yang^ Hsin^ Tieij*, Hall to which the<br />
Emperor retires for relaxation. At the present time this Hall is<br />
given up to the Prince Regent for studying government affairs<br />
«ind for small audiences which he may hold (see No. 86).<br />
8. 4* IE-Be Chungi Cheng^ Tien^ Buddhist Chapel. Of<br />
the Pavilions the best known are :<br />
[ 32 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
1. ^ ?I3 ^ Wen^ Yuan^ Ko^ The Library. Here is 104c<br />
found a full collection <strong>of</strong> books, labelled in Chinese [5J ^ :^ ^ to<br />
Ssu* K'u* Ch'iian' Shu'. 104d<br />
In charge <strong>of</strong> the Library is a Grand Secretary (compare<br />
No. 131)., assisted by :<br />
Library',<br />
1 ^ H ^ ^ T'i'' Chii^ Kg' Shih*, Director <strong>of</strong> the<br />
z<br />
p^' ^ ^ Ling' Ko* 2<br />
Shih*, Assistant Directors ot the<br />
Library<br />
?<br />
Q W. TM '0 Chih^ Ko^ ShihS Officials on duty<br />
Library, and<br />
6 /^ [|^ Chien' Yueh', Inspectors,<br />
at the<br />
^ ^ '^Wl Tzu' Kuangi Ko' (situated on the Western<br />
side <strong>of</strong> the Imperial C'ity), Pavilion <strong>of</strong> Purple Lustre, where<br />
vassals are received and entertained.<br />
104c. The most commonly known gates <strong>of</strong> the Forbidden<br />
City are the ;JC W P'l T'ai* Ho' Men* and the ^t yf P*] Ch'ien*<br />
Ch'ing' ]\Ien^ ; the first leads to the Hall <strong>of</strong> the same name (see<br />
No. i04B) and the second to the Ch'ien^ Ch'ing^ Palace (see<br />
No. 104a).<br />
To the Imperial City there are the following gates at the<br />
South :—<br />
1- :^ ?ra P^ Tai* Ch'ing' Men', serving as the main<br />
entrance to the Imperial City. Before this gate there is a<br />
square court sm-rounded by a granite palisade, called the ^^ ^ ^<br />
Ch*i P'an Chieh.<br />
2-<br />
'<br />
^ ^ P^<br />
T'ien^ An^ Men'.<br />
2- ^^ P^ Tuan^ Men*. Beyond this gate, entrance to the<br />
Forbidden City is obtained through the<br />
-^ pf] Wu' M6n*<br />
{see No. 104).<br />
104d. In charge <strong>of</strong> the Palaces there are (in number from<br />
2 to 3) Ministers <strong>of</strong> the Household, Princes <strong>of</strong>- the Blood<br />
or Grand Secretaries, styled ^ fl -j^ ^ ^ ^ Kuan' Li'<br />
[ 33 ]
PRESENT ])AY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
104b (Mou^) Kung' Shin* Wu*, Superintendents<br />
to and such a Palace. Subordinated to them, deputed<br />
<strong>of</strong> Affairs <strong>of</strong> such<br />
from the<br />
jQK Imperial Household, are HB 'I' Lang^ Chung\ Department<br />
> under<br />
Directors, ^ ^j^ El> Ylian" Wai^ Lang^, Assistant Department<br />
Directors, and |^] ^ |^ Nei* Kuan'^ Ling^ Overseers, bearing<br />
the title Mi^'^'^.t^- B ^'^ien' Li^ (Mou^) Kung^ Shih^ ^Yu\<br />
<strong>of</strong> Affairs <strong>of</strong> such and such a Palace.<br />
Managers<br />
In addition to the <strong>of</strong>Hcials above-mentioned there are a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ (aiu^ Shih* and ^ ^^^ Wei' Shu* Chu^<br />
Shih*, Secretaries, and |? \]i^ ^ Pi^ T'ieh^ Shih*, Clerks.<br />
The management <strong>of</strong> Palace Halls and Pavilions is arranged<br />
on the same basis as the Palace management.<br />
lOiE. gTl in H I' IIo' Yuan', Summer Palace <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Emperor. This Palace was the fixed Summer residence <strong>of</strong> the<br />
late Emperor and Empress Dowager. At the present time it is<br />
seal until the Emperor reaches his majority. The grounds,<br />
however, are opened on the 5th, loth and 2oth <strong>of</strong> each moon to<br />
the inspection <strong>of</strong> Diplomatic Kepresentatives and emment<br />
foreigners.<br />
The Summer Palace is under the supervision <strong>of</strong> the Bureau<br />
<strong>of</strong> Imperial Gardens and Hunting Parks {see Nos. 90 and 741).<br />
M ^ (i| K l^i* Shu' Shan^ Chuang\ Summer Palace at<br />
^ iHJ Jehol (in the prefecture <strong>of</strong> ;pC f* /i^ Ch'eng^ Te'^ Fu', to<br />
the North-east <strong>of</strong> Peking). Until I860 this Palace was the<br />
Siunmer residence <strong>of</strong> the Emperors.<br />
105. ^^ M Tsou* Shih* Ch'u*, Chancery <strong>of</strong> Memorials<br />
to the Emperor. At the Chancery are stationed 6 ^ 1^ 'g"<br />
Tsou* Shih* Kuan\ Chancellors <strong>of</strong> Menaorials to the Emperor,<br />
who receive memorials from the provinces which, if found to be<br />
written in accordance with fixed etiquette, are handed over to<br />
the Grand Council for presentation to the Emperor (Metropolitan<br />
establishments present their memorials to the Grand Council<br />
direct).<br />
[ 34 ]
PRESEXT DAY POLITICAL OPtGAXIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
The Ghancery <strong>of</strong> Memorials to the Emperor is divided into 105a<br />
two sections ; one for C'hinese and Manchu and one for Mongolian tO<br />
memorials. i\i<br />
The general supervision <strong>of</strong> the Chancery is the duty <strong>of</strong><br />
"Mm 'X^ Yu* Ch'ien^' Ta^ Ch'en', Adjutant Generals (see<br />
No. 101).<br />
105 a. i^ ^ J: 11 ^ # ^ Ch'in^ Feng* Shang* Yii^ Shih*<br />
Chien* Ch'u*, Ghancery for the publication <strong>of</strong> Imperial Edicts.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> this Ghancery is a ^ ^ Chi^ Ch'a^, Inspector<br />
(usually appointed from the ranks <strong>of</strong> the Grand Secretaries).<br />
106. 7^ ^ ±1 )^ ± g Ghi^" Gli'a^ T'an^ Miao* Ta* Gh'enS<br />
Superintendent <strong>of</strong> Altars and Temples, and f^ ^ M )^ :/c 15<br />
Pei* Ch'a^ T'an^ Miao* Ta* Gh'en^, Assistant Superintendent <strong>of</strong><br />
Altars and Temples. By these titles are designated the <strong>of</strong>ficials<br />
charged with the preparations for sacrifices at altars and temples.<br />
107. ^ |E H ;^ E Hsi^ Gh'i= Wu^ Ta" Gh'en^ Director<br />
o^* the Court Ballet.<br />
.08. rI 1^ ;M Ssu^ Yao^ Chang^ Keeper <strong>of</strong> Palace Keys.<br />
THE IMPERIAL EQUIPAGE' DEPAR1MENT.<br />
109. P H ^ Luan' Yfi^ Wei^ (previously ^ ^ ^<br />
Tvuan^ I- Wei\), the Impferial Equipage Department. This has<br />
charge <strong>of</strong> the preparation <strong>of</strong> carriages, chairs, regalia, etc.,<br />
necessary when the Emperor goes abroad.<br />
110. ^ ti ^ :/c E Chang' Wei^ Shih^ Ta^ Ch'enS<br />
Superintendent <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Equipage Department, usually<br />
ap])ointed from the Princes <strong>of</strong> the Blood (literary designation<br />
^ iP Nuan' Ch'ing^).<br />
111. M^iU Luan^ Yii^ Shih' (formerly p f| ^ Luan^<br />
1' Shih'), Commissioner <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Equipage/ Department ;<br />
2a. Literary designation ^ H'j p Wei^ Yii^ Gh'ing^ and :^<br />
^ ^ Ta* Wei'-wel*. There are two <strong>of</strong> these <strong>of</strong>ficials.<br />
[ 35 ]<br />
'
121<br />
l^llESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
118 112. M^M i^ Han* Luan^ Yu» Shih', Chinese Com-<br />
^Q missioner <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Equipage Department; 2a. There is<br />
one <strong>of</strong> these <strong>of</strong>ficials.<br />
113. li m^ BMW-^ Tsung' Li' Shih* Wu* Kuan^<br />
Chiin^ Shih^, Chief Marshals <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Equipage Depart-<br />
ment. There are two <strong>of</strong> these and they ,<br />
have the general<br />
supervision <strong>of</strong> the five sub-departments into vt^hich the Equipage<br />
Department is divided (see Nos. 118 to 123).<br />
114. t^ mm B MMi^ Hsieh^ Li^ Shih^ Wu* Yiin^<br />
Hui' Shih^, Assistant Chief Marshals <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Equipage<br />
Department (see No. 113) ; two <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> this rank.<br />
115. pt jjiG ^ W- f^' l"ei' Ssu^ Kuan* Chiin^ ShihS<br />
Sacrificial Marshals <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Equipage Department ;<br />
two <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> this rank.<br />
116. ^ i ^ T'ang2 Chu' Shih^ Chief Secretary (compare<br />
No. 288) ; one <strong>of</strong>ficial <strong>of</strong> this rank.<br />
!!'''• 0: M M Chingi j^^i T'ing^ Registry: supervised by<br />
two ^ ^ Ching^ Li*, Registrars ;<br />
6a.<br />
118. ^ Bt Tso' So', First Sub-department,<br />
two sections :<br />
sections:<br />
1. ^ H RI Luan' Yii' Ssu^, Carriage Section, and<br />
^- M -^ r1 Hsiin* Ma' Ssu'^, Equestrian Section.<br />
divided into<br />
119. 7^ ^ Yxi* So', Second Department, consisting <strong>of</strong> two<br />
1. !^ ^ ^J Ch'ing'^ Kai'* Ssu\ Umbrella Section, and<br />
2. ^ ^ ^ Kung^ Shih^ Ssu', Bow and Arrow Section.<br />
120. t^ J^ ('hung'^ So'. Third Sub-department, consisting<br />
<strong>of</strong> two sections :<br />
1- "& Wl ^ Ching^ Chieh'* Ssu\ Pennons Section, and<br />
2. 1^ 1^ pj Fan^ T*ung=^ Ssu\ Flags and Signals Section.<br />
121.. HO S'r Ch'ien^ So', Fourth Sub-department, consisting<br />
<strong>of</strong> two sections :<br />
!• M ^ ^ Shan* Shou' Ssu^ Fan Section, and<br />
[ 36 ]
PRESENT DAT TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
2. W^'^ F"' Y'^eh" SsuS Halberd Section. 122<br />
122.<br />
eight sections;<br />
f^ ff\ Hou'' So^ Fifth Sub-department,<br />
1- M M ^ Pan^ Chien'' Ssu\ Sword Section,<br />
2. lie 4^ ^ Ko^ Chi' SsuS Spear Section,<br />
divided into to<br />
3. |)ll ^ fy? Hsiin^ Hsiang^ So^ Elephant-training Section.<br />
4. !^ r] Tung^ Ssu^, Eastern Section,<br />
5. ^ v\ Hsi^ Ssu', Western Section,<br />
6. ;i^ ^ fi '"h'i^ Shou' Wei*, Standard-bearers vacation,<br />
'• ^ BJ Tso' Ssu^, Left Section, and<br />
8. :^ p] Yu^ Ssu', Right Section.<br />
123. ^t<br />
departments there is a ^ |^fj<br />
the head <strong>of</strong> each <strong>of</strong> the aboA-e-mentioned sub-<br />
^ i^ f|l C'hang' Yin* Kuan"* Chiin^<br />
Shih^, Sub-department Chief; 3a,<br />
^ J^/f<br />
to whom is attached one<br />
^ ^ ^ fg Chang' So^ Shih^ Yiin^ Hui^ Shih% Assistant<br />
Sub-department Chief; 4a.<br />
Each section is directed by- a ^ PP ^ ^ f^J Chang' Yin*<br />
Yiin^ Hui^ Shih', Section Chief ; 4a, (for the Elephant-training<br />
and Standard-bearers Section called ^ EH ^ ^ fa^ Chang' Yin''<br />
Kuan^ Chiin' Shih'), to whom is attached one ^ W] ^ Ya 'm, ^<br />
Chang' Ssu^ Shih* (^hih* 12 Cheng* (formerly ^ f^ jE Chih* I^<br />
Cheng*), Assistant Section Chiefs ; 5a ; but for the Elephant-<br />
training and Standard-bearers Sections the title is, for the former,<br />
Mfft^MMiM Chang' So' Shih* Yihi'' Hui^ Shih', and, for<br />
the latter, ^ij^f^WMi^ Chang' So' Shih* Kuan* Chun^ Shih'.<br />
In the Sub-departments and Sections <strong>of</strong> the Equipage<br />
Department are also employed ^ ^^ x^ Pi' T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks<br />
(^number not fixed).<br />
124. ^ J|^ Kuan' Li', Overseers. There are twelve<br />
attached to the :<br />
Equipage Department<br />
L ( ^f ^^ ^ M hing* Pien' Kuan' Li', Overseer <strong>of</strong><br />
Heralds and Whips.<br />
[ 37 J<br />
jg,^.
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
125 2. % J$. ^ ^ Chia^ K'u* Kuan^ Li^ Overseer <strong>of</strong><br />
Carriage Houses,<br />
3. ^ W- ^ ^. ^^^^ Nien^ Kuan^ Li^ Overseer <strong>of</strong><br />
Imperial Carriages, •<br />
Carriage,<br />
4- 3i^ W ^^ ^^^^ ^^* Kuan^ Li^, Overseer <strong>of</strong> the Jade<br />
5- M.^^^^ Hsiang* Lo' Kvian^ Li^" Overseer <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Elephant Carriage,<br />
6. #" f^ ^ -^ Chia^ Lo'' Kuan^ Li^ Overseer <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Golden {/arriage,<br />
7. ^ 1^ ^ il Ko^ Lo'' Knan=* Li^ Overseer <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Leather Carriage,<br />
S.<br />
Wooden Carriage,<br />
Mats,<br />
?}>: $^ '^ ^ ^^^^'^ Lo^ Kuan^ Li^, Overseer <strong>of</strong> the<br />
9- tM^ W M Tsung^ I'an^ Kiian^ Li\ Overseer <strong>of</strong> Coir<br />
10. ^ W M M ^^^^ '^^^* Kuan^ Li^<br />
Kneeling Hugs,<br />
Overseer <strong>of</strong><br />
11- m 01 ^'® Shii^ T'ou^ Kuan' Li^ Overseer <strong>of</strong><br />
Combs, and<br />
12. ff^ ^ ^ ^ ('Ilia" I' Kuan^ Li^ Overseer <strong>of</strong> Livery<br />
for Servants and Chair-hearers.<br />
125. To the Overseer <strong>of</strong> Heralds and Whips (see No. 124)<br />
there are attached :<br />
attached :<br />
3 n,| ^ ff5 'b* Ming" Tsan" Pien^ Kuan^ Heralds; 7a, and<br />
1 pjS ^1 1^ jrjT Ming2 Tsan" Pien^' Shih^<br />
Assistant Herald.<br />
To the Overseer <strong>of</strong> Carriage Houses (see No. 124) there are<br />
1 ^ 11 fJil Yihr Hui^ Shih^ Assistant Marshal ; 4a,<br />
1 5 'l£ IE
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
To the Overseer <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Carriages (.ice No. 124) 126<br />
there are attached :<br />
OA.<br />
each :<br />
I M Mi^ Yihi^ Hui^ Shih^ Assistant Marshal; 4a, and<br />
^fk'lliB ^^'l^ilv I' Cheng^ Controllers <strong>of</strong> tlie Fifth (Uass;<br />
To the remaining Overseers there are subordinated, to<br />
T^ Y^ 'H lE Chih^ I^ Ch^ng*, Controller <strong>of</strong> the Fifth<br />
Class; 5 A, and<br />
1 M Sit Cheng' I^ Yii'', Controller <strong>of</strong> the Sixth Class.<br />
REGENCY.<br />
126. iiUMii^EE Chien^ Kuo' SW Cheng* Wang^<br />
Prince Regent. During the minority <strong>of</strong> the present Emperor,<br />
known from his reign as ^ ^ Hsiian^ T'ung^, that is, until he<br />
has completed Jiis education and has married, his father, ^ f^ I<br />
l\l'J'l Ch'un' Ch'ini Wang' Tsai^ Feng',<br />
Prince <strong>of</strong> the First<br />
Degree, Ch'nn, personal name Tsai"* Feng\ will govern the<br />
Chinese Empire as Regent, having been empowered to<br />
assume his title by the late Empress Dowager ^ ^ j^ ^ |p<br />
Hsiao* Ch'in^ Hsien^ Huang^ Hon*, on the 1.3 th November,<br />
1908.<br />
Rules defining the rights and the authority <strong>of</strong> the Prince<br />
Regent, elaborated by the Grand Secretariat^ in conjunction<br />
with the INIinistries and Chief Government Establishments, were<br />
approved by the Emperor in an Edict dated 13th November,<br />
1908.<br />
All government affairs are transacted by the Prince Regent<br />
and decisions are published as Edicts <strong>of</strong> tlie- Emperor under his •<br />
seal. In very important cases the Prince, Regent requests the<br />
Empress Dowager ^MU^kfa Lu"g' Yii* Huang"<br />
to issue an Edict.<br />
[ 39 ]<br />
T'ai* Hou*
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
126a The Prince Regent is Commander-in-Chief <strong>of</strong> all Naval<br />
"to and iNIilitary Forces aid, as tlie Emperor's representative, will<br />
127 attend sessions <strong>of</strong> the National Assembly. He will also open<br />
Parliament.<br />
All reports addressed to the Emperor are presented to<br />
the Prince Regent and, in connection with foreign affairs, he<br />
concludes treaties, appoints representatfves abroad, and receives<br />
tlie credentials <strong>of</strong> the representatives <strong>of</strong> Foreign Pqwers<br />
appointed to <strong>China</strong>.<br />
For the expenses <strong>of</strong> the Prince Regent there are allotted,<br />
yearly. One Hundred and Fifty Thousand Taels by the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> Finance (for details see Rules, in 16 Articles).<br />
126a. ^liSti I* Cheng* Wang^ Prince Regent. This<br />
title was borne by ^ f^ I ^ ff' Kung^ Ch'in- Wang' I* HsinS<br />
Prince <strong>of</strong> the First Degree, Kung, personal name I^ Hsin^, during<br />
the minority <strong>of</strong> the Emperor T'uug Chih, when, with the<br />
Empresses, ]^* ^ T'zu* An^ and ,^ ,fi^ T'zu' Hsi^ he Was' in<br />
charge <strong>of</strong> the government <strong>of</strong> the Empire.<br />
126b. ^ ^ (/h'i^ She^, another designation <strong>of</strong> Prince<br />
Regent. This title was held by the usurper ^ ^ \\'artg^ Mang*<br />
during the minority <strong>of</strong> the Emperor J^ "F |)^ '^^^ Tzu' Ying\ <strong>of</strong><br />
the il 11 an^ Dynasty (in B.C. 6).<br />
126c. ^^BM^ Huang* T'ai* Hou^ Lin'^ Cli'ao^<br />
Empress Dowager Regent ; also called ^ |^ ^;|, l^<br />
T'ingi Cheng^ (or ^ M M ^<br />
Chhii^ Lien- Hs\m*
HESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
two Houses, i.e. Jb ii ^ Shang* I^ Yiian^ Upper House, and 128<br />
~F ^ 1^ Hsia^ I* Yuan% Lower House.<br />
Rules and Regulations for Parliament and for the Electoral<br />
Laws are to be drawn up by the Department for Drawing up<br />
Regulations for Constitutional Government and will be pro-<br />
mulgated in 1912.<br />
The establishment <strong>of</strong> a Parliament was foreshadowed by the<br />
Emperor's approval <strong>of</strong> a general outline <strong>of</strong> the principles <strong>of</strong><br />
constitutional government, together with laws concerning<br />
parliament and the election <strong>of</strong> its members, {sec Edict dated 27th<br />
August, 1908, in reply to a report from the Bureau for the<br />
Investigation <strong>of</strong> the Principles <strong>of</strong> Constitutional Government,<br />
with two enclosures).<br />
As the Parliament will have deliberative authority alone,<br />
having no executive authority whatsoever, it will only<br />
be allowed<br />
to discuss questions touching the vhole Empire and assist in<br />
working out the Budget. Its resolutions will be carried out<br />
only after the Emperor's approval <strong>of</strong> the same {see<br />
details in<br />
article " <strong>China</strong> on the 'eve <strong>of</strong> a Constitution " in the "Messenger<br />
<strong>of</strong> Asia," No. 1, July, 1909, pages 5.7 to 74, translation from<br />
the Chinese, by the authors <strong>of</strong> the Imperial<br />
Edict dated 27th<br />
August, 1908, and the "Scheme <strong>of</strong> State Laws and Programme<br />
<strong>of</strong> Constitutional Reforms dviring the period 1 908-1916. ".j<br />
From the year 1910 imtil the opening <strong>of</strong> Parliament there<br />
will be a National Assembly as a pi'climinar}^ deliberative body<br />
{see Nos. 164 to 167c).<br />
COUNCIL OF STATE.<br />
128. W-Wi^
PRfeSfeNl* DAY POLITICAL ORGAI^IZAtlON OF CftlNA.<br />
^ t<br />
120 discussed State Affairs. Now, having become the Privy Council<br />
to <strong>of</strong> the Emperor, most Decrees are issued from this establishment,<br />
129b<br />
^s well as orders concerning<br />
State Administration.<br />
The Council <strong>of</strong> State is composed <strong>of</strong> :<br />
129. 1^ il ;^ E Chiin^ Chii Ta* Ch'^nS Grand Councillors,<br />
having daily audiences with the Emperor. The number <strong>of</strong> these<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials is not fixed but for many years past there have not been<br />
more than five, i.e. two Manchus, two Qhinese, and one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Princes <strong>of</strong> the Blood as President.<br />
Members <strong>of</strong> the Council <strong>of</strong> State are usually appointed from<br />
the ranks <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the grade <strong>of</strong> Mini&Ler <strong>of</strong> State or<br />
Assistant Minister <strong>of</strong> State and they usually hold substantive<br />
posts other than in the Council.<br />
At present the members <strong>of</strong> the Council <strong>of</strong> State countersign<br />
(^ ^ .'hu* jMing^)<br />
all Decrees issued in the name ©f the<br />
Emperor over the seal <strong>of</strong> the Prince Regent.<br />
129a. ^m^l^ Chun^ Chi^ Hsmg^ Tsou^ also tfe^^'l<br />
ic IS J: ^ ^ ll ^ Tsai* Chun^ Chi^ Ta^ Ch'en' Shang* Hsiieh*<br />
Hsi^ Hsing'^ Tsou^, Probationary Grand Councillor. Newly-<br />
appoiuted Grand Councillors are <strong>of</strong>ten thus designated.<br />
129b. :|^)^S^^ Chiin^ Chi^ Chang^ Chingi, also />^^<br />
Hsiao' Chiin^ (yhi', Secretaries <strong>of</strong> the Council <strong>of</strong> State ; sixty in<br />
all. They<br />
attend to the clerical work <strong>of</strong> the Council and are<br />
divided into four sections :<br />
1 . H^W^i Man' T'ou' Pan', and r^ZLlM. Man' firh* PanS<br />
First and Second Manchu, and<br />
2. ^miM Han^ T'ou' Pan^ and g| H^J Han* ^rh* PanS<br />
First and Second Chinese.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> each section there is a ^ JJ Ling' Pan',<br />
Chief <strong>of</strong> Section ; 3 a, assisted by a |^ g| |{£ Pang' Ling' Pan',<br />
Assistant Chief <strong>of</strong> Section ;<br />
4a.<br />
[ 42 ]<br />
'
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OT CHINA.<br />
^: ^:±^iE Ling' Pan^ Change Ching^<br />
^^^"^<br />
Shang^ Hsiang^ Tsou^ Chief <strong>of</strong> Section, and ^^iJi^p.l'Al^<br />
*°<br />
Pang^ Ling* Pan^ Chang^ Ching^ Shang* Hsiang^ Tsou^, 131<br />
The titles ^ IjEE<br />
Assistant Chief <strong>of</strong> Section, are <strong>of</strong>ten borne as honorary titles by<br />
some <strong>of</strong> the Secretaries.<br />
129c. !£ ^ Chi* Ming^ thus is designated a day-book,<br />
kept at the Council <strong>of</strong> State, for recording praise^Yorthy actions<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials.<br />
GRAND SECRETARIAT OR IMPERIAL CHANCERY.<br />
130. ^^ Nei* Ko', Grand Secretariat; technically the<br />
highest government establishment; organized in the Ming<br />
Dynasty.<br />
Before the establishment <strong>of</strong> the Grand Council, early<br />
in the<br />
18th century (see No. 128), the duties <strong>of</strong> the Grand Secretariat<br />
included the preliminary examination <strong>of</strong> reports<br />
from the<br />
Provincial Authorities, the making <strong>of</strong> recommendations as to<br />
these before presentation to the Emperor, and the composition<br />
and promulgation <strong>of</strong> Imperial Decrees. It has now, however,<br />
lost mucli <strong>of</strong> its importance and its duties at present consist, for<br />
the most part, in promulgating Edicts and in keeping State<br />
Papers.<br />
The Grand Secretariat is composed as follows :<br />
131. Four ic^i Ta* Hsiieh^ ShihS Grand Secretaries ;<br />
1a (colloquial designation fft ^ Chung^ T'ang^ epistolary<br />
designation ^ |g Tsai^ Hsiang* and ^ ^ Hsiang* Kuo"'^). Two<br />
<strong>of</strong> these ai-e ^lanchns and two are Chinese, chosen from the most<br />
distinguished <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the Empire who are siJie qua 7ion,<br />
Metropolitan Graduates.<br />
Each <strong>of</strong> the Grand Secretaries is entitled Ta Hsiieh Shih<br />
<strong>of</strong> one or other <strong>of</strong> the Throne Halls or Pavilions <strong>of</strong> the Imperial<br />
[ 43 ]<br />
^
PRESENT DAY TOLITICaL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
132 Palace,<br />
2<br />
i.e.<br />
\)^ ffl ^k ^^^^' "«' TIenS ^ ^ WJ. Weri^ Hua? Tien%<br />
to ii-t M ^^ Wu^ Ying^ Tien^ {^ C M T'i^ JOn^ Ko^ ^ Wen<br />
ifJH f^T<br />
137 Yiian' Ko'^ and J^l ^ Tung-^ Ko^ (the selection <strong>of</strong> a particular<br />
Hall or PaA^lion depends on the Emperor's will).<br />
Under the Ming Dynasty<br />
the Grand Secretaries were<br />
familiarly designated f^ ^ Ko' Lao', Elders <strong>of</strong> the Imperial<br />
Chancery (rend^ercd by the Jesuit ^Missionaries as Colao).<br />
132. Two 1^ li ;^ ^ ± Hsieh^ Pan^ Ta* Hsiieh^ Shih^<br />
Assistant Grand Secretaries; 1b (coUoqnial designation Jf* ^<br />
Chung^ T'ang^, epistolary designation j/^ ^ Hsielr K'uei").<br />
One is ]\Ianchn and one f'hinese.<br />
Grand Secretaries and Assistant Grand Secretaries are<br />
nsuallv also members <strong>of</strong> the Council <strong>of</strong> State,<br />
or Assistant Ministers <strong>of</strong> State.<br />
]Ministers <strong>of</strong> State<br />
133. Ten f^l H 4^ ± Nei^ Ko^ Hsiieh^ Shih*, Sub-<br />
(Jhancellors <strong>of</strong> the Grand Secretariat: 2b (literary designation<br />
H] ^ Ko^ Hsiieh^). Six are Manchus and four are Chinese;<br />
they act as registrars <strong>of</strong> certain departments<br />
Archives.<br />
134. Eight ^J ^ ft 11^ ±.<br />
<strong>of</strong> the State<br />
^'ei* Ko' Shih^ Tu^ Hsiieh'<br />
Shih"*, Eeaders <strong>of</strong> the Grand Secretariat; 4b. Six are Manchus<br />
and two Chinese. They compare the texts, in Manchu and<br />
Chinese, <strong>of</strong> State Papers.<br />
135. Sixteen ^ ^^ ff ^ Nei' Ko^ Shih^ Tu', Assistant<br />
Readers <strong>of</strong> the Grand Secretariat ; 6a. Fourteen <strong>of</strong> these are<br />
Manchus and two are Chinese.<br />
136. Six pLj^mH Xei^ Ko^ Tien' Chi^ Archivists <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Grand Secretariat ; 7a ; four Manchus and two Chinese.<br />
137. 130 pg ^ r|t ^ Nei* Ko" Clumg^ Shu\ Secretaries <strong>of</strong><br />
the Grand Secretariat; 7b (literary designation tfl 1^ Chung'<br />
H^n^).<br />
Six <strong>of</strong> these do duty at :<br />
[ 44 ]
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,<br />
137a. rft H ^ Chiingi Shu^ K'o\ Imperial Patent Office, 137a<br />
as f|< ^ fif ^|< ^ Chung-i Shu^ K'o^ Chung^ Shu', Secretaries <strong>of</strong> to<br />
the Imperial Patent Office ; 7b. Their duty is to prepare 140<br />
patents and charters.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Patent Office there are :<br />
137b. Two
141<br />
to<br />
niESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS.<br />
148 141. ilE^ f# )^ Cheng* Wu* Ch'ii*, Bureau <strong>of</strong> Government<br />
Affairs; established in 1901 for the examination o£ reports and<br />
memorials, dealing with reforms, coming<br />
from <strong>of</strong>ficials and the<br />
people.<br />
When first fonned, this Bureau was composed<br />
<strong>of</strong> four<br />
members, with Prince Ch'ing as its head. "Officials <strong>of</strong> the various<br />
Ministries have been appointed as members <strong>of</strong> this Bureau, at<br />
the same time continuing to hold their original posts.<br />
In the year 1 905 the Bureau was reorganized as :<br />
141a. i*l If f- li igSC ^ )t Nei* Ko" Hui* I* Cheng* Wu*<br />
Ch'u*, Committee <strong>of</strong> Ministers ; its functions were unchanged but<br />
the number <strong>of</strong> its members was increased.<br />
At the present time the Committee <strong>of</strong> Ministers is composed<br />
as follows :<br />
142. gC f^ :J^ g. Cheng* Wu* Ta' Ch'on^, Ex-<strong>of</strong>ficio<br />
Members <strong>of</strong> the Committee <strong>of</strong> ^Ministers. These are thfe Grand<br />
Secretaries, the Assistant Grand Secretaries and the President <strong>of</strong><br />
the Council <strong>of</strong> State. The last-named acts as President.<br />
143. # ^ igC f^ :/c Bi Ts'an^ Yil* Ch^ng* Wu* Ta* Ch'en^,<br />
Consultino- Members <strong>of</strong> the Committee <strong>of</strong> Ministers. The<br />
Presidents <strong>of</strong> the various ^Ministries (Boards) comprise these<br />
(eleven, there now being eleven Boards).<br />
144. Tavo f^ |g T'i" Tiao*, Proctors: chosen from the<br />
Sub-chancellors <strong>of</strong> the Grand Secretariat.<br />
145. Three #? till Pang' T'i' Tiao*, Assistant Proctors.<br />
146. Two |§ ^ Tsung^ Pan', Chief Secretaries.<br />
147. Two ^ |§ ^jj| Pang' Tsung^<br />
Secretaries.<br />
Pan' Assistant Chief<br />
l"*^- ^ M Wen- An*, Secretaries. These are chosen from<br />
the ranks <strong>of</strong> the Secretaries <strong>of</strong> the Grand Secretariat ; number<br />
not fixed.<br />
[ -46 ]<br />
•
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
149. 5|i ^ 'g' Ti* Shih* KuanS Registrars ; chosen from 149<br />
the Secretaries o£ the Grand Secretariat ; number not fixed. tO<br />
COMMITTEE FOR DRAWING UP REGULATIONS FOR<br />
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.<br />
150. ^ ^ igS[ '/§ ft K'ao^ Ch'a^ Cheng* Chih* K-uanS<br />
Committee for the Investigation <strong>of</strong> the Principles <strong>of</strong> Modern<br />
Politics and Government; established in 1905 for the supervision<br />
<strong>of</strong> everything connected with the introduction <strong>of</strong> constitutional<br />
government, for the compilation <strong>of</strong> a code <strong>of</strong> constitutional laws,<br />
and for the discussion <strong>of</strong> the most important questions <strong>of</strong> State<br />
administration.<br />
In 1907 an Imperial Edict, dated 13th August, directed<br />
that the name <strong>of</strong> the Committee be changed to :<br />
150a. ^ i^ ^ ^ I'B Hsien* Cheng* Pieni Ch'a» Kuan',<br />
Committee for Drawing up Regulations<br />
for Constitutional<br />
Government, This Committee was charged with the supervision<br />
<strong>of</strong> the introduction <strong>of</strong> Constitutional Government in <strong>China</strong>.<br />
By the Rules, elaborated by the Committee itself, approved<br />
by the Emperor on the 24th August, 1907, at the head <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Govern-<br />
ment there are two members <strong>of</strong> the Council <strong>of</strong> State, styled :<br />
151. ^mMi&M'^^ B K"an2 Li' Hsien* Cheng*<br />
Pien^ Ch'a* Shih* Wu*, Permanent Members <strong>of</strong> the Committee<br />
for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government.<br />
These <strong>of</strong>ficials, for the actual management <strong>of</strong> affairs, appoint two<br />
152. J^ 1^ T'i^ Tiao*, Proctors (from the ranks <strong>of</strong> Vice-<br />
Presidents <strong>of</strong> Ministries, or Officials <strong>of</strong> similar rank).<br />
153. 1.1 ^ ^ Tsung' Ho^ YiJan^ Examiners ; two. These<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials supervise the preparation <strong>of</strong> reports, manage correspond-<br />
ence, and control the publication <strong>of</strong> a rewspaper.<br />
[ 47 ]<br />
153
PRESENT DAY TOLltlCAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
154 154. At the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for<br />
to Constitutional Government there are two<br />
Bm-eau and Statistical Bureau.<br />
Bureaux, i.e. Revising<br />
^53<br />
154a. I^ fdij J^ Pien^ 'Chih^ Chii^ Revising Bureau;<br />
composed <strong>of</strong> three ^ K'o\ Sections.<br />
154b. -^ji tf ^ T'ung^ Chi* Chu^ Statistical Bureau;<br />
composed <strong>of</strong> three ^ K'o\ Sections.<br />
1 54c. At the head <strong>of</strong> each <strong>of</strong> the afore-mentioned Bureaux<br />
there is a ^j ^ Chii* C'hang^ President, assisted by a glj ^ ^<br />
Fu* Chii^ Challg^ Vice-President.<br />
Each Section is under a Jg ^if ^ Cheng* K'o^ Yiian'^,<br />
Section Chief, to whom are attached a number <strong>of</strong> g|J 7fJ[ ^<br />
Fu*<br />
K'o^ Yiian', Assistant Section Chiefs (the number <strong>of</strong> these depends<br />
on tbe needs <strong>of</strong> the various Sections).<br />
155. li # .^ Tsung^ Wu* Ch'u*, Chancery. This is<br />
directed by a |f|', ^j^ Tsung^ Pan', Chief <strong>of</strong> the Chancery ; he is<br />
assisted by ^ ^ K'o' Yiian'^, Assistant Chiefs.<br />
The C'hancery was established to deal with the registering <strong>of</strong><br />
in-coming and out-going documents and for controlling the<br />
income and ex})enditure. It was formerly called ^, |^ J^ Shu*<br />
Wu* Ch'u*.<br />
156. ^ ^ J^ I* Shui Ch'u*, Translating Office (Inter-<br />
preting Office) ; for the translation from foreign languages oi<br />
books necessary to the Committee for Drawing up Regulations<br />
for Constitutional Government. The staff <strong>of</strong> this <strong>of</strong>fice is not<br />
fixed.<br />
157. H ^ j^ T'u^ Shu' Ch'u", Library; directed by<br />
i& ^ Shou^ C'hang^, Librarian. Here are kept works in Chinese<br />
and foreign languages, as Avell as maps.<br />
158. 'g* |g ^ Kuan' Pao* Chii*, Government Newspapers<br />
Office. This is directed by a |^^ |^. Tsung^ Pan', Superintendent<br />
who is responsible f-or the editorial, pro<strong>of</strong> reading and printing<br />
sections into which the Office is divided, i.e.<br />
[ 48 J
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHIXA.<br />
1- 1^ H f-4 I*ieni Chi^ K'o', Editorial Section, ^gg<br />
2. ^ ^>] fif Chiao'' Tui* K'o^, Pro<strong>of</strong> Reading Section, and<br />
3 fp jjglj f^ Yin* Shua' K'o', Printing Section.<br />
159. At the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for<br />
Constitutional Government there are many<br />
posts, namely :<br />
somewhat un<strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
159a. WMWi^t^fl^ Hsien' Cheng^ Pien^ Ch'a^ Kuan'<br />
Hsing' Tsou*, Attache <strong>of</strong> the Committee for the Drawing up <strong>of</strong><br />
Regulations for Constitutional Government. ,<br />
appointed from the ranks <strong>of</strong> expectant Metropolitan<br />
the 3rd to the 5th classes.<br />
These<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials are<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong><br />
159b. '— ^ I^ li M I' Teng' Tzu^ I* Yuan^, Advisers <strong>of</strong><br />
the First Class, and Zl ^ |§ li M ^^^ Teng^ Tzu^ I* Yiian^,<br />
Advisers <strong>of</strong> the Second Class. These are, at the Capital, chosen<br />
from <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the ranks <strong>of</strong> Vice-President <strong>of</strong> a Ministry to<br />
Secretary <strong>of</strong> a Ministry and, in the provinces, from <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the<br />
ranks <strong>of</strong> Taot'ai to Governor.<br />
160. ^^^.f\ K'ao' Ho' Chuan^ K'o', Investigation<br />
Bureau. This Bureau was established at the Committee for<br />
Drawing up Regulations<br />
for Constitutional Government in<br />
consequence <strong>of</strong> a report by the Committee approved by Imperial<br />
Edict <strong>of</strong> the 2nd January, 1909, for keeping a watch that<br />
constitutional reform schemes are properly carried out.,<br />
In Peking, the' Ministries, and, in the provinces, the<br />
Governor-Generals or Governors, must report every six months as<br />
to what has been accomplished, whence the Investigation Bureau<br />
is kept informed as to the progress <strong>of</strong> the preliminary efforts with<br />
regard to the introduction <strong>of</strong> constitutional government in <strong>China</strong>.<br />
160a. ^, .p Tsung' Pan', Bureau Chief ; at the head <strong>of</strong><br />
the Investigation Bureau. This <strong>of</strong>ficial is under the control <strong>of</strong><br />
the Proctors <strong>of</strong> the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for<br />
Constitutional Government {see No. 152\ Be has subordinated<br />
to him :<br />
5<br />
[ 49 ]<br />
to<br />
160a
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
161 ^ ^ H Pangi PanS Assistants,<br />
to 2 j£ ^4 ^ Cheng* K'o^ Yiian'^, Senior Secretaries, and<br />
162b S S'j ^ ^ ^^* K^^o^ Yiian', Junior Secretaries.<br />
161. By an Imperial Edict, dated 22nd October, 1907, it<br />
was directed, in reply to a report <strong>of</strong> the Committee for Drawing<br />
up Regulations for Constitu^ic lal Government, that there be<br />
established, in the Capital at the Ministries and important-<br />
Government Offices, M ^ M T'ung^ Chi* Ch'u*, Statistical<br />
Bureaux, and, in the provinces, in the yamen <strong>of</strong> the Governor-<br />
Generals or Governors, fi i^. j^ Tiao* Ch'a^ Chii^, Information<br />
Bureaux, with the object <strong>of</strong> furnishing<br />
necessary information.<br />
the Committee with<br />
162. ^^ It J^ T'ung^ Chi" Ch'u*, Statistical Bureaux ; first<br />
established at six <strong>of</strong> the Ministries, i.e. Board <strong>of</strong> Home Affairs,<br />
Board <strong>of</strong> Rites, Board <strong>of</strong> Finance, Board <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communi-<br />
cations, Board <strong>of</strong> Agriculture. Works and Commerce, and Board<br />
<strong>of</strong> Justice. Later these bureaux are to be established at the<br />
remaining Ministries.<br />
The organization <strong>of</strong> the Statistical Bureaux is not the same<br />
for all the Boards.<br />
162 A. The Statistical Bureau at the Board <strong>of</strong> Rites has at<br />
its head a 3^. |^ Tsung^ Ho'^, Superintendent, and is divided into<br />
two sections :<br />
1- 1^ ^ JS Tiao* Ch'a^ 2.<br />
Ch'u*, Infoi-mation Section, and<br />
M fill] ^ Pieni Chih* Ch'u", Revising Section. Each<br />
Section has a staff consisting <strong>of</strong> 1 Jg |)^<br />
T'i^ Tiao*, Proctor, and<br />
10 ^ ^ K'o' Yuan2, Secretaries.<br />
162b. At the Board <strong>of</strong> Finance the Statistical Bureau is<br />
supervised by. a |g fjj^i Ling' Pan\ Chief Director, to whom there<br />
are subordinated 4 ^ |/|| Tsung^ Pan', Directors, 10 ^R^j| Pang^<br />
Pan\ Vice-Directors, and 2 ^ ^f Tso* Pan", Junior Vice-<br />
Directors.<br />
[ 50_ ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
163. 1^ ^ ^j Tiao* Ch'a^ Chii^, Information Bureaux ; 163<br />
established in each province. These are luider the control <strong>of</strong> the tO<br />
respective Governor-General or Governor and their organization 163o<br />
is based on a Memorial from the Committee for Drawing up<br />
Kegulatious for Constitutional Government, approved by the<br />
Emperor on the 22nd October, 1907.<br />
163a. ^, |//| Tsung^ Pan'*, Director. This <strong>of</strong>ficial, appointed<br />
by the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional<br />
Government, on the recommendation <strong>of</strong> the local Governor-General<br />
or Governor, for managing the Information Bureaux, may, at the<br />
same time, do duty as Adviser to the Committee (compare<br />
No. 159b).<br />
sections :<br />
163b. The Information Bureaux are each divided into two<br />
1-<br />
tions, and<br />
fi- M ^ Fa* Chih^ Iv'o', Section <strong>of</strong> Laws and Regula-<br />
2. i^ it f^I- T'ung^ Chi'' K'o\ Statistical Section.<br />
Each <strong>of</strong> these Sections is divided into three ^ Ku^, Sub-<br />
sections.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> each section there is a ^fij- ^ K'o^ Chang^,<br />
Section Chief, who, under the supervision <strong>of</strong> the Director, manages<br />
the affairs <strong>of</strong> his section.<br />
Sub-sections are managed by ^ ^ ^ j^ Kuan' Ku' Wei'<br />
Yiian^, Secretaries (from one to three in each Sub-section), under<br />
the sui^ervislon <strong>of</strong> the Section Chief.<br />
163c. For correspondence there are, at the Sections and<br />
Sub-sections, (1) 2 j!|"^|£ Tsung^ Shu^ Chi*, Senior Secretaries,<br />
(2) 2 ^ ||i ^ il Pangi Tsung' Shu' Chi*, Assistant Senior<br />
Secretaries, (3) 2 |'j- ^ =2 K'o^ Shu^ Chi*, Section Secretaries,<br />
(4) 2 S^^ES ^^"^ Shu^ Chi*, Sub-section Secretaries, (5) 2 ^^<br />
%H^ Kuan' Chiian* Shu^ Chi*, Archivists, and {Q) 2 j!^^ -^ pt<br />
Shou^ Fa^ Shu' Chi*, Registrars.<br />
[ 51 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
leSo 163d. ^,BM Shu* Wu* Ch'uS Chancery ; for managing-<br />
+Q the affairs <strong>of</strong> this establishment the Bureau Chief appoint©<br />
2 |ffi ^ ^ ^ Shu* Wu* Wei' Yiian'^, Chancery Deputies.<br />
165<br />
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND PROVINCIAL<br />
ASSEMBLIES.<br />
164. ^ i|^ ^ Tzu^ Cheng* Yiian*, The National As-<br />
sembly ; its establishment was foreshadowed by<br />
20th September,<br />
1907. The tenor <strong>of</strong> this Edict was :<br />
an Edict <strong>of</strong> the<br />
" A Constitution is necessary to the country. As the twO'<br />
" Houses <strong>of</strong> Parliament cannot at once be inaugurated, it will be<br />
"necessary at first to establish an Assembly<br />
<strong>of</strong> Ministers to><br />
"confer on State matters and to prepare the foundations <strong>of</strong><br />
" Constitutional Government. Prince P'u Lun, Prince <strong>of</strong> the<br />
"4th Order, and the Grand Secretary, Sun Chia ISTai, are<br />
"appointed to preside over the said Assembly and they are<br />
" commanded to confer with the Council <strong>of</strong> State on details and<br />
"modes <strong>of</strong> procedure. Having settled upon these,<br />
details are<br />
"to be presented to the Throne for Imperial sanction. Respect<br />
"This."<br />
165. The first National Assembly, organized on the-<br />
authority <strong>of</strong> the Edict mentioned (see No. 164), is merely a<br />
temporary<br />
establishment entrusted with the special task <strong>of</strong><br />
drawing up regulations for, and organizing elections to, future<br />
National Assemblies, which will serve as a foundation for the<br />
Parliament that will be opened in 1917. According<br />
Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the 4th <strong>of</strong> November, 1910,<br />
be opened in 1913 {see No. 127).<br />
Similarly, <strong>of</strong>ficials previously employed<br />
to an<br />
Parliament is to<br />
in connection witL<br />
the preparations for the Assembly have also had temporary<br />
posts.<br />
[ 5-2 3
niESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGAKIZATION OF CHIXA.<br />
165a. As at first constituted, there were at th(; head <strong>of</strong> 165^!<br />
the National Assembly two S^. ^ Tsung^ Ts'ai'^, Presidents, to<br />
and, attached to them, five Wj ^^M^^'^B Hsieh* Li^ Tzu^<br />
Cheng* Yuan* Shih* Wu*, Senior Supervisors, three 'M.^^f^<br />
lil ^ B TzAi^ Ch^ng* Yiian* Pang^ Pan* Shih* Wu*, Junior<br />
Supervisors, and an indefinite number <strong>of</strong> ^ i^ ^ ^ ^ Tzu^<br />
Cheng* Yiian' Ts'an^ I*, Advisers (at the last session there were-<br />
six).<br />
166. By Rules drawn up by the National Assembly<br />
(consisting <strong>of</strong> 10 headings — the first two <strong>of</strong> which were sanctioned<br />
on the 9th July, 1908, and later amended and, with the others,<br />
approved on the 23rd August, 1909) the subjects that may be<br />
discussed by the Assembly are :<br />
National Income and Expenditure, Methods <strong>of</strong> Taxation<br />
and the National Debt, New Codes <strong>of</strong> Laws and the Amendment<br />
<strong>of</strong> existing Codes (the right <strong>of</strong> amendment <strong>of</strong> constitutional laws<br />
is removed from the sphere <strong>of</strong> influence <strong>of</strong> the Assembly).<br />
All measures handed over to the National Assembly for its<br />
decision must first be considered by the Council <strong>of</strong> State or the<br />
High Officials. The Assembly, however,<br />
questions relating to methods <strong>of</strong> taxation, the public<br />
in connection with<br />
debt and<br />
the preparation or amendment <strong>of</strong> codes <strong>of</strong> laws, may initiate<br />
discussion and propose draft measures (articles 14 and 15 <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Rules).<br />
When the Assembly has arrived at a decision on any<br />
subject, a Memorial must be prepared by the Presidents and<br />
Supervisors <strong>of</strong> that body,<br />
in consultation with the Council <strong>of</strong><br />
State, or with the President <strong>of</strong> the Board concerned ; this<br />
Memorial, in the usual manner, must await the final decision <strong>of</strong><br />
an Imperial Edict (article 16).<br />
Matters <strong>of</strong> disagreement between the National Assembly<br />
and the Council <strong>of</strong> State or the High Officials are to be decided<br />
by the Emperor (article 18).<br />
[ 53 ]<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. .<br />
107 As regards the Provincial Assemblies, the JS'ational<br />
Assembly acts as high controller, deciding<br />
difterences between<br />
the individual Pi'ovincial Assemblies and between the Provincial<br />
Assemblies and the High Provincial Authorities (articles 22<br />
to 24).<br />
Sessions <strong>of</strong> the National Assembly are <strong>of</strong> two kinds, i.e.-<br />
ordinary and extraoi'dinary. Ordinary<br />
sessions are to be held<br />
each year, during the 9th, 10th and 11th moons (article<br />
31); an extraordinary session may be summoned by Imperial<br />
Edict whenever occasion demands (article 32).<br />
In the Rules it is clearl}^ pointed ovit for what reasons the<br />
Emperor may adjourn (article 52), or even dissolve, the<br />
National Assembly and call for a new election (article 53).<br />
The scheme <strong>of</strong> constitutional reforms providjes for a general<br />
election, in 1910, <strong>of</strong> delegates to. the National Assembly and its<br />
opening the same year. Also,<br />
it calls for the erection <strong>of</strong> a hall<br />
in the Eastern part <strong>of</strong> the Tartar City at the (ifj [^ pf] (Jh'ao^<br />
Yang2 Men^' (also ^ ft; P"! ^-'^'i^ Hua"" Men-), to the North-west<br />
<strong>of</strong> the ifj ^ -^ Kuan^ Hsiang^ T'ai-,. the Observatory, Avhere<br />
were formerly the ^.^ Kung"* Yiian*, Examination Halls, for<br />
the use <strong>of</strong> the Assembly.<br />
167. At the head <strong>of</strong> the National Assembly there is now a<br />
i^ ^ Tsung^ Ts*ai^, President, appointed by Imperial Edict<br />
from the ranks <strong>of</strong> Princes <strong>of</strong> the Blooi or from <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the<br />
highest rank Particle 2). To him there is attached one glj |§, ^<br />
Fu* Tsung' Ts'ai", Vice-President, appointed by the Emperor<br />
from <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> rank not lower than the 3rd (article 3).<br />
While the Assembly is in session, the President and Vice-<br />
President do duty as f^ ^ I^ Chang', Chairman, and ^Ij ^ ^<br />
Fu* I* Chang^, V ice-Chairman <strong>of</strong> Sessions <strong>of</strong> the National<br />
Assembly (article 30). ^ i|^ [^ fi M Tzu^ Cheng* Yiian* I*<br />
Yuan', Members <strong>of</strong> the National Assembly (the mmiber is fixed<br />
at two hundred). One hundred <strong>of</strong> these are appointed by the<br />
[ 54 ]
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Emperor and one hundred elected from the Provincial Assemblies 167a<br />
(article-4). f^Q<br />
All members <strong>of</strong> the National Assembly are to rank eqiially<br />
irrespective <strong>of</strong> the positions they may hold (article 5).<br />
Eligible for membership in the National Assembly are<br />
persons over 30 years <strong>of</strong> age who belong to the following classes :<br />
(a) Hereditary Princes <strong>of</strong> the Blood,<br />
(b) Manchus and Chinese holding hereditary titles,<br />
(c) Hereditary Princes <strong>of</strong> Mongolia, Tibet and Turkestan,<br />
(d) Imperial Clansmen (irrespective <strong>of</strong> degree <strong>of</strong> kin),<br />
(e) Officials <strong>of</strong> Metropolitan Establishment betAveen the<br />
4th and 7th ranks (with the exception <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> justice,<br />
pi'osecutors and police <strong>of</strong>ficials),<br />
( f ) Eminent scholars,<br />
(g) Large tax-payers, and<br />
(h) Members <strong>of</strong> the Provincial Assemblies (see details in<br />
articles 9 to 13 <strong>of</strong> the Pules).<br />
Detailed Regulations, drawn up by the National Assembly<br />
itself and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 26th October, 1909,<br />
define clearlv those who come within the eioht categories<br />
mentioned above. The appointment <strong>of</strong> members and the electoral<br />
procediu-e are also elaborated in these Kegulations.<br />
1G7a. Immediately on opening a session, the mernbers <strong>of</strong><br />
the National Assembly are, by lot, divided into various Jj^ Ku',<br />
committees, for dealing with special questions. The members <strong>of</strong><br />
the committees, ^x M. ^^^^^ Yiian", elect their respective chainuan,<br />
55 ^ Ku^' Chang^<br />
167r. For the clerical work <strong>of</strong> the National Assembly<br />
Pi* Shu^ T'ing\ Secretariat. At the head <strong>of</strong><br />
j^ Pi* Shu' Chang^, Senior Secretary ; 4a,<br />
|i{^<br />
there is a : ^,^^<br />
this is a |i{5! ^<br />
appointed by the —'<br />
Emperor. To him are subordinated ^<br />
^ 'B' I' Teng^ Pi* Shu' Kuan', Secretaries <strong>of</strong> the First Class ;<br />
[ 55 J<br />
167b
PKESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
167c 5a," H ^m^'^ Erh^ Teng' Pi* Shu^ Kuan', Secretaries <strong>of</strong><br />
to the Second Class ; 6a, and H ^ IllJ! ^ 'g* San^ Teng^ Pi" Shu^<br />
1Q3 Kuan', Secretaries o£ the Third Class ; 7a (there are four<br />
Secretaries <strong>of</strong> each class ; in all twelve).<br />
The Secretariat is composed <strong>of</strong> four Sections, i.e. (1) i^^^<br />
Chii Yao'' K'oS Secret Affairs, (2) |i ^ f-{- I^ Shih^ K'o\<br />
Projects, (3) jilQf^ Su^ Chi* K'oS Stenography, and (4) J&M^^<br />
Shu* Wu* K'o\ Miscellaneous Affairs. The First Class Secretary<br />
at each <strong>of</strong> the Sections ranks as Chief, ^ ^ K'o^ Chang^, the<br />
others as his assistants.<br />
In addition to the foregoing there are ^ J2 Shu' Chi*,<br />
Writers, and j^ 12 :^ ^u^ Chi* Sheng', Stenographers on the<br />
staff <strong>of</strong> the Secretariat, and there is also a ^ ^ ^ T'u^ Shu<br />
Shih\ Library, in charge <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> the Secretaries, who is styled<br />
^ JM J^ Kuan^ Li^ Yiian^, Librarian.<br />
167c. At the Assembly there are special ^ ^ ^ 'H*<br />
Shou' Wei' Ching\ Kuan', Guards, completely under the<br />
authority <strong>of</strong> the President and Vice-President.<br />
168. g-§ f^ ^ Tzu^ I* Chii'^, Provincial Assemblies. These<br />
are the National Assembly's representatives in the provinces and<br />
their establishment was directed by Imperial Edict dated 19th<br />
October, 1907.<br />
On the 22nd July, 1908, Eegulations for the Provincial<br />
Assemblies drawn up by the Committee for Drawing up Regula-<br />
tions for Constitutional Government lyere sanctioned by the<br />
Emperor and, in 1909, in all the provinces, with the exception <strong>of</strong><br />
the New Dominion— where, owing to the ignorance <strong>of</strong> the people<br />
the assembly Avill be, at least at first, drawn up on different lines<br />
— elections for members <strong>of</strong> the Assemblies were held.<br />
In the New Dominion members <strong>of</strong> the Assembly will -"be<br />
appointed, not elected (see the report <strong>of</strong> the Governor, Lien K'uei,<br />
dated early in 1909).<br />
[ 56 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
On the 14th October, 1909, the Provincial Assembhes had 169<br />
their first session {see Edict dated 13th October, 1909).<br />
As directed by the first article <strong>of</strong> the Regulations, Provincial<br />
Assemblies are established in the cities at which the Governory<br />
Generals or Governors reside, their chief duty being to bring the<br />
opinions <strong>of</strong> the people to the notice <strong>of</strong> the chief provincial<br />
executive that he may be fully informed <strong>of</strong> the needs <strong>of</strong> his<br />
district and maintain order therein.<br />
For the election <strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong> the Provincial Assemblies<br />
there is a double election, that is, there is an election <strong>of</strong> delegates<br />
by the people and these, in turn, elect certain <strong>of</strong><br />
members <strong>of</strong> the Assemblies.<br />
their number as<br />
The number <strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong> the Provincial Assembly is not<br />
the same for all the provinces but ranges from 30 (for the<br />
provinces <strong>of</strong> Kirin, Heilungchiang and Hsinchiang) to 140 (for<br />
Chihli province).<br />
The electoral fi-anchise is given to all males <strong>of</strong> twenty five<br />
years <strong>of</strong> age or more, provided they are natives <strong>of</strong> the pi'ovince<br />
and possess any <strong>of</strong> the qualifications stated in detail in the<br />
Regulations (articles 3 and 4).<br />
Membership in the Provincial Assembly is open to all males<br />
<strong>of</strong> thirty years <strong>of</strong> age or more, natives, and non-natives, provided<br />
they have been resident in the province concerned for ten years,<br />
"who are free <strong>of</strong> the disqualifications enumerated in detail in<br />
articles 5 to 8 <strong>of</strong> the Regulations<br />
169. In the internal organization <strong>of</strong> the Provincial<br />
Assemblies there are :<br />
1- li ;M !* 2.<br />
ChangS President,<br />
SI] li ^ Fu'' I^ Chang^ Vice-President, and 1^ ^ f^ ^<br />
Ch'ang^ Chu* I* Yiian^, Resident Members <strong>of</strong> the Assembly,<br />
The number <strong>of</strong> these is one fifth the total number <strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong><br />
the Assembly (articles 10 to 14 <strong>of</strong> the Regulations).<br />
r 57 ]
170<br />
to<br />
172<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
The members <strong>of</strong> tlie Provincial Assemblies are elected for a<br />
term <strong>of</strong> three years ; the President and Vice-Presidents retaia<br />
their <strong>of</strong>fices during the entire temi, the Resident Members serve-<br />
one year only (ai'ticles 15 to 17 <strong>of</strong> the Pegulations).<br />
170. The Provincial Assembliei^ may discuss affairs dealing<br />
with finance, yearly income and expenditure, methods <strong>of</strong> taxation^,<br />
the raising <strong>of</strong> loans for provincial needs, the election <strong>of</strong> members<br />
to the National Assembly, and questions submitted to them by<br />
the National Assembly, etc. i^see articles 21 to 30 <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Regulations, in Avhich, also, is defined in detail the relation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Provincial Assemblies to the Governor-Generals, Governors and<br />
the National Assembly).<br />
171. To the Provincial Assembly there is attached a<br />
^% ^ J^ Pan^ Shih* Ch'u*, Chancery,<br />
under the control <strong>of</strong> the<br />
President and Vice-Presidents, for dealing with coiTespondence,<br />
accounts and the current affairs <strong>of</strong> the Assembly. This <strong>of</strong>fice is.<br />
directed by 1 ^ |E j^ Shu'^ Chi* Chang^, Chief Secretary, and<br />
4 ^ =2 Shu^ Chi*, Secretaries, who are selected by the President,<br />
subject to the approval <strong>of</strong> the Governor-General or Governor<br />
(ySee articles 51 and 52 <strong>of</strong> the Regulations).<br />
172. The management<br />
<strong>of</strong> elections for members <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Provincial Asseiublies is undertaken by special committees in<br />
which the local <strong>of</strong>ficials act as I)? i^ ^ '§ Ch'u^ Hsuan^ Chien^<br />
Tu\ Executive Supervisors <strong>of</strong> the First Election, or l^iH^"^ Fu*<br />
Hsuan^Chien^ Tu\ Executive Supervisors <strong>of</strong> the Second Election.<br />
To the above-mentioned <strong>of</strong>ficials there are subordinated<br />
during: elections :<br />
1. \t M m n m-<br />
Supervisors <strong>of</strong> Balloting,<br />
2. ^ M ^ ^ m<br />
Inspectors <strong>of</strong> Balloting,<br />
3. ^ M ^ Ji m<br />
Supervising Tellers, and<br />
T'ou- P'iao* Kuan' Li^ Yuan^,<br />
"OU"<br />
K'-n 'ai'<br />
[ 58 ]<br />
P'iao* Chien^ Ch'a' Yuan%<br />
P'iao* Kuan' Li^ Yiian^
PHESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
4. ^ M ^ ^ M. I^'ai^ P'iao^ Chien^ Ch'a^ Yuan^, 173<br />
Tellers {see details in articles 18 to 20 <strong>of</strong> the Regulations dealing ^q<br />
with, the Provincial Assemblies and the election <strong>of</strong> members, being<br />
additional articles to the Regulations).<br />
1 73. =§ fi ^ ^ m ^ Tzu^ P Chii^ Ch'ou^ Pan* Ch\iS<br />
Offices for arranging for Provincial Assemblies, established in<br />
the various provinces in accordance with the instructions issued<br />
by the Depart-nent for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional<br />
Government, in 1908, with the object <strong>of</strong> organizing the elections<br />
<strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong> the Provincial Assemblies. After the opening <strong>of</strong><br />
the Council?, on the 14th October, 1909, these <strong>of</strong>fices ceased to<br />
exist.<br />
COMMITTEE FOR REVISING AND COMPILING CIVIL<br />
AND CRIMINAL. C0DE5.<br />
1 "-1 •• f^ IT ^- ^ tt Hsiu^ Ting* Fa* Lii* Kuan^ Committee<br />
for Revising and Compiling Civil and Criminal Codes. This<br />
came into existence because <strong>of</strong> an Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 11th<br />
October, 1907, the tenor <strong>of</strong> which was :<br />
" The Committee for Drawing up Regulations for<br />
*' Constitutional Government has presented a Memorial lu'ging<br />
" the appointment <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials to compile new civil and criminal<br />
" codes.<br />
" Shen Chia-pen, Junior Vice-President <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
" Justice, Yu Lien-san, ex-Governor <strong>of</strong> Shansi, and Ying Jui,<br />
" President <strong>of</strong> the Supreme Court, are appointed as <strong>of</strong>ficials for<br />
"<br />
the compilation <strong>of</strong> new civil and criminal codes. They are to<br />
"<br />
study the codes <strong>of</strong> Foreign Ppwers, make a study <strong>of</strong> the<br />
" customs and conditions in <strong>China</strong>, and draw up regulations for<br />
" presentation to us. Respect This."<br />
175. •<br />
The Committee for Revising and Compiling Civil<br />
and Criminal Codes has at its head two fif |]* fi ^ ;/c S Hsiu^<br />
Ting* Fa* Lii* Ta* Ch'en^ Presidents, who control :<br />
[ 59 ]<br />
175
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OPGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
176 176. Two ^^- 1^ Ti^ Tiao*, Proctors,<br />
to 177. ^ — -^ Ti' I^ K'o', First, Section; its duty is to<br />
183 ^^'^^ "P ^ code <strong>of</strong> commercial law. This Section is in charge <strong>of</strong><br />
a :<br />
177a. |§ ^ Tsung' Tsuan', Chief Reviser, assisted by 4<br />
^ tW Tsnan' Hsiii^ Revisers, 4 t^ ff Hsieh* Hsni\ Assistant<br />
Revisers and 1 or 2 f^ -g ^ Tiao"* Ch'a^ Yiian^, Correctors.<br />
178. |g - flj- Ti^ Erh* K'o', Second Section ; in charge<br />
<strong>of</strong> the compilation <strong>of</strong> civil and criminal codes.<br />
178a. The staff at the Second Section is identical to that<br />
<strong>of</strong> the First Section (see No. 177a).<br />
179. ^^ ^ 1' Shu^ Ch'u*, Translating Office (Inter-<br />
preting Office) ; in charge <strong>of</strong> the translation from foreign<br />
languages <strong>of</strong> laws and judicial works generally. This <strong>of</strong>fice is<br />
under a ^ ^ Tsung' Tsuan^, Chief Reviser, assisted by ^ ^<br />
I"* Yiian*, Translators (Interpreters) (number not fixed).<br />
180. ;^ ^ j^ Pieri^ An* Ch'u\ Codifying Office. At the<br />
head <strong>of</strong> this <strong>of</strong>fice is a f;^ ^ Tsung^ Tsuan', Chief Reviser, and<br />
subordinated to him there are 2 ^c fl^ Tsuan^ Hsiu\ Revisers and<br />
^ Wj i^ Hsieh^ Hsiu^, Assistant Revisers.<br />
181. BB ^ Shu^ Wu^ Ch'u^ Chancery; in charge <strong>of</strong><br />
clerical work, accounts and economical administration. At its<br />
head is a ^; f^ |i f? Shu* Wu* Tsung^ Pan*, Chancery Chief,<br />
assisted by ^ ^ Wei' Yiian', Deputies (number indefinite).<br />
182. |-§ 1^ 'g* Tzu^ I* Kuan^, Advisers ; appointed to an<br />
indefinite number by the Presidents <strong>of</strong> the Committee. All the<br />
Provincial Judges are, ex-<strong>of</strong>ficio, Advisers to the Committee (for<br />
details see the Memorial from the Committee, with three<br />
enclosures, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 22nd June, 1908).<br />
183. i^ ^ ^ Tiao* Ch'a^' Yuan^ Legal Experts;<br />
appointed in an indefinite number, by<br />
the Presidents <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Committee, from its staff" or from the most experienced lawyers<br />
to supply the Committee with necessary information.<br />
[
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHUN A.<br />
GENERAL STAFF OF THE ARMY.<br />
184. ^ f^ f^ Chiini Tzu^ Fu^ General Staff Office ; not<br />
in existence as yet ; tp be organized<br />
on the same lines as that <strong>of</strong><br />
Germany or Japan.<br />
In an Edict, dated the 6th November, 1906, ruling<br />
ox'ganization <strong>of</strong> the Board <strong>of</strong> War, it was directed that,<br />
the re--<br />
as no<br />
General Staff Office Avas in existence, all matters pertaining to<br />
such an <strong>of</strong>fice were to be attended to by the :<br />
184a. ^ s:g ^ Chiin^ Tzu^ Ch'uS General Staff Council,,<br />
which is attached to the Board <strong>of</strong> War (compare Nos. 184b, 417<br />
rmd 418).<br />
By an Imperial Edict, dated the 15th July, 1909, the<br />
(ieneral Staff Council was made independent <strong>of</strong> the Board <strong>of</strong><br />
War and its functions as :<br />
184b. :^f^M Chiini Tzu^ Ch'uS General Staff Council,<br />
which assists the Emperor ^^.s Commander-in-Chief <strong>of</strong> the Army<br />
and Navy.<br />
The General Staff Council as at present constituted is not<br />
the same as the similar <strong>of</strong>fice in Russia but is a preliminary step<br />
to the establishment <strong>of</strong> a General Staff Office {see No. 184).<br />
With regard to all questions relating to defences or the<br />
command <strong>of</strong> the forces, the General Staff Council mak'es recom-<br />
mendations which, after the Emperor's sanction, are transmitted<br />
to the Board <strong>of</strong> War or the Admiralty for execution.<br />
are :<br />
Under the supervision <strong>of</strong> the General Staff Council there<br />
The Military Academy (see No. 712 ; the school for<br />
Officers at Paotingfu, see No. 712a,<br />
is to be under the General<br />
Staff Council until the Military Academy is established). Schools<br />
for Military Draftsmen (see No. 715d\ Military Attaches at the<br />
Legations abroad (see No. 329),<br />
Field Officers <strong>of</strong> the Army and Navy, etc.<br />
[ 61 1<br />
184r<br />
to<br />
1843
184c<br />
to<br />
PRESENT DAY VOLii ICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Provisional Regulation? for the General Staff Council have<br />
been drawn up by itself and were sanc^^^oned by the Emperor on<br />
the 22nd September, 1909.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the General Staff CouncU there are :<br />
184c. Tavo if Ji :^MM^ B Kuan-"* Li^" Chun^ Tzu' Ch'u*<br />
Shih* Wu*, Chiefs <strong>of</strong> the General Staff Council ; these <strong>of</strong>ficials<br />
have the privilege <strong>of</strong> making personal reports to the Emperor.<br />
To them are directly subordinated :<br />
184D. Two j$.Wi^ Chiin^ Tzu^ Shih^ Uh'efs <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Chancery <strong>of</strong> the General Staff Council (<strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the rank <strong>of</strong><br />
Lieutenant-General, Major-General or Colonel), who are. in charge<br />
<strong>of</strong> the :<br />
184e. ^^f^M Tsung' Wu* T'ing^, Chancery; the duties<br />
<strong>of</strong> this <strong>of</strong>fice have not been determined.<br />
184f. To the General Staff Council,<br />
in addition to the<br />
<strong>of</strong>fices already mentioned, there are attached, with functions yet<br />
to be fixed :<br />
1.<br />
I Ti* I' T'ing\ First Section,<br />
I Ti* lirh* T'ing', Second Section,<br />
I Ti* San^ T^ngS Third Section,<br />
I Ti* Ssu* T'ing\ Fourth Section,<br />
I Ti* Wu^ T'ingS Fifth Section, and<br />
I Hai^ Chiin^ T'ing',<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> each Section there is a :<br />
Naval Section.<br />
184g. M M T'ing^ Chang^ Section Chief (from <strong>of</strong>licials<br />
<strong>of</strong> the rank <strong>of</strong> Major-General or Colonel). This <strong>of</strong>ficial directs,<br />
under the supervision <strong>of</strong> the Directors <strong>of</strong> the General Staff<br />
Council, all affairs pertaining to the Sub-sections <strong>of</strong> his respective<br />
Section. Each is assisted by a :<br />
184h. glj 'g' Fu* Kuan\ Adjutant (from<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the<br />
rank o.f Captain or Lieutenant), who manages the general affairs.<br />
184i. Each Section is composed' <strong>of</strong> ^ij- K'o\ Sub-sections<br />
(their number, functions and staff have still to be parj^icularly<br />
determined).<br />
[ *32 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIO-X OF CHINA.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> each Sub-section is a : 184j<br />
184j. ^if ^ K'o^ Chang^, Sub-section Chief (from <strong>of</strong>ficials<br />
<strong>of</strong> the rank <strong>of</strong> Colonel or Lieutenant Colonel), vs-ho is in charge ^q.<br />
<strong>of</strong> the affairs <strong>of</strong> the Sub-section and is assisted by<br />
1. — ^ jpj.^ II Teng' K'o^ Yiian^, Secretaries <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Pirst Class (from Lieutenant Colonels and Captains, or civil<br />
•<strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> similar rank),<br />
2. H ^ ^ ^ Erh* Tong3 K'o^ Yuan^ Secretaries <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Second Class, and<br />
3- H ^ f^ M ^'^"^ '^^'"g^ K'o^ Yiian', Secretaries <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Third Class (these two latter are <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the rank ot Captain<br />
or Lieutenant, or civil <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> corresponding rank.)<br />
For the clerical work <strong>of</strong> the Sub-sections there are attached<br />
to the Sub-section Chiefs :<br />
Class,<br />
1- — ^ 11 ^ I' Teng^ Lu" Shih^ Writers <strong>of</strong> the First<br />
2. Zl^M^ ^'rh* Teng3 Lu4^Shih^ Writers <strong>of</strong> the Sscond<br />
Class, and<br />
Class.<br />
3. H ^ fi ^ SanV Teng3 Lu^ Shih% Writers <strong>of</strong> the Third<br />
184k. 13 Pp^ 'g* Ku* Wen'' Kuan\ Advisers. The number<br />
<strong>of</strong> these is not fixed. They are appointed by the Emperor on<br />
the recommendation <strong>of</strong> the Genei'al Staff Council.<br />
184l. Having imder its control (as<br />
stated above in<br />
No. 184b) all the Field Officers <strong>of</strong> the Army and Navy,<br />
^^'g' Ts'an^ Mou- Kvian\ the General Staff Council has drawn<br />
up Regulations concerning the ranks <strong>of</strong> Field Officers,<br />
in six<br />
articles (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 5th October, J 909),<br />
which empower the Cotfncil to issue commissions to j^crsons <strong>of</strong> a<br />
rank not lower than 1st Lieutenant, who have passed the<br />
examinations at the Military Academy (see 'No. 712; imtil its<br />
establishment, the School for Field Officers at Paotingfu, see<br />
No. 712a) and to pei'sons who have completed the course <strong>of</strong> study<br />
[
185b<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAIv OKG ANIZA-TION OF CHINA.<br />
186 ^^ foreign Military Schools<br />
than one year.<br />
and have served in the line for more'<br />
.<br />
^<br />
These <strong>of</strong>Hcers, being directly subordinated to the Directors <strong>of</strong><br />
the General Staff Council, are obliged to assist the Commanders<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Fox'ces where they may be stationed by drawing up<br />
schemes <strong>of</strong> defence and by drilling the troops.<br />
Field Officers must, yearly, serve two months in the line ;<br />
they may choose the district in Avhich they wish to serve. For<br />
distinction they wear particular -stripes similar to those <strong>of</strong> the<br />
New Palace Guards,<br />
COMMISSION FOR THE REORGANIZATION OF<br />
THE NAVY.<br />
185. ^^MW-^BM Ch'ou^ Pan' Hai^ Chiini Shih*<br />
\Vu* Ch'u^, Commission for the Reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Navy.<br />
This was established by Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 19th February,.<br />
1909, imder the supervision <strong>of</strong> three ff Sf ^ ^ ^ ^: ;/c E<br />
Ch'ou* Hua* Hai^ Chim^ Chi^ Ch'u^ Ta* Ch'en-, Commissioners in<br />
charge <strong>of</strong> the Reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Navy (Prince Su, President<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Board <strong>of</strong> Home Affairs, Prince Tsai Tse, President <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Board <strong>of</strong> Finance, and T'ieh Liang, President <strong>of</strong> the Board <strong>of</strong><br />
War), and the presidency <strong>of</strong> Prince Ch'ing, for elaborating plans<br />
for the formation <strong>of</strong> the nucleus <strong>of</strong> a Navy.<br />
Its preliminary work accomplished, the Commission was<br />
reorganized by Edict <strong>of</strong> the loth July, 1909, with :<br />
•i85A. Two^ il ii J^ :/c E Ch'ou- Pan-^ Hai^ Chiin^ Ta*<br />
CJi'en", Presidents <strong>of</strong> the Commission for the Reorganization <strong>of</strong><br />
the Navy (the brother <strong>of</strong> the Prince Regent, U^ ^^ T?ai^ Hsiin^,.<br />
Prince <strong>of</strong> the 3rd Degree, and Admiral j^ |^ ^JC Sa^ Chen'*<br />
Ping^), who were directed to formulate plans for an independent<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Navy (see No. 185b).<br />
185b. ^ :g % Hai3 (%uni Pu% Ministry<br />
not yet organized.<br />
<strong>of</strong> the NavA
PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
In an Imperial Edict, dated 6th November, 1906, it was ^^^°<br />
ruled that until a Ministry o£ the Navy should be established,<br />
*0<br />
matters appertaining to such an <strong>of</strong>fice were to be attended to at ISSo<br />
the Board o£ War.<br />
185c. ^ !5 i^ Hai' Chiin^ Ch'u% Naval Coimcil ; attached<br />
to the Board <strong>of</strong> War (see Nos. 417 and 419).<br />
The staff for this<br />
<strong>of</strong>fice was arranged by the Board <strong>of</strong> War in 1907 (sanctioned by<br />
the Emperor on the 7th June, 1907).<br />
185d. By Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the .loth July, 1909, the<br />
Naval (.'ouncil was made independent <strong>of</strong> the Board <strong>of</strong> War and<br />
directly subordinated to the Presidents <strong>of</strong> the Commission for the<br />
Reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Navy {see No. 185a).<br />
185e. At the head <strong>of</strong> the Naval Council there are a jH (^<br />
•Cheng^ Shlh^ Superintendent, and a glj \^ ¥u* Shih^ Assistant<br />
Superintendent, who, under the supervision <strong>of</strong> the Presidents <strong>of</strong><br />
the Commission for- the Keorganization <strong>of</strong> the Navy (see No.<br />
185a), attend to the affairs <strong>of</strong> the Council,<br />
i.e. the staff <strong>of</strong> the<br />
]!^a-vy, the drawing up <strong>of</strong> Rules and Regulations for the Navy,<br />
supervising <strong>of</strong> shipbuilding. Naval Schools, etc. They are<br />
assisted by 2 :^ ^ '^ Ch'eng" Fa^ Kuan',- Registrars,<br />
11^ ^ Lu^ Shih\ Writers.<br />
and 4<br />
185f. The Naval Council is to consist <strong>of</strong> 6 p] Ssu\<br />
Departments ; three <strong>of</strong> these have already been organized and<br />
three will later be arranged for.<br />
185g. ^ I^ '^ Chi^ Yao^ Ssu', Department <strong>of</strong> Urgent<br />
<strong>of</strong> naval codes anc<br />
Affairs ; dealing with the drawing up<br />
regulations, armament <strong>of</strong> ships, navigation and marine<br />
enj neering. It is divided into four Sections :<br />
1- M S! ^ Chih^ Tu* K'o\ Section for Naval Codefe and<br />
Regulations,<br />
2- Ci M f^
TKESENT DAY POLTTICAT. ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
186h 4. f^ ti f^ Lun^ Chii K•o^ Section for Marine Engineer-<br />
tO ing.<br />
^^^ each Department there is a "p] ^ Ssu^ Chang^,<br />
Department Director, assisted by a ;^ ^ 'g* Cheng^ Fa^ Kuan\<br />
185j<br />
llegistrar.<br />
For each Section there is a jjJIj- ;^ K'o^ Chang', Section<br />
Chief, assisted by 1 2 ^ij- j^ K'o^ Yiian^, Secretaries ( <strong>of</strong> the First,<br />
Second and Third Classes), and 6 |^ ^ Lu* Shih*, Writers.<br />
185h. ^^ H^ pI Ch'uan* Cheng* Ssn^ Construction<br />
Department ; supervises construction and repair<br />
<strong>of</strong> men-<strong>of</strong>-war<br />
This is not divided into Sections. Its staff comprises a '^ ;^<br />
Ssu^ Chang^, Department Director, a ;^ ^ 'g* Ch'cng^ Fa^<br />
Kuan\ Eegistr?r, 5 ^ IH 'g' K'ao^ Kung^ Kuan^, Inspectors <strong>of</strong><br />
Works (<strong>of</strong> the First, Second and Third Classes), a ^ |fg<br />
r ShihS Chief Engineer, 2 ^ J: I* Shih^ Engineers,<br />
and 6<br />
H ^ Lu-* Shih\ Writers.<br />
185 1. 5l^ p] Yiin* Ch'ou2 gg^^i^ Department <strong>of</strong> Naval<br />
Tactics ; supervises matters <strong>of</strong> strategy, instruction and<br />
hydrographical<br />
affairs. It is divided into three Sections :<br />
1- ^ ^ f^ ^ou2 Liieh* K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Strategy,<br />
2- ^ f^ f^ Chiao^ Wu-* K'o\ Instruction Section, and<br />
3. il if f^ Ts'e* Hai' K'o^, Hydrographical Section.<br />
p]<br />
The staff <strong>of</strong> the Department <strong>of</strong> Naval Tactics includes a<br />
^ Ssu^ Chang^, Department Director, a ;!f^ ^ ^ Ch'eng'*<br />
Fa^ Kuan\ Registrar, and for each Section, a fif ;^ K'o^<br />
Chang', Section Chief, 6 f4 ^ K'o^ Yuan^ Secretaries (<strong>of</strong> the<br />
First, Second and Third Classes), 2 m ^ I' Shih\ Chief<br />
Engineers, 3 ^ j;: I" Shih*, Engineers, and 6 f| ^ Lu* Shih*^<br />
Writers.<br />
185j. il Dh "pI ^b'u' Pei* Ssu^ Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Com-<br />
munications and Accounts ; not yet in operation. This is to be<br />
composed<br />
<strong>of</strong> three Sections :<br />
1- ^%^P< Hui* (K'uai) Chi* K'o\ Accounts Section,
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
2. M. ffl ^ ^^^^ Yung* K'oS Ammimition Section, and 185k<br />
3.<br />
Tfi Ia f^ T'un^ 0^== K'oS Supplies Section.<br />
Its staff will inchide a p] ;^ Ssu^ Chang', Department<br />
Director, a ;^ ^ 'g' Ch'eng^ Fa' Kuan\ Registrar, and, for each<br />
Section, a fIf g K'o^ Chang^ Section Chief, 9 ^ ^ ICo^ Yilan^,<br />
Secretaries (<strong>of</strong> the First, Second and Third Classes), and 6 ^^<br />
Ln* Shih*, Writers.<br />
185k. ^ :^ p1 I' Wu* Ssu\ Medical Department; not<br />
yet functioning : to supervise medical affairs <strong>of</strong> the Navy. This<br />
Department<br />
will not be divided into Sections. Its staff will<br />
include a p] ^ Ssu^ Chang^, Department Director, a ;a^ ^ '^<br />
Cheng^ Fa^ Kuan\ Registrar, o ^ ^ I^ Kuan', Medical Officers<br />
(<strong>of</strong> the First, Second and Third Classes), and 6 |^ ^ Lu* Shih*,<br />
Writers.<br />
185l. ;^ f^ n] Fa* Wu* Ssu^, Department <strong>of</strong> Naval<br />
Law ; for drawing up naval laws. This Department will not be<br />
sub-divided into Sections. Its staff" will consist <strong>of</strong> a '^ ;g Ssu'^<br />
Chang^ a ;fc M 1^ Ch'cng^ Fa^- Kuan', Registrar, 4 1] f^ 'g*<br />
Ssu^ Fa* Kuan', Legal Ad\ isers (<strong>of</strong> the First, Second and Third<br />
Classes), and 6 || ^ Lu* Shlh*, Writers.<br />
18.5m. UB^ Pieni I* Chii^, Translation Office (Inter-<br />
preting Office). This is directed by a t§ p Tsung' Pan*, Chief,<br />
assisted by a IE ^, ^ ChCng* Chien^ Tu', Director, and two<br />
t j ii T-i^ Tiao*, Proctors.<br />
185n. |£ ^ It Ping^ Hsiieh- Kuan^ Military Instruction<br />
Office ; at its head is a |g f^ T^i' Tiao\ Proctor.<br />
185(). ig fl If f'lJsiieh^ Kuaa% Medical Institute ; at<br />
its head is a ^ -^ Chien^ Tu', Director.<br />
185p. Foj- details concerning the Four Squadrons, Staff <strong>of</strong><br />
the Commander-in-Chief <strong>of</strong> the Naval Forces at Shanghai, Naval<br />
Schools, Shipbuilding Dockyards,<br />
756, 75Ga to 756c, 757 and 757a to 757c.<br />
[
186<br />
^Q<br />
187<br />
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
COMMISSION FOR THE REVISION OF THE<br />
BANNER ORGANIZATION.<br />
186. ^ii;^f|lM Pien^ T'ungi.Ch'i^ Chih* Ch'uS Commis-<br />
sion for the Kevision <strong>of</strong> the Banner <strong>Organization</strong>. This was<br />
established bv an Imperial Edict dated the 17th December,,'<br />
1908, under the direction <strong>of</strong> six <strong>of</strong>ficials, chosen from the ranks<br />
<strong>of</strong> Princes <strong>of</strong> the Blood and Presidents and Vice-Presidents <strong>of</strong><br />
the Ministries (Manchu), who were directed to consider the<br />
revision <strong>of</strong> the Banner regulations in consultation with the<br />
Council <strong>of</strong> State.<br />
This Commission (the establishment <strong>of</strong> which was foreseen<br />
by the programme <strong>of</strong> Constitutional Reforms) has, as is stated in<br />
an Edict <strong>of</strong> the 26th December, 1908, to revise the regulations<br />
<strong>of</strong> " the Banner organization so as to fit present conditions <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Empire and to devise means for teaching every Bannerman tO'<br />
earn a living and become independent." Further, the same<br />
Decree adds that " there is no intention at present <strong>of</strong> stopping<br />
the pensions and alloAvances issued to every Bannerman, "and ali<br />
are to continue, as usual, to draw the same, that there shall be<br />
no misapprehension on the part <strong>of</strong> Bannermen."<br />
To the Commission has been given the task <strong>of</strong> reorganizing<br />
the Banner Corps, the main idea in view being to annul the<br />
differences between Manchus and the Chinese population by 1915.<br />
186a. UnmMM M M ^^^ Tsung^ Ssu^ Pien* T'ungi<br />
Ch'i^ Chih* Ch'u^ Ta* Ch'en^ Presidents <strong>of</strong> tlft Commission for<br />
the Pevision <strong>of</strong> the Banner <strong>Organization</strong> ; at present, as stated<br />
above {see No. 186), there are six. The stafF <strong>of</strong> the Commission<br />
has not as yet been arranged for.<br />
THE ANTI-OPIUM COMMISSION.<br />
187. The Anti-Opium Commission (The Opimii Prohibition.<br />
Commission) was established by an Imperial Edict,-, dated the-<br />
[ G8 ]
PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
7th April, 1908, which appointed four ^ ^ :^ E& Chin* Yen^<br />
Ta* Ch'en', Opium<br />
188<br />
Prohibition Commissioners, with ^ ^ I<br />
^ ^<br />
^^<br />
P'u' Wei', Prince Kung\ Prince <strong>of</strong> the First Degree, at 188b<br />
its head. The Commission was given great power with reference<br />
to the examination <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials and populace and it was directed<br />
that the expenses <strong>of</strong> the Commission be defrayed from local<br />
Opium<br />
Taxes. For its administration the Commission was<br />
instructed to draw up suitable Regulations.<br />
Originally composed <strong>of</strong> four <strong>of</strong>ficials only as stated above,<br />
there were later appointed ^ |^ T'i' Tiao*, Proctors (3 to 4 in<br />
number) to assist the Commission and, by Regulations drawn up<br />
by the Commission (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 7th June,<br />
1908), there have been established at all the Provincial capitals :<br />
188. ^'M ^ ¥f Chin* Yen^ Knngi So^ Anti-Opium<br />
Bureaux, at the head <strong>of</strong> which are <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> high local rank<br />
{Provincial Treasurers, Commissioners <strong>of</strong> Education, Police<br />
'Ta<strong>of</strong>ais) as ^ ^ Tu^ Pan*: also |l| M Tsung^ Li^ Superin-<br />
tendents.<br />
As regards the actual management <strong>of</strong> these Bureaiix, the<br />
Governor-General or Governor appoints an <strong>of</strong>ficial, as i^ ^<br />
Tsung^ Pan*, Bureau Chief.<br />
•At places other than provincial capitals there are established,<br />
^either by the Government or on private account, <strong>of</strong>fices called :<br />
188a. ^>^]^ Chieh* Yeni Chii^, Anti-Opium Offices.<br />
The internal organization and the functions <strong>of</strong> the Anti-Opium<br />
Offices are similar to those <strong>of</strong> the Anti-0])ium Bui-eaux (see<br />
No. 188).<br />
establish :<br />
Finally, the Authorities everywhere exhort the Gentry to<br />
188b. .9^ 'j^ g- It Chieh* Yen^ Hui* She*, Anti-Opium<br />
Societies, the aim <strong>of</strong> which is to struggle by every means<br />
.(including the issue <strong>of</strong> newspapers) against opitxm-smoking (see<br />
details in article by V. V. Hagelstrom, " Summary <strong>of</strong> Measures<br />
[ C9 ]
189<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZ.ATION OF CHINA.<br />
taken by the Chinese Government for abolishing Opium -smoking<br />
in <strong>China</strong>," in the " Chinese Good News" <strong>of</strong> the 28th June, 1909,.<br />
issiie 9-10, pagfes 1-13).<br />
COMMITTEE IN CHARGE OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE<br />
IMPERIAL MAUSOLEUM, "CH'UNQ LING."<br />
189. ^ 1^ X 7g ^ Ch'ung2 Ling2 Kungi -Ch'eng^ Ch'u%<br />
Committee in Charge <strong>of</strong> Construction <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Mausoleum,<br />
" Ch'un'g Ling"; appointed by Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 5th<br />
January, 1909.<br />
This Committee <strong>of</strong> four ;^ f^ ^ f^ X ^ :^ g& Ch'eng^<br />
Hsiu^ Ch'ung'' Ling^ Kuug' ( Ih'eng^ Ta** (_'h'en^, Comnxissioiiers<br />
in Charge <strong>of</strong> Construction <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Mausoleum, " Ch'ung-<br />
Ling" (Princes .|g ^^ Tsai^ Hsiin\ if f^ P'u^ J.iin\ and $3^ ^f<br />
Tsai^ Tse-, and the late Grand Secretarj-, J^ -j^ ^ Lu* Ch'uan^-<br />
lin^), under the presidency <strong>of</strong> Prince (<br />
'h'ing, was detailed to take<br />
charge <strong>of</strong> the Construction <strong>of</strong> a mausoleum, to be styled ^ [^<br />
Ch'ung^ Lirjg^, for the reception<br />
<strong>of</strong> the remains <strong>of</strong> the la£e<br />
Emperor f^, ^ r§; ^. *?& '^'e^ Tsung^ Ching' Huang^ Ti*, from his<br />
reign known as ^ |f Kuang' Hsii* (1875-1908),<br />
near the<br />
Western Mausolea {see No. 56 9c), in the valley ^ f| [li^ Ciiin^<br />
Ijung^ Yii* (<strong>of</strong> the Golden Dragon).<br />
The work <strong>of</strong> constriicting the Mausoleum is going on under<br />
the supervision <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials, holding <strong>of</strong>fice at the Capital, selected<br />
by the Commission, styled ^ ^ .Chien^ Tu\ Inspectors (eight,<br />
see Memorial <strong>of</strong> the Commission, dated 16th January, 1909),<br />
and g^ f^ Chien^ Hsiu\ Overseers (about 35 <strong>of</strong> these ; see<br />
Memorial <strong>of</strong> the Commission, dated 12th February, 1909).<br />
The Edict <strong>of</strong> the 16th January, 1909, directed that the<br />
Emperor Kuang<br />
Hsii's Mausoleum should be constructed on the<br />
same lines as that <strong>of</strong> the Emperor T'ung Chih (1862-1875), the<br />
^ ^ Hui* Ling^, and that it should be completed within five<br />
the Commission then to be dissolved.<br />
years ;<br />
[ 70 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
HISTORIOQRAPHICAL COMMISSION. 190<br />
190. ^ fl If Shih^ Lu* Kuan^; (Commission <strong>of</strong> Historio-<br />
graphy ; appointed by Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 21st February, 1909,<br />
at the Grand Secretariat {see No. 130), for the compilation—<br />
^ ^ Ch'un^ C'h'iu', i.e. in chronological order— <strong>of</strong> the annals <strong>of</strong><br />
the reign <strong>of</strong> the Emperor ^. ^ ^ ^^ Te" Tsung^ Chings<br />
Hiiaug^ Ti"', from his reign called ^ |§ Kuang^ Hsii^ (1875—<br />
1908).<br />
Detailed Rules for the Commission, defining<br />
its duties and<br />
determimng its staff, drawn up by the < 'ommission itself, were<br />
submitted to the Throne and received Imperial Sanction on the<br />
23rd September, 1909.<br />
At the iiead <strong>of</strong> the<br />
^ ft ^^ ^<br />
Commission <strong>of</strong> Historiography is a<br />
-liien^ Hsiu^ Tsung^ Ts'ai^ Director-General (one<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Grand Secretaries). His staff consists <strong>of</strong>:<br />
^- A ^ Wi Tsnng^ Ts'ai"^, Directors (chosen from the Grand<br />
Secretaries, ^Ministers <strong>of</strong> State and President <strong>of</strong> the
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
^^^ 8 ^^j Chiao* Tiii', Correctors (number not fixed),<br />
to 9. -^ 1^ Fan^ P, Translators {number not fixed), and<br />
197 10. i^^% Kungi Shih^ Clerks (number not fixed).<br />
THE NATIONAL ACADEMY.<br />
191. ^ # !$£ Han* Lin^ YiianS The National Academy ;<br />
the highest establishment <strong>of</strong> learning in the Empire. The<br />
drawing np <strong>of</strong> gOA^ernment documents, histories and other works<br />
devolves upon this institution. Its chief <strong>of</strong>ficers direct the various<br />
classes, encouraging them to the acquisition <strong>of</strong> the highest literary<br />
degrees, which aflford access to the most eminent go^ ernment posts<br />
(for instance, that <strong>of</strong> Grand Secretary).<br />
The chief <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> the National Academy are :<br />
192. ^ ^ P ± Change Yiian^ Hsiieh'^ Shih\ Chancellors<br />
<strong>of</strong> the National Academy : 2u, (one Manchu and one* Chinese).<br />
These <strong>of</strong>ficials are usually (xrand Secretai'ies, Presidents or<br />
Vice-Presidents <strong>of</strong> ^linistries.<br />
193. ]p db Hsueh"^ Shih*, Members <strong>of</strong> the Academy<br />
(Academician); 3a, (two; one Manchu and one Chinese). This<br />
post Avas established on the 3rd April, 1908, in consequence <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Memorial from the Committee <strong>of</strong> Ministers.<br />
194. ff if ^ ± Shih^ Tu- HsiJeh^ !Shih% Headers <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Academy (two ; one Mancliu and one Chinese) ; 4a. The rank<br />
<strong>of</strong> this post was, in 1903, raised from 4b to 4^v.<br />
195. -f^ It p ± Shili* Chiang^ Hsiieh''' Shih^ Expositors<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Academy (two jSIanclms and three C^hinese) ; 4a. In 1909<br />
the rank <strong>of</strong> this post Avas raised from 4b to 4a.<br />
196. f^ U' Shih* Tij', Sub-reader <strong>of</strong> the Aciidemy (two are<br />
Manchus and three are Chinese) ; 4b. The rank <strong>of</strong> this post<br />
was raised from 5b to oa in 1903, and to 4b in 1909.<br />
197. f# 1^; Shih' Chiang^ Sub-expositor (two Manchus<br />
and three Chinese) : 4b. In 1909 the rank <strong>of</strong> this post was raised<br />
from 5b to 4i .<br />
[ -^ ]
TKESEXT DAY TOLITICAL OKGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
198. ^ ^ Cluian* Wcii^, Composers (four in number) ; 198<br />
.5a. This post Tvas establislied in 1903 and its rank raised from tO<br />
•6a to OA in 1909. 201<br />
199. fj^ ^ EI> Pi^ Sliu^ Lang-^, Secretaries (four in number);<br />
•5a. This post Avas established on the 3rd April, 1908, in<br />
to a ]\Iemorial from the Council <strong>of</strong> State. In 1909 its<br />
response<br />
rank was raised from 6 b to 5a.<br />
200. Besides the foregoing there are, relating to the<br />
Academy, the following degrees, formerly open<br />
to successful<br />
candidates at the triennial examinations, J^ ^t Chin* Shih* (see<br />
No. 629c), in future to be bestOAved on graduates <strong>of</strong> Chinese<br />
Uniyersities, at present, a transitory stage, bestowed on persons<br />
educated abroad (see No. 630).<br />
200a. i^ gl Hsiu^ Chuan^ Compiler <strong>of</strong> the First Class ;<br />
5a. The rank <strong>of</strong> this title was raised from 6b to 5a in 1909.<br />
For particulars as to attaining it see Nos. 593c and 629c.<br />
200b. I^ f^ Pien^ Ilsiu^ Compiler<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Second Class<br />
(litei-ary designation, -j^ ^ T'ai' Shih^) ; 5b (in 1909 rank<br />
raised from 7a to 5b). For particulars as to its attainment see<br />
Nos. 593c and 629c.<br />
200c. f^ f;} Chien^ T'ao^, Corrector ; 5b (rank raised from<br />
7b to 5]5 in 1909). For particulars as to its attainment see Nos.<br />
593c and 629c.<br />
201. B, Ifi If Shu* Ch'ang^ Kuim\ Department <strong>of</strong> Study<br />
<strong>of</strong> the National Academy ; made up <strong>of</strong> ^; ^ J; Shu* Chi^ Shih*,<br />
Baclielors ; or graduates <strong>of</strong> the lowest degree. These graduates<br />
pursue an advanced course <strong>of</strong> study at the Shu Ch'ang Kuan and,<br />
by subse([uent examination, hold by a special commission within<br />
the Palace, may attain the degrees <strong>of</strong> Compiler <strong>of</strong> the Second<br />
Class and Corrector (sec Nos. 200b-c). Those successful are<br />
;tyled ^ |^ Liu'- Kuan', i.e. retained at the Academy; those<br />
unsuccessful ji? ^lescribcd as fi^l |f San* Kuan^<br />
/ [ - ]<br />
released from
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
*'^^*'^<br />
study, and receive appointments as District Magistrates or as<br />
to Secretaries <strong>of</strong> Boards.<br />
205 At the head <strong>of</strong> the Department <strong>of</strong> Study are :<br />
201 A. Two IS: ^ ic E ^'hiao^ Hsi" Ta^ Oh'en^, Senior<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essors (one Manchu and one Chinese). They are assisted by<br />
two ^ Wi '^"'i' Tiao", Proctors, and |^ ^ Chiao* Hsi^ Pr<strong>of</strong>essors<br />
(number indefinite).<br />
For dealing with correspondence there is a staff <strong>of</strong> ^ |{]j^ J^<br />
Pi^ T'ieh^ ShihS Clerks.<br />
Recora Office : stationed<br />
202. m ^ Tien^ Pu^ T'ingi,<br />
here are two |k. f^ Tien' Pu*, Senior Archivists (one Manchu and<br />
one Chinesej ; 8b, and two JL @ K'ung' Mu^, Junior Archivists<br />
(one Manchu and one Chinese) :<br />
<strong>of</strong> unclassed rank.<br />
For correspondence work there is a staff <strong>of</strong> ^ ^^ j^ Pi*<br />
T'ieh' Shih% Clerks.<br />
203. ^f. fg H Tai^ Chao' T-ingV Office for Compilation <strong>of</strong><br />
Edicts (Manifests). To this <strong>of</strong>fice there are attached two f^ f^<br />
Tai* ChaoS Compilers; 9b, and a staff <strong>of</strong> ^" |(lj5 j^ Pi^ .T'ieh'<br />
ShihS Clerks.<br />
204. ^ ^ i3: It Cli'i^* Chii^ Ohu^ Kuan^ Office for<br />
Keeping a Diary <strong>of</strong> the Emperor's<br />
Movements. To this <strong>of</strong>fice<br />
there are attached 20 Q ^t |e ^ {^ %' Jlh' Chiang* Ch'i=^ Chii^<br />
Chu'^ Kuan', Diarists (8 Manchus and 12 Chin ;se), 3 ^^ Chu'<br />
Shih*, Assistant Diarists (two Manchus and<br />
a staff <strong>of</strong> ^ |j],F,- ^<br />
ane Chinese), and<br />
F? T'ieh' Sliih^ Clerks.<br />
The <strong>of</strong>ficials attached to this <strong>of</strong>fice are on duty at the<br />
Palace daily.<br />
205. ^ ^ It Kuo2 Shih' Kuan^ State Historiographer's<br />
Office ; where a chronicle <strong>of</strong> the I'eign is written up. This<br />
chronicle, written in triplicate in what are called ^||< Shih'^ Lu*,<br />
is kept secret imtil the death <strong>of</strong> the reigning Ej^^reror, when one<br />
copy is deposited at the National Academy*<br />
[ 74 ]<br />
jne sent to the
TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Gz'and Secretariat, and one copy is preserved at the old capital <strong>of</strong><br />
-^"^a<br />
the Manchu Dynasty, Moukden.<br />
tO<br />
On the State Historiographer's Office devolves the task <strong>of</strong> 206-<br />
compiling <strong>of</strong>ficial biographies <strong>of</strong> eminent statesmen, for embodiment<br />
in the history <strong>of</strong> the reign affected, when directed by special<br />
Edict to do so.<br />
In charge <strong>of</strong> the State Historiographer's Office is a :<br />
205a. I^H ^ Tsung^ Ts'ai^, Director-General (usually one<br />
<strong>of</strong> the. Ministers <strong>of</strong> State), and a fllj |j|| il^ Fu^ Tsung^ Ts'ai^,<br />
Assistant Director-General. These are assisted by 4 f^ pjj T'i^<br />
Tiao*, Proctors (two Manchns and two Chinese), 10 |,^ ^<br />
Tsving^ Tsuan^, Revisers (four ^Manchus and six Chinese),<br />
34 M f^ Tsuau^Hsiu', Compilers (12 Manchus and 22 Chinese),<br />
and 16 ^ ^t] ('hiao' Tui% Correctors (eight Manchus and eight<br />
Chinese).<br />
THE CENSORATE.<br />
206. ^\ ^ ^ Tu' Ch'a^ YiianS 'J'he Censorate (literary<br />
designation, |^ ^ S Yii* Shih^ T'ai^ ) ; b}^<br />
the code <strong>of</strong> laws<br />
entrusted with the duty <strong>of</strong> censuring <strong>of</strong>ficials, when necessaiy,<br />
for their neglect or incompetency in <strong>of</strong>ficial affairs, their behavior<br />
and private life, and charged with the care <strong>of</strong> the public morals.<br />
In addition to their <strong>of</strong>ficial title, members <strong>of</strong> the Censorate<br />
are <strong>of</strong>ten called 5 @ 1^ Erh* Mu* Kuan', The Eyes and Ears<br />
(through which the Emperor is made nware <strong>of</strong> the state <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Empire), and g '^ Yen* Kuan\ Speech Officials,<br />
i.e. Officials<br />
having freedom <strong>of</strong> speech.<br />
The Censorate institution in <strong>China</strong> is extremely old ; it is<br />
spoken <strong>of</strong> in the ^ Ch'in^ dynasty,<br />
i.e. two centuries B.C'.<br />
Some reforms in the Censorate were made in 1906 in<br />
accordance with a Memorial, emanating from that body itself,<br />
sanctioned by the Emperor on the 25th December, 1906.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the C'ensorate there is a :<br />
[ 75 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORft ANIZATION OF CHINA<br />
207 207. M'^ $. Tu^ Yii* Shih', President <strong>of</strong> the Censorate<br />
to (literary designation, |J|1 ,^ Tsung^ Hsien*); 1b.<br />
210a 207a. Before its reform at tlie head <strong>of</strong> the Censorate were<br />
two ^WM $• Tso' Tu^ Yii* Shih', Senior Presidents <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Censorate (one Manchu and one Chinese).<br />
207b. -I^^UU^ Yn* Tu^ YiV Shih', Junior President <strong>of</strong><br />
the Censorate. This title is borne by Governor-Generals.<br />
208. ^ SlJ Sr> M ^ Tso' Fu^ Tui Yii^ ShiliS Senior<br />
Vice-President <strong>of</strong> the Censorate (literary designation, glj ^<br />
Fu* Hsien*) ;<br />
3a.<br />
208a. Before the reform <strong>of</strong> the Censorate there were two<br />
& MlJ W>M$. Tso^ Fu^ Tu^ Yii^ Shih^ Senior Vice-Presidents <strong>of</strong><br />
the Censorate (one Manchu and one Chinese).<br />
209. ^ glj ^ to ^ Yu^ Fu* Tu' Yii* Shih^- Jimior Vice-<br />
Presidenr <strong>of</strong> the ("ensorate (literary designation, glj ^ Fu*<br />
Hsien*) ; 3a. This title is borne by Governors.<br />
209a. Before its reform there were four ^ |ii] ^ ^ ^<br />
Yn* Fu* Tu^ Yu* Shih^, Jimior Vice-Presidents <strong>of</strong> the Censorate<br />
\<br />
(two Manchus and two Chinese).<br />
210. il^y 4t ^pg Chi' Shih* Chungi YV M(V, Office for<br />
Scrutiny <strong>of</strong> Metropolitan<br />
Officials. Its staff consists <strong>of</strong> two<br />
^l^jj l^^pfl Chang' Yin'' Chi' Shih^ Chung', Senior Metropolitan<br />
Censors (literally, "Keepers <strong>of</strong> the Seal"): 4a, 18 ^ ^ rfi<br />
Ghi' Shih'* Chung', Junior Metropolitan Censors ; 5a, and, for<br />
correspondence, 30 ^ t,^ ^ Pi' T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks.<br />
210a. At the I^ # tf4 ^j Pg Chi' Shih* Chungi Ya- Men"<br />
(see No. 210) it is intended to establish a ;^ ^ ^ Yen^ Cliiu^<br />
So', Reference Libi-ary, containing various woi'ks, and where<br />
Foreign and Chinese newspapers will be kept on file, so that the<br />
Censors may be enabled to follow political events at home and<br />
abroad and thus carry out their duties more thoroughly.<br />
[ 76 ]
niESEXT T>AJ POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
For managing- the Reference Library there are to be two 210b<br />
^ i^ T'i^ Tiao% Proctors, and two ^ ^ Pien' 1% Translators<br />
^.q<br />
) :<br />
(Interpreters<br />
210b. Previous to the reform <strong>of</strong> the Censorate the Office<br />
for Scrutiny <strong>of</strong> Metropolitan Officials was organized somewhat<br />
differently than at present : it consisted <strong>of</strong> ;^ ^l[ Liu^ K'o', Six<br />
Sections (there being six Ministries), for scrutinizing the doings<br />
<strong>of</strong> the various Ministries. In eich Section there were two<br />
M^U^^^ Change Yin* Chi^ Shih" (JhungS Senior Metropolitan<br />
Censors, as Section Chiefs, assisted by two |^ ^ tf» Chi^ Shih*<br />
Chung\ Junior Metropolitan Censors (literary designation,<br />
J^^W. ^-l'^' (^lii' Chien*).<br />
211. W>^M Tu^ Shih* T'ing', Chancery <strong>of</strong> the Censorate ;<br />
here are stationed two ^ ^ 'J'u^ Shih*, Officials <strong>of</strong> the Censorate<br />
Chancery ;<br />
6a.<br />
212. IM/S^y^. Qhing' Li* T'ing^ Registry <strong>of</strong> the Censorate.<br />
At the Registry there are two |^ ^ Ching^ Li*, Registrars ;<br />
212a. At the Chancery (sec Xo. 211) and the Registry<br />
(see No. 212a)- there is a staff <strong>of</strong> ^^^^ Pi' T'ieh^' Shih* (30 in<br />
all). Also, at the Chance];y there are an indefinite number <strong>of</strong><br />
M M' 115 3ff E^ Wai* Tu^ Shih*, Supernumerary Chancery Officials,<br />
and at the Registry there are an indefinite number <strong>of</strong>'^ ^\> ^^^ ^<br />
E^ Wai* Ching^ Li*, Supernumerary Registrars.<br />
212b. ^ ^ f?[• Ch'eng2 Fa^ KV, Transmission Office.<br />
This <strong>of</strong>fice existed before the reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Censorate,<br />
and it is now the intention to bring it again into being as an<br />
<strong>of</strong>fice similar to the pi ^ ^. Ssu^ Wu* T'ing', Chanceries (see<br />
No. 296) which are found at all the Ministries. It is to be<br />
styled the i|^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Shou^ Fa^ Wen^ Shu^ (^h'u*, Trans-<br />
mission Office, and have a staff <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ Tu^ Shih*, Chancery<br />
Officials, ijg? ^ Ching^ Li*, Registrars (see No. 212), and ^ ijl^^;<br />
^ Pi^ T'ieh^ Shih*, Clerks (see No. 212a). Should the idea be<br />
[ 77 ]<br />
6a.<br />
212b
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIO.V OF CHINA.<br />
213 acted upon, the Chancery (see No. 211) ana the llegistry {see<br />
^Q No. 212) will, in all pi'obability, be abolished.<br />
n't A. 213. 1^ ^ Yii* Shih', Provincial (Jensors<br />
(literary<br />
designation, f^ HjJ Shih* Yii*, 'colloquial designation, ^j^ ^ ^<br />
Tu^ Lao' Yeh*); on. There are 44 Provincial Censors, distributed<br />
over 20 ^ Tap*, or Circuits, which, excepting two, only bear the<br />
names <strong>of</strong> various pi-ovinces (for instance, Vl ^ i^ Chiang^ Su^<br />
Tao*, Kiangsu Censor Circuit). The two exceptions are the<br />
Chihli Censor Circuit, which is styled ^^ ^ ^ Ching^ Chii TaoS<br />
Metropolitan Circuit, and the Alanchurian (Jensor Circuit, one<br />
for the three provinces, which is called j^ ^ x^<br />
Liao^ Shen'<br />
Tao'*, Liaoyang Moukden Censor Circuit (5^ Ijiao^, abbreviation<br />
<strong>of</strong> aS 1^ Liao^ Yang^ and ^ Shen' for ff ^ ShOn^ Yang^— the<br />
ancient name <strong>of</strong> Moukden).<br />
The Metropolitan and the Manchurian Censor (Jircuits have<br />
each four Censors, for the others there are two for each.<br />
The full title <strong>of</strong> a Provincial Censor, taking Anhui<br />
Province for an example, is ^ ^* t|J[ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Chang' An^<br />
Hui^ Tao* Chien^ C~!h'a^ Yii* Shih', Censor overseeing the Anhui<br />
Circuit.<br />
For thL Metropolitan and Manchurian (,'ircuits the two<br />
Junior Censors are styled, for the former, ^ ^- j^ ^ ^^]1 ^<br />
Chingi Chi^ Tao* Chien^ Ch'a^ Yii* Shih', and for the latter,<br />
5i ^ it Ie ^ iJ £ I-iao^ Shen' Tao* Chien^ Ch'a^ Yii* Shih'.<br />
214. Formerly, in Peking, a number <strong>of</strong> the Censors were<br />
employed as Superintendents <strong>of</strong> Police {see details in No. 796a)<br />
for the five divisions <strong>of</strong> the city and suburbs and were styled 5E<br />
l^^l^ Wu^ -Ch'eng2 Yii* Shih', Censors <strong>of</strong> the Five Cities<br />
(these are the Centre, North, South, East and West Divisions<br />
into which Peking is divided).<br />
214a. g # m ^ (]h'a» Ts'angi Yu* Shih^ Censors<br />
Supervising the Government Granaries (at Peking and T'ung-<br />
chow); also in charge <strong>of</strong> portage<br />
[ 78 ]<br />
<strong>of</strong> Tribute Pice which is
TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINv^.<br />
trought from the South by the Grand Canal. At present<br />
these 215<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials no longer exist. tO<br />
SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE.<br />
215. :/c%# '^a* Li^' Ssu"*, Court <strong>of</strong> Judicature and<br />
Itevision ; the duty <strong>of</strong> this Court was the general supervision <strong>of</strong><br />
the administration <strong>of</strong> criminal law, and the examination, by this<br />
Court, <strong>of</strong> criminal cases where judgment had been delivered was<br />
necessary before the decree became o])erative. This Court, with<br />
the Board <strong>of</strong> Punishment (see No. 438) and the Censorate (see<br />
No. 206), was' styled b}' the general title H ?^ nj<br />
^^^^ Fa'*<br />
tSsu', Three High Courts <strong>of</strong> Judicature, and formed something<br />
similar to the Supreme Criminal Court.<br />
By Imperial Edict, dated the 7th December, 1906, the<br />
'Court <strong>of</strong> Judicature and Revision was reorganized as :<br />
215a. ^^ Jg p^ Ta"* Li' Yiian^, Supreme C'ourt <strong>of</strong> Justice;<br />
specially entrusted with the administration <strong>of</strong> justice<br />
in the<br />
Empire. At the present time this Court is the supreme tribunal<br />
<strong>of</strong> justice in connection with all cases which are brought, in the<br />
first instance, before the District Court (see Xo. 760), and,<br />
secondly, before the Court <strong>of</strong> Assizes (see No. 759). Also, it<br />
functions (as Court <strong>of</strong> first and last appeal) with reference to<br />
crimes committed by Imperial Clansmen (^ ^ Tsfing* Shih*) and<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials, crimes against State Offices and State Officials, and,<br />
finally, in cases <strong>of</strong> extreme importance that are outside the scope<br />
<strong>of</strong> inferior Courts (<strong>of</strong> Justices <strong>of</strong> Peace, <strong>of</strong> District Courts or <strong>of</strong><br />
Courts <strong>of</strong> Assizes).<br />
For the last-mentioned, the Supreme Court <strong>of</strong><br />
Justice must, after having examined the substance <strong>of</strong> the case<br />
and delivered judgment, forward its decision to the ^Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Justice for approval.<br />
Although, as we have seen above, to the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Justice<br />
(see No. 440) belongs the supreme control <strong>of</strong> the actions <strong>of</strong> the<br />
[ 79 ]<br />
Q15a
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
210 Supreme Court <strong>of</strong> Justice, nevertheless the latter is an<br />
to independent establishment, having the privilege <strong>of</strong> direct reports<br />
217 to the Throne.<br />
A new arrangement <strong>of</strong> the Supreme Court <strong>of</strong> Justice, devised<br />
by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Justice, with the assistance <strong>of</strong> the Council <strong>of</strong><br />
State, was proposed to the Throne in a MeTliorial and was<br />
sanctioned by the Emperor on the 10th June, 1907.<br />
216. The personnel <strong>of</strong> the Court <strong>of</strong> Judicature and<br />
Revision was :<br />
1- 1 ic JI # iP Ta* Li^ Ssu" Ch'ing', Director <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Court <strong>of</strong> Judicature and Revision (literary designation, ^ ^Ij<br />
T'ing^ Tse^) ; 3a,<br />
2. 1<br />
;fc JM ^ 9 JTpp Ta^ Li^ Ssu^ Shao* Ch'ing\ Sub-<br />
Director <strong>of</strong> the Court <strong>of</strong> Judicature and Revision (literary<br />
designation, f^ ^ Tso^ Chi') ; 4a,<br />
3- 1 ^ T^ ^ Tso^ Ssu^ Ch'eng^, Senior Secretary<br />
<strong>of</strong> the<br />
Court <strong>of</strong> Judicature and Revision (literary designation, f^ "^<br />
P Ssu^); 6a,<br />
4. 1 ^ ^ ^ Yu* Ssu"* Ch'eng^, Junior Secretary <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Court <strong>of</strong> Judicature and Revision (literary designation, |^ pj<br />
P Ssui); 6a,<br />
5. 1 2^1^^ Tso' P'ing* Shih-*, Senior Assistant Secretary<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Court <strong>of</strong> Judicature, and Revision ; 7a, and<br />
6. 1 i^ 1^ ^ Yu* P'ing* Shih*, Junior Assistant Secretary<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Court <strong>of</strong> Judicature and Revision; 7a.<br />
216a. At the head <strong>of</strong> the Supreme Court <strong>of</strong> Justice there<br />
is a ;/c JM 1^ IE W '^a* I^i' Yiian* Chong^ Ch'ingS<br />
the Supreme Court <strong>of</strong> Justice ; 2a,<br />
President <strong>of</strong><br />
assisted in the administration<br />
<strong>of</strong> the affairs <strong>of</strong> the Court and in the general supervision <strong>of</strong><br />
matters <strong>of</strong> justice in the Empire by a :<br />
217. ;/c M 1?^ ^ iP Ta* Li^ Yiian* Shao^ Ch'ing', Vice-<br />
President <strong>of</strong> the Supreme Court <strong>of</strong> Justice; 3a.<br />
[ 80 ]
I'EESEXT DA-Y POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
218. ^Ij ^liS Hsing2 ICo^ T'lii^ Ch'eng',<br />
Director <strong>of</strong><br />
the Depai'tment <strong>of</strong> Criminal Cases ; 4a. This <strong>of</strong>ficial has<br />
sxibordinated to him 19 ^ij fI{. |f| ^ Hsing' K'o^ T'ui^ Shih*,<br />
Secretaries <strong>of</strong> the Department <strong>of</strong> Criminal Cases ; 5 A. He is in<br />
charge<br />
<strong>of</strong> the :<br />
218a. Jf\\ jf-j- Hsing' K'o\ Department <strong>of</strong> Criminal Cases ;<br />
this Department consists <strong>of</strong> 4 ^ T'ing^, ISections, namely :<br />
1. ^ •— ^ Ti'' I^ T'ing*, First iSection ; supervising cases<br />
inspired by the Emperor and also cases concerning crimes against<br />
the State,<br />
2. ''^ i* ^ Zl ^ Erh* Ting'', Second Section ; supervising<br />
cases concerning crimes committed by Imperial Clansmen, ^ ^<br />
Tsung^ Shih*, and <strong>of</strong>ficials,<br />
3' ^ ^ /^ ^'^ ^^'^^ T'ing^, Third Section ; supervising-<br />
appeals against judgments <strong>of</strong> the Metropolitan Coiu-t <strong>of</strong> Assizes,<br />
and<br />
4. ^ 2^1 ^ 1"i* Ssli* T'ing^, Fourth Section ; supervising<br />
appeals against judgments <strong>of</strong> Provincial Courts <strong>of</strong> Assizes.<br />
219. i^ f4 jf^ ^ Min= K'oi T'ui^ Ch'eng^ Diiector <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Civil Cases ; 4a. This <strong>of</strong>ficial has subordinated<br />
,to him 9 J^ f^ 4t ^ ^^"i" ^^'o' '^'^^^ ^^^i^^*' Secretaries <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Civil Cases ; 5a. He is in charge <strong>of</strong> the :<br />
219a. ^ f\ Min2 K'oS Department <strong>of</strong> Civil Cases,<br />
consisting <strong>of</strong> 2 ^ T'ing\<br />
as shown below :<br />
1, ^ — ^ 'Ji* I^ 1'ingS First Section ; dealing<br />
with civil<br />
cases concerning >K ^ Tsung^ Shih'*, Imperial Clansmen, and<br />
with appeals, in civil cases, against judgments <strong>of</strong> the Metropolitan<br />
Court <strong>of</strong> Assizes, and<br />
2, ^ ZL ]M "^^^ 1^^^^ I'lngS Second Section ; dealing with<br />
appeals, in civil cases, against judgments <strong>of</strong> Provincial Courts <strong>of</strong><br />
Assizes.<br />
220. i^ 1"^ j^ Tien^ Pu^ T'ingS Chancery<br />
Office. 1 his <strong>of</strong>fice is supervised by a rtll ^<br />
[ «1 ]<br />
•<br />
and Record<br />
ff Tu^ Tien^ PuS<br />
^IS<br />
to<br />
220
PKESENT D VY POLITICAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
221 Chief Archivist; 5b, as Chancery Chief, who is assisted by 4<br />
to ^ ^ '^^^^^ ^^^*' ^I'cliivists ; 6 b, 6:?^ fg Chu^ Pu^ Registrars ;<br />
pp_ 7a, and 30 ^^ ^ Lu* Shih^, Writers (<strong>of</strong> the eighth and ninth<br />
ranks).<br />
221. .# ^ J^ K'an^ Shou^ So^ House <strong>of</strong> Detention. This<br />
is in charge <strong>of</strong> a ^ ^^^ J^ ;g K'an^ Shou^ So^ Chang^, Chief<br />
Super^dsor <strong>of</strong> the House <strong>of</strong> Detention ; oB, who is assisted hy 4<br />
^ ^ J^*? W <strong>of</strong> the House <strong>of</strong><br />
K'an"^ Shou^ So^ Kuan^ Supervisors<br />
Detention ; 8a, and 2 ^ ^ Lu* Shih^ Writers ; 9a (see No. 767).<br />
Because <strong>of</strong> the pressure <strong>of</strong> affairs, there was established in<br />
1908, in accordance with a Memorial from the Supreme<br />
Court <strong>of</strong><br />
Justice, the unclassed post <strong>of</strong> § ^ J^/f ^^, Jg K'an^ Shou^ So^<br />
Hsieh* Li', Assistant Chief Supervisor <strong>of</strong> the House <strong>of</strong> Detention,<br />
for performing the duties <strong>of</strong> which there are deputed <strong>of</strong>ficials<br />
from the Supreme Court.<br />
222. M;^ ^ M Tsung^ Cliien' Ch'a^ T'ingS Attorney-<br />
General's Office ; established at the Supreme Court <strong>of</strong> Justice on<br />
lines similar to those <strong>of</strong> Prosecutors <strong>of</strong> judicial organizations <strong>of</strong><br />
lower rank {see Nos. 762 to. 765).<br />
Besides functioning as public prosecutor, the Attorney-<br />
General's Office holds inquests, where necessary, in cases in which<br />
the Supreme Court is the court <strong>of</strong> first and last apj^eal (see No.<br />
215a)<br />
and has control over Prosecutors <strong>of</strong> lower courts.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Attorney-General's Office is a<br />
it WiM m m ^ Tsung^ Chien^ Ch'a^ T'ing^ T'ing^ (3h'eng^<br />
Attorney-General ; 3b. He has subordinated to him 6 :;^ ^ *§*<br />
Chien' Ch'a^ Kuan\ Attorneys ; 5a, 1 j^ ^ (1iu' Pu*, Registrar ;<br />
7a, and 4 11 ^ Lu* Shih^ Writers ;<br />
9a.<br />
IMPERIAL BOARD OF ASTRONOMY.<br />
223. fC ^ g^ Ch'in^ T'ieni Chien*, Imperial<br />
Board <strong>of</strong><br />
Astronomy ; compiles the calendar, makes astronomical and<br />
[ 82 ]
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
meteorological observations, and selects so-called ^ Q Chi^ Jih*, 224<br />
"<br />
lucky days," for important State undertakings.<br />
tO<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Board is a :<br />
224. ^ JM lie ^ ^ ^ If<br />
Kuan^ Li^ Ch'in^ T'ien^ Chien*<br />
Shih^ Wu*, Chancellor <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Board <strong>of</strong> Astronomy ;<br />
appointed by the Emperor, usually<br />
Blood.<br />
'<br />
one <strong>of</strong> the Princes <strong>of</strong> the<br />
225. fC ^ M ^ jE Oh'ini T'ieni Chien^ Chien^ Cheng*,<br />
Directors <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Board <strong>of</strong> Astronomy ; o.\ (one Manchu<br />
and one Chinese).<br />
226. ilC ^ ^ :^ g^ S!l<br />
Ch'in^ T'ien^ Chien* Tso^ Chien*<br />
Fu*, Senior Vice- Directors <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Board <strong>of</strong> Astronomy;<br />
6a (one Mjnchu and one Chinese).<br />
227. |fC ^ M: ^ ^ alj<br />
Ch'ini T'ieni Chien* Yu-* Chien*<br />
i? u*, Jmiior Vice-Director <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Board <strong>of</strong> Astronomy ;<br />
6b (one Manchu and one Chinese).<br />
227a. Formerly there were 2 ^ ^Ij Chien* Fu*, Vice-<br />
Directors ; 6a, 1 ;^ ^ glj Tso^ Chien Fu% Senior Assistant<br />
Vice-Director; 6b, and I :^ ^ glj Yu* Chien"* Fu*, Junior<br />
Assistant Vice-Director; 6b, on the Board <strong>of</strong> Astronomy.<br />
227b. The :^^<br />
'^'ai* 'M ^ ^ Ch'ing^ Hui* Tien^ or the<br />
" Institutes <strong>of</strong> the Empire <strong>of</strong> the Ta Ch'ing Dynasty," contains<br />
the proviso that the posts <strong>of</strong> Director, and Senior and Junior<br />
Assistant Vice-Director, <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Board <strong>of</strong> Astronomy<br />
are to be hel dj}y Enrnp eajxs-<br />
Chinese).<br />
228. i t$ Chu' Pu^ Registrar ; 8a (one Manchu and one<br />
229. ^ Mf\ Shih^ Hsien* K'oS Calendar Section ; here<br />
the calendar is compiled, the seasons are defined and the 24<br />
periods <strong>of</strong> the year arranged. The staff <strong>of</strong> this Section is<br />
composed<br />
<strong>of</strong> :<br />
1. 5 H ^ iE Wu^ Kuan^ Cheng*, Astronomers; charged<br />
with general astronomical calculations,<br />
[ «3 ]<br />
229
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
230 2. 1 # 'g* iE Ch'unV Kuani Cbeng^ Astronomer for the<br />
^Q Sj)ring, 1 M 'g* jE Hsia-* Kuan^ Cheng\ Astronomer for the<br />
-gg Simimer, 1 r|| 'g* jg Chung^ Kuan^ Cheng^ Astronomer for the<br />
Mid-jear, 1 f^ *§• jE Ch'iu^ Kuan^ Cheng^ Astronomer for- the<br />
EESKXT DAY FOLITJCAL ORGAXIZATJOX OF CHINA.<br />
adjunct <strong>of</strong> that df 'Chancellor o£ the Imperial Board <strong>of</strong> Astronomy 232a<br />
{see No. 224), and<br />
^q<br />
2. tuM W^ ^ ^ % -^ W^^^m Wl Hsielr LP Ch'in^<br />
T'ien' Chien* T'ien^ Wen- Suan* Hsiieh-^ Shili* Wu*, Assistant<br />
Superintendent <strong>of</strong> the Astronomical College , this post is an<br />
adjunct <strong>of</strong> that <strong>of</strong> Director <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Board <strong>of</strong> Astronomy<br />
{see No. 225).<br />
232a. Jlj; lie M
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
239a 239a. :^ ^ |£ @ Chiu^ P'in^ Li^ Mu*, Secretaries <strong>of</strong> the<br />
to Ninth Rank (15j.<br />
240. § ± I' Shih*, Physician (the rules call for 24 but<br />
P4«<br />
sometimes they number as many as 30).<br />
BOARD OF CUSTOMS CONTROL.<br />
241. f^ i^ ^ Shui^ Wu^ (nl«u^ Board <strong>of</strong> Customs<br />
Control. This came into existence in accordance with an Edict<br />
dated the 9th May, 1906, and controls all Chinese and Foreign<br />
employes <strong>of</strong> the Customs {see Nos. 253 and 311).<br />
At the Board <strong>of</strong> Customs Control there are :<br />
242. .<br />
Two<br />
^ m f^ a icE Tu> Pan"^ Shuif Wu* Ta< Ch'en^,<br />
Superintendents <strong>of</strong> the Board <strong>of</strong> Customs Control (this post<br />
is an<br />
additional <strong>of</strong>fice held by a President or a Vice-President <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Ministry).<br />
243. One ^ B ft ?§ ^^ B P^ng^<br />
Pan^ Shui* Wu* Ta*<br />
Ch'en^, Assistant Superintendent <strong>of</strong> the Board <strong>of</strong> Customs Control<br />
(this post is an additional <strong>of</strong>fice held by a President or a Vice-<br />
President <strong>of</strong> a Ministry).<br />
244. Jg p T'i^ Tiao*, Proctor.<br />
245. ^ iS IS Pangi T'i^ TiaoS Assistant Proctor.<br />
246. The Board <strong>of</strong> Customs Control consists <strong>of</strong> 4 g^ Ku^<br />
Sections. For each Section there is a |l|. ^jf{- Tsung^ Pan', Section<br />
Chief, assisted by 3 or 4 f^ j^/j| Pang^ Pan*, Assistants, and 1 or<br />
- ^ M W^i^ Yiian^, Deputies (these posts are usually held by<br />
junior <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the Ministries <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs and Finance<br />
or by Expectants <strong>of</strong> provincial <strong>of</strong>fices, up to and inclusive <strong>of</strong><br />
Taotais).<br />
247. ^ — 9x Ti* I^ lvu% P'irst Section ; considers duties<br />
on mechanical and manufactured goods and minerals, gives<br />
decisions on Customs Regulations, audits Customs revenue returns<br />
and studies trade conditions at the ports.<br />
[ 86 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OPwGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
248. ^ H ^ Ti-^ Erh^ Ku^ Second Section ; deals with 248<br />
'duties collected by " Nartive "<br />
(old Chinese) Customs and tO<br />
exemption <strong>of</strong> goods from duty, looks into foreign loans and their 353<br />
acquittance^including the 1900 Indemnity —and supervises<br />
certain taxes, i.e. the salt gabelle and Likin, collected by the<br />
]VIaritime Customs, settles the tariff <strong>of</strong> import and export duties<br />
and takes measures to prevent the smuggling <strong>of</strong> goods into the<br />
country.<br />
249. ^ H 5^ Ti* San^ Ku^, Third Section ; supervises<br />
the tax collected on foreign and native opium and the issue <strong>of</strong><br />
Transit Certificates for foreign goods sent to the interior, controls<br />
inland waters shipping, construction <strong>of</strong> harbours, lighthouses and<br />
pontoons, and tonnage dues and studies the Customs <strong>of</strong> foreign<br />
countries.<br />
250. ^ ^ Ti'' Ssu'' Ku^ Fourth Section ; deals with<br />
Postal affairs <strong>of</strong> the Empire, the transfer and appointment <strong>of</strong><br />
Customs Officials, as well as their reward, the staff <strong>of</strong> the Board<br />
<strong>of</strong> C-ustoms Control, and keeps the accounts <strong>of</strong> the last-mentioned.<br />
251. J($: H<br />
.^ Shou^ Fa^ Ch'u^ Eegistry or Chancery ;<br />
keeps the seal, looks over incoming and out-going despatches and<br />
telegrams, archives, etc. At this <strong>of</strong>fice there are" 3 ^ ^ Wei^<br />
Yuan^ Deputies, and 1 ft f^ fg B. Tsa^ Wu' Wei' YiianS<br />
Unclassed Deputy.<br />
252. 1^ B ^ ^ Shui* Wu^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Customs<br />
College ; attached to the; Board <strong>of</strong> Customs Control. "J his<br />
College was established in 1908 for preparing young<br />
men for<br />
service in the Customs.<br />
The ('ustoms College is divided into two sections, i.e. H ^ ^<br />
Vv? Hsi^ K'o\ Preparatory Section, and /f. ^^ Pen^ K'o^ Special<br />
Section. For the first there are accepted pupils between the ages<br />
•ol 14 and 20 years who have passed the Middle School<br />
examinations (see Nos. 580 to 582), after a competitive<br />
€xaminati-)n ; for the Special Section there are chosen scholars<br />
[ «7 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL CRGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
253 between the ages <strong>of</strong> 1() and 22 } ears—who have passed the<br />
Middle School examinations and speak English — after a<br />
competitive examination.<br />
The enrollment <strong>of</strong> the Preparatory Section is 50 and that <strong>of</strong><br />
the Special Section is 36.<br />
The course <strong>of</strong> study in the Special Section covers four<br />
years, l^esides (Chinese, there is instruction in foreign languages<br />
(Kus^sian, French, German and Japanese, all optional, and<br />
English, compulsory), history, geography, mathematics, physics,<br />
political economy, international law, commercial law, history <strong>of</strong><br />
the development <strong>of</strong> trade, differentiation <strong>of</strong> merchandise, statistics,<br />
political and commercial treaties, Customs regulations, book-<br />
keeping, etc.<br />
Graduates <strong>of</strong> the College are entitled to the same privileges<br />
as graduates <strong>of</strong> High Schools (see No. 583).<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Customs ('ollege is a |]| iJil Tsung^ Pan%,<br />
Director, and subordinated to him are 1 Inspector (see No. 649),<br />
1 li # ^ Tsung^ Chiao^ Hsi", Senior Teacher, 8 f^ ^ Chiao^<br />
Hsi'-, Teachers, 1 ^ f^ ^ ^ Chai^ Wu* Wei^ Yiian^, Supervisor<br />
<strong>of</strong> Dormitories (see No. 645), 1 ^; f^ ^ ^ Shu' Wu* Wei'<br />
Yiian^, Steward (compare No. 641), 1 § 'g' I* Kuan', Physician,.<br />
1 Writer (see No. 642), 1 Book-keeper (sec No. 643), 2<br />
Secretaries (see No. 650) and 2 >fj ^ Ssu^ Shu\ Clerks.<br />
Pegulations for the (customs C/ollege, drawn up by the<br />
Superintendents <strong>of</strong> the Board <strong>of</strong> Customs Control, were sanctioned<br />
by the Emperor on the 21st May, 1909.<br />
THE IMPERIAL MARITIME CUSTOMS.<br />
253, 'J;^ g| Hai^ Kuan', Chinese Imperial Maritime<br />
Customs ; functions at all ports open to foreign trade (ig |^ P ^<br />
T'ung' Shang' K'ou' An^.<br />
The Imperial Maritime Customs was started in 1854, at the<br />
initiative <strong>of</strong> the British, French and American Consuls, at<br />
[ •'^8 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CaiJfTA.<br />
Shanghai, when, the native city having been captured by the 254<br />
rebels, the authorities were unable to collect the duties on foreign tO<br />
goods. Proving very successful, it was extended to other ports. 257<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Service, by order <strong>of</strong> the Goverq^r-<br />
General, was placed an Englishman, Lay, as Inspector General<br />
<strong>of</strong> Customs.<br />
In 1863 Mr. Lay was replaced by Sir (then Mr.) Eobert<br />
Hart, who has retained his post to the present and to whose<br />
ability in organization and indefatigable<br />
zeal the Chinese owe<br />
that the Maritime Customs is now one <strong>of</strong> the great sources <strong>of</strong><br />
revenue to the Treasury.<br />
The staff <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Maritime'Customs, mostly ret^ruited<br />
from Foreigners (at least, they nold most <strong>of</strong> the high positions),<br />
was formerly imder the supervision <strong>of</strong> the Yamen <strong>of</strong> Foreign<br />
Affairs,— up to L901,— and, later, under the Board <strong>of</strong> Foreign<br />
Affairs (sec No. 311). However, in 1906, the Imperial Maritime<br />
Customs was subordinated, by Imperial Edict, to the Board <strong>of</strong><br />
Customs Control (scf Nos. 241 and 311), a purely Chinese<br />
organization, with a view to closer supervision <strong>of</strong> th^i fceign<br />
administration <strong>of</strong> Chinese interests.<br />
Tlie administration <strong>of</strong> the Chinese Imperial jSIaritime<br />
Customs is arranged as follows :<br />
2-5-t- W, U B m ^ Tsung3 Shui* Wu* Ssu^ Shu^,<br />
Taspectorate General <strong>of</strong> Customs.<br />
^55. |§5^ ^ Bj TsungS Shui* Wu^ SsuS Inspector<br />
General <strong>of</strong> Customs, to whom appertains the supreme direction <strong>of</strong><br />
the Imperial Maritime Customs throughout the Empire and the<br />
general supervision <strong>of</strong> Postal affairs (see No. 273).<br />
256. Ill fg m f^ Ol Fu* Tsung' Shui* Wu* SsuS Deputy<br />
Inspector General <strong>of</strong> Customs.<br />
257. mm^m^t B ^Tsung^<br />
Wu* SsuS Chief Secretary.<br />
r 8!» 1<br />
Li' Wen' An^ Shui'
TKE^ENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
258 258. ^JM-^^^^1: B ^ ^
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGAXIZATION" OF CHINA.<br />
7. Wi^r^M T'on^ Teng' Pang-i Pan", First Assistant. gQS<br />
«• m ^ ^ I'j? ^^h" Teng^ Pangi Pan% Second Assistant.<br />
i). i<br />
m P ^ M ^ I? ft Chu" Ching^<br />
Wen^ Pang^ Pan"*, Assistant Studying Chinese.<br />
10. ffc l|? Kung" ShihS Clei-k.<br />
There are also Third and Fourth Assistants.<br />
Hsueh^ Hsi^ Han"<br />
268. For the examination <strong>of</strong> cargo there are the following<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> the Customs :<br />
surveyor.<br />
I- M^h§^
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
270 2. ^ j|§ ^ li H SlJ HsiJn* Ch'uan^ Kuan* Ohia^ Erh* Fu*,<br />
to<br />
272<br />
. T'ing\<br />
Second Officer.<br />
^- ^ ^i' ^ iE H ilj<br />
FuS Third Officer.<br />
Hsiin' Ch'uaii^ Kuan^ Chia^ San»<br />
4. M M ^ im IE Hsiin* Ch'uan^ Kuan' Lun» Cheng%<br />
First Engineer.<br />
Engineer.<br />
5- ^ )56 ^ Ira lilJ Hsiin' Ch'uan' Kuan' Lun- Fu^ Second<br />
6. St ^ 1* fl l^'ao" Shou' Shou' Ling', aunner.<br />
7- 7k ^ ^ IS' Shui' bhou' Shou' Ling", Quarter-master.<br />
«• M IS-# idsun^ T'ing* Pien*, Launch Officer.<br />
270. Within the Customs there is a /^ ^ j^ Ying* Tsao*<br />
Ch'n^, Engineers' Office, supervised by a |,|i ^' jn ^ Tsung'<br />
Ying' Tsao* Ssu^, Engineer-in-Chief. To him. there are<br />
Subordinated :<br />
1w'J<br />
^ is ^ ^^^^* Ying^ Tsao* lSsu\ Assistant Engineers.<br />
2. X iHi Kimgi ShihS Clerks <strong>of</strong> Works, and<br />
3. 12 H Chiang^ Tung', Mechanics.<br />
27 L Supervision <strong>of</strong> the liarbour is the duty <strong>of</strong> the J51 ^ j^<br />
Li' Ch'uan^ Ch'u'*, Harbour Office. General supervision <strong>of</strong> all<br />
the harbours is entrusted to a ^ X ^ Hsiin' Kuang^ Ssu\ Coast<br />
Inspector.<br />
In charge <strong>of</strong> the Harbour Office is a ^ )|§ H Li' C'h'uan''<br />
Har.boxu- Master, who is assisted by ^ 'J^ ,9f Chih*<br />
Po-^ So', Berthing Officers.<br />
In addition, there are :<br />
1- imMM Hsin* Ch'i=^ Li% Signalmen,<br />
2- M ^^M Hsun^ Chiang^ Li^ River Police, and<br />
3. A 7jC E Jii' Shui-^ Chiang^ Pilots.<br />
272. The Customs also administers a |f t^ ^ Teng' T'a*<br />
Ch'u^, liights Department, in charge <strong>of</strong> a ^ |§ p] Hsiin^ Teng^<br />
Ssu\ Inspector <strong>of</strong> Lights.<br />
To him are subordinated :<br />
1- M fS ± Teng^ Ch'uan' Chu', Lightship Captains,<br />
[<br />
1)2<br />
]
and<br />
keepers.<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
2. If Hu 'X M Teng' Ch'uan' Ta* FuS Lightship iMate, 273<br />
3. II if fi ^ A Teng^ T'a^ Chih= Shih^ Jen\ Light-<br />
273. There is as yet no uniformity in the Postal<br />
organization <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong>. In addition to the old Government Post<br />
{see No. 754), which is under the supervision <strong>of</strong> the Board <strong>of</strong><br />
War and the local provincial authorities, at the most impoi'tant<br />
centres (for detailed list see the edition <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Maritime<br />
Customs " Alphabetical Index <strong>of</strong> Imperial Post Offices,") there<br />
have been established (the first in 1874) by Sir Robert Hart,<br />
the Inspector General <strong>of</strong> Customs (see Xo. 255), Post Offices<br />
working on the lines <strong>of</strong> those <strong>of</strong> European<br />
countries. Ihese are<br />
controlled by a Postal Department, at the head <strong>of</strong> which is a<br />
in ifJ i^ "^ Tsung^ Yu^ Cheng' Ssu\ Inspector General <strong>of</strong><br />
Posts (this post has always been an adjunct <strong>of</strong> that <strong>of</strong> Inspector<br />
General <strong>of</strong> Customs).<br />
For Postal work there are subordinated to tne Inspector<br />
General <strong>of</strong> Customs a §|) i^ ||| |/j| Yu^ ( heng^ Tsung^ Pan%<br />
Postal Secretary, and a ifj gC glj |;||, p<br />
Pan*, Assistant Postal Secretary.<br />
Post Offices are <strong>of</strong> two descriptions, i.e.<br />
Yu^ Cheng' Fu* Tsung*<br />
§"|) i^ |,^i ^<br />
Y''u^<br />
Cheng* Tsung^ Chu^ Head Offices, and $\l ]^ "j^ ^ Yu^ Cheng'<br />
Fen^ Chii^ Branch Offices.<br />
[ 9-i 1
PART II.<br />
MINISTRIES
MINISTRIES (BOARDS).<br />
MINISTRIES (BOARDS) IN GENERAL.<br />
274. In addition to establishments already mentioned, 274<br />
liaving very special or temporary functions, there are in <strong>China</strong><br />
eleven Ministries (Boards) whose authority extends to all parts<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Empire. Although a development <strong>of</strong> the old 5?^ ^[J Liu*<br />
Pu% Six Ministries (Boards) and other <strong>of</strong>fices, the new Ministries<br />
are gradually changing the former practice <strong>of</strong> administration <strong>of</strong><br />
metropolitan affiiirs only and the leaving <strong>of</strong> the greatest initiative<br />
in provincial aifairs to Governor-Generals and Governors.<br />
Being convinced <strong>of</strong> the detrimental influence <strong>of</strong> a system <strong>of</strong><br />
decentralization, the Government is bending itself to a policy <strong>of</strong><br />
subordinating to the Ministries everything that is <strong>of</strong> general<br />
importance (education, finance, military affairs, police and justice).<br />
The eleven Ministries (Boards) are :<br />
1- ^b B oB Wai* Wu" Pu^ Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong> Foreign<br />
Affairs (s.ee Nos. 305 to 332a),<br />
2- M% Li* Pu^ Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong> Civil Appointments<br />
(see Kos. 333 to 338),<br />
3. i^ i&. a\^ Min' Cheng* Pu*, Ministry (Board)<br />
Interior {see Nos. 339 to 348).<br />
4- J^ ^ oB Tu* Chihi Pu*, Ministry (Board)<br />
(see Nos. 349 to 375),<br />
to 394),<br />
<strong>of</strong> the<br />
<strong>of</strong> Finance<br />
5. jB. n[5 Li^ Pu*, Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong> Rites (see Nos. 376<br />
6. ^ % Hsiieh-- Pu*, Ministry (Board)<br />
(Nos. 395 to 414),<br />
[ 97 ]<br />
<strong>of</strong> Education
PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
275 7. (^ ^ ^{5 Lii* Chiini Pu*, Ministry (Board)<br />
<strong>of</strong> War-<br />
to {see jSTos. 415 to 437),<br />
"^^ ^ % Fa* Pu% Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong> Justice 438 to 459),<br />
{see Nos,<br />
277<br />
9. ^ X |g %\ Ninig-2 Kungi Shang^ Pu*, Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture, Industry and Commerce' (^ Nos. 460 to 471),<br />
10- % ii^ nI5 ^^^^ Ch'uan-2 Pu*, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and<br />
Communications {see Nos. 472 to 490), and<br />
11- 5.5-1 ^ oB Li'^ Fan! Pu*, Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong> dencies {see Nos. 491 to 4'39).<br />
Depen-<br />
275. Each ^\l Pu*, Ministry, is composed <strong>of</strong> a number<br />
(from 4 to 10) <strong>of</strong> W] Ssu^, Departments, which, again,, are divided<br />
into fij- K'o^, Sections, and ^ Ku-^, Sub-sections. Also,<br />
at the<br />
majority <strong>of</strong> the Ministries there is a ^ '^ ^ Ch'eng- Cheng*<br />
T'ing^ Council, and a :^ |^ j^ Ts'an^ P T'ing^, Secretarial.<br />
Office, as well as ^ Chii^, Offices, and j^ Ch'u*, Committees<br />
(for various affiiirs).<br />
276. The head <strong>of</strong> all but one <strong>of</strong> the Ministries is the tfiQ "§<br />
Shang* Shu\ President ; at the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs,<br />
the exception, this <strong>of</strong>ficial is subordinated to a |,|I jgi jTJ^ f^ j^^ ^ f^,<br />
Tsungs Li» Wai*. Wu* Pu* Shih* Wu*, Controller, to whom<br />
appertains the supreme control <strong>of</strong> affiiirs <strong>of</strong> the Ministry see<br />
No. 305ii).<br />
At one period —from 1907 to 1909— there were Controllers<br />
at other Ministries, for instance, at the Ministr}- <strong>of</strong> War (^ Jg<br />
1^ 1^ A|5 ^ ^ Kiian^ Li^ Lu* Chiin^ Pu* .Shih* Wu*) and at<br />
the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education (^' ?! ^ g[J ^ f% Kuan^ Li=^ Hsueh^<br />
Pu* Shili*<br />
Wu""), holding which position, were, respectively,.<br />
Prince (Jh'ing and ^^ ^ ^ S Chang^ Wcn^ Hsiang^ Kung^'<br />
(the late Grand Secretary ^^ :t M Chang^ CJhih^ TungO-<br />
277. In addition to the afore-mentioned, at the ^Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> Foreign Affiiirs tliere is the post <strong>of</strong> ^ |/|f ;/c £ Hui^ Pan*'<br />
Ta* Ch'en-, Assistant Controller, which title is sometimes-<br />
[ 98 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
conferred on the President <strong>of</strong> that Ministry, his title then 278<br />
becoming ^fj^ |^ §B 1^ ^ # IM ± E ^ai^ Wu* Pu^ Shang* ^^<br />
Shui Hui-' Pan* IV th'en'- {see Nos. 305c and aOoo).<br />
278. As has been stated above (see No. 276), at the head<br />
<strong>of</strong> each Ministry (with the exception mentioned) there is a j^ ^<br />
Shang"* Shu^ (<strong>of</strong>ficial designation, ^[? ^' Pu* T'ang^) President ;<br />
1b, to whom are subordinated :<br />
279. ^ ff 115 Tso3 Shih* Lang2 (<strong>of</strong>ficial designation, % ^<br />
Pu* Yiian-), Senior Vice-President ; 2a ; one at each Ministry.<br />
280. -^^ f^ H|$ Yu* Shih*. Lang^ (<strong>of</strong>ficial designation, *\{ [^<br />
Pu"* Yiian"), Junior Vice-President ; 2a ; one at each Ministry.<br />
281. ^ ^ Tso^ Ch'eng^, Senior Councillor; 3a ; one at<br />
each Ministry, with the exception <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Depen-<br />
dencies (sec Xo. 492).<br />
282. ^ y^ Yu'* Ch'eng", Junior Councillor ; 3a ; one at<br />
each Ministry, with the exception <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Dependencies<br />
(see No. 492).<br />
283. ^ # li Tso3 Ts'ani P, Senior Secretary,; 4a;<br />
one at each ^linistry, with the exception <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Dependencies (see No. 492).<br />
284. ^ ^ p^ Yu* Ts'an^ I*, Junior Secretary ; 4a ; one<br />
at each Ministry', with the exception <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Depen-<br />
dencies {see No. 492).<br />
284a. Under the old regime, previous to 1901, at the<br />
head <strong>of</strong> each jVIinistry there were two Presidents (Maiichu and<br />
Chinese respectively), to whom were subordinated two Senior<br />
Vice-Presidents (Manchu and CUiinese respectively) and two<br />
Junior Vice-Presidents (.Manchu and Chinese respectively).<br />
The posts <strong>of</strong> Councillor and Secretary did not exist ; these were<br />
first established at the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs, in 1901,<br />
and, later, in 1905, at the Ministries <strong>of</strong> Education, <strong>of</strong> the<br />
[ 99 ]<br />
284a
285c<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
285 Interior and <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, and, finally,<br />
^^ in the Autumn <strong>of</strong> 1906, at the remaining Ministries, with the<br />
exception <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Dependencies.<br />
285. :^K )^ M- Ch'eng2 Cheng* T'ingi, Council <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Ministiy (Board) ; with Councillors (see Nos. 281 and 282) in<br />
charge. This <strong>of</strong>fice is found at the Ministries <strong>of</strong> the Interior<br />
(see No. 340), <strong>of</strong> Finance (see No. 350), <strong>of</strong> War {see No. 422),<br />
<strong>of</strong> Justice (see No. 441) and <strong>of</strong> Posts and Coijimunications<br />
(see No. 473).<br />
285a. ^ m ,^ Ts'an^ I* T'ing^, Secretarial Office ; with<br />
Secretaries (see Nos. 283 and 284) in charge. This <strong>of</strong>fice is<br />
found at the Ministries <strong>of</strong> the Infcirior (see No. 341), <strong>of</strong> Finance<br />
(see No. 351), <strong>of</strong> War (see No. 423), <strong>of</strong> Justice (see No. 442)<br />
and <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications (see No. 474).<br />
285e. Besides Councillors (see Nos. 281 and 282),<br />
attached to the Councils <strong>of</strong> the Ministries (see No. 285) are :<br />
Finance,<br />
Section Chiefs (see No. 290); three at the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Assistant Section Chiefs (see No. 291) ; fovu- at the<br />
Ministries <strong>of</strong> the Interior and <strong>of</strong> Finance,<br />
Second Class Secretaries (see No. 292) ; four at the Minis-<br />
try <strong>of</strong> the Interior, three at the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance, and<br />
Assistant Secretaries (see No. 286) ; two at the Ministries<br />
<strong>of</strong> Justice and <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications.<br />
The Council <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War has a peculiar organi-<br />
zation (for details see No. 422b).<br />
285c. In addition to Secretaries (see Nos. 283 and 284),<br />
the members <strong>of</strong> the Secretarial Offices <strong>of</strong> the Ministries (see No.<br />
285a)<br />
Finance,<br />
are :<br />
Section Chiefs (see No. 290) ; three at the ^Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Assistant Section Chiefs (see No. 291) ; four at the Minis-<br />
try <strong>of</strong> Finance.<br />
[ 100 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAI. ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.<br />
Second Clase Secretaries {see No. 292) ; three at the Minis- 286<br />
try <strong>of</strong> Finance, and tO<br />
Assistant Secretaries {see No. 286) ; two at the Ministries 291<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Interior, <strong>of</strong> Justice and <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications.<br />
The Secretarial Office <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War has a peculiar<br />
organization (for details see No. 423a).<br />
286. ^ ^ Ts'ani Shih* or, at the :Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and<br />
Conmiunications, ^ ^ ('hieu^ Shih*, Assistant Secretary <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Ministry; 5a. These <strong>of</strong>ficials, as seen above, are attached to •<br />
the Councils {see No. 285 b) and to the Secretarial Offices {see<br />
No. 285c). Also, four Assistant Secretaries are stationed at the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education {see No. 396).<br />
287. E # ± 1l zE Ch'eng2 Ts'an^ Shang* Hsing' TsouS<br />
Expectant Councillors or Expectant Secretaries. These are<br />
attached to the various Ministries in an indefinite number.<br />
288. ^ ± ^ T'ang' Chu^* Shih^' Secretaries (<strong>of</strong> the<br />
President <strong>of</strong> a Ministry) ; 6a. They<br />
are found at the Minis-<br />
tries <strong>of</strong> Civil Appointments (see No. 334 ; five), <strong>of</strong> Pites {see<br />
No. 377 ; four) and <strong>of</strong> Dependencies {see No. 492a ; six).<br />
289. The Departments composing the various Ministries<br />
are organized on uniform lines with the exception <strong>of</strong> those <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> War. The last mentioned have a peculiar organi-<br />
zation (for details see No. 434).<br />
290. E[$ Fjt Lang^ Chung^ Department Directors ; 5a,<br />
(literary designation, jE g[5 Cheng* Lang^) ; 1 to 9 in each<br />
Department ; stationed at the Councils {see No. 285b) and at<br />
the Secretarial Offices {see No. 285c).<br />
291. ^ M" Hl> Ylian' Wai* Lang*, Assistant Department<br />
Directors (literary designation, gij 5|5 Fu* Lang' ; also f| gjj<br />
Chi'* Lang') ; 5b ; 2 to 8 in each Department ; stationed at the<br />
Councils {see No. 285b) and at the Secretarial Offices {see No.<br />
285c).<br />
[ 101 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
292 292. ^ ^ Chii^ Shih*, Second (Uass Secretaries o£<br />
to Ministries (literary designation, "^J!^ Clui' Cheng^) ; 6a ; 1<br />
298 to 6 in each Department ; stationed at the Councils (see No.<br />
285b) and at the Secretarial Offices {see No. 285c).<br />
293. ^ Ij),^-<br />
x^ Pi' T'ieh* Shih^ Clerks,<br />
<strong>of</strong> the seventh to<br />
the ninth ranks, (literary designation, §^ i^ Pi^ Cheng*).<br />
294. n] ;^ Ssu^ Chang^, Department Controllers, /fc ^<br />
f/ Ch'eng' Fa^ Knan\ Registrars. ^ ^ K'o^ Cha^g^ Section<br />
Chiefs, fij- ^ K'o^ Xiian^, Section Secretaries (<strong>of</strong> the first,<br />
second and third ranks). |f^ ^ Lu* Shih*, Writers (<strong>of</strong> the<br />
eighth and ninth ranks).<br />
The above-mentioned <strong>of</strong>ficials are found at all the jMinistries,<br />
in the various Departments and Councils, including the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> War.<br />
295. § iE 'b* Shu^ Chi* Kuan^ Clerks (<strong>of</strong> the first, second<br />
and third ranks) ; 7a, 8a and 9a. Thus are styled the Clerks at<br />
the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education (see Nos. 403 and 413a) ; they<br />
Pi^ T'ieh^ Shih* <strong>of</strong> other Ministries.<br />
296. a]^ M Ssui ^^\^i t'ingi, Chancery; with two ^<br />
correspond to the ^ Ipj^ i^<br />
^ Ssu^ Wu*, Chancery Chiefs ; 8a, in charge. This <strong>of</strong>fice is<br />
found at the Ministries <strong>of</strong> Foreign Aifairs (^see No. 307), <strong>of</strong> Civil<br />
Appointments (see No. 334a), <strong>of</strong> Rites (see No. 378), <strong>of</strong> Finance<br />
(see No. 365), <strong>of</strong> Education (see No. 397) and <strong>of</strong> Dependencies<br />
(see No. 494, and, for details. No. 495 a).<br />
297. ^ ^l-* n] ^ E^ Wai* Ssu^ Yiian^, Supernumerary<br />
Department Officials ; having the titles <strong>of</strong> Department Director<br />
(see No. 290), Assistant Department Director (see No. 291),<br />
Second Class Secretary (see No. 292) and Clerk (sec No. 293).<br />
They are attached to the various Departments<br />
number, sometimes very great.<br />
in an indefinite<br />
298. fj if Ssu^ K'u*, Treasurer; 7a, and j^, ||^ K'u*<br />
Shih', Treasury Overseer. These Officials are stationed at the<br />
Treasuries <strong>of</strong> the Ministries (for example, see No. 384a).<br />
[ 102 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
299. -t n^ /h ^ 'B*<br />
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
303 Assistant Department Director {see Nos. 290 and 291), iind <strong>of</strong><br />
to<br />
tlie fourth rank, that <strong>of</strong> Second Class Secretary {see No. 292).<br />
„-., The title <strong>of</strong> Adviser is sometimes bestowed on persons<br />
distinguished for some particular service (for instance, with<br />
regard to home industries, commerce, etc.) The title <strong>of</strong> Adviser<br />
<strong>of</strong> the foiu'th rank was bestowed, in accordance Avith a Memorial<br />
from the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, on<br />
?I f^ W\
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,<br />
and 491). '^U^^ ff K""§' Ch'iui AVang^ 1= HsinS Kung, 305<br />
Prince <strong>of</strong> the First Degree, personal name ^ ||f I Hsin (the<br />
sixth brother <strong>of</strong> the Emperor ^ ^ Hsien" Ftmg\ 1851-1861),<br />
was its first President and 1^ ^ Kuei* Liang-, a Grand<br />
Secretary, and ^ jjf^ Wen" Hsiang^, Vice-President <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> War, were detailed to thiL <strong>of</strong>fice.<br />
The number <strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong> the Tsnng- Li Ya ^Nlen, known<br />
by the general title <strong>of</strong> ^i^_EJV"ang^ Ta* Ch'en^, ''<br />
Pj;inee _and<br />
jVIinistei's " was not defined and sometimes reached eleven. Hio-h<br />
Officials holding substantive posts, which they retained, were<br />
detailed to this <strong>of</strong>fice, but it is worth}- <strong>of</strong> remark that, for thirty<br />
years after the institution <strong>of</strong> the Tsung Li Ya Men, its existence<br />
was ignored by the |f |[|j ^ Chin^ Shen^ Lu-*, " Ped Book,"<br />
which was otherwise a complete directory <strong>of</strong> Metropolitan and<br />
Provincial "State Establishments and indicated their personnel.<br />
The omission was. rectified in 1890.<br />
The clerical work <strong>of</strong> the Tsung Li Ya Men was performed<br />
by ^ "^ Chang^ Ching^, Secretaries (<strong>of</strong>ficial designation, pj ^<br />
Ssu^ Yiiau^ or p] 'g' Ssu^ Kuan^), avIio were originally drafted<br />
from the staff <strong>of</strong> the Council <strong>of</strong> State (see No. 129b). The six<br />
senior Secretaries, all <strong>of</strong> whom held either substantive or<br />
expectant rank, were usually styled |I^^ |//| Tsung' Pan*.<br />
The members <strong>of</strong> the Tsung Li Ya Men, being only<br />
temjiorarily deputed to that <strong>of</strong>fice, naturally paid atteniiv,.<br />
mainly to the duties <strong>of</strong> their substantive posts, leaving no time<br />
for<br />
seriously attending to those <strong>of</strong> their additional <strong>of</strong>fice, which<br />
were, in addition, quite unknown to them. Also, there being a<br />
nimierous staff <strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong> equal standing, sometimes having<br />
entirely different views on international questions, the practice <strong>of</strong><br />
referring questions from one member to another during negotia-<br />
tions, the absence <strong>of</strong> initiative and fear <strong>of</strong> the consequences <strong>of</strong> any<br />
initiative, and, finally, the little knowledge, or even complete<br />
ignorance, <strong>of</strong> the members <strong>of</strong> the Tsung Li Ya Men <strong>of</strong> questi-ons<br />
[ 105 ]
ntESENT DAY TOLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
305a under discussion, made negotiations very difficult for the Foreign<br />
the<br />
Representatives, who continually pointed out to . <strong>China</strong><br />
necessity for the reform <strong>of</strong> this<br />
'<br />
establishment. These recOmmendations<br />
remained fruitless and, at last, the Powers insisted<br />
on an Article being inserted in the " Peace Protocol between<br />
<strong>China</strong> and the Foreign Powers," signed on the 7th December,<br />
1901 ;— Article 12— reading as follows :<br />
" An Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> 24th July, 1901, has reformed the<br />
*' Office <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affiiirs in the direction indicated by the<br />
"Powers, that is to say, has transformed it into a ]Ministry o£<br />
" Foreign Affiiirs, Avhich takes precedence <strong>of</strong> the other 81*-<br />
" Ministries.<br />
" The same Edict has naiued the principal members <strong>of</strong> this<br />
"Ministrv."<br />
305a. 3ffv f^ Ajj Wai^ Wu* Fn\ Ministry <strong>of</strong> Foreign<br />
Affiiirs ; established, as stated above, by Imperial<br />
Edict <strong>of</strong> the<br />
24th July, 1901, the tenor <strong>of</strong> which was as follows :<br />
On the ninth day <strong>of</strong> the sixth moon the Grand Secretariat<br />
received an Edict, as follows :<br />
" The appointment <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials and the determination <strong>of</strong> their<br />
" duties have, until now, been regulated by the needs <strong>of</strong> the<br />
"moment. Henceforth, however, when a Treaty <strong>of</strong> Peace is<br />
" concluded, international relations are to be placed in the first<br />
'" rank <strong>of</strong> important affairs and it is more than ever necessary to<br />
*' call for the assistance <strong>of</strong> clever men and give them opportunity<br />
" to study everything having reference to the establishment <strong>of</strong><br />
" friendly relations and confidence in intercourse.<br />
" It is true that the Office <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs, previously<br />
*' established for dealing with international affairs, has existed for<br />
*'<br />
'<br />
many years, but the Prince and Ministers '<br />
composing its<br />
"<br />
staff, holding <strong>of</strong>fice thei-e as a complement to other substantive<br />
*'<br />
posts, have been unable to devote themselves entirely to its<br />
[ 106 ]
PKKSEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
" affairs and it is necessary to create distinctive positions that 305b<br />
*' each may recognize<br />
his duties.<br />
" In view <strong>of</strong> this v,e direct that the Office <strong>of</strong> Foreign 305c<br />
*' Afiairs he transformed into a Ministry <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs,<br />
*' which shall take precedence <strong>of</strong> the other Six Ministries <strong>of</strong><br />
" State.<br />
" We appoint I K'uang, Prince Ch'ing, Prince <strong>of</strong> the First<br />
*'<br />
Degree, President <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs ; Wang<br />
" Wen-shao, Grand Secretary <strong>of</strong> the T'i Jen Ko,<br />
*'<br />
to be Vice-<br />
President, and Ch'ii Hung-chi, President <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
*'<br />
Works, to retain his title but act as Vice-President, Hsii<br />
"<br />
Shou-p'cng, Director <strong>of</strong> the Palace Stud, and Lien Fang,<br />
" Expectant Metropolitan Vice-Director <strong>of</strong> the third or fourth<br />
*'<br />
rank, to be First and Second Directors ('Assistant Secretaries).<br />
" As regards the ap})ointn^en
niESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
305d 305j). 3?I> f^ *[5 f^] ff ^ Wt ± E Wai' Wu^ Pu^ Shang^<br />
^Q Shu^ Hiii^ Pan* Ta'* Ch'en^ President and Assistant Controller<br />
r>QQ<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs (see No. 277).<br />
306. The Ministry <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs is composed <strong>of</strong> the<br />
following four Departments :<br />
1- fU ^ ^ Ho^ Hui^ Ssu\ Department <strong>of</strong> Intercourse ;<br />
arranges receptions for Foreign Representatives, requests audiences<br />
for them and recommends decorations to be bestowed on them,<br />
supervises the appointment and transfer <strong>of</strong> Chinese liepresentatives<br />
abroad and Chinese Consuls, the personal staff <strong>of</strong> the Ministry,<br />
and the recommendation <strong>of</strong> rewards for these <strong>of</strong>ficials, etc.<br />
2. ^ Jl. p\ K'ao^ Kung^ Ssu^, Department <strong>of</strong> Technical<br />
Affairs ; controls the engagement <strong>of</strong> foreigners for service in the<br />
Railways, Mines, Telegraph Service, Arsenals, etc., and the<br />
sending <strong>of</strong> Students abroad.<br />
3.<br />
'i*^ .^ pI Cli'iieh"* Suan' Ssu^, Accounts Department ;<br />
supervises Customs Duties, Foreign Trade, Steam Navigation,<br />
Foreign Loans, Postal Affairs, Expenditure <strong>of</strong> the Ministry,,<br />
paying the salaries <strong>of</strong> Chinese Representatives abroad, etc.<br />
'^' ^, ^ % Shu* Wu* Ssu\ Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> General<br />
Affairs ; in charge <strong>of</strong> Frontier and Missionary Affairs, the issue<br />
<strong>of</strong> Passports for travel in the interior, ^c.<br />
307. ^1 f^ ^ Ssui Wu* T'ing', Chancery (see No. 296) ;<br />
in charge <strong>of</strong> 2 p] ^ Ssu^ Wu^ Chancery Chiefs ; 8a.<br />
308. In each Department there are two Department<br />
Directors (see No. 290), two Assistant Department Directors<br />
(see No. 291) and tw^o Second Class Secretaries (see No. 292).<br />
These all have distinctive titles, distinguishing them from similar<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the other Ministries, namely :<br />
Seal.<br />
1. ^ ffj Chang^ YinS Keeper <strong>of</strong> the Seal,<br />
2. ±11 Chu» Kao^ Keeper <strong>of</strong> Drafts,<br />
3.<br />
1^5 ^ pp Pang^ Chang* Yin"*,- Assistant Keeper <strong>of</strong> the<br />
[ 108 ]
PRi;SENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
4- W l^Wi Pang^ Cliu' Kao^, Assistant Keeper <strong>of</strong> Drafts. 309<br />
5. mmm ±^1± Pang' Cha--' Yin^ Shang* Hsing^ ^^<br />
Tsou^, Expectant Assistant Keepei' <strong>of</strong> the Sealj and<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
311 6. ^ ~nS M. Shu^ Chi^ Sheng\ Clerks (number not fixed).<br />
7. 1 1^ ^ Chiang^ Yuan^ Senior Teacher, and<br />
to<br />
315<br />
8. 1^ ^ K'o"* Yiian-, Teachers (<strong>of</strong> specialities; up<br />
nunnber <strong>of</strong> 26).<br />
to the<br />
311. Formerly, iiiider the direct supervision <strong>of</strong> the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs wei'e :<br />
1. fnj 3JC is T'xuig' Wen^ Kuan', College <strong>of</strong> Languages ;<br />
established in 1862. At first only courses in English, French<br />
and Russian were given ; later, in 1867,<br />
there were added courses<br />
in certain sciences ; namely, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry<br />
and physics and a course in international law. This college is<br />
now non-existent ; on its abolition (1900) the teaching <strong>of</strong> foreign<br />
languages was transferred, at Peking, to the College <strong>of</strong><br />
Interpreters (see No. 625~), and, in the provinces, to the Colleges<br />
<strong>of</strong> Languages (see No. 626).<br />
2. The Imperial Maritime Customs (see No. 253), which,,<br />
on the establishment <strong>of</strong> the Board <strong>of</strong> Customs Control in 1906<br />
(see No. 241), was placed under the control <strong>of</strong> the latter.<br />
312. Hi p^ i^ E Chu* Yang" Ta» Ch'en^ Diplomatic<br />
Representatives and ^^ l^\* f|? ^ Clm'' Wai'* Shih^ Fu^, Legations.<br />
In accordance with the reply <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Foreign<br />
Affairs to a Memorial from glj j^ fjjj Liu^ IShili'-hsiin^, Minister<br />
at Paris, at ('hinese Government Establishments abroad there are<br />
the following (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 25th January,<br />
1907):<br />
313. ij ^ ^j f^ ;/c E T'ou^ Teng3<br />
(h'u^ IShih^ Ta*<br />
Ch'cn-, Ambassador— first rank (salary 1,400 taels per month).<br />
314. n ^ ^j ^^ J^ 15 Erh* Tetig' Ch'u^ Shih^ Ta^ Ch'en^<br />
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary — second rank<br />
(salary 1,000 taels per month).<br />
315. H W ^ f^' ::^ E Sani Teng^ Ch'ui Shih^ t^, p^^,.^.<br />
Minister Resident— third rank (salary 800 taels per month).<br />
[ 110 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAJL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
316. M%^W T'ou2 Teng' Ts'an' TsanS First Ccuncillor, 316"<br />
third rank (salary 500 taels per montli). ^q<br />
317. I'g fl ^ Tsung^ Ling' Shih*, Consul-General— fourth<br />
^^^<br />
rank (salary 500 taels per month).<br />
318. Zl ^ % % Erh* Teng^* Ts'an^ Tsan% Second<br />
Councillor— fourth rank (salary -400 taels per month).<br />
319. M ^? jI 1$ 'i* ^'o^^^ Teng3 T'ung^ I* Kuan^ First<br />
Interpreter — fifth rank (salary 400 taels per month).<br />
320. %^ ^ Ling^ Shih*, Consul— fifth rank (salary 400<br />
taels per month).<br />
321. p^ ^ ^ ^. Shang' Wu"* Wei^ Yiian^, Commercial<br />
Agent — sixth rank- (salary 240 taels per month).<br />
322. ^ ^ -# ^" San' Teng- Ts'an^ Tsan*, Third<br />
Councillor— fifth rank (salary 300 taels per month).<br />
323. n ^ ii ,i^ 'i* t^rh-* Teng=5 T'ung^ I* Kuan^ Second<br />
Interpreter— fifth rank (salary 300 taels per month).<br />
324. glj ff ^ Fu^ Ling2 Shih^ Yice-Consul—fifth rank<br />
(salary 300 taels per month).<br />
325. — ^ § 12 'g-<br />
II Teng3 Shu^ Chi'' Kuan^, First<br />
Secretary — fifth rank (salary 300 taels per month).<br />
326. H ^ ii si -I* San^ T^ng^ T'ung^ P Kiian^ Third<br />
Interpreter — s^ixth rank (salary 240 taels per month). ,<br />
327. ~ ^ ^ gg 'g- Frh'' Teng' Shu' Chi^* KuanS Second<br />
Secretary — sixth rank (salary 240 taels per month).<br />
328. H ^ ^ IE W Sani Teng^ ShuiChi^ KuanS Third<br />
Secretary— sov'enth rank (salary 200 taels per month).<br />
329. ^\: if M ^^'^^^ Sui^ Yuan*, Military Attache;<br />
subordinated directly to the General Staff Coimcil {see No. 184b).<br />
There is one fo"r Great Britain and France, one for Russia and<br />
Germany, one in America and one in Japan {sec report <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> War, dated 10th January, 1907).<br />
330. \% It Shih' Kuan^ Legation (also \^ ^<br />
Shih^ Shu';<br />
colloquially, ft ^ /^ Ch'in^ Ch'ai^ Fu' and §{ H f=j P^ Ch'ini<br />
[ ui ]
TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
330a Ch'aii Ya' Men^j ; .vitli afC^ffiM:J.^iI:^E Ch'in^ Ming^<br />
to<br />
Ch'u^ Shih^ Mou^ Kuo2 Ta'' Ch'en^ Minister (also ^ \% Kiing^<br />
oo-i Shih' or \^ g, Shih^ Ch'en^; literary;, designation, ^ f^' Hsing^<br />
Shih^; colloquially, ^ ^ Ch'in^ Cli'ai^) in charge ; <strong>China</strong> has no<br />
Emjbassies.<br />
There are Chinese Legations at Tokyo, London, Washington,<br />
Vienna, Rome, Berlin, Paris, St. Petersburg, Brussels and The<br />
Hague.<br />
330a. Staff <strong>of</strong> various Legations :<br />
1. Tokyo, London, Washington, Berlin, Paris and St.<br />
Petersburg :<br />
Second and Third Councillors (one at each). Second and<br />
Third Interpreters (one at each).<br />
and Second Secretaries (one at each).<br />
-^<br />
Commercial Agents and First<br />
2. Vienna, Rome, Brussels and The Hague :<br />
Second Councillors, Second Interpreters and First and<br />
Second Secretaries (one at each).<br />
3>3L ^ 1^* Fen^ Kuan^, Subsidiary Legations ; with<br />
i\ i? f$ ^ Tai^ Pan^ Shih^ Shih', Charge d'Affiiires (also<br />
it i? f^ E Tai* Pan^ Shili^ Ch'en^, i\ Jf ^ \^ Tai^ Li^ Kung^<br />
Shihs or g|- a*/ f^ jw 2: fi Lin'^ Shih^ Tai^ Li^ Kungi Shih^<br />
Charge d' Affaires ad interim)^ in charge ; usually<br />
Councillor {see No. 318).<br />
Mexico,<br />
There are subsidiary Le2:ations :<br />
A. Subordinated to the Minister at Washington :<br />
a Second<br />
^- M ^ 1^ ^Jo* Fen^ Kuan^, Suli.sidiary Legation in<br />
^- f^ ^ Ib Pi^ ^en^ Kuan^, Subsidiary Legation in Peru<br />
(at Lima), and<br />
^'<br />
"r^ ^ If K"^' Fen^ Kuan^, Sul)sidiary Legation in Cuba<br />
(at Havana).<br />
B. Subordinated to the Minister at Paris :<br />
[ 112 ] .<br />
.
PRESENT DAY rOLITFCAi: ORC ANIZ ATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
1- H '^ ill'' :^ M Fc'n^ Knaiv', Subsidiary Legation in Spuin 331^.<br />
((at Madrid), and<br />
-• ^ i^ Ib l^'^i^ Fe'ii^ Kuaii^, Subsidiary Legation in<br />
Portugal (at Lisbon).<br />
331 A. The staff' <strong>of</strong> the Sulisidiarv l^eirations in ^Mexico,<br />
Peru, (^ubii, Spain and Portugal is cornjiosed <strong>of</strong> a Second<br />
Councillor as Charge d'Affaires {see No. 331;— in Mexico imd<br />
Cuba also acting as ,Consul-Genei'al,— a Second Interpretei- and<br />
a Second Secretary — acting in Peru as Consul.<br />
332. 11 ^ ^t 1^ Tsung^' Ling^ Shih^ Kuan-, Consulate-<br />
General (also -^ If :^ ^ Tsung' Ling-^<br />
Shih' Shir^ and<br />
tM fl ^ /f? Tsung=* Ling^ Shih^ Fu-').<br />
There are Consulates-C^eneral at |^ f^ Heng- J^iiig',<br />
Yokohama, Seoul, ff ^ ijj^ Ifsini Chia' l*'o', Singapore, ^ ^<br />
Nan^ Fei', South' Africa, ^i| ^\ Ao' (1io!i\ Australia, i^ ^ -j^<br />
K'r.n"^ Xa- Ta^ Canada (Montreal), ._^ {I.| Chin^ Shan',<br />
California (San Francisco), /Jx /i^ ^ Hsiao'' Lii'^ Su.ng^<br />
Philippines (Manila), and yf p /^J^ Hai'^ Shcn' WeiS<br />
V^ladivostock.<br />
pI ^ Ib T.ing^ Shih^ Kuan-' or ]£ fl Ij? §t Cheng' Ling^<br />
Shih^ iCuan^ (also ff l^. ^ Ling'^ Shih^ Shu= and ff I? j/^ LingS<br />
;Shih^ Fu^), Consuhite.<br />
There are Consulates at fi[l ^ Shrn^ \ln\ Kobe, -^g [II^<br />
Ch'ang- ChM2. Nagasaki, iZ }\\<br />
.lunna), \^^ ^ '^$.<br />
Wen^ Ko^<br />
Fu', Vancouver, |f[ ^./ Niu^ Yiieh', New York, and f§_^ \\\<br />
T'an- Ilsiang' Slian^ Honolulu.<br />
SPl^lt^lT t^i' Ling^> Shih^ Kuan^ (also fMt^^ ^'"' ^^i"?'<br />
Shih' Shu^ and ^iJpMy?/]'^ i''"* ^^i^g^ ^''ih* Fu^), Vice-Consulate.<br />
'Ihere are \"ice-ConsuIates at lijt j^ fijj Cliei/ Nan- P'u'*,<br />
Chinnanpo, ^ [[\ Yiian- Shan^ Gensan, and ;f;^ |||f> UlSl Piii' Lang-<br />
Y^ii*, Penang.<br />
[ 11>) ]<br />
to<br />
332
TKESENT DAY POLITICAL OHG AXIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
332a 332a. The staff <strong>of</strong> a Consulate-Geiieral Is composed <strong>of</strong> a<br />
to Second Interpreter, a First Secretary (at Seoul alone), a Second<br />
335 Secretary and a 'Jliird Secretary,<br />
The staff <strong>of</strong> a Consulate consists <strong>of</strong> a Second Intei'preter (at<br />
Chemulpo a Third Secretai-y), Interpreter (at Chemulpo there is<br />
a Third Interpreter instead ; . at<br />
Fusan there is no Second Inter-<br />
preter) and a Second Secretary.<br />
At Vice-Consulates there is stationed a Second Secretary.<br />
MINISTRY (BOARD) OF CIVIL APPOINTMENTS.<br />
333. li *j^ Li^ ^u^ Ministr- (Board) <strong>of</strong> Civil Appoint-<br />
ineutr, (literary designation, §^ ^ Ch'iian^ Ts'ao^, Board <strong>of</strong><br />
Elections, also ^ ^ T'jen^ Ts'ao", Celestial Board) ; tliis is one<br />
<strong>of</strong> the oldest establishments in <strong>China</strong>, for which ]-ea?on, in the<br />
hierarchy, it is placed immediately after the ^Ministry <strong>of</strong> Foreign<br />
Affairs. This Ministry controls and directs the personnel <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Civil Service in the Empire ; its duties are defined as including'<br />
" whatever appertains to selection, rank and gradation, rules<br />
•<br />
defining degradation or promotion,<br />
and ordinances as to the<br />
granting <strong>of</strong> investitures or rewards."<br />
The Imperial Edict, dated the 6th November, 1906,.<br />
reorganizing the Ministries, did not affect the Ministry<br />
Appointments.<br />
<strong>of</strong> Civil<br />
333a, The litei-ary designation <strong>of</strong> the President <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Civil Appointments is ;jf^ ^ T'ai^ Tsai^, and, <strong>of</strong><br />
Vice-President, ^ ^ Shao^ Tsai^<br />
334. ^ i ^ T'a!ig* Chu' Shih*, Secretary (<strong>of</strong> the<br />
Piesident ; five in all) ; 6a {see No. 288N.<br />
334a. ^ f^ ^ Tsu^ Wu^ T'ing^ Chancery {see No. 296).<br />
335. ^ jH p] Wen- Hsuan^ Ssu\ Department<br />
tion ; controls selection, appointn;ent<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials.<br />
[ 114 ]<br />
<strong>of</strong> Selec-<br />
and transfer <strong>of</strong> ciril
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
336. ^ j;fj fj] K'ao^ Kung-^ Ssu^, Department <strong>of</strong> Sci-utiny: 336<br />
supervises rewr^rds to be granted and penalties to be inflicted, ^q<br />
also prescribes furloughs. "^^p<br />
337. ^ Wj] p\ Chi- Hsun^ 8su\ Record Department;<br />
keeps a record <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficial titles, regulatcB retirement on account <strong>of</strong><br />
mourning, amount <strong>of</strong> pensions<br />
<strong>of</strong> hereditary titles on I>annerraen.<br />
to civil <strong>of</strong>ficials and the bestowal<br />
338. |,^ ^ p] Yen^ Feng^ Ssu\ Depai'tment <strong>of</strong> Grants ;.<br />
regulates the bestowal <strong>of</strong> titles, patents and presents,<br />
ditary titles on heads <strong>of</strong> tribes.<br />
MINISTRY (BOARD) OF THE INTERIOR.<br />
and here-<br />
339. 5{^ m ^\i Hsun^ Ohing^ Pu*, Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong><br />
Police. This was established by Imperial Decree dated the<br />
8th October, 1905 (till that time there was no special ^Vlinistrj<br />
which reads as follows ;<br />
overseeing the policing <strong>of</strong> the Empire),<br />
"<br />
Police affairs are <strong>of</strong> the utmost importance and we<br />
"have repeatedly issued mstructions for their improvement,<br />
"both in the Capital and in the provinces. It is necessary<br />
" that a special establishment be in charge <strong>of</strong> these affairs and<br />
" we now direct the organization <strong>of</strong> a Ministry <strong>of</strong> Police and<br />
"<br />
appoint Hsii Shih-ch'ang, Senior Vice-President <strong>of</strong> the<br />
" Ministry <strong>of</strong> War, as its President, Yii Lang, Sub-Chancellor<br />
" <strong>of</strong> the Grand Secretariat, as Senior Vice-President, and<br />
" Chao Ping-chun, Expectant. Taotai <strong>of</strong> Chihli, now raised ta<br />
"the rank <strong>of</strong> Metropolitan Official <strong>of</strong> the 3rd rank, as Actings<br />
" Junior Vice-President, This Ministry will be in charge <strong>of</strong><br />
"<br />
everything pertaining to policing and the maintenance <strong>of</strong><br />
"<br />
good order in the Manchu and Chinese sections <strong>of</strong> the<br />
" Capital as well as the policing <strong>of</strong> the provinces. The above-<br />
" mentioned President and other <strong>of</strong>ficials are to earnestly<br />
" devise measures, exert themselves to the utmost in the<br />
" performance <strong>of</strong> their duties, take no heed <strong>of</strong> reproaches and<br />
[ 115 ]
TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIO F CHINA.<br />
339a " draw up strict regulations. They must e.. rcise a complete<br />
to "control that everything remain calm and the peuple imdis-<br />
S42a<br />
"<br />
t^rbed. As regards questions not arranged for by this<br />
" Edict, the ^Ministry is to deliberate and i-eport. Respect this."<br />
Ministry<br />
By an Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the Gth November, 1906, the<br />
<strong>of</strong> Police was transformed into ;<br />
339a. ^ WL % Mi^" Cheng* ¥(\\ Ministry (Board)<br />
Interior (or Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Administration <strong>of</strong> the People).<br />
<strong>of</strong> the<br />
The Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Interior controls police affairs generally,<br />
local self-government, census taking, sanitary matters, land<br />
boundary questions, buildings, etc.<br />
The proposed internal organization <strong>of</strong> the Ministry was<br />
presented to tlie Throne in a ^lemorial from tlie ^Ministry itself<br />
and received Imperial sanction on the 1st January, 1907.<br />
340. -^ )^ M Ch'eng2 Cheng* T'ing', Council (for<br />
organization see No. 285 ) ; considers the most important<br />
questions ; attends to corres])ondence, accounting and general<br />
administration <strong>of</strong> the Ministry.<br />
341. % fi j^; Ts'an^ 1^ T'ing\ Secretarial Office (for<br />
organization see No. 2.85a). This <strong>of</strong>fice is charged with the<br />
drafting <strong>of</strong> rules and regulations.<br />
341a. Two -^ ^ Ts'an^ Shih*, Assistant Secretaries {see<br />
No. 286) ; 5a, and one |l |^ ^ Pien^ P Yiian'^, Translator<br />
(Interpreter), are stationed in the Secretarial Office.<br />
342. 1^ "/]§ rI Min"' Chih* Ssu', Department <strong>of</strong> Adminis-<br />
tration <strong>of</strong> the People ; supervises local self-government, census<br />
taking, the improvement<br />
<strong>of</strong> the customs and manners <strong>of</strong> the<br />
people, questions <strong>of</strong> emigration, colonization, etc.<br />
To this Department wasi transferred :<br />
3:42a. The ^^^^ Hu* Chi^ K'oS Census Section ; from<br />
the former ^ it^ ^ Ching^ Cheng* Ssu', Department<br />
Affairs.<br />
[ no ]<br />
<strong>of</strong> Police
iJESEXT DAY POLITICAL OIIG AN I ZATl OX OF CHINA.<br />
343. ^ liiC BJ Ching' Cheng* Ssu\ Department <strong>of</strong> Police 343<br />
Affairs ; controls administrative and judicial police, police tO<br />
instruction, etc.<br />
343a. To the Department <strong>of</strong> Police Affairs were trans-<br />
ferr ,a the ^^i^fif Hsing- Cheng'* K'o^, Section <strong>of</strong> Administration<br />
—fiom the previous ^ j^ p] Ching^ Cheng"' Ssu\ Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Police Afi?iirs— gl /J; fif Ssu^ Fa* K'o^ Judicial Section, and<br />
gj {^^ ^J[ Kuo^ Chi* K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> International AfFaii-s—from<br />
the former ^ ij^ p] Ching^ Fa* Ssu\ Police Judicial Department—<br />
fjfj ^ fij- Pao'^ An^ K'o^ Section <strong>of</strong> Public Safety—from<br />
the former ^ f^- p\ Ching^ Pao^ Ssu\ Department <strong>of</strong> Police<br />
Defence—^ -^ f3|- Ying" Yeh* lv'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Industry and<br />
Handicraft—from the same Department—and ^ @ ^4 K'o*<br />
Ch'eng^ K'o', Section <strong>of</strong> Instruction—from the foi-mer ffi= ^ rJ<br />
Ching' Hsiieh^ Ssu\ Department <strong>of</strong> Police Instruction.<br />
343b. ^ m p/r Hsi^ II So^ Workhouse. This was<br />
formerly under the supervision <strong>of</strong> the Police Judicial Department<br />
{see ISTo. 343a) ; it is now controlled by the Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Police<br />
Affairs (see No. 343). Its staff consists <strong>of</strong> one Assistant<br />
Department Director (sec No. 291) and two Second Class<br />
Secretaries (see No. 292j ; compare<br />
No. 514.<br />
344. II JM p1 Chiang^ Li^ Ssu', De])artment<br />
Boundaries ; supervises<br />
<strong>of</strong> Land<br />
the detei'minution <strong>of</strong> +-he boundaries <strong>of</strong><br />
plots <strong>of</strong> land, the measurement <strong>of</strong> all the land in the Empire,<br />
topographic surveys, the making <strong>of</strong> maps and the clearing <strong>of</strong><br />
public and private land.<br />
345. f^ 1^ 'rO Ying2 Shan* Ssn', Building Department.<br />
This De]jartment supervises all the buildings <strong>of</strong> the Ministry, as<br />
well as State l)uildiugs in the capital, keeps monuments <strong>of</strong><br />
antiquity in repair, and supervises the maintenance <strong>of</strong> altars,<br />
temples, etc., in good condition.<br />
:>45a. To the above-mentioned Department there lias been<br />
ransferred the X M^ f-f Kung^ Chu* K'o\ I)nilding Section ;<br />
[ 117 ]<br />
345A
iiESENT D\Y POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
345b from the former Wr f;^ p] Cliing^ Pao^ Ssu', Department <strong>of</strong> Police<br />
^Q<br />
o^Q<br />
Defence.<br />
345b, Two ^^Ijjj I^ Sliih^ Chief Engineers, <strong>of</strong> the sixth<br />
and seventh ranks {see No. 301), are attached to the Building<br />
Department {see No. 345).<br />
346. 1^ ^ p] Wei^ Sh6ng^ Ssu^, Sanitary Department ;<br />
combats epidemics, considers all questions <strong>of</strong> sanitation, has the<br />
supervision <strong>of</strong> physicians, medicine compounding<br />
establishment <strong>of</strong> hospitals, etc.<br />
and the<br />
346a. To the Sanitary Department there has been<br />
transferred the ^ ^ f-J- Wei^ Sheng' K'o\ Sanitary Section, <strong>of</strong><br />
the former W \l^ p] Ching^ Pao^ Ssu\ Department<br />
Defence.<br />
346b. Two ^ 'g' I^ Kuan^, Physicians,<br />
<strong>of</strong> Police<br />
<strong>of</strong> the sixth and<br />
seventh ranks {see No, 301a), are attached to the- Sanitary<br />
Department {see No. 346).<br />
347. ^^ gj- J^ T'lmg^ Ohi* Ch'u", Statistical Bureau (for its<br />
organization see No. 162).<br />
348, Under the control <strong>of</strong> the Ministry<strong>of</strong> the Interior are.<br />
1. The Metropolitan Police {see Nos. 500— 518),<br />
2. Police Taotais {see Nos. 840 and 840a), and through them,<br />
3. The Provincial Police {see Nos. 520 and 521),<br />
4. Judicial Police {see No, 519),<br />
5. Police Schools {see Nos. 522 and 523),<br />
6. Local Self Government Establishment {sec Nos. 524—<br />
527a), and<br />
7. Establishments supervising the taking <strong>of</strong> the Census<br />
{see Nos. 528— 532j.<br />
MINISTRY (BOARD) OF FINANCE.<br />
349, p ^[5 Hu* Pu-*, Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong> Revenue (literary<br />
designation, ^ *\i Nung^ Pu* and j;-^ % Wm' Pu^ ; <strong>of</strong> its<br />
President— in the g Hsia^ and g^ Yin^ Dynasties— _;/(; pj ^<br />
[ 118 ]
PRESENT DAY rOLITICAL ORG AXI Z ATI ON OF CHINA.<br />
Ta" Ssu' T'li^ and its Vice-President, 'J? n] ^ Sliao^ Ssu^ T'u', g^g^<br />
and—in the j^ Choni — Dynasty j:]]l 'g* Ti^ Kuan', Land Official).<br />
In the Hu Pu there Tvere fourteen Departments,<br />
corresjionding to the niunber <strong>of</strong> (TOvernor-General and Governors.<br />
349a. Ijt ]^ ^ Ts'ai^ Cheng' Ch'u^ Committee <strong>of</strong> Finance;<br />
established in 1903 in connection with a j^roposed general reform<br />
<strong>of</strong> the financial affairs <strong>of</strong> the Empire.<br />
By Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 6th November, 1906, the jSIinistry<br />
<strong>of</strong> Revenue was reorganized, with it being amalgamated the<br />
Committee <strong>of</strong> Finance,<br />
as the :<br />
349b. It ^ ff[J Tu^ Chih^ Pn^ Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong><br />
Finance. This Ministrv is in charo-e <strong>of</strong> all financial affairs <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Empire, regulates. the levying and collection <strong>of</strong> duties and taxes,<br />
supervises transportation and storage <strong>of</strong> grain, arranges State<br />
loans, controls mints, banks, financial estahlishments, schools, etc.<br />
This Ministrv has authority to depute <strong>of</strong>ficials to reorganize<br />
the finances <strong>of</strong> any <strong>of</strong> the provinces.<br />
The internal organization <strong>of</strong> the Ministry is in accordance<br />
-R^ith a ^Memorial from the Ministry itself, sanctioned by the<br />
Emperor on the 26th April, 1907.<br />
350. ;^ JJC M ('h'en.g2 Cheng* T'ing',' Council (for its<br />
organization see No. 285). This supervises the most important<br />
financial questions and the translation <strong>of</strong> financial regulations <strong>of</strong><br />
Foreign Powei's, as well as works on political economy.<br />
351. ^ fi ^. Ts'an\I^ T'ing\ S.ecretarial Office Tfor its<br />
organization see No. 215a) ; compiles reports to the Emperor,<br />
drafts despatches and frames rules and I'egulations.<br />
352. 03 1^1 ^ T'ien^ Fu* Ssu\ Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Land<br />
Taxes ; in charge <strong>of</strong> the levy and collection <strong>of</strong> land taxes,<br />
•exemption from or postponement <strong>of</strong> payment <strong>of</strong> these taxes, the<br />
colonization <strong>of</strong> landsj etc.<br />
353. yf ^ "3 Ts'ao^ Ts'ang^ Ssu', Department <strong>of</strong> Tithes;<br />
charged with the control <strong>of</strong> tribute grain, its storage in<br />
[ 119 ]<br />
353
^^^<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
metropolitan and provincial granaries and distribution to the<br />
to people in time <strong>of</strong> calamity, and the payment, in money, <strong>of</strong><br />
360 taxes in kind. \<br />
354. f^ PI n] Shiii* K'o' Ssii', Department <strong>of</strong> Duties j;<br />
has supervision <strong>of</strong> the income and expenditure <strong>of</strong> Native and<br />
Maritime Customs, (Customs duties, excise on opium and wine,.<br />
likin, duties leviable on mechanical and manufactured goods,,<br />
stamp duties, granting <strong>of</strong> Customs certificates, etc.<br />
355. ^ ?f^ r] Kuan^ Ch'iieh* Ssu', Department <strong>of</strong> Excise;<br />
in charge <strong>of</strong> the excise on salt, tea and native opium and the<br />
consideration <strong>of</strong> measures for the monopoly <strong>of</strong> the last-mentioned,,<br />
etc.<br />
356. ^ -^ 'H] T'ung^ Fu^ Ssu', Currency Department ;:<br />
superintends the provision <strong>of</strong> gold, silvei% copper and ti« for, and<br />
their conversion into, currency, the making <strong>of</strong> bank notes, the<br />
framing <strong>of</strong> regulations concerning the organization <strong>of</strong> banks and<br />
mints, and the maintenance <strong>of</strong> a sufficient supply <strong>of</strong> ciirrency ia<br />
circulation.<br />
357. J[$ ,^ p] K'u^ Ts'ang2 Ssu', Department ot the State<br />
Treasury ] supervises the income and expenditure<br />
<strong>of</strong> the State<br />
Treasury, scrutinizes financial reports from the provinces, as well<br />
as I'eports from the Imperial silk factories in Kiangsu and<br />
Chekiang, reorganizes provincial treasuries, etc.l<br />
858. ^ ^ pj Lien^ Feng* Ssu', Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Emolu-<br />
ments. This Department is in charge <strong>of</strong> the payment <strong>of</strong> salaries<br />
and allowances to <strong>of</strong>ficials and Princes and tlie issue <strong>of</strong> allowances<br />
<strong>of</strong> Bannermen.<br />
359. ^ f|oJ pJ Chiin' Hsiang' Ssu', Department <strong>of</strong> ^Military<br />
Supplies ; superintends the distribution ef supplies to the<br />
Military and Naval Forces <strong>of</strong> the Empire.<br />
360. fliij /fl ^ Chih* Yung* Ssu', Department <strong>of</strong> Expendi-<br />
ture. This Department regulates the ex})enditure<br />
<strong>of</strong> funds<br />
provided by the provinces for use in the Capital, as well as the<br />
«•.*?<br />
[ 120 ]
llESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
expenditure on buildings, railways, mines, telegraphs and postal 361<br />
administration. tO<br />
361. ^ tj- p] Hiii* (K'nai-") Chi^ Ssu\ Audit Department; 3Q8a<br />
audits the income and expenditure <strong>of</strong> the State Treasmy,<br />
prepai-es the budget, determines extraordinary expenditure,<br />
revises accounts, etc.<br />
362. i|$C ^ fl ^ ^ Shou^ Fa^ Chi^ (ii'a^ Ch'iiS Registry ;:<br />
in charge <strong>of</strong> the reception <strong>of</strong> incoming, and issue <strong>of</strong> outgoing,,<br />
despatches, looks after matters <strong>of</strong> economy and has<br />
control <strong>of</strong> the several Departments' correspondence Avith other<br />
establishments.<br />
363. ^ II If: Chin^ Yin- K'u^ State Treasury. Here<br />
State funds are stored, in currency, bullion and bank notes.<br />
364. ^^ Ij- ^ T'ung^ ( hi^ (_h'u% Statistical Bureau (for<br />
its organization see No. 162b).<br />
365. ^ f^ g. S?ui Wu* T'ing', Chancery (see No. 296).<br />
•^66. *M ^ hn l^ao' Ch'iJan^ Chii^ Coinage Office ; charged<br />
with the reception <strong>of</strong> copper and tin and the coinage <strong>of</strong> copper<br />
money.<br />
366a. ^ JM ^ ^- ^ 1? f^ Chien' Li^ Ch'ien' Fa^ T'ang-<br />
Shih' Wu^ Thus Avas formerly designated one <strong>of</strong> the Junior<br />
•Vice-Presidents <strong>of</strong> the Ministry, under whose superA'ision the<br />
Coinage Office Avas placed (see No. 366).<br />
366];. The administration <strong>of</strong> the Coinage Office is now<br />
carried out by three ^^ f^ Ta^ Shih^, Overseers, each being in<br />
charge <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> the Jgj Ch'ang', ]\lints, 4t M l*ei^ Ch'aug^*,<br />
Northern, f]i H^ Chung^ Ch'ang", Middle, and gj ^ Hsi^<br />
Ch'ang-\ Western.<br />
367. ^^ :|'^ ^ Ho- Chiian' Ch'u^, Subscription Bureau.<br />
This is a temporary establishment, organized for recommending<br />
rewards for subscribers to national needs.<br />
368. l^fj Ijj'i] ^ Yin^ Shua' Chii^, Printing Office.<br />
368a. iil U^ gi Tsao' Chih=^ Ch'ang', Official Paper Mill.<br />
[<br />
1-^1<br />
]
PRKSENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF C:ilXA.<br />
369 369. ^ fj}} ^ ig^ ;/c IS Tu^ Pan* Yen^ Chvng' Ta* Ch'en\<br />
f^Q Controller-General <strong>of</strong> the Salt Gabell'^ ; this post (associated<br />
tyyA.<br />
. charge<br />
with that <strong>of</strong> President <strong>of</strong> the ^Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance) was<br />
established by Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 31st December, 1909, in<br />
order that the control <strong>of</strong> the salt affairs <strong>of</strong> the ,Empire might be<br />
under one head.<br />
369a. The Conti-oller-General <strong>of</strong> tlie Salt Gabelle is in<br />
<strong>of</strong> the ^ Ij'j^: ^ ig^ Mf Tu^ Pan* Yen' Cheng* Ch'n*,<br />
Office <strong>of</strong> the (^ontroller-Cieneral <strong>of</strong> the Salt Gabelle, which was<br />
established in accordance with a Memorial from the Controller-<br />
General {see No. 3G9), <strong>of</strong> the 19th Janviary, 1910. Arrange-<br />
ments for the stafi <strong>of</strong> this <strong>of</strong>lfice have not yet been completely<br />
defined, but it is known that the direct management<br />
to be vested in |§ fjf Tsuug^ Pan*, Office ( hiefs.<br />
<strong>of</strong> affairs is<br />
For particulars as to the salt administration in the provinces<br />
^ee Nos. 835, 835 A, 835 B, and 841.<br />
370. ni WC fT- ^^ d\ Ts'ai^ Cheng* Yen" Chiu' So^ Section<br />
for the Study <strong>of</strong> Financial Affairs.<br />
371. Ht £5: II ^ £g Ts'ai" Cheng* Tiao* Ch'a^ Ch'u*,<br />
Office for the Study <strong>of</strong> Financial Affairs.<br />
Office.<br />
372. Il ^ ^ PienV I* So'\ Translating (Interpreting)<br />
,373. ^ Hilj li S ^ Pi* C^hih* Tiao* Ch'a^ Chu", Commis-<br />
sion for the Study <strong>of</strong> the Currency System ; established for the<br />
purpose <strong>of</strong> defining the Aveight and type <strong>of</strong> cxu-renc}^ to be coined<br />
according to the new regulations concerning currency (see<br />
Memorial <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance, dated 24th ]May, 1909).<br />
374. J^ i^ gj ^ Al Ch'ingi Li^' Ts'ai" Chf-ng* Ch'u*,<br />
Committee for the Reoreanization <strong>of</strong> the Financial Affairs <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Empire (for details see Nos. 533—<br />
535).<br />
374a. '^^"* Jt -^ ^!5 fg IE m- ^ P/r Chihi Pu* Pu* Chi*<br />
Chiang^ Hsi^ So*^, Courses in Book-keeping at the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Finance ; instituted in the Summer <strong>of</strong> 1911 (provisionally at the<br />
[ 122 ]
PRESENT DAY rOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
School <strong>of</strong> the Ta Ch'ing- Government Bank ; see No. 548) for 375<br />
training book-keepers for government <strong>of</strong>Hces generally. Eligible<br />
for admission to these courses are <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Finance, and other metropolitan <strong>of</strong>fices, who have sufficient<br />
education along general lines, in mathematics and juris])rudence,<br />
and are between 20 and 35 years <strong>of</strong> age.<br />
The courses supply instruction in general accounting (^ j§,<br />
-iilG, ^'"'i' T'ungi-Pu* Chi*), <strong>of</strong>ficial accounting {'^MUlt<br />
Kuan^ T'ing' Pu* Chi^), general principles <strong>of</strong> financial law (H^'S^<br />
;^C 11^ Ts'ai"^ Cheng' Ta* Kang^), the preparation <strong>of</strong> estimates<br />
(^ 11' '^ Hui* Chi* Fa^) and mathematics (^ ftj Suan* Shu*)<br />
and extend over half a year.<br />
Those successfully completing the studies prescribed receive<br />
diplomas (^ ^^ Wen"^ P'ing'^) from the Mitiistry <strong>of</strong> Finance<br />
which entitle them to employment in the accounts <strong>of</strong>fices <strong>of</strong><br />
various government establishments. In future persons holding<br />
such diplomas are to be employed as auditors, ^ ^ 'g* Chien^<br />
Ch'a2 KuanS in the Audit Department (^ f j" )ifc<br />
!^h(:'n' Chi*<br />
Yuan*).<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Book-keeping Courses at the 3'linistry <strong>of</strong><br />
Finance there is a J37 ;^ So' Chang', who has subordinated to<br />
him two ^^§ ^ Chiao* Wu* Yiian", Preceptors, and two ^& -^ ^<br />
Shu* Wu* Yiian"'^, Stewards. The teaching staff includes one ^ fg<br />
± 1^ IS: ^ Pu* Chi* (;hu3 K'o* Chiao* Hsi^ Teacher <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Science <strong>of</strong> Book-keeping, and two Hjj ^ Chu* Chiao*, Assistant<br />
Teachers, and, for subjects <strong>of</strong> secondary importance, J^j ^ Fu*<br />
K'o*, there are five ^ ^ C hiao* Hsi', 'J'eachers.<br />
375. Under the control <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance are the<br />
following :<br />
1. Provincial Branch Offices for the Reorganization <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Financial Affairs <strong>of</strong> the Empire (sec Nos. 536— 541),<br />
2. Ta Ch'ing Government Bank, with its branches as well<br />
as other banks {sec Nos. 542— 550c ).<br />
[ 123 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
376 3. The Central Mint at Tientsin, with branches in the-<br />
provinces {see Nos. 551— 551iJ).<br />
4. Office for the collection <strong>of</strong> excise on native opium, at<br />
Wuch'ang, with its branches in the provinces (see Nos. 552— 555)..<br />
5. Custonas Office at the I'h'uno: Wen Men Gate <strong>of</strong> Peking;<br />
(see Nos. 556—560).<br />
6. Native Customs (see Nos. 561— 561 15).<br />
7. Office <strong>of</strong> the Government Granaries at Peking (see<br />
Nos. 562— 567a), and<br />
8. Financial (<strong>Political</strong> Economy) Colleges {see No. 568).<br />
MINISTRY (BOARD) OF RITES.<br />
376. fiS §[5 Li^ Pu^ ^Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong> Rites (literary<br />
designation, pj *[5 Tz'u- Pu*, <strong>of</strong> its President, :)^ ^ f|^ Ta*<br />
Tsung^ Po^ and, <strong>of</strong> its Vice-Presidents, 'J> ^ i^ Shao^ Tsung^<br />
Po"). This Ministry is one <strong>of</strong> the oldest, as well as one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
most important, <strong>of</strong> the Empire. It supervises the code <strong>of</strong><br />
ceremonies, rites and forms binding every man, irrespective <strong>of</strong><br />
rank and position in society, from the Emperor<br />
to the most<br />
humble subject, both as regards himself alone and his intercourse<br />
with others, after death as well as during life, and those apper-<br />
taining to the various unknown powers influencing<br />
the life <strong>of</strong><br />
everyone.<br />
Before the establishment <strong>of</strong> the ISIinistry <strong>of</strong> Education in<br />
1^05 (see No. 395) the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Rites supervised national<br />
education and customs and controlled the literary examinations<br />
which serve as a stepping-stone to the government service.<br />
Also, before the establishment <strong>of</strong> the Ofhce <strong>of</strong> Foreign<br />
Affairs hi 1861 {see No, 305), the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Rites was in<br />
charge <strong>of</strong> all dealings with the West, and the reception <strong>of</strong><br />
Ambassadors thence, and supervised relations with the former<br />
tribvitary states <strong>of</strong> Annam, Siam, Burma, Nepal, Corea and the<br />
Loochoo Islands^ (now belonging to Japan).<br />
[ 124 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
376a. Before its reform (sec No. 376b) the Ministry <strong>of</strong> 376a<br />
Kites was composed <strong>of</strong> the following four Departments :<br />
1-<br />
fj| ill'] ol I^ Chih* Ssu\ Department <strong>of</strong> Ceremonies,<br />
2- jIr) ^ WI T'zu^, Clii* Ssu\ Department <strong>of</strong> Sacrifices,<br />
3. zfe ^ n] Chu^ K'o* Ssu', Reception Department, and<br />
4-<br />
fi Wu^ T'ing', Chancery (see No. 296).<br />
379. }|I| 1f^ jfj Man^ Tang^ Fang", Record and Registry<br />
'Office ; besides various other duties this Office was in charge <strong>of</strong><br />
making translations into Manchu. I'his Office no longer exists.<br />
380. Jft. JjjlJ fi] Tien^ ( hih' Ssu', Department<br />
monies ; regulates the etiquette<br />
<strong>of</strong> Cere-<br />
to lie obs.:ived at the Court on<br />
all occasions, organizes ceremonials, determines posthumous<br />
lionours <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Family, etc.<br />
380a. The Department <strong>of</strong> Ceremonies (see No. 380) is a<br />
developm.ant <strong>of</strong> the former Department <strong>of</strong> Ceremonies (sec No*<br />
-376a\ Avith which was amalgamated the Reception Dejjaitment<br />
[ 1-'- ]<br />
4.q<br />
380a
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKG AXIZ ATION OF CIIiyA.<br />
381 (-^^^ No. 376a) and the Court <strong>of</strong> State Ceremonial {see Nos. 37Gii<br />
•jJQ and 935), in accordance with a Memorial fVom the jNIinistry,<br />
oQo sanctioned bv the Emperor on the 6th February, 1909.<br />
. be<br />
381. InJ ^ ^ Tz'u* Chi* Ssu\ Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Sacrifices<br />
(or Department <strong>of</strong> Sacrificial Aflfairs) ; this arranges the rites to<br />
observed at sacrifices on solemn occasions-.—in " saying the sun<br />
and moon " when eclipsed— etc.<br />
This Department is identical with thq former Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Sacrifices (see No. 376a) ; likewise its staff.<br />
382. iK. 1^ ^ T'ai'* Ch'ang^ Ssii', Department <strong>of</strong> Sacrificial<br />
Worship ; directs sacrifices, determines the musical instruments<br />
to be used and decides the magnitude <strong>of</strong> sacrifices to be<br />
performed.<br />
38'2a. The Department <strong>of</strong> Sacrifical Worship {see No.<br />
382) was organized from the former Court <strong>of</strong> Sacrificial Worship,<br />
which was a separate institution (^ee Nos. .376b and 933).<br />
382b. In addition to Department Directors {see No. 290),<br />
Assistant Department Directors (see No. 291) and Second (-lass<br />
Secretaries (see No. 292), common to all Departments, the<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Sacrificial Worship employs the following :<br />
1- :^ShWM^ Li"* P'in' Tsan^ Li^* Kuan^ Ceremonial<br />
Usher <strong>of</strong> the sixth rank (one),<br />
2. :^^amWt'^ Liu* P'in' Tu^ Ch'u* Kuan\ Reciter <strong>of</strong><br />
Prayers <strong>of</strong> the sixth rank (one;,<br />
3. W/T^BIS Tsan* Li* Lang^, Ceremonial Ushers; 7a<br />
(28 in all),<br />
in all),<br />
4. W. Wt X^ Tu» Chu* Kuan', Reciters <strong>of</strong> Prayers ; 7a (10<br />
5. m W Ming2 TsanS Heralds ; 7a (63 in all) and<br />
6. /^ jg Hsii' Paul, Ushers ; 9b (four).<br />
Officials cf the Department <strong>of</strong> Sacrificial Worship are <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
deputed tD the Offices <strong>of</strong> the Imperial' Mausolea, Eastern and<br />
Western (see No. 570).<br />
[ 12G ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF C'JII/NA,<br />
383. 7^)11^ n] Kiiang^ Lu^ Ssll', Banqueting Department; 3S3<br />
supervises food supplies for banquets and sacrifices. -^q<br />
383a. .Tlie Banqueting Department (see No. 383) was 335<br />
evolved from the former Banqueting Court, which was an<br />
independent institution (see Nos. 376b and 934), and the old<br />
Banqueting Department (sec No. 376a).<br />
^84. iiif ^^ [^ Li' Ch'i* K'uS Store <strong>of</strong> Sacrificial and<br />
Ceremonial Instruments. Here are stored all sacrificial and<br />
ceremonial instruments formerly kept at the Courts <strong>of</strong> Sacrificial<br />
Worship (see Nos. 376 B and 933) and <strong>of</strong> Banqueting (see Nos.<br />
376b and 934). At the head <strong>of</strong> this Store is a :<br />
384a. Department Director (see No. 290), as Superinten-<br />
dent <strong>of</strong> the Store, assisted by one Assistant Department Director<br />
(see No. 291)<br />
and :<br />
1. 4 ^ IE Pu^ ('heug% Overseers ; 6b,<br />
2. 4 -flk 1^ Tien' Pu% Assistant Overseers,<br />
3. 2 p] j^ Ssu' K'u\ Inspectors ; 7a, and<br />
4. 8 j^ f^' K'n"* Shih', Assistant Inspectors ; 7 b.<br />
384b. The post <strong>of</strong> ^ .IE ?"' Cheng* (see No. 384a><br />
replaces that <strong>of</strong> ^ IE Shu' Cheng^ (see Nos. 389 and 391) <strong>of</strong><br />
the Kii-mer Banqueting Court ; |^ f§. Tien' Pu* (see No. 384a)<br />
Shih* Tien' Pu* <strong>of</strong> the former-<br />
replaces those <strong>of</strong> "(f ± 1^ W-'^o^<br />
Court <strong>of</strong> Sacrificial Worship and dh. fg Tien' Pu* <strong>of</strong> the former<br />
Banqueting Court. Concerning the posts ^0 Ssu^ K'n"* and<br />
J^ fli K'u^ Shih' (sec No. 298).<br />
385. ^% It ^ T'ung' Chi^ Ch'u*, Statistical Bureau (for-<br />
its organization<br />
sec No. 162a).<br />
386. ^ Itf] -^ ^'^^^** ^'^°* Chii^, Office <strong>of</strong> Seal-casting;:<br />
supervising the casting <strong>of</strong> seals for all government establishments<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Empire. This Office is administered by one Assistant<br />
Department Director (see No. 291), one Second Class Secretary<br />
{see No. 292), and one ^ f|J Ta"* Shih', Inspector.<br />
[ 127 ]
PKKSEXT DAY TOLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHIJSA.<br />
387 387. 5?^ ^K Yiieh* Fv', Board <strong>of</strong> State Music ; determines<br />
to the music, singing and posturing<br />
391 occasions generally. It is directed by :<br />
387a. Two ^ Jf. «?| §[J ^ f^<br />
for saci-ifices and solemn<br />
Kuan^ Li'^ Yiieh* Pu^ Shih^<br />
Wu^, Director-Generals <strong>of</strong> the Board <strong>of</strong> Music ; usually Princes<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Blood or Ministers <strong>of</strong> the Household.<br />
388. mM^ Ho^ Shengi Shu^ Music Office (at the Board<br />
<strong>of</strong> Music ; see No. 387) ; superintends the training <strong>of</strong> musicians,<br />
provision <strong>of</strong> musical instruments, etc. It is in charge <strong>of</strong> :<br />
389. One fD S W^ IE Ho^ Sheng^ Shu^ Shu^ Cheng^<br />
Director <strong>of</strong> the Office <strong>of</strong> Music, who is assisted by two<br />
ffl ^ W W M Ho^ Shengi Shu^ Shu^ Ch'eng", Assistant<br />
Directors <strong>of</strong> the Office <strong>of</strong> Music (^ Tso^ Senior, and :^ Yu%<br />
7b.<br />
.Junior) ;<br />
At the Office <strong>of</strong> Music there are also :<br />
1. 5^Jj^ M Hsieh^ Lfi^ Lang^ Chief Musicians ;.8a,<br />
2. 25 ^ 1^ Hf; Ssui Yiiehi Lang^ Bandmasters; 9k,<br />
3. 180 %^^ ^. Yueh^ Shengi, Musicians, and<br />
4. 300 $$ ^ Wu' ShengS Posturers.<br />
390.. Jil}l ^ ^. Shen' Yiieh* Shu^ Office <strong>of</strong> Sacred .Music ;<br />
supervises an orchestra which attends sacrifices and other solemn<br />
ceremonies where music is required.<br />
The <strong>of</strong>fice <strong>of</strong> Sacred Music is attached to the Board <strong>of</strong><br />
State Music {see No. 387) and is directed by :<br />
391. One |fp %% ^ ^. J£ Shen^ Yiieh* Shu^ Shu^ Cheng*,<br />
Director <strong>of</strong> the Office <strong>of</strong> Sacred Music : 6a, To this <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
there are subordinated two p |?| ^- ^ ^ Shen-' Yiieh^ Shu^ Shu^<br />
Ch'eng2, Assistant Directors <strong>of</strong> the Office <strong>of</strong> Sacred Music<br />
(:£ Tso^ Senior, and ;gf Yu"*, Junior) ; 8 b, and :<br />
1- 1 'MnSiM Tsan* Li^ Lang-, Ceremonial Usher ; 7a,<br />
2.<br />
indefinite number) ';<br />
1?^ ^ SIS Hsieh^ Lii* Lang2, Chief Musicians (in an<br />
8a, and<br />
[ 128 ]
PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
3. o] Itc I[S Ssu^ Yueli* Lang^, Bandmasters (in an 392<br />
indefinite number) ; 9b. k /^()^v\av- tO<br />
392. ^ MB ^ It Hni* T'lmg* Ssu* I^ KnaTi«, Kesidence<br />
ggg<br />
for Envoys <strong>of</strong> the E©«r Tributary States ; here were domiciled<br />
Envoys from Korea, Siara, Tonkin and Burma; no longer<br />
existing.<br />
In charge <strong>of</strong> the Residence there was a f^ "^ If" :^<br />
T'i^ Tu^ Kuan^ Wu*, Superintendent, who had under his control<br />
one ^ f^ Ta* Shih^, Residence Keeper ; 9a, two J^ gj Hsii* Pan',<br />
Ceremonial Ushers ; 9b, and a staff (8) jg 'g' T'ung' Kuan',<br />
Interpreters (<strong>of</strong> the sixth, seventh and eighth ranks).<br />
393. fii ^ It Li^ Hsiieh" Kuan% School <strong>of</strong> Ceremonials.<br />
This school was established by Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the lltli July,<br />
1907, .which read as follows:<br />
" The most potent forces in the maintenance <strong>of</strong> peace and<br />
*' in the government <strong>of</strong> the people are the natm-al laws governing<br />
" the phenomena <strong>of</strong> nature. Being aware <strong>of</strong> this, former<br />
*'<br />
Emperors <strong>of</strong> Our Dynasty gave theii' greatest<br />
*'<br />
improvement <strong>of</strong> rites and education.<br />
"In the reigns <strong>of</strong> Ch'ien Lung (1736-1796)<br />
attention to the<br />
and Tao<br />
*'<br />
Kuang (1821-1850) the code <strong>of</strong> rites was repeatedly revised<br />
"<br />
and, in its improved form, promulgated for general observance<br />
" throughout the Empire.<br />
" With the new order <strong>of</strong> things that have come into the<br />
" lives <strong>of</strong> the people, such as changes that have taken place in<br />
" education, in the Army and in social intercourse,<br />
it has become<br />
" e\4dent that steps must be taken to adapt, or reorganize, the<br />
" customs hitherto observed by the populace with regard to the<br />
" details <strong>of</strong> funerals, sacrifices, head dresses, marriage ceremonies<br />
" and articles <strong>of</strong> use and for adornment.<br />
" On a previous occasion the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Rites memorialised<br />
" Us with regard to the establishment <strong>of</strong> a School <strong>of</strong> Ceremonials.<br />
^' The said Ministry has now presented a detailed report as to<br />
£ 129 ]
394<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
" the execution <strong>of</strong> this project and we hereby give<br />
it Our<br />
"sanction that it may be immediately put into force.<br />
" We hereby further command that the Ministers <strong>of</strong> the.<br />
" said Ministry <strong>of</strong> Rites, with their subordinates, take the lead in<br />
" the said School <strong>of</strong> (Ceremonials, carefully<br />
consider the ancient<br />
" and modern customs and the everyday habits <strong>of</strong> the people,<br />
" select the best and bring them to Our notice that We may<br />
" promulgate them to the people <strong>of</strong> the Empire.<br />
" This is in pro<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> Ouv earnest desire for the preparation<br />
" <strong>of</strong> the >vay towards the granting <strong>of</strong> a constitution and<br />
" parliamentary representation to tlie coimtry. Respect This."<br />
In charge <strong>of</strong> the School <strong>of</strong> Ceremonials are the <strong>of</strong>ficials<br />
<strong>of</strong> the two highest ranks <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Rites (President<br />
and A^ice-Presidents) as |§ |g Tsung' Ts'ai^. The direct<br />
management <strong>of</strong> affairs "i?, however, vested in the |||i J|g jjil jp<br />
It ^ B '^^sinig^ Li=* Li^ Hsiielr Kuan^ Shih^' Wu% Director <strong>of</strong><br />
the School <strong>of</strong> Ceremonials, and the following :<br />
1.<br />
number),<br />
2 to 3 If H T'i- Tiao\ Proctors,<br />
2. 1 ^ im I'ang^ T'i- TiaoS Assistant Proctor,<br />
3. 1 3i. ^ Tsung' Tsmn^ Chief Reviser,<br />
'I- 1 1 ^1 fH Tsuan^ HsiuS Revisers,<br />
5. ^jj {\^ Hsieh^ Hsiu^, Assistant Revisers (in an indefinite<br />
6. ^ ^j Chiao' Tui\ Correctors (in an indefinite number),<br />
7. ^ ^ ^Ven^ An\ Secretaries, and<br />
8- ^ ^ M f4 'B* Ko-. Sheng* Ku' Wcn^ KuanS<br />
Provincial Advisers (the schedule calls for 46 <strong>of</strong> these).<br />
394. The Ministry <strong>of</strong> Rites supervises :<br />
1. Imperial Mausolea {sec Nos. 569—57 1a),<br />
2. Metropolitan Temples and Sacrifices performed therein<br />
(^see No. 572) and<br />
3. Religions (Buddhist,.<br />
see Nos. 573, 573a to 573c).<br />
Taoist and Shanianist Priests;<br />
[ 130 ]
PRESENT DAY rOLITICAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHIXA.<br />
Ministry (board) <strong>of</strong> education.<br />
^^^<br />
395. Jp ^[5 Hsiieh- Pu^ Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong> Education; ^qq<br />
established in 1905 for the snperAisiou <strong>of</strong> the educational aftairs<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Empire (before that time this duty devolved upon the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Rites ;<br />
see No. 376.)<br />
The internal organization <strong>of</strong> the ^Min'stry <strong>of</strong> Education, as<br />
proposed by the Ministry itself, was sanctioned by the Emperor<br />
on the nth June, 1906.<br />
395a. ^JI^'^U^I^<br />
Kuan^ Li^ Hsiieh^ Pu* Shih*<br />
Wu*, Controller <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education {see Xo. 276).<br />
396. ^ ^ Ts'an^ Shih'^, Assistant Secretaries ; OA,<br />
{see Xo. *?86 ;<br />
there are four <strong>of</strong> these <strong>of</strong>ficials).<br />
397. ^ % ]% Ssu' Wu^ T'ing', Chancery {sec No. 296).<br />
398. |§ f§ ^ Tsuno- Wu* Ssu\ Departmeijt <strong>of</strong> General<br />
Affairs ; superintends the most important matters, correspondence,<br />
archives, compilation <strong>of</strong> Memorials,' framing- <strong>of</strong> rules and<br />
regulations and is in charge <strong>of</strong> education throughout the Em|)ire.<br />
This Department is composed <strong>of</strong> three ^if K'o', Sections, i.e.<br />
Affairs,<br />
1- 113^^4
401<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
This Department has three Sections :<br />
to 1- 11 IS ^ W f-^ Shih^ Fan'' Chiao'' Yil^ K'oS Noi-mal<br />
404<br />
School Section,<br />
2- ^••^ ^ ^ f-^ Chungi Teng^ Chiao* Yii^ K'o^. Middle<br />
School Section, and<br />
'3.
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL CRQiANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
2. The provinces o£ (/liihli and Shansi,<br />
3. The provinces <strong>of</strong> Shantung and Honan,<br />
4. .<br />
The<br />
provinces <strong>of</strong> Shensi and Szechwan,<br />
5. The provinces <strong>of</strong> Hupeh and Hunan,<br />
6. The provinces <strong>of</strong> Kiangsu, Anhui and Kiangsi,<br />
7. The provinces <strong>of</strong> Fukien and Chekiang,<br />
8. The provinces <strong>of</strong> Kuangtung and Kuangsi,<br />
9. The provinces <strong>of</strong> Kweichow and Yunnan,<br />
10. The provinces <strong>of</strong> Kansu and Hsinkiang.<br />
11. Inner and Outer Mongolia, and<br />
12. K'uk'unor and .Tibet.<br />
Certain <strong>of</strong> the Inspectors <strong>of</strong> Education are deputed, yearly,<br />
for the inspection <strong>of</strong> from three to four educational circuits, so<br />
that all the circuits may be inspected within a three years' period.<br />
The Inspectors <strong>of</strong> Education are selected from <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong><br />
the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education and to each there is attached one ^<br />
12 ^ 8hu^ Chi^ Sheng\ Clerk.<br />
Originally the post <strong>of</strong> Inspector<br />
<strong>of</strong> Education- was a sub-<br />
stantive position (namely, 5a) and the number <strong>of</strong> Inspectors was<br />
12 ; from the 1st November, 1909, in accordance with a report<br />
from the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education, the position was made supernumerary<br />
in character and a corresponding number <strong>of</strong> substantive<br />
posts were established at the Ministry — <strong>of</strong> Department Director<br />
(^see No.. 290 ; five), <strong>of</strong> Assistant Department Director {^see No.<br />
291 ; four) and <strong>of</strong> Second Class Secretary {see No. 292 ; three).<br />
404a. ^ it ^11 It Pien' Ting* Ming" 'TzV Kuan^<br />
Committee for the Compilation <strong>of</strong> Technical Terms established in<br />
accordance with a report <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education, sanc-<br />
tioned by the Emperor -on the 29th October, 1909, with a staff<br />
consisting <strong>of</strong> one ^^^ ^ Tsimg' Tsuan', C'hief Reviser, and an<br />
indefinite number <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ Fen^ Tsuan^, Revisers, for compiling<br />
a dictionary <strong>of</strong> physical, mathematical, political, judicial,<br />
historical, pedagogical, etc., expressions.<br />
[ 133 ]<br />
404a
405<br />
to<br />
407<br />
I'KESEXT DAY I'OLITJCAI. OKG ANI Z ATION OF CllIXA.<br />
Wlieii (•oiii])l('tc(l, the use <strong>of</strong> tlic expressions apj)earing )i<br />
the (lictionarv sj)oken <strong>of</strong> al)Ove Avill he obligatory foi- ])otli ])ul)li<br />
and pi'ivate ])urposes.<br />
i*^'^-<br />
ber indefinite :<br />
ji^ pH '^ '^'^"^ ^* Kiian', (/onsiiltiiig I']x])erts<br />
Consulting i>xj)ei-ts<br />
<strong>of</strong> four ^ Tenii^ tvanJirs.<br />
; num-<br />
<strong>of</strong> the first r;iuk have the i-ank <strong>of</strong><br />
Coimeillor ; cif the s(>con(l rank, thatVf Serretary ; <strong>of</strong> tli(> third<br />
rank, that <strong>of</strong> De])artuient I)ii-ector or Assist;i,nt De])ai-tiuent<br />
Director, and <strong>of</strong> the foiu-tli ra)ik, that <strong>of</strong> Second Class kSccrctary<br />
(sre No. 302.)<br />
-i^'fi- tU U M ^ ^ !''
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
408. ^ ^-Ij<br />
Commission for the Study <strong>of</strong> Educational Regulations ; in<br />
i^ g ^ Hsueh' Chih* Tiao^ Ch'a^ Chu^, 408<br />
charge <strong>of</strong> the making <strong>of</strong> a comparative study <strong>of</strong> the educational ^^^<br />
situation in foreign countries.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Commission there is a ^^ Chii^<br />
Chang^, President, who is assisted by a number <strong>of</strong> ^ j^ Chii'<br />
Yiian', Attaches, and a staff <strong>of</strong> ^ 'g* I* Kuan^, Translators<br />
(Interpreters).<br />
408a. The Chief <strong>of</strong> the Book Compilation and Translation<br />
Oflfice {see No. 406), the President <strong>of</strong> the Committee for Super-<br />
intendance <strong>of</strong> Metropolitan Schools (see No. 407) and the<br />
President <strong>of</strong> the Commission for the Study <strong>of</strong> Educational<br />
Regulations (see No. 408) rank as Councillors (see Nos. 281—<br />
282) or Secretaries (see. Nos. 283— 284) <strong>of</strong> th'o Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Edlication.<br />
409. m^W.^ WMM Kaoi Teng' Chiao^ Yii* Hui^ I*<br />
So^, Delibei'ative Convention <strong>of</strong> Higher Education ; called once<br />
a year (or more <strong>of</strong>ten if occasion demands) ; under the general<br />
control <strong>of</strong> the President and Vice-Presidents <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Education.<br />
Delegates to this Convention comprise <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education, Directors <strong>of</strong> Metropolitan and Provincial<br />
Schools (Middle and Higher) and persons with great experience<br />
in educational matters.<br />
The Delegates, who must be approved by the Emperor,<br />
elect the f^ ^ 1* Chang^, President <strong>of</strong> the Convention.<br />
From the <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the ^Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education there are<br />
selected two ^, f^ ^ Shu* Wu* Yiian^, Stewards, for the<br />
management <strong>of</strong> the general affairs <strong>of</strong> the Convention.<br />
410. iC ^ ip ^ M Chiao'' Yii* Yen^ Chin^ So^ Section<br />
<strong>of</strong> Instruction ; here are given lectures on educational questions<br />
for the benefit <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> .;he Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education.<br />
To this Section there are attached :<br />
[ 135 ]<br />
^q
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
411 1 /S; i^ M ^^^^^* ^^^* Yuan^, Sicwaid (for its general<br />
^Q management) and<br />
412<br />
^ !^ fi M 1^'^'"' ^'^li' Yiian", Compiler.<br />
Both are clioscn from amongst tlie.<strong>of</strong>Hcials <strong>of</strong> the IMinistrj.<br />
411- AM'^ B ^ P^'
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION Of" CHINA.<br />
Worthy <strong>of</strong> remark is the hall J^ ^ Pi* Yung\ where the 412a<br />
Emperor discusses the classics in the presence <strong>of</strong> learned men.<br />
^q<br />
At the Imperial Academy there were :<br />
412a. ^ JM 13 ^ ^ i^ g Kuan' Li^ Kno^ Tzu^ Chien*<br />
Ta^ Ch'en^, Chancelivjr <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Academy (usually one o£<br />
the senior Grand Secretaries), and the following :<br />
1- 2 ^ ^ Chi* Chiu^, Libationers (literary designation,<br />
^ ^ il5c Ta^ kSsu^ Ch'eng^) ; 4b, one Manchu and one Chinese,<br />
2. 3 p] ^ Ssu^ Yell*, Tutors (literary designation, ^ ^<br />
/^ Shao^ Ssu^ Ch'eng^) ; 6a. one Manchu, one Mongol and one<br />
Chinese,<br />
?'• M: ^ riiien^ Ch'eng2, Proctor ; 7a,<br />
4. tl ± I'o.' Shih*, Doctor ; 7b.<br />
5. m If Ticn^ Pu*, Archivist ; 8b,<br />
6. Jl H Ticir^ Chi-', Sub- Archivist ; 9b,<br />
''• ^jiWL Clui* Chiao*, Preceptor ; 7b,<br />
^- (Ltj K ^ i^' Ssu* Sliih* Hsiielr Lu*, Eegistrar ; Sa,<br />
9. ^ i^^ Hsiielr J.u*, Sub-Kegistrar ; Sa, and<br />
10. ^ jE Hsiieh^ Cheng"', Director <strong>of</strong> Studies ; 8a.<br />
413. H dr ^S ?f{f f'T Kuo^ Tzu^ Ch'eng2 Ya^ MOn^, The<br />
Government Institute ; this esta])lis]iraent is the result <strong>of</strong> the<br />
reformation <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Academy <strong>of</strong> Learning (see No. 412)<br />
in accordance witli a ^Memorial from the ^Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education<br />
(sanctioned l)y the Emperor on the 1 1th .lune, 1906). It regulate^<br />
the rites and ceremonies ])erformed at the ^ [^] Wen^ ^Nfiao*<br />
Temple <strong>of</strong> Confucius, and at the ^% % i'i'<br />
]^St Yimg^ Tien^ P<br />
Yung Hall {sec No. 412).<br />
In charge <strong>of</strong> the Government Institute is a :<br />
413a. M 1' ^ K"o' 'J^^-'i' Ch'eng2, Director <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Institute ; 4a. He has subordinated to him :<br />
1. 4 Jjll t^ Tien^ Pu*, Archivists ; 7a,<br />
2. 4 JftL H Tien^ Chi^, Sub-Archivists ; 8a,<br />
[<br />
1.S7<br />
]<br />
4i3i
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
414 3. 2 rt pO ^ jjiB<br />
j^<br />
415a<br />
Overseers <strong>of</strong> Sacrifices <strong>of</strong> the 7th Class,<br />
'I' Ch'i^ P'in' Ferg* Ssu* Kuani,<br />
'^' 2 An^^/nBl* Pa^ P'in^ Feng^ Ssu* KuanS Overseers <strong>of</strong><br />
Sacrifices ot the 8th Class,<br />
5. 2 :^ ,a ^ jnii 'g* Chiu^ P'in^ Feng^ Ssu* KuanS<br />
Overseers <strong>of</strong> Sacrifices <strong>of</strong> the* 9th Class,<br />
6. 2 iE ii ^ 'i* Cheng* T'ungVTsan* Kuani. Senior<br />
Heralds ; 7a,<br />
7. 2<br />
Heralds ; 8 b,<br />
glj ji ^ 'g' Fu* T'migi Tsau* Kuan^ Junior<br />
8. 3 r: ^ ^ IE 'e*<br />
Clerks <strong>of</strong> the 2nd Class ; 8a, and<br />
^^rh' Teng3 Shni Chi^ KuanS<br />
9. 3 H ¥ 1^ 12 'g* San^ Teng^ Shu^ Chi'* KnanS Clerk,<br />
<strong>of</strong> the 3rd Class ;<br />
9a.<br />
414. The Board <strong>of</strong> Education has the supreme control <strong>of</strong><br />
various educational institutions, as shown below :<br />
Common Schools (Primary, Middle and Higher),<br />
Universities, Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools, Institutes, etc. (details<br />
^ee Nos. 574— 654).<br />
MINISTRY (BOARD) OF WAR.<br />
415. -^ Sl^Ping^ PuS Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong> War Cliterary<br />
designation <strong>of</strong> Ministry, ^ ^|J Hsi Pu, <strong>of</strong> its President, ;/»; ^ J||<br />
Ta* Ssu^ Ma^ and <strong>of</strong> its Vice-Presidents, :^ wj H Shao^ Ssu^<br />
Ma^). This Ministry, in addition to the administi'ation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
"land, sea and river forces <strong>of</strong> the Empire, supervised the<br />
examinations for military skill, which consisted <strong>of</strong> drawing the<br />
bow, military gymnastics and liftmg the stone (these examinations<br />
were abolished by Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 29th August, 1901).<br />
415a. Before its reorganization the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War was<br />
•compdsed <strong>of</strong> four Departments :<br />
1- ^^i^ n] Wu^ Hsiian^ Ssu^, Department <strong>of</strong> Selection,<br />
2-<br />
i|^ ^ rJ Cbih^ Fang^ Ssu^, Department <strong>of</strong> Discipline,<br />
[<br />
138 ] ^.
TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
3- ^ ,11 ^ Ch'e^ Chia'* Ssu', Kemount -DeiJartinent, and 416<br />
4. ^^ 1^ "S] ^^^ K'u"* 8su\ Commissariat Department. -jjq<br />
416. W. ^ M Lien* Ping^ Ch'u^ Commission for Army<br />
Reorganization ; established in 1903 at the initiative <strong>of</strong> ^ fS' ifl<br />
Yuan^ Shih* K'ai' (who was made its President) for the<br />
reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Chinese army on western lines.<br />
417. The reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War was<br />
commanded by Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 6th November, 1906, which<br />
read as follows :<br />
" |£ *\{ Ping^ Pu*, the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War,<br />
is now to become<br />
"the ^ ^. ^jj-lj^* ChiJn^ Pu*, Board <strong>of</strong> War, the Commission<br />
"for Army Eeorganization (see No. 416) and the ^tC ^ ^ T'ai^<br />
«P'u* Ssn', Court <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Stud (see No. 936b),<br />
to be<br />
"assimilated by the latter. The proposed '^- !^ -^ Hai^ Chiin^<br />
"Pu^, Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Navy (see No. 185b), and the ^ f^ f^<br />
"Chim^ Tzui Fu^, General Staff Office (see No. 184), not being<br />
" regularly organized, affairs appertaining to these are to be<br />
"attended to in the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War, by a "Ch'u*, Naval Council (st^^<br />
'/^ ^ J^ Hai^ Chiin^<br />
No. 185c), and a l^M M ^^^^^<br />
"Tzu^ Ch'u*, Ai-my Staff Council (see No. 184a), respectively."<br />
The internal organization <strong>of</strong> the ]Ministry <strong>of</strong> War, as<br />
proposed by the Ministry itself, received Imperial sanction on<br />
the 7th June, 1907.<br />
.418. ^ f^ ^ Chun^ Tzui Ch'u*, General Staff Council<br />
(^see No, 417) ; for its organization see enclosure to a report <strong>of</strong><br />
the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War, dated 7th .Iiuie, 1907.<br />
For particulars as to the removal <strong>of</strong> the General Staff<br />
Coimcil from the supervision <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War, and its<br />
establishment as an independent institution, see Nos. 184a to 184l.<br />
417).<br />
419. ^^ fg Hai^ Chiini Ch'u*, Naval Council (see No.<br />
For pai'ticulars as to the transfer <strong>of</strong> this Council from the<br />
supervision <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War to that <strong>of</strong> tlie Commission for<br />
the Reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Navy, see Nos. 185c to 185o.<br />
[<br />
^3
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
420 420. 1^ ^ §[5 Lu4 (Jhiiui Vn\ Ministry (Board)<br />
<strong>of</strong> War<br />
to or Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong> Land Forces. This Ministry is now the<br />
422a<br />
adpiiiiistrative. head <strong>of</strong> all the land forces <strong>of</strong> the Empire, directs-<br />
^Military bichools, has c^rge <strong>of</strong> ordnance stores and arsenals, etc.<br />
The i)ostal system, for Government use exclusively, in Chin.'<br />
,pi-oper and in the outlying dependencies,<br />
MinivStry.<br />
42 1 . ^<br />
Jl M W oH ^^ B<br />
is maintained bv this<br />
^^"''"' J-i' I-^^' < 'li''w' Pu' Shih*<br />
Wu-, Controller <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War (sec Xo. 276).<br />
422. ^K^m C'h'eng2 Cheng* T'ing', Council, (see Xo.<br />
285) ; attends to the most important questions ; supervises<br />
finances, con-espondence, staff, etc.<br />
The Council is divided into four ^fjf K'o", Sections, i.e.<br />
W fr # Pi' Shu^ K'oS Secret Affairs Section, and ill ^ |4<br />
Tien^ Chang^ K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Armv Eeo'ulations— under the<br />
control <strong>of</strong> the Senior Councillor ,4<br />
(ire No. — 281) and |ff; f^ f\ Shu<br />
Wu^ K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> General Affairs, and i{^ ^ Shou (:hihi<br />
jf-j-<br />
K'o\ Finance Section— in charge <strong>of</strong> the Junior Councillor (see<br />
Xo. 282).<br />
422a. The Council (sec .Xo. 422) was organized from :<br />
1. The following <strong>of</strong>fices <strong>of</strong> the former Ministry <strong>of</strong> War<br />
(see Xo. 415) :<br />
ri ft B ^Jan^ Tang* Fang', Eecord and Registry Office<br />
(compare No. 379), ^ ^ H Ssu^ Wu* T'ing\ Chancery<br />
(compare Xo. 296), ^]^ fjf ^ P'ai* Pan* Ch'u*, Office for<br />
Deputation <strong>of</strong> Officials for Special Duty, i}^ ;^ ^ Shou^ Chih^<br />
So3, Finance Office, and j$- f^ ^ Feng* Hsiang^ Ku% Office for<br />
issue <strong>of</strong> Salaries and Supplies (sec Xo. 4 15 a), from the Commis-<br />
sariat Department.<br />
2. The following <strong>of</strong>fices <strong>of</strong> the Commission for Army<br />
Reorganization (sec Xo. 416):<br />
^M^ Wen- An^ Ch'u*,<br />
Chih^ Ch'u*, Treasury.<br />
Chancery, and J|^ ^ j^ Shou^<br />
[ 140 ]<br />
j
PIIESENT DAY POIATICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
422]{. The staflf <strong>of</strong> tlic Council (see No. 422) is made up <strong>of</strong> 422b<br />
two CoiTncillors {see No,>^. -281 and 282), two ;^ ^^ 'g* Ch'cno-^ Fa^ ^<br />
Kuan\ Keo^istrars (sec No. 294), four ^jj^ j^ K'o' Chang-', Section ^qk<br />
Chiefs (corresponding to tlie number <strong>of</strong> Sections ; see- No. 422),<br />
20^^ K'o' Yiian^, Secretaries (<strong>of</strong> the. 1st, 2nd and 3rd i-anks),<br />
iive^ ^ I^ Yiian^, Ti'airslators (Interpreters ; <strong>of</strong> the 1st, 2nd and<br />
3rd ranks), 14 §|^ ^ Lu' Shili\ Writers (sec No. 294), one ]£ ^t<br />
^l-Cljeng^ Ts'ung2 Sliih"* Knan', -Adjutant, and one UVvt^*^<br />
Fu* Ts'ung^ Shih"* Kuan', Second Adjutant.<br />
423. ^ li ^ Ts'an^ I^ T'ing\ Secretarial Office {.see No.<br />
285a) ;<br />
draws up rules and regulations for the Ministr}" <strong>of</strong> War,<br />
Military Scholars, etc.<br />
423a. Attached to the Secretarial ()ttic;e are :<br />
Two Secretaries {sec Nos. 283 and 284), one lvcgi;^trar (see<br />
No. 294), ^^ -^ Tzu^ I* Kuan', Advisers (<strong>of</strong> the 1st, 2nd and :^]-d<br />
ranks ; see No. 302), arid '^ ^ '^* Cliicn' (Jh'a^ Kunn', Inspectors<br />
<strong>of</strong> Military Affairs (<strong>of</strong> the 1st, 2nd and 3i'd ranks: see No. 303),<br />
in an ,indefinite number, and 12 Writers (sec No. 294).<br />
424. 2^f^ -^ Chiin^ Heng^ Ssn\ De])nrtment <strong>of</strong> Sele(;tion ;<br />
supervises a})pointmeHt and ti-nnsfer oT military <strong>of</strong>Kcials, granting<br />
<strong>of</strong> hereditai'y titles, etc.<br />
Posts,<br />
This Department has four Sections :<br />
1. ii ?}>:>f- ;f'j- Lin- Ts'al^ K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> A])]K)intment9.<br />
2. fi 'i* ^3i-<br />
'lOiV^ Kuan' K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Distribution <strong>of</strong><br />
«^- H Jli ff "^"fsP Yin^ K'oS Section <strong>of</strong> Hereditary Titles, and<br />
4. i^ f^ I'j- Ch'i' Wu' K'o', Section <strong>of</strong> Pjauner Affairs.<br />
424a. The Department <strong>of</strong> Selection (see No. 424) is a<br />
development <strong>of</strong> the JeIJ i^ p] Wu^ Ilsiian^- Ssu', Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Selection (see No. 415a), <strong>of</strong> the old jMinistry <strong>of</strong> War.<br />
425. jg^ nl Chfini Ch^eng^ Ssu^ De])artment <strong>of</strong> :Military<br />
Posts; in charge <strong>of</strong> the Military<br />
employed therein.<br />
[<br />
I4i<br />
Posts and the horses for couriers<br />
]
425-^<br />
to<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
This Department consists <strong>of</strong> three Sections :<br />
1-<br />
„ll ^ f-l- I* Ch'uan^ K'qI, Military Posts Section,<br />
426a 2. ^ ^^ ^j[ Hsiao^ Suan* K'o\ Expenditure Section, and<br />
'^- St! j^ ^4 P'ei^ Shu* K'o', C'onvoj Section (supervising<br />
the coiivoyiiig <strong>of</strong> exiles to their places <strong>of</strong> banishment),<br />
4:25a. To the Department <strong>of</strong> Milit'ar}' Posts (see No. 425)<br />
were transferred certain <strong>of</strong> the fimctions <strong>of</strong> the $ ^ p] Ch'e^<br />
(/hia* Ssu^, Remount Department (see No. 415a), and the j^ J^<br />
"pj Wu^ K'u* Ssu^, Commissariat Dej)artment (see No. 415a), <strong>of</strong><br />
the old Ministrj' <strong>of</strong> War {see No. 415).<br />
425b, In addition to the customary <strong>of</strong>ficials (see No. 434),<br />
attached to the Department <strong>of</strong> ]Military Posts (see No, 425) are<br />
the following :<br />
1- 3i fS M Chielr Pao* Ch'u^ Couriers Office, directed by<br />
a<br />
|r| |/j| Tsurig^* Pan^ Chief, assisted by six |/j| ^ 'g* Pan-* IShih*<br />
Kuan"^, Secretaries, and two ||^ ^ Lu* iShih'*, ^Yriters, and<br />
2- ^ ^Q ^la^ Kuan^, Dejjot <strong>of</strong> Military Horses, in charge<br />
<strong>of</strong> a 1^^ Chien' Tu\ Sa])erintendent, and two |^ ^ Lu*<br />
Shih*, Writers.<br />
426. Igfj- "r] Chiin^ Chi^ Ssu', Discipline Department;<br />
directs the issue <strong>of</strong> rewards or the levy <strong>of</strong> penalties.<br />
Merit,-<br />
This Department is divided into four Sections :<br />
1. # /^ 5fi|- K'ao^ (:;hi^ K'o', Section for Investigation <strong>of</strong><br />
2' ^ Wl f'i Ts'e* Hsiin^ Iv'o^, Section for Definition o£<br />
Grade <strong>of</strong> Merit,<br />
3. ^ ^ 14 Hsii^ Shang= K'o', Rewards Section, and<br />
4- H^ g3 ^-4 I* Fa^ K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Punishments.<br />
426 a. To the Discipline Department (see No. 426) were<br />
transfcired the functions <strong>of</strong> the W, "^ p\ Chih^ Fang^ Ssu^,<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Discipline (see No. 415a), <strong>of</strong> the oli Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> War (see No. 415), and <strong>of</strong> the ^ Jjj fjf K'ao^ Kung^ K'o^<br />
.<br />
[ 142 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Section for Investigation <strong>of</strong> Merit, <strong>of</strong> the Commission for Army 427<br />
Reorganization (see No. 416). -^q<br />
427. .L^ ^ ^J Cliiin^ Shih^ Ssu', Department <strong>of</strong> Arms 42Sb<br />
Supply ; consisting <strong>of</strong> two Sections, i.e.<br />
1- -M jp; f4 Cliih* Tsao* K'o', Section <strong>of</strong> Manufacture, and<br />
2. i^ fl f^ Tao^ C;h'u* K'o\ Storage Section.<br />
427a. The affairs <strong>of</strong> the j^ ^ ^ Wu^ K'u* Ssu^ Commis-<br />
sariat Department {s^c No. 415a), <strong>of</strong> the old Mhiistry <strong>of</strong> War,<br />
and <strong>of</strong> the ^^ i^ f} Ch'i* Hsieh* K'oS Arms Section, <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Commission for Army Keorganization (see No. 416), were handed<br />
over to the Department <strong>of</strong> Arms Supply (see No. 427).<br />
427r.. In addition to the usual <strong>of</strong>ficials (see No. 434), at<br />
the Department <strong>of</strong> Arms Supply {see No. 427),<br />
ment ;<br />
are found :<br />
1<br />
l^i" HI M H"i* T'u^ Yiian-, Draughtsman,<br />
1 ^ IiTj I' Shihi, Chief Engineer (sec No. 301), and<br />
1 ® ± I' ^I'ili'' Engineer (5^^ No. 301).<br />
428. ^ flllj ^ Chiin^ Chih* Ssii^ Army Inspection Depart-<br />
<strong>of</strong> seven Seftion>j; :<br />
1. IC ImJ f'\ '^'^"^ Chien" K'o\ Training Section,<br />
2. ^ i£ f[ Pu^ Fihg> K'o\ Infantry Section,<br />
3. ,E ^ f^ ^f'^"' i^'^g'' K'o^ Cavalry Section,<br />
^- M< ^ P( 1"'^^' l'i"S^ K'oS Artillery Section,<br />
5. X 1^- f'[ Kung^ Ping^ K'o^, Engineers Section,<br />
fi- fi ^:^ ^'[ Tzu^- Chung* Pingi K'o\ IMilitary Trains'<br />
Section, and<br />
7. S ^ $^ T'ai- Lei^ K'o', Sappers Section.<br />
428a. The Army Inspection Depaitment avhs developed<br />
from the ^ |^ Tfif Sou' T'ao^ K'o\ Battle Training Section, <strong>of</strong><br />
the Commission for Army Reorganization (see No. 416).<br />
428b. In addition to the customary <strong>of</strong>ficials (see No. 434),<br />
the staff <strong>of</strong> the Army Inspection Department (see No. 428)<br />
includes one H El M ^^'"^ T'u^ Yiian^, Draughtsmai\ (compare
PUESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
420 No. 427b), one ^ lip T Sllih^ Chief Engineer {sec No. 301),<br />
-Q and one ^ -[^ I' Sliih^, Engineer (see No. 301).<br />
•430b 429. ^ ^ V\ Cliiin^ Ilsii^ Ssu', Commissariat Department;<br />
<strong>of</strong> three Sections :<br />
1- M&\^^ T'ung3 Chi* K'o\ Statistical Section,<br />
2. H Hg f^ Liang-2 Fir K'o\ Supplies Section, and<br />
^- ^ oa f^ Chien" Tsao-^ K'o\ Constniction Section.<br />
429a. The Commissariat De])artment was formed from<br />
the |g fpj] 1p\ Liang^ Ilsiang^ K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Sii])plies, <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Commission for Army Reorganization {see No. 416).<br />
430. ^ ^ TTJ Chiini Hsueh' Ssu', Department <strong>of</strong> Military<br />
Education consisting <strong>of</strong> seven Sections :<br />
Section,<br />
1. ^ "^ f3[ Chiao* Yii* l\'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Instruction,<br />
2. j^B. f'l- 1'"' Tiii^ K'o\ Infunti'v Section,<br />
3. .^ fM ^ ^^i^ 'iui' K'oS Cavaliy Section,<br />
4. 1^ [1 I'f P'ao-' Tui^ K'o\ .Artillery Section,<br />
5. X ^ H ^ K""g' Cli'cng2 Tni^ K'o', Engineers<br />
6.<br />
|^< ^: i^ ^Jf Tzni Chung^ Tui^ K'o\ Military Trains<br />
Section, and<br />
7. 'm^0:W^ Yao* Sai^ P'ao^ Tui^ K'o^ Fortress<br />
Artillery (or Heavy Artillery) Section.<br />
.430a. The Department <strong>of</strong> Military Edu
TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
^ ^ Pien^ Tsuan^ Revisers, ^ '^ I* Shu', Translators 431<br />
(Interpreters), and other <strong>of</strong>ficials (<strong>of</strong> an indefinite number). tO<br />
431. ^ ^ rJ Chiin^ I^ Ssu^, Army Medical Department ; 4
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF C.IIXA.<br />
435 Section Chiefs (<strong>of</strong> the same number as there are Sections), ^i[ j^<br />
tQ K'o^ Yiian*, Secretaries (<strong>of</strong> the first, second and third ranks ;<br />
4S7a<br />
fj*om six to thirty-four), and |^ ^ Lu* Shih*, Writers (from<br />
six to twelve).<br />
Special <strong>of</strong>ficials are treated under their respective<br />
Departments.<br />
435. ^ ^ T'i- T'ang-^ Superintendents <strong>of</strong> Militar7<br />
Posts ; further distinguished as :<br />
435a. i£ ^; $1 if Chu* Ching^ T'i^ T'ang% Superintendents<br />
<strong>of</strong> jSIilitary Posts residing at Peking, <strong>of</strong> whom there are<br />
sixteen.<br />
435b. %i ^ J^ ^ Chu^ Shengs T'i^ T'ang^, Superintendents,<br />
<strong>of</strong> ^Military Posts residing in the Provinces (com.pare K o. 754).<br />
435c. f-g ^ Pao"* Fang', Printing Office;, formerly<br />
the ^ ^ Ching^ Pao*, Pcliiny Gazette^ was printed at this<br />
Office, which was under the direction <strong>of</strong> the Superintendents o£<br />
Military Posts residing at Peking {^see No. 435a).<br />
438. \^%%%.% Lu* Chlin^ Pu^ Ch'ia^ Kuan^ Officials<br />
for Special Duty; attached to the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War in an.<br />
indefinite number (up to thirty-f our ).<br />
437. Under the supervision <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War are :.<br />
1. The Military Forces <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong> :<br />
A. Lu Chiin, Pegular Troops, and<br />
B. Hsiin Fang Tui, Reserves {^aee Nos. 655 to 707).,<br />
2. Military Schools {see Nos. 708 to 717b),<br />
3. Banner Troops {see Nos. 718 to 748),<br />
4. Old Chinese Troops {see Nos. 749 to 753),<br />
5. Military Posts {see No. 745), and<br />
6. Office <strong>of</strong> the Government Stud {see No. 755).<br />
437a. jfX -p !!r- ^ Hung== Shih^Tzu^ Hui*, The Red Cross<br />
Society. Provisional regulations (1^ gJlC i' ^ ^ M M M ^<br />
Chungi Kuo" Hung2 Shih^ Tzu* Hui^ Shih* Pan^ Chang^ Cli'eng^)<br />
were drawn up by ^ y^ ^ Lii Hai-huan, and sanctioned by<br />
[ 146 I
PKESENT DAY POI.ITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
an Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> u.e 27th February, 1910. The same 438<br />
Decree appointed |>g 'm, ^ Sheng Hsiian-huai as ^ --f^ ^ ^ ^<br />
Hun^'^ Shih^ Tzu* Hui^ Chang', President <strong>of</strong> the Red Cross Society.<br />
A special Memorial from the General Staff Office,<br />
suggesting certain changes and amendments in the provisional<br />
regulations mentioned above, was sanctioned by the Emperor on<br />
the 20th May, 1910. Accordingly, the ff ^ ^ + ^ I'ban<br />
Chung^ Kuo'^ Hung2 Shih^ Tzu^ Tsung^ HuiS Central Office<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Red Cross Society, is to be established at Peking, ^ ^<br />
Fen^ Hui*, Branch Offices, will be founded in provincial capitals,<br />
ports open to foreign trade and sea ports. Also,<br />
there is a<br />
^MK I^'an^ Hu* Jen2, "Brothers and Sisters <strong>of</strong> Mercy."<br />
Furthermore, a ^ ^ ^ Chih* Yao"* Ch'ang', Laboratory, is to<br />
proposal to form a corps <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ I^ Yiian^, Physicians, and<br />
be founded for the manufacture <strong>of</strong> medical instruments and the<br />
preparation <strong>of</strong> medicines.<br />
The insignia <strong>of</strong> the Chinese Red Cross Society<br />
1. a iilllL -f ^ ]^ Tai-^ Ti* Hting2 Shili^ Tzii* Ch'i^,<br />
Red Cross on a White Ground, or<br />
2. mnit^-^'-^mM Shuang^ Lung'^ Ch'ien* Shih^<br />
Tzu'^ Chi* ChangS Red Cross and Two Dragons, <strong>of</strong> Gold, Silver,<br />
or Bronze (the ensign <strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong> the Red Cross Society).<br />
is :<br />
MINISTRY (BOARD) OF JUSTICE. \<br />
438. JflJ n\i Hsing- Pu% Ministry (Board)<br />
<strong>of</strong> Punishments,<br />
or Criminal Affairs (literary designation, j^% Pi' Pu* and<br />
^ ^ Hsi^ Ts'ao^ <strong>of</strong> its President, i; ^ ^ Ta^ Ssu^ K'ou^; <strong>of</strong><br />
its Vice-Presidents, ^J> ^ ^ Shao^ Ssu^ K'ou^ or ^ %• Ch'iu^<br />
Kuan\ Autumn Official).<br />
The duties <strong>of</strong> this Ministry, according to " The lustitutes <strong>of</strong><br />
th- T'ai Ch'ing Dynasty, consisted in :<br />
firstly, the enforcement<br />
and direction <strong>of</strong> punishments inflicted on <strong>of</strong>fenders ; secondly, at<br />
[ 147 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
439 the Autumn Assizes, preceding the time <strong>of</strong> executions (which<br />
to take place<br />
in <strong>China</strong> on the eve <strong>of</strong> the Winter solstice), the<br />
AAQ Ministry, together Avith the Censorate (see No. 206) and the<br />
Court <strong>of</strong> Judicature' and Kevision (see No. 215), carefully<br />
examined decisions <strong>of</strong> provincial judges, in cases <strong>of</strong> capital<br />
punishment, submitted to them before presentation to the Emperor<br />
(before decisions <strong>of</strong> capital punishment <strong>of</strong> provincial judges<br />
became effective it was necessary that the assent <strong>of</strong> all the<br />
members <strong>of</strong> the Three High Courts <strong>of</strong> »Tudicature be obtained) ;<br />
finally, the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Punishments partook<br />
<strong>of</strong> the nature <strong>of</strong><br />
both a criminal and civil court <strong>of</strong> the Metropolitan Circuit, for<br />
instance, every important criminal case occurring therein— after<br />
being carefully considered by a certain Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ministry, in the first instance, by all the Department Controllers<br />
assembled, in the second instance, and by the Presidents <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ministry, finally —was brought for final decision before the<br />
above-mentioned Three High Courts <strong>of</strong> Judicature.<br />
439. In accordance with the former division <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong> into<br />
18 provinces, the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Punishments (see No. 438) was<br />
composed <strong>of</strong> 18 Departments — one for each province.<br />
In addition, to the Ministry there was attached a ^ ^IJ |^<br />
Lii* Li^ Kuan^, Commission <strong>of</strong> Laws, whose duty consisted in<br />
the promulgation, every five years, <strong>of</strong> the code <strong>of</strong> criminal laws,<br />
with all amendments and supplements that had taken place since<br />
its previous issue.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Commission, as Superintendent, was<br />
one <strong>of</strong> the Princes <strong>of</strong> the Blood or one <strong>of</strong> the highest <strong>of</strong>ficials<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Empire, appointed by the Emperor, and, to his service,<br />
there were deputed, from the' higher Metropolitan Establishments,<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials skilled in jurisprudence.<br />
440.-, f^ *|5 Fa* Pu*, Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong> Justice ; formed<br />
by the reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Pimishments (see No.<br />
438), as directed by Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 6th November, 1906.<br />
[ li8 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF C'UNA.<br />
This Ministry controls and directs all the Judicial Establishments 441<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Empire, the Supreme Court <strong>of</strong> Justice {see No. 215a) ^q<br />
included, attends to all prison affairs and renders the final<br />
decision with regard to the infliction <strong>of</strong> capital piuiishment.<br />
The internal organization <strong>of</strong> the Ministry is as proposed in<br />
a Memorial to the Throne by the Ministr}' itself, sanctioned by<br />
the Emperor on the 31st January, 1907.<br />
441. ;^ i^ ,^ Ch'eng^ Cheng* T'ing', Council {see Xo.<br />
285) ; considers tlie most important questions <strong>of</strong> the ^Ministry,<br />
controls the granting <strong>of</strong> pardons and. the personnel <strong>of</strong> judicial<br />
establishments, defines the scope <strong>of</strong> judicial establishments and<br />
judicial police, etc.<br />
285a) ;<br />
442. ^ li ^ Ts'an^ P T'ing', Secretarial Office (see No.<br />
frames rules and regulations, compiles reports a.id attends<br />
to correspondence generally.<br />
443. Four ^ ^ Ts'an' Shih*, Assistant Seci-etaries (see<br />
No. 286) ; 5a. There are two at the Council (see No. 441) and<br />
two at the Secretarial Office (see No. 442).<br />
444. W §^ p\ Shen^ Lu* Ssu\ Department<br />
Aflfairs. Under the supervision <strong>of</strong> this Department are :<br />
<strong>of</strong> Judicial<br />
Criminal cases submitted for the .Emperor's decision, the<br />
revision <strong>of</strong> decisions <strong>of</strong> the Supreme Court <strong>of</strong> Justice (see<br />
No 215a) and <strong>of</strong> other judicial establishments and the criminal<br />
and civil cases <strong>of</strong> the provinces <strong>of</strong> Chihli, Kwangtung, Kwangsi,<br />
Yiinnan and Kweichow and the Left Wing <strong>of</strong> the Ch'ahars.<br />
445. ffjlj ^j gj "Chih* K'an^ Ssu\ Department<br />
This Department supervises :<br />
<strong>of</strong> Revision.<br />
Revision <strong>of</strong> sentences <strong>of</strong> death passed by Higher Courts,<br />
the promulgation <strong>of</strong> death sentences and the criminal and civil<br />
cases <strong>of</strong> the provinces <strong>of</strong> Szechwan, Honan, Shensi and<br />
Hsinklang and, also, <strong>of</strong> Uliasut'ai and Kobdo.<br />
446 ;M ^ ^ l^'ien^ Chih* Ssu^, Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Banish-<br />
ment Aflfairs ; supervising cases where the exti-eme penalty<br />
[ 149 ]<br />
446
453<br />
TRESEin' DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
447 defined by law Is not inflicted, the determination <strong>of</strong> places <strong>of</strong><br />
to banishment and the civil and criminal cases <strong>of</strong> the provinces<br />
<strong>of</strong><br />
Fengtien, Kirin, Heilungchians:, Shantung and Shansi and, also<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Left Wing <strong>of</strong> Ch'ahars, Suiyuanch'cng and Kueihua<br />
ch'eng.<br />
447. ^ til p\ ^'"* Hsij^ Ssu\ Department <strong>of</strong> Pardons.<br />
This is Department charged with the publication<br />
<strong>of</strong> Benevolent<br />
Edicts and Manifests, questions concerning pardons,<br />
and the<br />
civil and criminal cases <strong>of</strong> the provinces <strong>of</strong> Kiangsu, Kiangsi,<br />
Anlmi, Fukien, Chekiang, Hunan and Hupeh.<br />
448. ^ ^ nl Chi\3 Hsii* Ssu^ Department <strong>of</strong> Personnel ;<br />
controls the personnel <strong>of</strong> the ]\Iinistiy and <strong>of</strong> judicial establish-<br />
ments in general and recommends rewards to be granted to, or<br />
punishments to be inflicted on, judicial <strong>of</strong>ficials.<br />
449. ^ ^ijt '^ Tien^ Yii* Ssu\ Department <strong>of</strong> Prisons ;<br />
supervising prisons and workhouses attached to them (.see Ko.<br />
76 7a). Under the direct control <strong>of</strong> this Department is the<br />
prison at the ^Ministry <strong>of</strong> Justice (see No. 766).<br />
450. ^ If fl Hui-^ (K'uai') Chi^ Ssu\ Audit Department<br />
registers receipts and expenditure <strong>of</strong> the Ministry, prepares<br />
estimates, collects fines and takes control <strong>of</strong> property confiscated.<br />
<strong>of</strong> General<br />
451. .|fj ^ fl Tu^ Shih" Ssu', Department<br />
Affairs ; prepares translations from Manchu into Chinese and<br />
ince versa, copies reports, has the custody <strong>of</strong> the seal, etc.<br />
452. The staff <strong>of</strong> each Department <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Justice consists <strong>of</strong> three Department Directors (see No. 290), four<br />
Assistant Department Directors (see No. 291), and four Second<br />
Class Secretaries (see N\ 292).<br />
453. l]^ II ^ Siiou^ Fa^ So^ Kegistry ; deals with<br />
correspondence concerning prisoners, prepares and stores<br />
instruments <strong>of</strong> torture, etc. Its staff consists <strong>of</strong> two Assistant<br />
Department Directors (see No. 291) and two Second Class<br />
Secretaries (see No. •-^92)..<br />
[ 150 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
454. J^ It J^ T'ungS Chi* Ch'u^ Statistical Bureau (5^^ 454<br />
No. 162). tQ<br />
'^^^- ^^ M p\ Tangi Yiieh* Ssu^, Record and Registry 459<br />
Office ; managed by one Department Director (see No. 290),<br />
one Assistant Department Director (see No. 291) and three<br />
Second Class Secretaries (see No. 292). Now abolished.<br />
456. ^' s3 i$ Tsang^ Fa' K'u*, Treasury ; where fines<br />
were deposited. Its staff consisted o£ one p\ [^ Ssu^ K'u*,<br />
Treasurer ; 7a, and from one to two j^ f|^ K'u* Shih',<br />
Overseers (see No. 298). This is now non-existent (compare<br />
No. 450).<br />
457. Jl ^ i^ T'i2 Lao2 T'ingS Prison Office ; formerly<br />
in charge <strong>of</strong> two prisons <strong>of</strong> the Ministry, i.e. f^ ^ Nan^ Chien^,<br />
the Southern, and 4fc ^ Pei^ Chien^, the Northern, and with<br />
a staff consisting <strong>of</strong> two ^ ^ T'? Lao', Inspectors<br />
<strong>of</strong> Prisons<br />
(one Manchu and one Chinese). With the establishment <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Pi-isons (see No. 419)<br />
{for details see No. 766).<br />
this Office was abolished<br />
457a. rI ^ p] Ssu^ Yii* Ssu^, Section <strong>of</strong> Warders (<strong>of</strong><br />
the Prison Office ; see No. 457). This Section furnished<br />
employment for eight p\ ^ Ssu^ Yij*, Warders ; 9b. It is now-<br />
non-existent (for details see No. 766).<br />
458. I^MM Pieni (^h'a' Ch'uS Compiling Office ;<br />
collects information, irames rules' and regulations, corripiles drafts<br />
<strong>of</strong> laws, etc.<br />
over :<br />
459. The ^Ministry <strong>of</strong> Justice supervises supreme control<br />
1. Shen P'an T'ing, Local Courts (see Nos. 758 to 761a),<br />
2. Chien Ch'a T'ing, Prosecuting Attorneys, and<br />
3. Prisons (see 'Nos. 766 to 767a).<br />
[ 151 ]
460<br />
PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CIINA.<br />
MINISTRY (BOARD) OF AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND<br />
COMMERCE.<br />
460. X a\i Kmigi Pu"*, ^linistiy (Board) <strong>of</strong> Works<br />
(literary designation, /Jt ^\i Shni^ Pu* ; <strong>of</strong> its President ;/
TRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
^- pj !S ^su^ Chiang*, Overseers <strong>of</strong> Works ; 9b,<br />
etc. 461<br />
461. ^ ^15 Shangi PuS Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong> Trade ; esta- ^O<br />
blished by Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 7th December, 1903.<br />
461a. In accordfince with a Memoi'ial from the Ministiy<br />
<strong>of</strong> Trade (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 26th September,<br />
1903) its organization<br />
1-<br />
was as follows :<br />
f;^ M p1 Pao^ Hui* Ssu\ Department <strong>of</strong> Trade,<br />
2. 2p. t^j ^ P'ing^ Chiin^ Ssu\ Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture<br />
and Forestry,<br />
3. j§ ^ o] T'ung^ I* Ssu^, Department <strong>of</strong> Industry,<br />
4. ^ f f- ^ Hui* (K'uai*) Chi* Ssu^ Audit Department,<br />
^'<br />
p] ^ li Ss^^^ Wu* T'ing^, Chancery,<br />
6- W ^ t^^^^* Hsiieli^ Kuan^ Commission for the Study<br />
<strong>of</strong> Commercial Legislation, directed by two 1^^^ ^ °§* Tsung^<br />
Tsuan^ Kuau\ Chief Re\7^ers, and two ^ f^ "^<br />
Kuan^, Revisers, and<br />
Tsuan^ Hsiu'<br />
7. ^ fix 1^ Shang^ Pao* Kuan^, Commercial Newspaper<br />
Office, directed by one |^ fl 'g* T'i' Tiao* Kuan^, Proctor.<br />
In addition to two Councillors and two Secretaries for the<br />
Ministry [see Nos. 281 to 284), there were also established the<br />
posts <strong>of</strong> Department Director, Assistant Department Director<br />
and Second Class Secretary {see Nos. 290 to 292) ; two <strong>of</strong>ficials<br />
<strong>of</strong> each <strong>of</strong> the latter three ranks were attached to every<br />
Department.<br />
For infomiation as to the staff <strong>of</strong> the Chancery {see ^So.<br />
296).<br />
462. ^ X i^i oB ^"uiig' Kung^ Shang^ Pu*, Ministry<br />
(Board) <strong>of</strong> Agricultiu'e, Industry and Commerce ; established<br />
by Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 6th November, 1906 ; an<br />
amalgamation <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Works {see No. 460) and the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Trade {see No. 461).<br />
The internal org-anization <strong>of</strong> the Mlnistrv <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
Industry and Commerce is as proposed<br />
[ 153 ]<br />
in a ^Memorial from the<br />
4,RQ
TKESENT DAY TOLITICAI. ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
•463 Ministry itself, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 22nd January,<br />
to<br />
1907.<br />
Ar>^ The Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Industry and Commerce<br />
supervises agriculture, industry, trade, forestry, mining, fisheries,<br />
the issue <strong>of</strong> trade marks, and schools having connection with the<br />
afore-mentioned.<br />
463. M f# p] Nung' Wu^ Ssu^ Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Agricultiu-e ; directs agriculture, colonization, forestry,<br />
sericulture, tea planting, horticulture, fisheries, the building <strong>of</strong><br />
wharves, bunds and dikes, the conservancy<br />
harbours, etc.<br />
This Department is in direct control <strong>of</strong> :<br />
<strong>of</strong> rivers and<br />
1. Agricultural Schools at the Capital and in the provinces<br />
{see Nos: 600 to 603 and 770),<br />
2. Agricultural Guilds, their branches and sections {see<br />
No. 770), and<br />
3. The Botanical Garden at Peking, and the Agricultural<br />
Office and School attached to it as well as Botanical Gardens ii)<br />
the provinces (5^^ Nos. 770, 770a and 603a).<br />
^^'^' I ^ oJ l'^""g' Wu* Ssu\ Department <strong>of</strong> Industry ;<br />
supervises industry in all its branches,<br />
i.e. mechanical and with<br />
the hands, mining, the issuing <strong>of</strong> patents for prospecting and<br />
working <strong>of</strong> mines, the engagement <strong>of</strong> mining experts, etc.<br />
Under the direct control <strong>of</strong> this Department are :<br />
1. Schools <strong>of</strong> Craft and jNIining at the Capital and in the<br />
provinces (see Nos. 604 to 608),<br />
No. 771),<br />
2. Metropolitan Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools (see No. 598a),<br />
3. School <strong>of</strong> Grafts (see No. 605a ; now reorganized),<br />
4. Industrial Institute at Peking (and other places ; see<br />
5. Exhibitions for the Encouragement <strong>of</strong> Industry, at<br />
Peking (see No. 771a) and, in the provinces (see No. 7^1), and<br />
6. Embroidery Workship (see No. 771).<br />
[ 154 ]
TRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,<br />
464a. fb >^ ^ K M Hua^ Fen^ Kung^ Chili^ So^ 464^<br />
Chemical Laboi-atory for analysis <strong>of</strong> Mining Products (opened ^^q<br />
in 1910). 400^<br />
464b. ^WMM^ Ch'uan^ Heng^ Tu^ Liang* Cliii=,<br />
Office <strong>of</strong> Weights and Measures.<br />
465. IS 3^ "^ Shang^ Wu* Ssu\ Department <strong>of</strong> Commeixe ;<br />
controls Chambers <strong>of</strong> Commerce in <strong>China</strong> (as well as (-hinese<br />
Chambers <strong>of</strong> Commerce abroad), trade marts, exhibitions, the<br />
insurance business, fosters commerce, etc.<br />
Directly supervised by this Department<br />
are :<br />
1. Commercial Schools at Peking and in the provinces<br />
^ K"ng' Ssu^ Chu* Ts'e* Chu^,<br />
"Company Registration Bureau (see No. 776a),<br />
465d, (^ I® ^fj Shang^ Piao' Chu^, Trade Marks<br />
Registration Bureau (see No. 776a).<br />
^^6- ^; f^ rI Shu^ Wu* Ssu\ Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> General<br />
Aftairs ; checks the income and expenditiu'e <strong>of</strong> the Ministry,<br />
keeps its accounts and" si"pervises the siafF— appointments,<br />
transfers, promotions,— etc.<br />
Office ;<br />
Under the direct supervision <strong>of</strong> this Department is the :<br />
466a. ^ fl; ff Ch'eng2 Chih* So^ Registry<br />
and Record<br />
the duties <strong>of</strong> the Chancery, now abolished (see No. 461a),<br />
in connection with the supervision <strong>of</strong> incoming and outgoing<br />
correspondence, ciphering <strong>of</strong> telegrams, custody <strong>of</strong> the seal, etc.,<br />
were transferred to this <strong>of</strong>fice.<br />
[ 155 ]
PKESENT DAY rOLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
467 467. The staff <strong>of</strong> the four Departments <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
to Agriculture, Industiy and Commerce (see Nos. 463 to 466)<br />
^y^<br />
inchides 12 Department Directors, 16 Assistant Department<br />
Directors and 18 Second Class Secretaries (sec Nos. 290'<br />
to 292).<br />
468. The followhig appointments at the ^Nlinistr}- <strong>of</strong> Trade<br />
were left unchanged on the formation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Agriculture, Industry<br />
and Commerce :<br />
^Ministry' <strong>of</strong><br />
1- M P»1 1* Kii' Wen* KuanS Advisers (see No. 302a),<br />
2- ^ fi li ft Kung^ Wu* I^ Yiian^ Mining Advisers<br />
[see No. 775),<br />
•^- ^ f^ li m. Shangi Wu^ I" Yiian^ Commercial<br />
Advisers, and<br />
4.<br />
i^- ^ g| ^ Shangi Wu^ Sui« Yiian-, Commercial<br />
Agents (Attaches).<br />
469. To the- Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Industry and<br />
Commerce there are attached an indefinite number <strong>of</strong> :<br />
1- — ^ ^ ^ilJ I' Tengs F ShihS Chief Engineers <strong>of</strong> the<br />
first rank ; 6a,<br />
2. H^^ m Krh^ Teng^' P ShihS Chief Engineers <strong>of</strong><br />
the second rank ; 7a,<br />
''^- ^^<br />
rank ; 8a, and<br />
S± I^ Teng^ I' ShihS Engineers<br />
4- H ^ ^ ± Ei-h^ Teng- I' ShihS Engineers<br />
second rank ;<br />
No. 162).<br />
Industry<br />
9a.<br />
<strong>of</strong> the first<br />
<strong>of</strong> the<br />
470. ^ If ^ T'ungs Chi^ Ch'uS Statistical- Bureau (sec<br />
471. Under the control <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
and Commerce are :<br />
1. The Industrial Taotais (see Nos. 839 to 839b), and<br />
2. Various establishments and <strong>of</strong>ficials discussed in Nos,<br />
768 to 782.<br />
C 156 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
MINISTRY (BOARD) OF POSTS AND COMMUNICATIONS. ^q<br />
472. §JJ ji *[5 Yu^ Ch'uan^ Pu% Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong><br />
Posts and Communications ; established by Imperial Edict o£ 6th<br />
November, 1906, which directed as follows :<br />
" Shipping commimication, Railways, Telegraphs and<br />
*' Postal communications are to be jointly supervised by a<br />
*'<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications."<br />
The Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications is in supreme<br />
control <strong>of</strong> navigation, railways, telegraphs, and schools <strong>of</strong> these<br />
specialities. The Posts are still under the control <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Inspector General <strong>of</strong> Customs.<br />
The organization <strong>of</strong> the INIinistry is as proposed by the<br />
Ministry itself and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 1st August,<br />
1907.<br />
473. ^l^M. Ch'eng- Cheng^ T'ingi, Council {see No.<br />
285) ; the most important and most confidential aifairs <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ministrv are managed bv this <strong>of</strong>fice, Avhich controls the staff and<br />
regulates expenditure, etc.<br />
285a) ;<br />
474. ^ li j^ Ts'an^ P T'ing^, Secretarial Office (sec No.<br />
frames rules, initiates projects, examines plans, supervises<br />
correspondence, etc.<br />
475. Four ^ ^ Ch'ien^ Shih*, Assistant Secretaries (see<br />
No. 286; ; 5a, and four -tl po ^^ ^ W Ch'i^ P'in^ Ilsiao^ Ghing^<br />
Kuan', Officials <strong>of</strong> the seventh rank (see No. 299), are employed<br />
at the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications,—two at the<br />
Council (see No. 473)<br />
474).<br />
and two at the ^Secretarial Office (see No.<br />
476. ^14 i^ ffl Ch'uan- Cheng' Ssu^, Department oi<br />
Navigation ; STipervises marine and riverine shipping, the<br />
construction <strong>of</strong> docks, the improvement <strong>of</strong> harbours, erection <strong>of</strong><br />
lighthouses, etc.<br />
[ lo7 ]<br />
472<br />
476
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
477 The actual admbiistration <strong>of</strong> the majoritv <strong>of</strong> tha functions<br />
to jwst mentioned is carried out by the 4t 'i^ ::^ E Pei^ Yang^ Ta*<br />
481<br />
Ch'en^, Superintendent <strong>of</strong> Trade for the Northern Ports, and the<br />
^ # i: S Nan^.Yang' Ta" Ch'en^, Superintendent <strong>of</strong> Trade for<br />
the Southern Ports (see No. 820b).<br />
477. lf§ i^ p] Lu* Cheng* Ssu^, Department<br />
Communications ;<br />
<strong>of</strong> Land<br />
controls land communications within the Em>ire<br />
funds md<br />
and legislation having reference thereto, collects '<br />
aiTanges loans for railway construction, etc. (compare<br />
No. 482 .<br />
478. H igr 3 Tien* Cheng* Ssu\ Department <strong>of</strong> Tele-<br />
graphs ; controls the telegraph affairs <strong>of</strong> the Empire, the erection<br />
<strong>of</strong> land lines and the laying <strong>of</strong> cables, construction <strong>of</strong> telephone<br />
and electric lighting systems, etc.<br />
479. iU ilJC p1 Yu^ Cheng* S^u\ Department <strong>of</strong> Posts ;<br />
superintending, in theory, the entire postal affairs <strong>of</strong> tjie Empire,<br />
the improvement <strong>of</strong> postal communications, the sale <strong>of</strong> money<br />
orders and stamps and the transmission <strong>of</strong> postal parcels.<br />
Actually, the postal administration is under the supervision <strong>of</strong><br />
the Imperial Maritime Customs^^see No. 273).<br />
480. B.^pi ^^^^ Wu* Ssui, Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> General<br />
Affairs ; recommends the transfer or promotion <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials, has<br />
the custody <strong>of</strong> the seal, supervises reception and despatch <strong>of</strong><br />
correspondence and telegrams, keeps the accounts, oversees<br />
buildings, etc.<br />
In the Autumn <strong>of</strong> 1909 the Department <strong>of</strong> General Affairs<br />
was abolished and its duties were -transfen-ed to the Council <strong>of</strong><br />
the Ministry (see No. 473).<br />
481. At each Department <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and<br />
Communications there are stationed two Department Directors<br />
(see No. 290), two to three Assistant Department Directors (see<br />
No. 291) four to six Second Class Secretaries (see No. 292), two<br />
Officials <strong>of</strong> the seventh rank (see No. 299), and an indefinite<br />
[ 158 ]
I'JIESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
number <strong>of</strong> A n" li ^ 1'=^' P'j"^ Lu* Shih*, Writers <strong>of</strong> the 482<br />
eighth rank, and % ^n §| -^ Chui^ P'in^ Lu"* Shih^ Writers tO<br />
<strong>of</strong> the ninth rank.<br />
482. ^ ^^ 41 Fj T'ieh' Ln* Tsung^ Chii^, Chief Kailway<br />
Bureau, administrated by a ^ ;|^ Chii' Chang^, Inspector, and<br />
^ ^ Chii^ Yiian^, Attaches. This Bureau was formed in<br />
accordance with a ^Memorial from the ^Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and<br />
Comm.unications, dated the 22nd December, 1907,<br />
for the<br />
su^^er^ision <strong>of</strong> Government and j^rivate railwa} s.<br />
The Bm'cau is the executive organ <strong>of</strong> the Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Land Communications {see No. 477) and was developed from the<br />
^ 1^ J^ T'i2 Tiao* Ch'u*, Bailway Section (now abolished) which<br />
was imder the supervision <strong>of</strong> a :^ J"^ Jg |^ Ko* Lu* T'i^ Tiao*,<br />
Insj)ector <strong>of</strong> Kailways.<br />
483. |g Y^ 'g- Ku* Wen-* Kuan', Advisers (<strong>of</strong> the first,<br />
second and third ranks ; see No. 302a). The number is<br />
indefinite.<br />
484. f^ ^ P Yiian-, Advisers (see Xos. 300 and 468) ;<br />
similar to the ^ '^ p^ ^ Lu'* Wu^ I* Yiiau', Railway Advisers<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Board <strong>of</strong> Trade (now abolished ; see Nos. 461 and 461 a);<br />
distinguished by their specialities (§g( jjl^ f^ ^'jj C'h'nan" Lu*,<br />
Tien' and Yu\ Navigation, Railways, Telegraphs and Posts).<br />
485. ^ ^ |]g<br />
^'i^" Shu^ Kuan^, Library ; containing many<br />
special works in Chinese and foreign languages.<br />
486. (<br />
If ^ ^ hiang^ Hsi'^ SoS Lecture Hall; here are<br />
given lectures for the benefit <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the Ministry.<br />
Attached to this Hall is the :<br />
486a. ^ m ^ Yiieh* Pao' SoS Reauiug Room.<br />
487. ^ X ^ K'ao' Kung^ Chii", Engineering Office.<br />
At this Office are stationed :<br />
Draughtsmen, ^ ^jfj<br />
illlj |§ ^ Ts^o"^ Hui> Yiian^,<br />
I* Shih\ Chief Engineers (<strong>of</strong> the first and<br />
second ranks; sec No. 301), and ^ Jt -^^ Shih*, Engineers (<strong>of</strong> the<br />
first and second ranks ; sec No. 301).<br />
[ 15i) ]<br />
487
niESENT DAY rOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
488 488. ii ^ ^j T'uiig^ I^ Chu', Translation Office (Inter-<br />
4.Q pretlng Office) ; with ^ ^ Fan^ and 1^ H Pien^ Chi*, Compilers.<br />
I^, Intevpi-eters (Translators),<br />
This Office is to be established later ; its duties are now<br />
^Q..<br />
being performed by the Secretarial Office (see No. 474).<br />
No. 162).<br />
4B9. ^^ If J^ T'ung^ Chi'' Ch'u*, Statistical Bureau {see<br />
490. The Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications has<br />
supreme control <strong>of</strong> the following :<br />
788a),<br />
No. 789),<br />
1. Railways (see Nos. 783 and 784).<br />
2. liailway Schools and other Schools (see Nos. 785 to<br />
3. The <strong>China</strong> Merchants' Steam NaA'igation Company, {see<br />
4. Telegraphs and Telephojies {see Nos. 790 and 791), and<br />
5. The Bank <strong>of</strong> Communications {see No. 792).<br />
MINISTRY (BOARD) OF DEPENDENCIES.<br />
491. ^ ^ p^ Li^' Fan^ Yuan^ Court <strong>of</strong> Colonial Atiairs ;<br />
established in the 17th century for the management <strong>of</strong> relations<br />
with Mongolia, K'uk'imor and the Mohammedan Princedoms in<br />
Western <strong>China</strong>.<br />
Until 1861, all relations with liussia were supervised by<br />
this Court. In Russ-ia these matters were attended to by the<br />
Ruling Senate.<br />
In carrying out its duties the Court <strong>of</strong> Colonial Affairs was<br />
guided by the Jf ^ ^^ ||J ^ Li^ Fan^ Yuan^ Tse-^ Li', Institutes<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Colonial Court (this book was translated into Russian,<br />
" Institutes <strong>of</strong> the Chinese Colonial Office,^' by S. Lipovzev, in<br />
two volumes; St. Petersburg, 1828).<br />
The reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Court <strong>of</strong> Colonial Affairs, in the<br />
sense <strong>of</strong> increasing its scope, was simultaneous with the general<br />
[ 160 ]
PKE8ENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
reforai ol the political organization <strong>of</strong> the Empire, in the Autumn<br />
<strong>of</strong> 1906, ^hen, by Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 6th November, the<br />
Court <strong>of</strong> Colonial Affairs became the :<br />
491a. Ji ^ ^\i Li' Fan^ Pu*, Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong><br />
Dependencies ; charged with the control <strong>of</strong> the ^Mongolian,<br />
Tibetan and Mohammedan tribes inhabiting Mongolia, Tibet<br />
and districts bordering on Tibet and Hsining.<br />
The organization <strong>of</strong> the ^Ministry is based on three<br />
Memoi'ials (<strong>of</strong> the 3rd .Tanuary and 30th July, 1907, and the<br />
2nd January, 1908) presented by the ^linistry itself, which left<br />
almost imchanged, as will be seen below, the old arrangements<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Court <strong>of</strong> Colonial Affairs {see No. 491).<br />
492. As regards the various ^Ministries, the following are<br />
peculiarities <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Dependencies :<br />
1- Wi ^l- f# BB E' Wai* IShih^ Lang",' Supernumerary<br />
Vice-President ; an appointment usually conferred on some<br />
Mongol Prince.<br />
2. There are no Councillors {see Xos. 281 and 282),<br />
Secretaries {sec Nos. 283 to 284), Council {see No. 285) nor<br />
Secretarial Office {see No. 285a).<br />
These, however, will come into existence when the Depart-<br />
ments <strong>of</strong> Colonization and Frontier Defence are organized<br />
{sec No. 496).<br />
492a. ^ i ^ T'ang2 Chu' Shih\ Secretaries (<strong>of</strong> the<br />
President <strong>of</strong> the Ministry) ; 6.\. There are six in all<br />
No. 288).<br />
493. M il ^ Ling-' I'an^ C:h'u^ Orderly<br />
{see<br />
Office. This<br />
was formed from the followino- establishments <strong>of</strong> the Court <strong>of</strong><br />
Colonial Affliirs {see No. 491) :<br />
^-<br />
Office.<br />
}t^ ^ W ^lan'^ Tang^ Fang'*, Record and Registry-<br />
2. l^ Han* Tang'' Fang'', Translation Office (for<br />
Manchu and Chinese),<br />
11<br />
[ 161 ]<br />
49lA<br />
to<br />
493
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
494 3. ^ j^B ^^^"8"' Tang^ Fang-^ Treasury, and<br />
^Q<br />
4. '^ f§ J^ Tu^ Ts'ui^ So^ Office <strong>of</strong> Incitement (to ensure<br />
^Q^ the prompt despatch <strong>of</strong> business) ; the <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> this Office were<br />
charged with " the Unfailing duty <strong>of</strong> keeping a strict watch for<br />
the prompt despatch <strong>of</strong> documents in general and the certification<br />
<strong>of</strong> all returns <strong>of</strong> questions settled and unsettled " {see Lipovzev,<br />
Preface, page xv).<br />
The staff <strong>of</strong> the Orderly Office is composed <strong>of</strong> two fg j^<br />
Ling' Pan*, Chiefs, two ^ |^f Pang' Pan*, Assistants, four<br />
^ ^ ^ ^ Chi- Ho^ W^n^ I^ Secretaries, four fi # ^ ^<br />
Tsung^ K'an* Tsou* Che^, Inspectors <strong>of</strong> Memorials, four ^ ^<br />
^ ^ Wei^ Shu* Chu' Shih*, Assistant Secretaries, four jE 1^ ^<br />
Cheng* Shan* Hsieh^ Senior Writers, and eight ||j |^ ^ Fu*<br />
Shan* Hsieh', Junior Writers.<br />
494. W] S H Ssu^ Wu* T'ing', Chancery {see No. 296) ;<br />
with two p\ f^ Ssu' Wu*, Chancery Directors ; 8a. For details<br />
as to other <strong>of</strong>ficials see No. 495 a.<br />
495. The six Departments (^Lipovzev styles them<br />
" Hegistries ") <strong>of</strong> the Court <strong>of</strong> Colonial Affairs {see No. 191),<br />
were left unchanged in the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Dependencies :<br />
1- ]^ ^ o] Ch'i" C;hi^ Ssu\ Department<br />
Mongols (managing the affairs <strong>of</strong> the Inner ilongols),<br />
2. ^ M n} Tien' Shu' Ssu\ Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Inner<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Outer<br />
Mongols (managing the affairs <strong>of</strong> the Outer Mongols, Dzungaria<br />
(Sungaria), K'uk'unor and Tibet),<br />
3- 2: ^ "^ Wang2 Hui* Ssu', Department for Receiving<br />
Princes <strong>of</strong> Inner Mongolia (in charge <strong>of</strong> the collection <strong>of</strong> tributes<br />
paid yearly by the Princes <strong>of</strong> th6 tribes and the issue <strong>of</strong> presents<br />
and allowances to Princes <strong>of</strong> Inner Mongolia, etc.),<br />
4- ^ jI^ bI Jou^Yiian' Ssu\ Department for Receiving<br />
Princes <strong>of</strong> Outer Mongolia (in charge <strong>of</strong> the collection <strong>of</strong> tributes<br />
paid yearly by Princes <strong>of</strong> Outer Mongolia<br />
the issue <strong>of</strong> presents from the Court to these persons),<br />
[ It32 ]<br />
and the Lamas and
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
^- f^ *§ rI ^^^^ Yiian^ Ssu^, Department <strong>of</strong> Eastern 495a<br />
.Turkestan (manages<br />
the affairs <strong>of</strong> the Mohammedan tribes in<br />
Hami, Turfan and other districts <strong>of</strong> Eastern Turkestan), and<br />
6. 51 M nj<br />
I^i' Hsing2 Ssu^, Judicial Department (in<br />
charge <strong>of</strong> civil and criminal cases occurring in Inner and<br />
Outer Mongolia).<br />
495a, At each Dypartment, as well as at the Chancery<br />
(see No. 494), there are stationed :<br />
1- 1 . ^ l^fj Chang^ Yin% Keeper<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Seal (as<br />
De})artment Controller) ; from the ranks <strong>of</strong> Department Directors<br />
{.sec Xo. .290) or Assistant Department Directors (sec No. 291).<br />
2. 1 to 2 f^\\ f^\] Eu* Yin^, Assistant Keepers <strong>of</strong> the Seal ;<br />
from the ranks <strong>of</strong> Department Directors (see No. 290), Assistant<br />
Department Director^ (sec No. 291) or Second Class Secretaries<br />
(*r^' No. 292),<br />
o. 1 to 2 jr I* Chu^ Kao'\ Keepei's <strong>of</strong> Drafts (in all<br />
Departments ; not in the Chancerv : see No. 494) ; <strong>of</strong>ficials<br />
similar to the Assistant Keejiers <strong>of</strong> the Seal,<br />
4. 2 to 4 ^ ^- ^ S^ \Vei^ Shu^ Chu^ ShihS Assistant<br />
Secretaries..<br />
and<br />
5. 3 to 4 jE I,^ ^ Chcng^ Shan"* Hsieh', Senior Writers,<br />
0. ?> to 4 glj |j^ ^ Fu^ Shaii^ Hsieh', Junior AVriters j<br />
from the ranks <strong>of</strong> Clerks (see -^o. 293).<br />
496. In accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry,<br />
sanctioned by the Ivmperor on the ;>rd January, 1907, there<br />
are later to be established two additional Departments, i.e.<br />
^- ^ j^ ^J Chill* Ch'air^ Ssu^, Department <strong>of</strong> Colonization,<br />
which will be in charge <strong>of</strong> the colonization <strong>of</strong> ^longol-ia, the<br />
conser\ation <strong>of</strong> foi-csts^ the improvement <strong>of</strong> cattle breeding,<br />
wild animal j>re'
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGAXIZATION' OF CHIXA.<br />
496a 2. ^fig Bj Pien^ We\* Ssu\ Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Frontier<br />
to I)efence, Avliicli will control the drilling <strong>of</strong> troops <strong>of</strong> Mongols<br />
^ay<br />
and Tibetans, the spread <strong>of</strong> education, expansion <strong>of</strong> trade, etc.<br />
496a. As proposed in a report <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Dependencies, dated the 30th July, 1907, to perfomi the duties<br />
<strong>of</strong> the two above-mentioned Departments (sec Ko. 496) for the<br />
time being there have been established tAvo temporary <strong>of</strong>fices,<br />
from "which will be developed the Departments <strong>of</strong> Colonizatiou<br />
and Frontier Defence, nan.aly :<br />
1- ii ^ -^ '^'^^^* ^'^^'^' ^-'^^"^ Investigation Office, and<br />
2- MM M ^ieni Tsuair^ Chu^ Revising Office.<br />
Each <strong>of</strong> these Offices is composed <strong>of</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> ^ Ku%<br />
Sections, at which are stationed Department Directors, Assistant<br />
Department Directors, Second Class Secretaries and Writeris<br />
(sec Nos. 290 to 293), from other Departments <strong>of</strong> the Ministry,<br />
to perform duties as jE ^- ^ Cheng* Kuan^ Ku', Section Chiefs,<br />
^ ^ ^ Fan^ V Kuan\ Interpreters (Translators),<br />
glj ^ }&. I^ "^ Kuan* Ku^, Assistant Section Chiefs., and<br />
497, The following Offices, Sections, etc., <strong>of</strong> the Court <strong>of</strong><br />
Colonial Affairs {see Xo. 491) have been left unchanged in the<br />
Ministiy <strong>of</strong> Dependencies :<br />
1- ^ H ^ Tangi Yiieh-' Ch'a% Kecord Office: here the<br />
Seal is kept,<br />
2. $§ J^ Yin- K-u^ Treasury ; issues maintenance<br />
allowances to ^Mongols arriving in Peking on business, discounts,<br />
by payments in money, allotments <strong>of</strong> hay<br />
horses and firewood for their lodgings.<br />
and oat for theu'<br />
'^' I'X IM ^ ^'^^^'^ ^ "^'
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
4. Iflj 5i nrJ B ^ I-a' Ma» Yin^ Wii* ^)'u^ Lama 498<br />
Office, and tO<br />
^' ^ "6" M 'Meng^ Ku* Fang', jVJongoli.an Tianslation '*^9<br />
Office ; translates despatches <strong>of</strong> all kinds written in Mongolian,<br />
especially those which must be presented<br />
Emperor.<br />
in Mancliu to the<br />
498. pq If Nei* Kuan^, Inner Inn, and 3r|> |f Wai* Knan^<br />
Outer Inn. These were maintained for Mongolian Princes<br />
visiting the Ooiirt with tribute or for duty.<br />
Inspector.<br />
In charge <strong>of</strong> the Inn there was a ^ =^ Chien^ Tu^,<br />
As proposed in a Memorial fi'om the Ministry, dated the<br />
2nd January, 1908, the Inns were abolished.<br />
499. Mj§§^^ Chih2 Pieni Hsiieli* T'ang^ School<br />
<strong>of</strong> Mongolian and Tibetan (at the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Dependencies).<br />
This was established in accordance with a Memorial from<br />
the Ministry, sanctioned by the Emperor on the SOth.January,<br />
li909, with the object <strong>of</strong> preparing men for service at the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Dependencies and along<br />
the frontiers. It consists<br />
<strong>of</strong> two Sections, pamely, ^ ^jj f^f Meng' Pu* K'o\ Mongolian<br />
Section, and H? |^ ^4 Tsang^ Wei^ K'o\ Tibetan Section,<br />
and the course <strong>of</strong> study in each is <strong>of</strong> 3 years' duration.<br />
Admission to the School <strong>of</strong><br />
Mongolian<br />
and Tibetan is<br />
open to all males between the ages <strong>of</strong> 18 and 32 years, who<br />
are physically fit and have a certificate showing that they have<br />
completed a Middle School course (sec Nos. 580 to 582),<br />
provided they can pass a test examination.<br />
The enrollment <strong>of</strong> each section <strong>of</strong> ihe school is lOO.<br />
On completion <strong>of</strong> their courses <strong>of</strong> study, students <strong>of</strong> the<br />
School are examined bv the Ministry ; those satisfactory are<br />
[ 105 ]
PKESKXT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
retained for service at the Ministry or given appointments* on<br />
the frontier.<br />
In addition to the stud}- <strong>of</strong> Mongolian and Ti})etan<br />
languages, literature, history and geography,<br />
School attend lectures on political economy and finance.<br />
[ IGG ]<br />
students <strong>of</strong> the
I'KESEXT DAY POLITICAL OltG ANIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
POLICE.<br />
500. ^ ^ Hsiin^ Cliing^, Police (anothei* designation is<br />
m ^ Ching-^ Ch'a'J.<br />
The metropolitan and provincial police are to a great extent<br />
organized on similar lines, the great difference being in the<br />
terminology used.<br />
u4. Metropolitan Police :<br />
501. lf« m III ^ Hsiin^ Ching^ Tsimg^ T'ing', Central<br />
Police Bureau. There are two <strong>of</strong> these, one in the j^ |^ Xei*<br />
Ch'cng*, Tartar City, and one in the /5;j> i^ Wai^ Ch'eng^, Chinese<br />
Citv.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> each is a :<br />
502. ^ ^ II MMyA Hsun2 (;hing^ Tsung' T'ingi T'ing^<br />
Ch'eng', Police Superintendent.<br />
Directly subordinated to the Police Superintendent<br />
are :<br />
503. i^ ^ IK M f^ ^ Hstin* Ching^ Tsung^ T'ing'^<br />
Ch'ien^ Shih^, Director <strong>of</strong> the ('hancery <strong>of</strong> the Central Police<br />
Bureau ; 4b, and three Office Chiefs ; ox,<br />
504. The Central Police Bureau is composed <strong>of</strong> a Chancery<br />
<strong>of</strong> General Affairs and three Offices.<br />
504a. |,f| f^ ^ TsungS Wu^ Ch'u*, Chancery .<strong>of</strong> General<br />
Affairs ; composed <strong>of</strong> five Sections :<br />
1.<br />
igc ^ ^ Ching^ Shih^ Ku», Section <strong>of</strong> Police Matters,<br />
2. i i^ ^
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
504b 504 b. Wi ^ M ^^"ei^ Shengi Ch'uS Sanitary Office ;<br />
to<br />
KQQ<br />
divided into four Sections :<br />
JflJ ^<br />
1. ?^ ii! 3^ Ch'ing^ Tao^ Ku^, Street Cleaning Section,<br />
2-<br />
^)j '^ ^ Fang2 I< Ku^ Disinfecting Section,<br />
3: ^ ^ B. P Hsneh^ Ku^ Medical Section, and<br />
4. # i^ ^ I^ Wu* Kii^ Medical Examinations Section.<br />
o04c. p] ^J^ J^ Ssu^ Fa* Ch'n^ Judicial Office ; has one<br />
^ Hsing"'' Shih* Ku^ Section <strong>of</strong> Judicial Affairs.<br />
504d. ^7 1^]^ Hsing' Cheng* Ch'u*, Administrative<br />
Office ; consisting <strong>of</strong> eight Sections :<br />
1- H tt !ix Hu* Wei* Ku^ Section <strong>of</strong> Public Protection,<br />
2.<br />
'/§ ^ E^ Chih^ An^ Ku^ Section <strong>of</strong> Public Peace,<br />
3- ^ ^ Sx * liiao^ She* Ku^, Section <strong>of</strong> Affairs concerning<br />
Foreigners,<br />
4. )^ ^ ^ Hu* Chi2 Ku3, Census Section,<br />
5. jE f^ 3x ^hi^'ng* Su^ Kti^, Section for the improvement<br />
o£ the Habits <strong>of</strong> the People,'<br />
^- ^ jM ^ Chiao^ T'ungi Ku', Section <strong>of</strong> Communications,<br />
7. ^ ^ ^ Ying^ Yeh* Ku^, Section <strong>of</strong> Industry and<br />
Handicrafts, and<br />
^- M$^ ^ Chien* Chu'' Ku^, Construction Section.<br />
oOo. Each Section is directed by a jE ^ 3x Cheng*<br />
Kuan^ Ku^ Section Chief, and gl] ^ j^ Fu* Kuan' Ku',<br />
Assistant Section Chief.<br />
In addition to the above-mentioned there are ^ "^ Ching^<br />
Kuan', Police Officers <strong>of</strong> the fifth, sixth and seventh ranks (one<br />
<strong>of</strong> each in every Section) and Police Officers <strong>of</strong> the eighth and<br />
ninth ranks (two <strong>of</strong> each in every Section).<br />
506. US m ^ m Hs(in=^ Ching3 yCu^ T'ing\ Police<br />
Bureau ; directed by a ^Q ^ Chih' Shih*, Deputy Police<br />
Superintendent ;<br />
5a.<br />
There were originally five <strong>of</strong> these Bureaux in Peking but,<br />
towards the end <strong>of</strong> 1908 and with a view to economy, they were<br />
[<br />
K'8<br />
;<br />
]
ilESEXT DAY POLITJCAL ORGANIZATION Of CHINA.<br />
all abolished and theii" functions ti-ansferred to the corres]3onding<br />
Police Stations.<br />
' ^^<br />
507. i^W^ Hsiin''' Chings ('h'ii', Police Station ; directly 514<br />
under the control <strong>of</strong> the Central Police Bureaux.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> each Police Station there is a |^ ;^ Ch'ii^<br />
Chang', Police Captain<br />
<strong>of</strong> the sixth or seventh rank. He is<br />
assisted by [^ ^ (yh'ii' Yiian"', Police Officers. <strong>of</strong> the eighth and<br />
ninth ranks (one <strong>of</strong> each at every Police Station).<br />
At the (Ja])ital there are 23 Police Stations.<br />
In addition to those already mentioned, there are the<br />
following Police Establishrrtents in Peking :<br />
508. ^ Ij^ ^ T'an* Fang' Chu^ Detective Office.<br />
509. XM^nM Kinig^ Hsiin=' Chiian^ Chii^, ]\Iunicipal<br />
Tax Collection Office'.<br />
Streets.<br />
510. ^ X ^ r^"* Kungi ChiiS Office for Supervision <strong>of</strong><br />
510a. ^^^ Wei" ShOngi ChiiS Sanitary Office (see<br />
No. 859).<br />
511. y^ M M Chi* I^iang^ So*, House <strong>of</strong> Correction (for<br />
prostitutes and female <strong>of</strong>fenders wlio have just completed a term<br />
<strong>of</strong> imprisonment).<br />
512. II Jf ^3 Chi' Pu^ Chil^ Office for the Apprehension<br />
<strong>of</strong> Law-breakers.<br />
consisting<br />
512a. f^ ^ O'T Tai* Chih* So^ House <strong>of</strong> Detention;<br />
<strong>of</strong> three Sections :<br />
!• f$ i^H Shcn^ Shang\ for the educated classes,<br />
2- PB ^ F"* •^i'^ ^^^' females, and<br />
3. ^ ^ P'ing' ]\Iin^ for the masses.<br />
513. r?i^ \^ Hsiao^ Fang^ Tui\ Fire Brigade.<br />
'^1-- ynUf "M^Ff
TRKSEXT DAY POMTICAL CRGAXIZATION' OF CHINA.<br />
August, 190o, and provisional rules for its administration, drawn<br />
up by the ^linistry <strong>of</strong> Police, were sanctioned by the Emperor<br />
on the 30th July, 1906.<br />
In this institution there are confined, and kept at work,<br />
those who have been condemned for petty misdemeanours to<br />
imprisonment for a period <strong>of</strong> three months or more ; the<br />
Workhouse is. also open to the poorest <strong>of</strong> the masses (compare<br />
No. 343b).<br />
The management <strong>of</strong> the Workhouse is carried on by five<br />
J^* Ch'u"*, Sections, and two ^j[ K'o\ Sub-sections, i.e.<br />
^ • ^<br />
^ l§ Wen- An* Ch'u*, Correspondence Section,<br />
2- ^ ft ^ Hui* Chi" Ch'uS Accounts Section,<br />
3. # X ;^ K'ao^ Kung' Ch'u*, Handicraft Section,<br />
^- BBM Shu^ Wu" Ch'u\ Section <strong>of</strong> General Affairs,<br />
5- ^ M M ^"hi^ Hsiiii^ Ch'u*, Inspection Section,<br />
6- ^7^ ^^ Chen^ Chih* K'o', Sick Ward, and<br />
7- Wi ^ ^-4 ^-'hiao" Shou* K'o\ School.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Metropolitan Workhouse is a f^ ^<br />
Chien* Tu^ Director (<strong>of</strong> the rank <strong>of</strong> Ts'an^ I*; see Nos. 283 and<br />
284), who has attached to his staff:<br />
1- 1 ^IIIS ^ ^ It 'B' T'i^ Tiao* Chien^ Tien' Yu" Kuan^,<br />
Proctor and Inspector,<br />
•2. 2 ^ ^J] ffi 'g Fen^ P-an* So' Kuan', Senior Overseers<br />
(acting as assistants to the Inspector ; having general supervision.<br />
<strong>of</strong> the five Sections and two Sub-sections),<br />
3-<br />
~<br />
J^ "^ So' Kuan', (3verseer& (carry on the actua<br />
management <strong>of</strong> their respective Sections and Sub-sections).<br />
^. 1 Wt I' K'lan', Physician,<br />
Teacher,<br />
5- 1 41 iC W 'K* Tsung' Chiao" Hsi'^ Kuan', Senior<br />
6. 6 ^. ^ji -g K'an' Shou' Chang', Senior Warders,<br />
7. 7 ^ ^ K'an^ Shou', Warders,<br />
»• 1 ^ i^ ^ 'g* Fen' Chiao^ Hsi^' Kuan', Teacher,<br />
[ 170 ]
i:Rsi:xi- dav political okgaxization <strong>of</strong> chixa.<br />
9- 1 15: it M ^^'liao^ Hui^ Shih', Teacher <strong>of</strong> :Moi-ality, 514a-<br />
10. 2 ^ IE Sim' C:hi^ Clerks, and tO<br />
11. 8 ^ 0tU Chi* ShihS Craftsmen.<br />
514a. In the provinces ^ ^ M' Hsi* I' So", or |^ ^[1 ^<br />
^ ^ 'J'stii* Fan* Hsi"'^ I* So=\ Workhouses (Houses <strong>of</strong><br />
Correction), are estabHshed in the provincial capitals<br />
and their<br />
or,-^anization is on the same lines as that at the Capital (5^^ No.<br />
514 ; compare, also. No. 767a).<br />
515. M^/M~^iM Po" Chi-* Kung' C:h'ang^ Home for<br />
Unemployed ^lales.<br />
516. IJ^ ^ ^ Chiao" Yang' Chii-, Free Meal Station.<br />
ol7. 'y* ^ 1'^ Kuan' I' Yiian*, Public Dispensary<br />
(compare No. 859).<br />
51'8. ilT&^^Fr Tzu* Chih^ Yen- Chiu' So'-, Self-<br />
government Instruction OfHce (compare No. 527a).<br />
. 519.<br />
Wj tM W ^ Ssu' Fa' Ching' Ch'a-, Judicial Police ;<br />
established (in accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> Justice, dated the 27th Januai-y, 1908), to serve the needs <strong>of</strong><br />
the Prosecuting Attorneys' Offices (see No. 762), at various<br />
Police Stations. They are under the supervision<br />
police <strong>of</strong>ficials as Avell as the Prosecuting Attorneys..<br />
<strong>of</strong> the local<br />
The duties <strong>of</strong> the Judicial Police consist in apprehending<br />
Taw-breakers and bringing them to the Courts <strong>of</strong> Justice, the<br />
making <strong>of</strong> searches (imder order o: a Court <strong>of</strong> Justice;, the<br />
gathering <strong>of</strong> evidence, the giving <strong>of</strong> information, the escorting<br />
<strong>of</strong> accused persons, the collection <strong>of</strong> bail and the examination,<br />
in company with <strong>of</strong>ficials from the Prosecuting Attorney's Office,<br />
<strong>of</strong> corpses or wounded people, etc.<br />
Judicial Police have come into existence wherever the new<br />
Judicial Fstablishrnents have been instituted.<br />
The ronks <strong>of</strong> the Judicial Police are :<br />
r 171 ]<br />
g^g
521<br />
FKKSENr DAY I'OLITICAL ORGAXIZAT!0\ OF C:iINA,<br />
519a olSiA. 5K( *§* Hsiin' Kuaii^ Cliic-f <strong>of</strong> .liuliciul Police, JK ^<br />
Hsiin-' Cliang-^, Captain <strong>of</strong> Judicial Police, and jfK W Hsiin^<br />
to<br />
Chin",<br />
.ludicial Police Officer.<br />
B. Provi)ici((J Police :<br />
.320. Thi'ongliout the provinces there has not as yet i)een<br />
introduced a uniform police organization ; in some districts the<br />
police are similar in type to the ^Tetropolitan police (see Nos.<br />
501 to 51)^), in otherB there is difi'ereuce.<br />
l)elow is described the police organization <strong>of</strong> the Capital<br />
<strong>of</strong> Ilonau province :<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the ^^ m |i }^ Hsiin"^ Ching=^ Tsung'' Chii^<br />
Central Police P>nreau, there is a |f, ^% 'J'sung^ Pan^ Police<br />
Superintendent.<br />
1<br />
He has directly<br />
sul)ordinated to him :<br />
gij ^j^ Fu'' Pan-*, Deputy Police Superintendent,<br />
1 Jg 1^ T'i' Tiao% Proctor,<br />
1 J£ vjr ^ Cheng* "Wen- An'', Senior Secretary,<br />
1 g[J 3^ ^ Fu'* Wen^ An\ Junior Secretary,<br />
15^-]^ K'ao^ Kung^, Kegistrar, and<br />
1 H ^ Fa^ Shen^ Judicial Officer.<br />
Tn addition t the ahove-mentioned there are eight (corres-<br />
ponding to the A i^ ^ ^j Pa^ Vii- Fen^ Chii-, eight Police Stations<br />
<strong>of</strong> th( city) $S 3^ "g* Tsung' Hsiin^ Kuan\ Chief Police Inspectors,<br />
eigl^t^'g' Hsiin- Kuan\ Police Inspectors, eight J^ |E Hsiur ChiS<br />
Police Secretaries, live (correspo;iding to the 5['^ '^ Wu^ Ch'cng^<br />
Men-, five City Oates) f| ^ *§* Chi^ (1a'a"- Kuan\ Inspectors <strong>of</strong><br />
Gates, sil 41 ^ ^ |i!j^<br />
Tsung^ Chii- Shu^ Shih^<br />
Clerks <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Central Police Bureau, six ^, ^ M ^ Tsung^ Chii- Ch'ai^ I*,<br />
Runners <strong>of</strong> the Central Police Bureau, 16 ^ ^ /^j ^ Fen' Chu^<br />
Chii" I', Kunners <strong>of</strong> the Police Stations (two at each), and 14<br />
11 MMM Tsung3 Chii- Hu* Police Bureau.<br />
Yung^<br />
Guards at the Central<br />
521. In charge <strong>of</strong> the police employed in ])atrolling the<br />
streets i& a ^ ^ Tai^ Kuan% Thief <strong>of</strong> the Street Patrolling<br />
[<br />
1--^<br />
]
, j^<br />
I'KESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
Police, who is at the head <strong>of</strong> a foi'oe composed <strong>of</strong> one ^ i^<br />
Tu^ 522-<br />
Ts'ao', Senior Police Instructor, four J^ ^ Hsiin- Pien*, Police tO<br />
Captains, four glj J^ ^.Fu* Hsiin" Pien% Police Lieutenants, 16<br />
5^ ^ Hsiin- C'liang^ Police Sergeants, four g| ^ Hao^ Ping\<br />
Special Policemen, 40 ^C. g Hs'^n-•Mu^ Police Corporals, 400<br />
^ Hsiin^ PingS Policemen, 40 ^ ^ Huo:* Fu^, Cooks, 80<br />
"J^ & Kiuig' Ping\ Laboui-ers, one J^ ^ Ch'ingi Shu^ Clerk<br />
and four ^ f^ Shu^ Shih'', Writers.<br />
POLICE SCHOOLS.<br />
522. ^ ^ j^ ^ ^ ?]^ Kao' Teng' Hsfur Cliing-<br />
Hsiieh- T'ang'^ fomierly called m f# ^ ^ Ching=» Wn^ Hsiieh^<br />
T'ang2 or ^ ^ ii ^ Ching" Ch-a' Hsiielr T'ang-, Higher<br />
Police Scliools. These have l)een established, as proposed in a<br />
Memorial <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Interior (sanctioned hy tjie<br />
E)operor on the 3rd October, 1908), at the provincial capitals,<br />
with the object <strong>of</strong> preparing men for the police service.<br />
The course <strong>of</strong> study extends over o years and tire nuinbai- <strong>of</strong><br />
studfMits is nevei' less than fifty.<br />
In charge <strong>of</strong> a Higher Police School there is u ^/^<br />
Chien^ Tii\ Director. He is in charge <strong>of</strong> a staff compos ad <strong>of</strong><br />
'^ 1^ f# ti 11 Chiao^ Wu* T'i-' TiaoS Inspector <strong>of</strong> Education,.<br />
1 0. Ig-fi 1^ Shu* Wu* T'i- Tiao'-, Steward, and an indefinite<br />
numijer <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ Chiao'' Hsi^ Teachers.<br />
The Higher Police Schools have, also,<br />
522a. ^ ^ flj- Chien-' I* K'o', Abridged Course <strong>of</strong> Study<br />
(for the education <strong>of</strong> ])olicemen) <strong>of</strong> one year's duration.<br />
523. i^ -# !§: ff P7r ^^s"n2 Ching^^ Chiao^ hien* So^.<br />
Police Instruction Buieaux ; established iti the piinci];a! towns<br />
<strong>of</strong> prefectures, sub-prefeiitures, departments and districts.<br />
The course <strong>of</strong> study coveis one year ami the number <strong>of</strong> students<br />
is not less than 100.<br />
a :<br />
523,
to<br />
.525<br />
rUKSKXT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
f 11 523a charge <strong>of</strong> every Instnietion Bineau is a ^ g .So^ Cliang-^,<br />
Director. He is assisted by a |^ j^ ^ ^ Chiao* Wu* Wei^<br />
Yiian^ Inspector <strong>of</strong> Jvlucation, a ^£ f^ ^ ft<br />
Shu^ Wu* '\^'ei^<br />
Yiian^, Steward, and an indefinite number <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ Chiao' Hsi^,<br />
Teachers.<br />
o23a. It lias been arranp;ed to establish a Ss Bit ^ ^<br />
Oliicn'^ Yii'* Hsueh- T'ang-^, School <strong>of</strong> Prison Management, to<br />
be attached to the Higher Police School <strong>of</strong> the province <strong>of</strong> Kuangsi.<br />
The date fixed for- its opening is the year 1910 (.sr? details in<br />
No. 766b).<br />
LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT.<br />
524. Among the projects to be accomplished during the<br />
preparatory period .<br />
preceding<br />
the institution <strong>of</strong> constitutional<br />
government (1908— 1916) is the establishment <strong>of</strong> self-government<br />
or public administration institutions, whose duties will consist<br />
in the i)rovision and maintenance <strong>of</strong> good local organization,<br />
the control .<br />
<strong>of</strong> local agricnlture, industry, commerce, schools,<br />
sanitary affairs, charity, public buildings, etc.<br />
1)\- the j)rogramme <strong>of</strong> reform schemes drawn up by the<br />
C(«mmission<br />
'<br />
for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional<br />
Government, with the National Assembly, sanctioned by the<br />
Emperor on the 27th August, 1908,<br />
the iatroduction <strong>of</strong> local<br />
self-government was to be begun in 1909, so that the<br />
establishment <strong>of</strong> local self-government institutions for cities,<br />
towns 9,nd villages (see Nos. 525, 525a and 525b; might be<br />
completed in 1913, and, for prefectures, sub-prefectures,<br />
departments and districts (similar to the Russian provincial<br />
establishments—<br />
Zemstvo; see No. 526), in 1914.<br />
525. m :^ ^ '}^<br />
Government ; projected<br />
periods 1909— l"jl3 4 (compare No. 524).<br />
'Ji' Fangi Tzu^ Chih^ Local Self-<br />
foi- universal introduction within the<br />
[ 174 ]
villages<br />
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
As regards local self-government for cities, towns and 526a<br />
there is a division into :<br />
1- ^.mM~Jj B r^^'iii"g' ^l^ili' Ti* Fangi Tzu* Chih*,<br />
Peking Municipal Administration (see No. 52oA),und<br />
2. i^ m m m^ B '/^ ^^h'^-"g' ('hen* Hsiang^ Ti*<br />
Fang^ Tzu* Chih% Municipal Administration <strong>of</strong> Cities, Towns<br />
and Villages {see No. 52ob).<br />
525a. :MM ^':^ ^ f^ ^^hing' Sliih^ Ti-i Fang^ Tzu*<br />
Chih'*, Peking Municipal Administration (see No. o25);<br />
introduced in accordance with regulations drawn xip by the<br />
Commission for Drawing up Regulations<br />
for Constitutional<br />
Government (following a proposal <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Interior, dated the 10th September, 1909), and promulgated,<br />
with regulations as to tlie necessary elections, in an Imperial<br />
Edict <strong>of</strong> the 3rd February, 1910 (the regulations concerning<br />
the Peking Municipal Administration consist <strong>of</strong> 8 headings<br />
and 136 articles; the regulations as to elections consist <strong>of</strong> 7<br />
headings and 87 articles).<br />
Within the scope <strong>of</strong> the Peking Municipal Administration<br />
are all affairs <strong>of</strong> local utility or necessity, i.e. educational<br />
matters (Elementary and Middle Schools, Associations for the<br />
Fostering <strong>of</strong> Public Education, Public Education Societies,<br />
Libraries, etc.), the maintenance <strong>of</strong> good order In the. city<br />
(the keeping in order <strong>of</strong> the streets, markets, pavements, etc.),<br />
building affairs, public charlt}' and public utilities (tramways,<br />
electric lighting, waterworks, etc.)<br />
All people living in Peking are considered ^ J^ Chii^ Min*,<br />
Kesldents ; those who are Chinese subjects, are not less than<br />
25 years <strong>of</strong> age, have resided at the Capital for three consecutive<br />
years, and pay<br />
a direct tax or- contribute not less than two<br />
dollars for local public needs, are considered as j^ _^ Hsiian^<br />
Mill- Electors, have the right <strong>of</strong> voting for ('M^BfaM M.'Z^M<br />
[ 175 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OIIGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
Hsiian' Clui' Tzii* Chih^ Chilr Yuan- Chili' Ch'iianV)/ and<br />
may be elected as (|5 ii ^ JS If V§ H ^ ;t ^ I'ei^ Hsiian'<br />
Chu» Wei' Tzu* Chih^ Chih'-^. Ylian' Chili' (.h'iian=^), Members<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Municipal Administration.<br />
The Peking Municipal Administration (Q ?« ^ M 1'^"<br />
Cliih^ Chih^ Yiian^) is arranged<br />
and<br />
Boards.<br />
as follows :<br />
A. 1. 1^ ^ ^ g- Ch'ii' 1^ Shih" Hui', Ward Councils,<br />
2. IE H ^ ^ Ch'ii' Tung' Shih* Hui^ Wprd Executive<br />
B. 1. M M ^ ^ Tsung^ I^ Shih* Hul^ Municipal<br />
Council, and<br />
2. ^B H i^ # Tsung^ Tung' Shih* Hui-*, Municipal<br />
Executive Board.<br />
A. 1. Ward Councils are established, one at each, at<br />
Police Stations (|g Ch'U ; see No. 507).<br />
The regulations contain a provision for the establishment <strong>of</strong><br />
one Ward" Council only, for two Wards, should the paucity <strong>of</strong><br />
the population make this desirable.<br />
Ward Councils are made up <strong>of</strong> from 15 to .30 g§ ^ I*<br />
Y''uan-, Ward Councilmen, who are elected for a term <strong>of</strong> two<br />
vears (by delegates chosen by the electors directly -^see above).<br />
The Ward Coiincilmen themselves elect one <strong>of</strong> tlicir number<br />
as their f^ ^ 1* Chang', President, and another as their<br />
glj ^ ^ Fu-* P Chang', Vice-President, both for a term <strong>of</strong><br />
two yeai-s.<br />
Under the control <strong>of</strong> the Ward Councils are the affairs <strong>of</strong><br />
their respective Wards.<br />
A. 2. Ward Executive Boards are established at the<br />
Ward Councils and their duty consists in the execution <strong>of</strong><br />
decisions <strong>of</strong> the ( 'ouncils. They are made up <strong>of</strong> a '^^ |^ Tsung^<br />
Tung', President, one to three ^ ^ Tung' Shih*, Members (the<br />
number being one-tenth <strong>of</strong> the number <strong>of</strong> Councilmen <strong>of</strong> the<br />
[ 170 ]
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
Ward (Jouncil concerned), and from three to six ^ ^ If ^<br />
Ming^ Yii* Tung^ Sliih^, Honorary ]Members (in number equal to<br />
one-fifth <strong>of</strong> the number <strong>of</strong> Coiincihnen <strong>of</strong> the Ward Council in<br />
question), who are elected, for a term <strong>of</strong> two years, by the Ward<br />
Councilmen, from the electors (sec above) <strong>of</strong> the Ward concerned.<br />
The names <strong>of</strong> the Presidents-elect <strong>of</strong> the Ward Executive<br />
Boards are presented to the Chief Inspector <strong>of</strong> Municipal<br />
Administration for appro \'al ; those <strong>of</strong> Members <strong>of</strong> the Ward<br />
Executive Boards are presented to the respective Inspector <strong>of</strong><br />
Municipal Administration for approval (see below).<br />
B. 1. The Municipal Council attends to affairs relating<br />
to the citv as a whole and its suburbs. The various Ward<br />
Councils at a general meeting elect, from their own members,<br />
one 1^ ^ P Chang^, President (<strong>of</strong> the Mimicipal Council),<br />
one gl] 1^ ^ Fu* I* Chaug^ Vice-President, and |^^ I^ Yiian^<br />
Members <strong>of</strong> the Municipal Council (in number equal to one-tenth<br />
the total number <strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong> the Ward Council concerned)<br />
•for a term <strong>of</strong> two years.<br />
B. 2. The Municipal Executive Board {see above),<br />
the executive organ <strong>of</strong> the Municipal ('ouncil, is composed <strong>of</strong><br />
one Ui M. Tsung^ Tung^ President, five ^ ^ Tung^ Shih*,<br />
Members, and 12 :^ ^gt || ^ Ming^ Yii* Tung^ Shih*, Honorary<br />
Members <strong>of</strong> the Municipal Executive Board, who are elected for<br />
a term <strong>of</strong> two years by the members <strong>of</strong> the Mtmicipal Council—<br />
froiii the electors <strong>of</strong> the city. Their names are presented for<br />
approval to the Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Interior, through<br />
Inspector <strong>of</strong> Municipal Administration.<br />
the Chief<br />
As regards ^ ^J ^ Wen^ Tu^ Yiiafi", Secretaries !&; f^ ^<br />
Shu' Wu^ ifnau-, Stewards, and other <strong>of</strong>ficials who may be<br />
attached to the Councils and Executive Boards,<br />
their number<br />
and engagement is left entirely in the hands <strong>of</strong> the Presidents<br />
and Vice-Presidents.<br />
12<br />
[ 177 ]
PRKSJENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
525b Supervision over the actions <strong>of</strong> the Peking Municipal Adminis-<br />
.<br />
tration, as regards justice and legality, is exercised,<br />
within the<br />
precincts <strong>of</strong> the city, by the Central Police Bureaux (see No. 501)<br />
and, in the siiburbs, by the Office <strong>of</strong> the General Commandant<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Gendarmerie (see No, 798). In this connection the I'olice<br />
Superintendents <strong>of</strong> the ('entral Police' Bureaux are styled<br />
Q Y^ ll^I ^ ^ Tzu* Chih* Tsung^ Chien' Tu^, Chief Inspectors<br />
<strong>of</strong> jNIunicipal Administration, and Police Captains (see No. 507)<br />
are called ^ ^^ M # Tzu* Chih^ (Jhien^ Tu', Inspectors <strong>of</strong><br />
Municipal Administration (in the suburbs <strong>of</strong> the city the latter<br />
title is applied to <strong>of</strong>ficials deputed from the Office <strong>of</strong> the General<br />
Commandant <strong>of</strong> the Gendarmerie). These <strong>of</strong>ficials are sub-<br />
ordinated, as regards the duties mentioned,<br />
to the control <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Interior (compare Nos. 339a and 342).<br />
525b. ^MM[M:^ B'}^ Ch'eng^ ChOn^ Hsiang^ Ti*<br />
Faiig^ Tzu"* Chih^, Municipal Administration <strong>of</strong> Cities, Towns and<br />
Villages (see No. 525) ;<br />
to be introduced throughout the Empire<br />
within the period 1909-1913, as defined in regulations drawn up<br />
by the Commission for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional<br />
Government (as called for by a proposal <strong>of</strong> the ^Ministry <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Interior, dated the 24th August, 1908), Avhich were promulgated,<br />
together with regulations regard.ing the necessary elections, in an<br />
Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the 18th January, 1909 (the regulations<br />
regarding Municipal Administration consist <strong>of</strong> eight headings and<br />
112 articles; those regarding the elections are divided into six<br />
headings and 81 articles).<br />
As l]^ Ch'eng-, Cities, are considered administrative centres<br />
<strong>of</strong> prefectures, sub-prefectures, dei^artments and districts, with<br />
their suburbs ; as |j^ Chen'*, Towns, are considered places, not<br />
administrative centres, having a population <strong>of</strong> more than 50,000 ;<br />
as ^P Hsiang\ Villages, are considered places having a population<br />
<strong>of</strong> less than 50,000.<br />
[ 17S ]
. Administration<br />
PRESENT DAY rOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
The scope <strong>of</strong> the Municipal Administrations <strong>of</strong> the places<br />
anentioned above is similar to that <strong>of</strong> the Peking Municipal<br />
{see No. 525a).<br />
The organs <strong>of</strong> municipal administration (Q ^ l|g!| ^<br />
Chih'* Chill' Yiiiin'^)<br />
Ch'eng- Chen* I* Shih"* Hui*, City<br />
Tzu*<br />
in cities and towns are ^^i^t^^ '^<br />
and Town Councils, as<br />
>delil)erative bodies, and J]^i|l|l^^ (-h'eng^ Qhen* Tung^ Shih*<br />
Hui*, City and Town Executive Boards, as executive bodies ;<br />
villages there are the ^^ I® ^ ^ Hsiang^ I* Shih^ Hui^, Village,<br />
Councils, and |g|J^ Hsiang' Tung', Village Keeves.<br />
The ^Municipal Councils are made up <strong>of</strong> g^ fj !* Yiian"^,<br />
Members (in cities and towns they numbei- from 20 to 50 and in<br />
villages from 6 to 18, depending on the population)<br />
in<br />
; elected, by<br />
delegates chosen by the electors directly (compare No. 525a),<br />
Cor a term <strong>of</strong> two years.<br />
The members <strong>of</strong> the ^Municipal Councils elect one <strong>of</strong> their<br />
'hang\ President, and another as g[J f^ ^<br />
number as |^ j^ I* (<br />
¥\\^ I* ('haiig"', Vice-Pre^^ident, both for a term <strong>of</strong> two years.<br />
]\Iunicipal Executive Boards (for cities and towns) are<br />
:made up <strong>of</strong> a |§, ^ Tsung' Tung^, President, one to three ^ ^<br />
Tung' Shih^, Members (in munber equal to one-twentieth <strong>of</strong> the<br />
total num])er <strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong> the corresponding Municipal<br />
Council), and from four to 12 ^. W^^ 'M. Mine:^ Yu* Tung'<br />
Shih^, Honorary Members (in number equal<br />
to one-fifth <strong>of</strong> the<br />
total number <strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong> the corresponding Municipal<br />
Council), who are elected, from the ranks <strong>of</strong> the electors, by the<br />
Municipal Councils. The name <strong>of</strong> the President-elect is<br />
presented for approval to the Governor-General or Governor ;<br />
the names <strong>of</strong> the others arc presented for the approval <strong>of</strong> the<br />
local authorities {nee below).<br />
In villages the menbers <strong>of</strong> the l\Iunicipal Council elect<br />
'(f rbm the ranks <strong>of</strong> the electo)-s) a ^jj |f Hsiang^ Tung', Village<br />
[ 179 ]
TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
626 Keeve, and a ^ ^ Hsiaiig^ Tso\ Assistant Village Keeve ;<br />
there is no Executive Board.<br />
To the above-mjntioned munici])al establishments (Councils<br />
and Boards) there may be attached ^ fm. M, Wen^ Tu' Yuan^,<br />
Secretaries, B. '^ M. Shu* Wu" Yiian"-, Stewards, and fjl ^ ^<br />
Pan' Shih^ Yiian-, Attendants.<br />
Supervision over the actions <strong>of</strong> the Municipal Administra-<br />
tions in Cities, Towns and Villages (g f^ ^ U T^'^^i* Chih*<br />
Chien^ Tu^ ; compare Nos. .525a and 526) as regards their<br />
regularity and legality, is exercised by the il^ ;;;^ 'g* Ti* Fang^<br />
Kuan^, I^ocal Authorities, who, in this connection, forward detailed<br />
reports <strong>of</strong> the proceedings <strong>of</strong> the local self-government institutions<br />
to the Governor-General or Governor <strong>of</strong> the province. The<br />
supreme control (in the direction indicated) appertains to the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Interior (see Nos. o39a and 342 ; compare<br />
No. 525a).<br />
P26. ij^ m m ^.M:^ Bf^ y^^' TMngi<br />
Chou^ Hsien*<br />
Ti* Fang^ Tzu* Chih*, Public Administration (Zemstvo; compare<br />
No. 524) in Prefectures, Sub-prefectures, Departments and<br />
Districts ; to be introduced throughout .the Empire within the<br />
period 1910-1914, as defined in regulations drawn up by the<br />
Commission for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional<br />
Government (complementary to a recommendation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Interior, dated the 19th December, 1909), which<br />
were promulgated, with regulations foi' the necessary elections,<br />
in an Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the 6 th February, 1910 (the regulations<br />
as to the Public Administration consist <strong>of</strong> eight headings and 1 OS-<br />
articles ;<br />
those referring to the elections are in 47 articles).<br />
The regulations. mentioned above cover:<br />
1. Prefectures. 2. Independent Sub-prefectuies. 3. De-<br />
pendent Prefectures. 4, Independent Depaitments. 5. Departments<br />
and 6. Districts {see No. 846).<br />
[ 180 1
TKESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Within the scope <strong>of</strong> the Public Administration <strong>of</strong> Prefectures,<br />
Sub-prefectures, Departments and Districts (Public Adn.inistra-<br />
tion <strong>of</strong> Counties) are placed all afFaii'S concerning public utility<br />
or necessity, either <strong>of</strong> the country as a whole or <strong>of</strong> its component<br />
parts — should the local self-government institutions <strong>of</strong> the city,<br />
town or village concerned be unable to cope with them.<br />
The Public Administration <strong>of</strong> Prefectures, Sub-prefectures,<br />
Departments and Districts (gf ?§ ^i ^ Tzu* Chih* Chih' Yiian^)<br />
is carried on : by<br />
1- ^^^^' fMM #1 UM^^ T'ingi Chou' Hsien* I^ Shih*<br />
Hui*, County Councils (Councils <strong>of</strong> Prefectiu'es, Sub-prefectures,<br />
Departments and Districts), and<br />
2. ]f^M #1 S^ ^ ^ ^ Fu^ T'ing^<br />
Choui Hsien^ Ts'an^<br />
Shih'* Hui*, Board <strong>of</strong> County Councillors (a deliberative and, to<br />
some extent, executive body), and<br />
3. MM 'ii'I ii :! 'B' Fu^ T4ng^ Chou^ Hsien* Chang'<br />
Kuan\ Government Pepresontatives in Prefectures, Sub-<br />
prefectures, Departments and Districts (the executive <strong>of</strong>ficials).<br />
County Councils are made up <strong>of</strong> ||| ^ I* Yiian', Members<br />
(from 20 to 60 according to the population),<br />
elected for a<br />
term <strong>of</strong> three years.<br />
The members <strong>of</strong> the County Councils elect their respective<br />
^ ;g I* ChangS President, and glj ^ ^ Fu^ I* Chang^, Vice-<br />
President, for a tei'm <strong>of</strong> three years.<br />
As to the franchise and eligibility for election to the Public<br />
County Administration Establishments, the rules are similar<br />
to those referring to cities, towns and villages {see No. 525a).<br />
Persons attached to local <strong>of</strong>ficials, as well as <strong>of</strong>ficials at local<br />
police establishments, lose the franchise and are ineligible for<br />
election : teachers in elemcntarv schools ai'e elisrible for election<br />
but may not vote.<br />
Affairs after being discussed by the County Council are<br />
brought before the Boai-d <strong>of</strong> County Councillors.<br />
[ IBl ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Sessions <strong>of</strong> the County Councils (^ f^ Hui* I'')<br />
are held<br />
once a year-r— in the ninth moon—and are <strong>of</strong> 30 to 40 days<br />
duration ; should occasion arise, extraordinary sessions (K'u 8^ ^<br />
^ Lin^ bhih^ Hui* I*), <strong>of</strong> 10 days' duration, may<br />
be convened.<br />
Boards <strong>of</strong> County Councillors are made uj) <strong>of</strong> ^ 4^ ^<br />
Ts'an^ Shih* Yiian', Councillors, numbering- one-fifth the number<br />
<strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong> the respectiAe County Council ; also, there are<br />
elected a simitar number <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ ^ ^ j^ Hou'^ Pu^ Ts'an^<br />
Shih^ Yiian^, Expectant Councillors. The Government Re-<br />
presentative acts as ^ ^ Hui* Chang^, President.<br />
The Boai'd <strong>of</strong> County Councillors revises decisions <strong>of</strong> the<br />
County Council, considers questions submitted by<br />
the local<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials and determines ways and means for putting- resolutions <strong>of</strong><br />
the Coimty Comicil into jjractice.<br />
For the audit <strong>of</strong> the income and e/cpenditure <strong>of</strong> the- Coimty<br />
Council there may be appointed a number <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Board <strong>of</strong> County Councillors (so-called ^ ^ Wei^ Yiian^).<br />
Sessions <strong>of</strong> the Boards <strong>of</strong> County Councillors are held once<br />
a month. Also, should occasion arise, extraordinary sessions may-<br />
be called by the local <strong>of</strong>ficials or by the initiative <strong>of</strong> a majority <strong>of</strong><br />
the ( '0\mtv Councillors <strong>of</strong> the Board affected.<br />
To the County Establishments mentioned above (Council*<br />
and Boards) there may be attached ^ If^' ^ Wen- Tu^ Ylian^,<br />
Secretaries, and ^. ^ ^ Shu'' Wu* Yiian^, Stewards.<br />
The establishment <strong>of</strong> one (.^ounty Council and one Board <strong>of</strong><br />
Count}- Councillors for two administrative centres is permissible<br />
(compare No. 525a) should the- number <strong>of</strong> members be between<br />
30 and 100. In the .<br />
event <strong>of</strong> this the senior Government<br />
Representative becomes- President <strong>of</strong> the Board <strong>of</strong> County<br />
Councillors : the next in rank becomes §|J ©" j^ Fu'-' Hui* Chang^,<br />
Vice-President. Also, the Council is divided into two ^ Ku^,<br />
Sections, in which questions referring<br />
[ 1^5 ]<br />
to the two administrative
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
units are separately discussed (see detailed rules, consisting <strong>of</strong> 11 SS"?<br />
articles, annexed to the regulations).<br />
The executive <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the Public County Administration<br />
Establishments (Q f^ ^=i ]!^ Tzu^ Chih* Hsing^ Cheng*) are, as<br />
stated before, the local Government representatives, i.e. Prefects<br />
(see No. 848), Sub-prefects (see Nos. 852 and 854), Department<br />
Magistrates (see Nos. 851 and 855) and District Magistrates<br />
(see No. 856), and attached to them, as assistants, are a number<br />
<strong>of</strong> B }^~^ M. Tzu* Chih^ Wei^ Yiian^ Deputies<br />
to government<br />
<strong>of</strong> Self-<br />
Affiiirs. Their duties consist in : 1. The execution<br />
<strong>of</strong> measures <strong>of</strong> the County CJouncils and Boards <strong>of</strong> Councillors,<br />
2. The transmission <strong>of</strong> proposals to the County Councils and<br />
Boards <strong>of</strong> Councillors for discussion, 3. The management <strong>of</strong><br />
correspondence, etc. Also, under certain conditions, they may<br />
suspend sessions for 10 days.<br />
Differences between the local <strong>of</strong>ficials and the (-ounty<br />
Councils 5>.nd Boards <strong>of</strong> County ( 'ouncillors are to be settled by<br />
the n)^^ f'\l tr PI Hsing2 Cheng* Shcn^ P'an" Ya'^ Men^,<br />
Administrative-Judicial Offices, or, imtil the establishment <strong>of</strong><br />
this <strong>of</strong>fice, by tlie ('ouncils attached to the Governors-General<br />
and Governors {see No. 823). .<br />
Supervision over the regularity and legality<br />
<strong>of</strong> actions <strong>of</strong><br />
the County Councils and Boards <strong>of</strong> County (Jouncillors ( Q f^<br />
^ ^ Tzu^ Cliih"* Chien^ Tu^ ; compare Nos. 525a and 525b) is<br />
exercised by the provincial Governors-General and Governors, to<br />
whom the local <strong>of</strong>ficials are constrained to make detailed reports<br />
as to the proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Public County Administration<br />
Establishments The supreme control, in the direction just<br />
spoken <strong>of</strong>, appertains to the Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Interior (see Nos.<br />
339a and 342 ; compare Nos. 525a and 525b).<br />
527. M^^WfJlM Tzu* Chih* Ch'ou2 Pan* Ch'u', Offices for<br />
the <strong>Organization</strong>! <strong>of</strong> Local Self-government ; established at<br />
provincial capitals (for the time being at the Offices for Arrang-<br />
[ 183 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. {<br />
527a ing for Provincial Assemblies; compare No. 173),<br />
under the<br />
direction <strong>of</strong> the higher provincial <strong>of</strong>ficials, with the object <strong>of</strong><br />
organizing local self-government institutions throughout the<br />
country.<br />
X 521a. Q i^5^ff g^ Tzu* Chih* Yen' Chiu^ So^ Self-govern-<br />
ment Instruction Offices ; established, in 1909, as arranged for by<br />
the general outline <strong>of</strong> constitutional reforms {see No. 127), at<br />
provincial capitals. Later these Offices are to be established in<br />
the administrative centres <strong>of</strong> prefectures, sub-prefectures,<br />
departments and districts.<br />
The object <strong>of</strong> the establishment <strong>of</strong> Self-government Instruc-<br />
tion Offices is the spreading <strong>of</strong> the principles <strong>of</strong> local self-<br />
government among the people.<br />
According to regulations, consisting <strong>of</strong> 14 articles, drawn<br />
up by the Commission for Drawing up Regulations fo)<br />
Constitutional Government (as arranged for in a proposal from<br />
the Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Interior, dated the 3rd April, 1909), and<br />
sanctioned by the Emperor on the 5th <strong>of</strong> ^lay, 1909, eligible for<br />
enrollment (^ j^ Hsiieh^ Yiian^) at the Self-government<br />
Instruction Offices are persons having the franchise (see<br />
No. 525a).<br />
(/onc*erhing the stafi' <strong>of</strong> Self-government Instruction Offices<br />
the Regulations fo^' Local Self-government define as follows :<br />
The Lecturers (^ ^ Chiang* Yiaan'^) are appointed on the<br />
reconmiendation <strong>of</strong> the Local Office for the <strong>Organization</strong> <strong>of</strong> Locaj<br />
Self-government (^^e No. 527) and one <strong>of</strong> them acts as J^ ^ So'><br />
Chang', Director <strong>of</strong> Courses.<br />
In administrative centres <strong>of</strong> prefectures, sub-prefectures,<br />
departments and districts, as Directors and Teachers, tliere may<br />
be appointed persons who have completed the course at the<br />
Self-goyernment Instruction Offices <strong>of</strong> the provincial capitals-<br />
Concerning the Peking Self-govei'nment Instruction Office,<br />
compare No. 518.<br />
[ l«i ]
TEESENT DAY POLITICAJ. ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
GENERAL CENSUS.<br />
528<br />
to<br />
528. The programme <strong>of</strong> constitutional reforms, sanctioned kqo<br />
by the Emperor, calls for the taking <strong>of</strong> a census <strong>of</strong> the Empire<br />
within the period 1909-1912. During the first two years (1909-<br />
1910) a census <strong>of</strong> the families in <strong>China</strong> will be taken; diu-ing<br />
1911-1912 the number <strong>of</strong> persons <strong>of</strong> both sexes will be<br />
ascertained.<br />
By the Census Regulations, f^ ^ J^ P :^" ^<br />
Tiao'* Ch'a-<br />
Hu'* K'ou^ Chang^ Ch'eng^, drawn up by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Interior (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 14th January,<br />
1909), the taking <strong>of</strong> the census is to be supervised by the<br />
following<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials :<br />
529. lil ^ ^S Tsung^ Chien^ Tu', Chief Census Super-<br />
visor ; in the provinces this position is an adjunct to that <strong>of</strong><br />
Police Taotai or Provincial Treasurer (for provinces as yet"<br />
having no Police Taotai). In Chihli province this post is held<br />
also, in addition to the Provincial Treasurer, by the following :<br />
In the prefecture <strong>of</strong> Shun T'ien Fu ; by<br />
'{see No. 793;.<br />
In Peking ; by the Police Supei'intendents<br />
Police Bureaux (see No. 502).<br />
the Prefect<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Central<br />
530. ^ ^ Chien^ Tu\ Census Supervisor ; this post is an<br />
adjunct to those <strong>of</strong> Prefect, Department ^Magistrate, District<br />
Magistrate, or their Assistants.<br />
531. m ^ M T'iao" Oh'a^ Chang^ Chief Census Inspector;<br />
this post is an adjunct to those <strong>of</strong> |f^ JJ Tsung' J^'^ng^, President<br />
.<strong>of</strong> the ^Municipal Executive Board, and ^ ^ Hsiang^ Chang^,<br />
Village Elder.<br />
532. M ^ ^ Tiao^ Ch'a' Yijan^ Census Inspector ; this<br />
post is an adjunct to those <strong>of</strong> H ^ Tung^ Shih'*, ]\Iember <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Municipal Executive Board, and ^l |f Hsiangi Tung^, Village<br />
Reeve.<br />
[ 1.85 ]
533<br />
to<br />
534<br />
rUESKXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHIXA.<br />
COMMITTEE FOR THE REORGANIZATION OF THE<br />
FINANCIAL AFFAIRS OF THE EMPIRE.<br />
o'.yS. In the measures prepai'atory to the introduction <strong>of</strong><br />
constitutional go\ ernmcnt in <strong>China</strong> tlie government has aimed at<br />
reforms with regard to finances, firstly : looking<br />
towards the<br />
subordination <strong>of</strong> all financial affairs to the control <strong>of</strong> the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> Finance, further : tlie determination <strong>of</strong> the State l^udget and<br />
the estimation from this <strong>of</strong> the income and ex])enditure <strong>of</strong> the<br />
8tate, with a view to the strict control <strong>of</strong> the lattei-.<br />
With the object <strong>of</strong> accomplishing the reforms above-<br />
mentioned there was established, by Im])erial<br />
ICdict <strong>of</strong> the 10th<br />
ffanuary, 1909, the (^ommittee for the Heorgani/.ation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Financial Affairs <strong>of</strong> the I^mpire, (.^rr No?. .334 and 5'A5), in the<br />
^linistry <strong>of</strong> Finance at Peking, and in the provinces, tlici-e were<br />
established Branch Offices <strong>of</strong> the Committee foi- the Reorgani-<br />
zation <strong>of</strong> tlie Fina'icial Affairs <strong>of</strong> the I'^mpire (srr Nos, 536 to<br />
to 54 1\<br />
at the Governor-General's and Governor's Yamen.<br />
Regulations defining the duties <strong>of</strong> these establishments— at the<br />
Capital and in the proA inces— -were drawn up by the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Finance and submitted in a ^Memorial which was sanctioned })y<br />
the Em])eror on the 21st March, 1909.<br />
534. ^JSn^iSt;^ Ch^ingi Li^ Ts'ai' Cheng' Ch'uS<br />
Committee for the Keoi-ganization <strong>of</strong> the I'inancial Affairs <strong>of</strong><br />
the Empire {see Xos. 374 and ')'.]',]) ; established at the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> Finance and made up <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the ^linistry, s[)ecially<br />
deputed for the general guidance<br />
<strong>of</strong> Provincial Branch Offices<br />
<strong>of</strong> the (Committee for the KeorQani/.atiou <strong>of</strong> the Financial Affairs<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Empire (see Nps. 375, 533 and 536 to 541), for verifying<br />
information supplied l)y these and for drawing u[) an estimate <strong>of</strong><br />
the State income and expenditure from matei'ials siii)plied fron-<br />
the provinces.
I'KKSKXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
535. At the head <strong>of</strong> the Committee there are : one ^ |^ 535<br />
T'i^ TiaoS President, one f^ f^ 1^ Pang^ T'i^ Tiao*, Vice-<br />
President, one 1^ 1^ Tsung' P.an*, Director, and one ^ |^: Pang^<br />
Pan^, Assistant. All these positions are held by higher <strong>of</strong>ficials<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance.<br />
The Committee is divided into the- following 12 v^ections :<br />
1- Ml f§ f'l- Tsung3WxiMC'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> General AfFairs;<br />
in charge <strong>of</strong> the compilation <strong>of</strong> information supplied by the<br />
provincial branch <strong>of</strong>fices and the drawing up <strong>of</strong> reports based on<br />
such information.<br />
2- ^ ^ ^'\ Ching^ Chi' K'oS Metropolitan Section (for<br />
Peking, the Metropolitan Prefecture, the province <strong>of</strong> Chihli and<br />
Ch'ahar),<br />
3- iS ?^ ^-^ Liao^ Shen' K'o', ]\Ianchurian Section<br />
province? <strong>of</strong> Fengtien, Kirin and Ileilungchiang),<br />
4. '/X ^ f-I" Chiang' Kan^ K'o', Section for Kiangsu.<br />
Auhui and Kiangsi,<br />
Honan.<br />
5- W M ^4 Ch'ing' Yu* K'o', Section for Shantung and<br />
6.<br />
Hupeh,<br />
J:j;[] f j5 ^ij- Hsiang' Ao'' K'o', Section for Himan and<br />
7. ^1 W{ ^ ^Ji»' Che* K'o', Section for Fukien and<br />
Chekiang,<br />
Kuangsi,<br />
8. -^ ta^ ^ Yiieh'* Kuei'' K'o', Section for Kuangtung and<br />
9- ^ M f-4 Ch'iu^ Chin* K'o', Section for Shensi and<br />
Shansi (also for places like Urga, Suiyiiancheng, Kueihuacheng,<br />
Uliasut'ai, Kobdo, Alt'ai, etc.),<br />
10- tr if Ps Kan' Hsin' K'o', Section for Kansu and<br />
Hsinchiang (also for Hi, Tarbagatai, Hsining, etc.),<br />
^1- ^ ^ f'l' I''iang2 I* K'o'; Section for Szechwan, Yunnan<br />
and Kweichow, and Tibet,<br />
12.<br />
J|5[ ^ fjf Shou' Change K'o', Section <strong>of</strong> Archives.<br />
[ ia7 ]
to<br />
538<br />
rUESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
636 111 charo-e <strong>of</strong> each Section is a ^ Tsung^ Ho^ Section<br />
Chief, assisted by ^ p Tso* Pan*, Assistants. Also there are<br />
an indefinite number <strong>of</strong> # |B A Shii^ Chi* Yuan^ Clerks, and<br />
g^ ^ 'g* Tzii* I* Kuan^, Ad\lsers ; the necessary qualification <strong>of</strong><br />
the first is the possession <strong>of</strong> a good handwriting- ; the latter are<br />
selected from persons experienced in finance and well acquainted<br />
with the financial position <strong>of</strong> the pro\'inces.<br />
BRANCH OFFICES OF THE COMMITTEE FOR THE<br />
REORGANIZATION OF THE FINANCIAL<br />
AFFAIRS OF THE EMPIRE.<br />
536. }f JM M g^ M Cli'ing^ Li^ Ts'ai^ Cheng* Chii^,<br />
Branch Offices <strong>of</strong> the Committee for the Reorganization <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Financial Affairs <strong>of</strong> the Empire (see Nos. 375 and 583). These<br />
are established in all the provinces with the olvject <strong>of</strong> furnishing<br />
the Committee itself [see Nos. 533 to 535) with information<br />
necessary to the drawing up <strong>of</strong> a State Budget, namely, by<br />
submitting reports as to provincial income and expenditure, by<br />
furnishing information as to the working out <strong>of</strong> the budget <strong>of</strong><br />
the previous year and by supplying materials for the p)-eparation<br />
<strong>of</strong> the yearly budget.<br />
537. ^i p Tsung^ Pan*, Chief <strong>of</strong> a Branch Office <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Committee for the E.eorganization <strong>of</strong> the Financial Aflfairs <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Empire ; in charge<br />
<strong>of</strong> a branch <strong>of</strong>fice <strong>of</strong> the Committee. This<br />
post is an adjunct to that <strong>of</strong> Provincial Treasurer (5^^' No. 825)<br />
or Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Finance (see No. 808).<br />
538.<br />
•§• p Hui* Pan*, Associate Chief <strong>of</strong> a Branch Office<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Committee for the Keorganization <strong>of</strong> the F'inancial Affairs<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Empire ; this post is an adjunct to those <strong>of</strong> Salt<br />
Commissioner (see No. 835), Superintendent <strong>of</strong> Customs (see No.<br />
84-2), Salt Intendant (see No. 841), Grain Intendant (see No.<br />
836) and, also, <strong>of</strong> Expectant Taotais in charge <strong>of</strong> provincial<br />
financial establishments.<br />
[ 188 ]
PRESENT DAV TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHINA.<br />
539. IE ^ JM 'g' Cheng* Chien^ Li' Kuan', Financial 539<br />
Supervisor ; these are appointed for a tenn <strong>of</strong> two years, one to tO<br />
each branch <strong>of</strong>fice <strong>of</strong> the Committee, on the reconmiendation <strong>of</strong> 542<br />
the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance— approved by the Emperor— to observe<br />
what success attend;; the efforts <strong>of</strong> the Branch Offices <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Committee for the Reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Financial Affairs <strong>of</strong><br />
the Empire.<br />
540. glj ^ JM 'b* Fu* Chien^ Li' KuanS Assistant<br />
Financial Supervisor ; deputed<br />
in a similar manner to Financial<br />
Supervisors {see No. 539) and with the same object.<br />
54 L Branch Offices <strong>of</strong> the Committee for the Reoi"aniza-<br />
tion <strong>of</strong> the Financial Affiiirs <strong>of</strong> the Em2)iro are made up <strong>of</strong><br />
three Sections :<br />
1- ^Ji H Tff i^i^ii^ Chi* K'o', Compiling Section ; in chai'ge<br />
<strong>of</strong> drawing up ruk's. reports. Memorials and returns <strong>of</strong> income<br />
and expenditure,<br />
^- ^ M ^^\ ShCir^ Ho* K^o\ Kevising Section ; for the<br />
examination <strong>of</strong> returns <strong>of</strong> income and expenditure forwarded<br />
from the various government cst:ablishments, and<br />
3. B, f^ f4 Slur' Wu" K'oS Section <strong>of</strong> General Affairs ;<br />
among other duties, manages the coi'respondence.<br />
Each Section is administered by a ^i[ ^ K'o' Chang',<br />
Section Chief, to whom there are subordinated ^}\ ^ K'o^ Yiian',<br />
Secretaries (the number depending<br />
ou the business <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Section), ^ |2 ^hu^ C'hi*, Clerks and |^ |l^P Shrn^, Advisers<br />
(chosen f om the local gentiy).<br />
BANKS (CiOVERNMENT AND OTHERS).<br />
542. pi % ill ^[7 IIu* Pu* Yin^' Haiig^, Bank <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Revenue; established in accordance with a Memorial<br />
from the Committee <strong>of</strong> Finance {scr Nos. 349a and 932a) and<br />
L 189 3
542a<br />
to<br />
544<br />
niESENT DAY POLITICAL OllG ANIZATION' OF CHINA.<br />
the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Revenue {sec Xo. 349), dated the 14th ]\Iarch<br />
1904, and ojDened to business, at Peking, on the 27tli September,<br />
1905.<br />
The original reguhitions <strong>of</strong> the'bank were di-awu up by the<br />
iViinistry <strong>of</strong> Revenue and submitted to tlie Throne in Memorials<br />
dated April, 1904, and 22nd August, 1905 (supplementary).<br />
The capital was fixed at four million taels, divided into forty<br />
thousand shares <strong>of</strong> one hundred taels ;<br />
half the shares Avere taken<br />
up by the Government and half were issued to the public.<br />
As recommended in a report from the ]\Iinistry <strong>of</strong> Finance,<br />
sanctioned by the Emperor on the 17th February, 1908, the<br />
Bank <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Reveiuie became the :<br />
542a. :;'C Ira- IM ^ Ta^ Cli^ng^ Yin^ Hang', Ta Ch'ing<br />
Governmeuc Bank. The original capital was, at the same time,<br />
raised (to ten million taels) by the issue <strong>of</strong> sixt}- thousand<br />
additional shares.<br />
By the new regulations ((consisting <strong>of</strong> 24 articles), submitted<br />
in the report above-mentioned (<strong>of</strong> the 17th February, 1908), the<br />
Ta Ch'ing (lovermuent Bank is a ^ ^ ^j^' jig ^ ^ Ku^ Fen^<br />
Yu' Hsien'^- Kung' Ssu\ Limited Joint-stock (!oni])anv {sec<br />
No. 77G.)<br />
Ihe Board <strong>of</strong> Directois <strong>of</strong> the Ta Ch'ing Government Bank<br />
is made up <strong>of</strong> one Governor (sec No. 543), one Deputy Governor<br />
(see No. 544) and four Directors Ue^ No. 545) a control over the<br />
operations <strong>of</strong> the bank is exercised by two Official Supervisors<br />
{see No. 546) and three Inspectors {sec No. 54Ga).<br />
543. IE ^ M Cheng^ Chieii^ Tu', Governor (formerly<br />
styled III 1^ Tsung-'' Pan^); 3a. Appointed by the Emperor, on<br />
the recommendation <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance, for a term <strong>of</strong><br />
service <strong>of</strong> five years.<br />
544. g-ij ^/^ Fu* Chieni Tu\ Deputy (ioveriior (formerly<br />
styled glj 151 Fu^ Pan'); 4a. Appointed }>\ the J'^mpeioi-, on<br />
[ 190 J
TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
the recommendation <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance, for a term <strong>of</strong> 54o<br />
five years. ^O<br />
545. J5I ^ Li^ Shih^, Directors (four in all). They are ^Ay<br />
elected at a general meeting <strong>of</strong> the shareholders, from the ranks<br />
<strong>of</strong> holders <strong>of</strong> 100 or more shares, and their names are pre^oented<br />
for the approval <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance. T,heir term <strong>of</strong><br />
service is four years.<br />
546. ^ Ji 'g* Chien^ Li^ Kuan\ Official Supervisors<br />
(two) ; appointed by the Emperor,<br />
on the recommendation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance, for general control <strong>of</strong> the bank's operations.<br />
546a, ^ ^ Chien^ Shih^, Inspectors (three) ; elected at a<br />
general meeting<br />
<strong>of</strong> the shareholders from those who hold 40 or<br />
more shares. Their term <strong>of</strong> service is three years.<br />
547. In addition to its Head Office at Peking, the Ta<br />
Ch'ing Government Bank has the follovpino- branches in the<br />
provinces : Tientsin (Chihli prpvince ; the first branch oj)ened ;<br />
established in October, 1905), Moukden (Fengtien province),<br />
Yingk'ou (Fengtien province), Ch'ang Ch'un (also Kwanchengtzu<br />
; Kirin province), Kalgan (C'hihli province), Urga<br />
(Mongolia), Nanking (Kiangsu province), Shanghai (Kiangsu<br />
province), Anking (Anhui province), Taiyiianfu (Shansi<br />
province), C'hinanfu (Shantung pi'ovince), Hsianfu (Shensi<br />
province), Hangchow (Chekiang ])rovincej, Foochow (Fukien<br />
province), Kiukiang (Kiangsi province), Hankow (Hiipeh<br />
province), Chungking (Szechwan province), Changsha (Hunan<br />
province) and Canton (Kuangtung province).<br />
At each branch there is a |,|l ^}^ Tsung^ Pan*, Supermten-<br />
dent, chosen by the Board <strong>of</strong> Directors, and approved by the<br />
Emperor, on the recommendation <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance,<br />
for a period <strong>of</strong> service <strong>of</strong> five years. Subordinated to him there<br />
are a ^«? J3? Ching^ Li^, Manager, and a f^ ^ Hsieh" Li^, Sub-<br />
manager (not as 3'et appointed for all the branches), ap})ointed<br />
by the Board <strong>of</strong> Directors.<br />
[ 191 ]
TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
548 548. At Peking, under the supervision <strong>of</strong> the Ta Ch'ing-<br />
^Q<br />
550a<br />
GoAernment Bank, there are :<br />
1- ^fc :^ il ^ i^ ^7 I'ei^ Ching^ Ch'u^ Ifsn^ Yin^ HangS<br />
Peking Savings-bank, which is directed by a ,|,|I fjff. Tsung^ Pan*,<br />
Superintendent; opened to business in the Sunnner <strong>of</strong> 1908<br />
(compare No. 550c), and<br />
2- -/^ Vt M tl ^ ^ Ta* Ch'ingi Yin= Hang^ Hsiieh^<br />
T'ang2, School <strong>of</strong> tl)e Ta' Ch'ing (lovernment Bank ; established<br />
in 1908 with the object <strong>of</strong> training, gratis, young men for the<br />
bank's service ; there are now 80 pupils at this school.<br />
549. 'g* II ^ Kuan^ Yin^ Hao*, also "^ $M ^ K^^an^<br />
Ch'ien'^ Chii^, Government Banks; these are in existence at<br />
places where branches <strong>of</strong> the Ta Ch'ing Government Bank have<br />
not been established and their functions consist in the resfulatine:<br />
<strong>of</strong> the local money market and the issue <strong>of</strong> bank-notes^ From<br />
them it usually happens that branches <strong>of</strong> the Ta C'h'ing Govern-<br />
ment Bank are evolved.<br />
550. The report <strong>of</strong> the ^Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance spoken <strong>of</strong><br />
above (dated 17th February, 1908), dealing with the reorganiza-<br />
tion <strong>of</strong> the Bank <strong>of</strong> the ^Ministry <strong>of</strong> Revenue as the Ta Ch'ing<br />
Government Bank (see Nos. 542 and 542a), foi'eshadowed the<br />
formation <strong>of</strong> three iidditional types <strong>of</strong> banks throughout <strong>China</strong>,<br />
namely :<br />
550a. I^ ^^ Yin- Hang-, Banks (also ^ jg |j^ ^7 P'ii»<br />
T'ungi Yin^ Ilang^, (Jeneral or Universal Banks) ; these are to<br />
replace the private credit establishments, such as |^ ^ Yin'<br />
Hao% ^ ^ P'iao' Chuangi, and ^ iff Ch'ien- Chuangi. Banks<br />
<strong>of</strong> this type (they may be called Banking Houses) will discount<br />
bills and drafts, accept deposits, make advances, buy<br />
and sell<br />
bullion, exchange money, issue time-drafts {V^ ^ Ch'i^ P'iao*),<br />
))ills <strong>of</strong> exchange (gg ^ Hui* P'iao*), etc.<br />
The regulations for this type <strong>of</strong> baiik consist <strong>of</strong> 15 articles.<br />
[ 192 J
PRKSKNT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
;>50b. gl ^ IM It<br />
Cliili=^ Yell*<br />
'<br />
Yin- Hang^, Banks oF 550b<br />
Agriculture and Industrj- ; these banks will assist agricultural tO<br />
and conmercial enterprises. Of this typt» arc : one ^ j§ $^ ^^ 551a<br />
Chiao^ T'ung^ Yin^ ITang'', the l^ank <strong>of</strong> Communications (sec<br />
details in No. 792), two MM'B.fi Hsing^ Yeh* Yin- Hang^,<br />
Industi'ial Bank (founded to satisfy the needs <strong>of</strong> railway<br />
construction in Chekiang province), and three j^ ^^: ^ ^^ Nung"^<br />
Yeh* Yin- Hang', Agricultural Banks (yet to he estaolished), etc.<br />
For the supervision (examination) <strong>of</strong> the operations <strong>of</strong><br />
Banks <strong>of</strong> Agriculture and Industry the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance has<br />
authority to depute some <strong>of</strong> the local <strong>of</strong>ficials as ^ ^. Chien' Li^,<br />
Official Supervisors. The ^regulations concerning this type <strong>of</strong><br />
l)ank consist <strong>of</strong> 34 articles.<br />
550c. fl ^ III ^^ Ch'u^ risii^ Yiir Hang^, Sayings-hanks;<br />
with a minimum paid-up capital <strong>of</strong> fifty thousand taels. These •<br />
banks accept small sums for deposit (other types <strong>of</strong> l)anks may<br />
cany on this kind <strong>of</strong> hanking husiness with the ]iermlssioii<br />
<strong>of</strong> the<br />
IMinistry <strong>of</strong> Finance). The regulations foi' theii- control consist<br />
<strong>of</strong> 13 articles.<br />
For the Peking Savings-bank see No. 54^<br />
MINTS.<br />
551. ^ '^ 1^ i% fi ^ T'ien^ Tsin^ Yin^ Ch'ien' Tsung^<br />
Ch'ang^, Central Mint at Tientsin (<strong>of</strong>ficial designation, ^ §|5 Xh<br />
^ 11 M W'l* Pii* Tsao* Pi" Tsung^ (Jh'augS Central ]Mint <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Rever le); established in accordance with a Memorial<br />
from the Committee <strong>of</strong> Finance (see No. 349a) and the Ministiy<br />
<strong>of</strong> Revenue (see No. 349), sanctioned on the 22nd August, 1905,<br />
for the minting <strong>of</strong> silver and copper coins.<br />
This mint is now styled.:<br />
55 1a. jf ^ I^C.]<br />
^<br />
Tsao" Pi* Tsimg^ Ch'ang^, Central Mhit.<br />
it is directed by a Jt ^ ^|J^ jE g^ ^ Tsao* Pi* Tsung^ Ch'ang^<br />
[ 1.. ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
551b Cheng' Cliien^ Tii\ Superintendent <strong>of</strong> the C3ntral Mmt ; 3a, and<br />
to a it IF m mm^n Tsau^^ Pl^ Xsung^<br />
Oh'an-^^ Fu* Chien^<br />
wp,„ Tii^ Assistant Superintendent <strong>of</strong> the Central Mint ; 4a.<br />
551b. 'MW ^M 'i^sao* Pi^ Fen^ Ch'ang^ Mints (or<br />
Branches <strong>of</strong> the Central Mint). These are- situated in the<br />
provinces and each is directed by a 3l^^)|^iE^# Tsao*<br />
Pi* Fen^ Ch'ang-3 Cheng* Chien^ Tu\ Mint Superintendent (or<br />
Superintendent <strong>of</strong> a Branch <strong>of</strong> the Central Mint) ; 3a, and a<br />
3q ^ ^ K SlJ ^ # Tsao* Pi* Feni Ch'ang^ Fu* Chien^ Tu\<br />
Assistant Mint Superintendent (or Assistant Superintendent<br />
Branch <strong>of</strong> the Central Mint) ;<br />
4a.<br />
HEAD OFFICE FOR THE COLLECTION OF EXCISE<br />
ON NATIVE OPIUM.<br />
<strong>of</strong> a<br />
552. ±MB^MJ^ T'u' Yao* T'ung^ Shui* Tsung*<br />
Chii^, Head Office for the Collection <strong>of</strong> Excise on Native Opium ;<br />
established (a temporary institution) in 1906 at j^ |^ fl^ Wu*<br />
It is directed by<br />
Ch'ang^ Fu^ (Hupeh province).<br />
553. nm±mmm.mm^^& tu^ p^^' ^^'^^^ ^ao*<br />
T'ung' Shui* Shih* Wu* Ta* Ck'en^ Superintendent <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Native Opium Excise. This <strong>of</strong>ficial is assisted by two :<br />
554. mm±mm^^mm^^^ P^ng^ Pan* T'u^ Yao*<br />
T'ung3 Shui* Shih* Wu* Ta* Ch'en% Assistant Superintendents <strong>of</strong><br />
the Native Opium Excise.<br />
555. ±MM^^ ^ T'u^ Yao* T'ung^ Shui* Fen^ Chii^,,<br />
Offices for the Collection <strong>of</strong> Excise on Native Opium. In<br />
charge <strong>of</strong> each <strong>of</strong> these <strong>of</strong>fices there is an <strong>of</strong>ficial, ranking as<br />
Taotai (s^c No. 838), styled jE fl Cheng* Pan*,<br />
a :<br />
Office Chief.<br />
The Offices for the Collection <strong>of</strong> Excise on Native Opiimi<br />
number nine, i.e. one for the provinces <strong>of</strong> Chihli and Shantung,<br />
one for the provinces <strong>of</strong> Honan and Shansi, one for the provinces<br />
<strong>of</strong> Szechwan, Yunnan and KweichoAv, one for the province <strong>of</strong><br />
[ 194 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Hupeli, one for the provinces <strong>of</strong> Kiangsi and Hunan, one for 55A<br />
the provinces <strong>of</strong> Kiangsu and Anhiii, one for the provinces x-<br />
<strong>of</strong> Fukien and ,<br />
Chekiang, one for the provinces<br />
<strong>of</strong> 8hensi<br />
and Kansu and one for tlie provinces <strong>of</strong> Knangtnng and<br />
Kuangsi.<br />
OFFICE OF THE CUSTOMS AND OCTROI OF PEKING<br />
AT THE CHUNG WEN GATE.<br />
556. ^^^'^Wu B Wi P5 Ch'nng- WC-n' Men^ Shui*<br />
"VVu* Ya^ Men", Head OfHce <strong>of</strong> the Customs and Octroi at the<br />
Ch'ung Wen Gate (colloquially, .H^ ^ P^J<br />
Ha^ T'a' :\Ien" or<br />
^ fi^ PT Ilai-^ T'ai^ Men^) ; out-stations <strong>of</strong> this <strong>of</strong>fice are<br />
established in a coidon about PekinG:, at distances ranging from<br />
10 to 30 miles.<br />
In chnrgc <strong>of</strong> the Head Office <strong>of</strong> the Customs and Octroi at<br />
the Ch'ung Wen Gate are :<br />
557. # .^ P3 jE Ss # Ch'ung-^ Wcn^ Men' Cheng*<br />
Chien^ Tu^, Superintendout<br />
<strong>of</strong> the (Customs and Octroi at the<br />
Ch'ung \7en Gate, 'and # ^ p^ gij ^ ^ Ch'ung'' Wen^ Men*<br />
Fu'* Chien' Tu^, Assistant Su-perintendeut <strong>of</strong> the Customs and<br />
(.)ctroi at the Ch'ung Wen Gate ; both are a]-)pointed by the<br />
Emperor, for a term <strong>of</strong> one year, from the high<br />
Empire. They are assisted by :<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the<br />
558. 2fe S H # Tso^ T* Chieu' Tu\ Superintendent <strong>of</strong><br />
the House Tax and Livestock Tax for the East Division <strong>of</strong><br />
Peking.<br />
559. ':^ M^i§ ^'"' ^' Chien^ Tu', Sii])erintendent <strong>of</strong><br />
the Honse Tax and Livestock Tax for tke West Division <strong>of</strong><br />
Peking.<br />
560. ^ ^ PI ^ ii glj f|J' Ch'ung- WGn' Men' Plsiian'<br />
K'o' Fu^ Shih^, Customs Examiner.<br />
560
561<br />
. NATIVE<br />
niESEXT DAY TOLITICAL OIlGANIZATrOX OP^ CHIN'A.<br />
660 561. ^ g| ^ n ^ #<br />
(LAND) CUSTOMS.<br />
Ko* Kuani Shui' K'on^ Chieni<br />
Tu^, Superintendents <strong>of</strong> the Native (Land) Customs (Barriers).<br />
These <strong>of</strong>ficials are in charge <strong>of</strong> the collection <strong>of</strong> taxes on goods<br />
imported into <strong>China</strong> from Mongolia.<br />
56n. M ^ U ^ M Change Chia^ K'ou^ Chien^ TuS<br />
Inspector <strong>of</strong> Customs at Kalgan.<br />
56lB. ^ )^ U ^ M Sha^ Hu^ K'oii' Chien^ Tu',<br />
Inspector <strong>of</strong> Customs at Shahuk'ou.<br />
GOVERNMENT GRANARIES.<br />
'562. -^ ^ Ts'ang^ Ch'ang^,<br />
CapitaL These are managed by the :<br />
Government (iranaries at the<br />
563. ^ ^W^M^ f^ Ts'angi Ch'ang^ Tsung^<br />
Tu^ Ya^<br />
Men^, Head Office <strong>of</strong> the Government Granaries at the Capital.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> this Office are two :<br />
/ 564. m^m'^Mmm^^^^ i^^
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
566a. The names <strong>of</strong> the Granaries at Peking are : 566*<br />
1- :^ ii fi IV T'ung^ Ch'iao^ 2. If ^ ^- Lu* Mi« Ts'ang\ tO<br />
3. m ^. M Nan^ Hsin^ Ts'ang\ 4. ^ ^ ^ Chiu* T'ai^<br />
Ts'angS 5. 4t: ff t" Pei^ Hsin^ Ts'ang', 6. ^ ff ^ Fu*<br />
Hsin^ 'iVangS 7. m ^ :^ Hsin^ P'ing^ Ts'ang', and 8. ^ ^<br />
•<br />
51- Fengi I-* Ts-ang^<br />
567. P^ "^ Nei* Ts'ang\ Court Granaries ; managed by<br />
two ^ ^ Chien^ Tii\ Inspectors.<br />
567a. For particulars as to ^ ;^ fP ^ Ch'a^ Ts'angi Yii*<br />
Shih^, Censors Supervising the Government Granaries, see<br />
No. 214a.<br />
FINANCIAL COLLEGE.<br />
568. n-f ®C P 1: Ts'ai^ Cheng* Hsiieh^ T'ang^; Financial<br />
(<strong>Political</strong> Economy) College. , The<br />
establishment <strong>of</strong> this institu-<br />
tion was outlined in a report <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance, dated<br />
the 26th April, 1907, and detailed regulations, in 50 articles,<br />
were drawn up and submitted to the Throne in a report dated<br />
the 5th ]\[arch, 1909.<br />
The object <strong>of</strong> the Financial College is the supplying <strong>of</strong> a<br />
higher financial education for those who are desirous <strong>of</strong> devoting<br />
themselves to service in the various establishments uhder the<br />
control <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance, i.e. Banks, Customs, etc.<br />
The College consists <strong>of</strong> two Sections :<br />
1.<br />
fl< ^ fJ[ Chungi Teng' K'o', Middle b^ection ; with a<br />
course <strong>of</strong> three years and a curriculum similar to that <strong>of</strong> Middle<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools (see No. 598).<br />
The course includes foreign<br />
languages and literature and subjects <strong>of</strong> general education having<br />
reference to finances.<br />
2. -^ !^ f!j. Kao^ Teng^ K'o', Higher Section ; with a<br />
special course <strong>of</strong> three years for those who have successfully<br />
completed<br />
the course in the Middle Section. Tliis Section<br />
[ 107 ]<br />
ggg.
669a<br />
PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
669 supplies instruction in special linancial subjects, financial policy,<br />
+Q<br />
financial legislation, etc.<br />
The Financial College also^ maintains a gij f-j- Pieh^ K'o\<br />
Special Course— for persons in the Gorernment service— similar<br />
to the course ol Colleges <strong>of</strong> Law and Administration (see<br />
No. 623a), a IS^BVf ^\ Shiii* Wu* Clwani i^.^i^<br />
q^^^^.^q ^f<br />
Customs Administration, and a |]| ^7 1^ ^ ^^ Yin- Hang^<br />
Chiang^ Hsi^ K'o\ Banking Com-se.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Financial College there is a ^ J^ Chien'<br />
Tu\ Director. He is in charge <strong>of</strong> a staff made up <strong>of</strong> one Preceptor<br />
(see No. 636), one Steward (see No. G41), one Inspector <strong>of</strong><br />
Dormitories {sec No. 645), an indefinite nuniher <strong>of</strong> Teachers<br />
(see No. 637), three Proctors (sec No. 646), one Librarian (sec<br />
No. 639), one Secretary (see No. 642), one Accountant (see<br />
No. 643), one Clerk <strong>of</strong> Works (see No. 644) and one Assistant<br />
Inspector <strong>of</strong> Dormitories (see No. 647).<br />
IMPERIAL MAUSOLEA.<br />
569. \^M ?M I-'i"8'^ Ch'in^, Imperial Maiisolea ; under the<br />
suj)ervision <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Rites.<br />
The Emperors <strong>of</strong> the reigning (Manchu) Dynasty are<br />
buried in three separate grou^is <strong>of</strong> mausolea ; one is situated in<br />
Manchuria and the others in Chihli province.<br />
While the is Emperor living his mausoleum is sometimes<br />
euphemistically called ^- ip ^ Jili Wan"* Nien^ Clii' Ti^ " The<br />
HapjDy Land <strong>of</strong> a Myriad Years."<br />
569a. The group <strong>of</strong> Imperial Mausolea in Manchuria is<br />
situated near Moidvden and Hsinching and includes H 1^ San^<br />
Ling^,<br />
Three Mausolea :<br />
1.- :^ 1^ Ymig^ Ling^, situated near Hsinching (80 miles<br />
from Moukden) on the hill 1^ M ll]<br />
Chi^ Yihi'' Shan^ Here<br />
are buried the first four Manchu Sovereigns, styled (smcc 1648)<br />
[ ^98 ]
PRESENT DAY PO-LITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
from their names in the Temple <strong>of</strong> i\.ncestors and their 569b<br />
posthumous titles by the following :<br />
A. WMJ^.M, '"J^ Chao^ Tsu3 Yiian^ Huang^ Ti% B.<br />
mmWi^"^ Hsingi Tsu^ Chih^ Huang^ Ti*, G. MmM^'^<br />
Ching3 Tsu=^ I^ Huang* Ti^ and D. .^ Jl ^ ^ 1^ Hsien* Tsu'<br />
Hsiian^ Huang' Ti*.<br />
2. i|^ ^ Fli'^ I^ii^g^s situated seven miles from Moukden on<br />
the hill ^ ;li UJ T'ieni Kuei* Shan^ Here is buried the<br />
Emperor iC M i^ ^ # T'ai* Tsu^ Kao^ Huang^<br />
from his reign as ^ ^<br />
Ti*, known<br />
T'ien^ Ming" (1616-1626).<br />
3. ^1^ ('hao^ Ling^, situated three miles from Moukden<br />
Yeh* Shan^. Here are buried the<br />
on the hill (^^ llj Lung^<br />
Emperor ;*: ^ ^ ^ ?^ T'ai" Tsung^ Wen^ Huang^ Ti^ known<br />
from his reign as ^ ^j| T'ien^ Ts'ungM'^626-1636), and the<br />
Emperor ^ ^§ Ch'ung- Te^ (1636-16-43).<br />
569b. y^ 1^ Tung^ Ling^, The Eastern Imperial Mausolea;<br />
situated 80 miles to the North-east <strong>of</strong> Peking, in the Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> ^ fj;^ >j\\ Tsun^ Hua*. They include the following mausolea<br />
<strong>of</strong> Emperors and Empresses :<br />
1 •<br />
ITS ® [^ Chao^ Hsi^ Ling'' ; situated in the pass ,1| ^ ^^<br />
Ma^ Lan* Yii*. Here is buried the Empress ^ ^ Hsiao*<br />
Chuang' (deceased in 1725), the mother <strong>of</strong> the Emj^eror j^ jji£<br />
Shih" Tsu'.<br />
2. ^ ^ Hsiao* Ling*. Here a^e buried the Emperor<br />
•^ jjil Shih* Tsu^ known from his reign as jlj^ ^ Shun* Chih*<br />
(1644-1661), and the Empresses ^ J^ Hsiao* Hsien^ and ^ ^<br />
Hsiao* K'ang^<br />
3. ^ 1^ ^ Hsiao* Tung^ Ling*. Here was buried (in<br />
1718) the Empress ^ ^ Hsiao* Hui* (deceased in 1717), the<br />
Consort <strong>of</strong> the Emperor j^ jji^ Shih* Tsu'.<br />
4< M (^ Ching' Ling*. Here are buried the Emjieror<br />
§S }ji§. Shcng* Tsu', known from his reign as ^ ^B K'ang^ Hsi'<br />
(1662-1722), and four Empresses, i.e. ^ fj,| Hsiao* Ch'eng*,<br />
[ 199 ]
PKKSENT DAY POLlTiCAL OKG ANIZAT-IOX OF CHINA.<br />
569c #ilS Hsiao* Ohao', #|| Hsiao* P, and ^^ Hsiao*,<br />
K una' b •<br />
5. i^ ^ Yii^ Ling-^ Here are buried tlie Emperor ^ ^<br />
Kao^ Tsung', known from his reign as ]5£ ^ Ch'ien"' Liing^<br />
(1736-1795), who died and was buried in 1799, and the<br />
Empresses ^ ^<br />
two<br />
Hsiao* Hsien- and ^ ^ Hsiao* I^.<br />
6- ^1^ Ting* Ling'^ Here are buried the Emperor<br />
X ^ Wen* Tsungi, known from his reign as )^ ^ Hsien' Feng^<br />
(1851-1861), and the Empress ^- ff. Hsiao* Te^.<br />
7- ^ ^ !^ Ting* Tung^ Ling^ Here are buried the<br />
Empresses ^ ^ Hsiao* (3hen^ (deceased in 1881) and ^ ^<br />
Hsiao* Ch'in^ (deceased in 1908), the consorts <strong>of</strong> the Emperor<br />
^ ^ Wen^ Tsung^ The former (by name ,^ ^ Tz'u^ An^^) is<br />
buried at a place called ^ f^ H^ P'u^ Hsiang^ Yii* and the latter<br />
(by name ^, H Tz'u^ Hsi^) at 1^ ^t Hl^ ^'^^' T'o" Yii*.<br />
8- ^1^ Hni* Ling-. Here are buried tlie Emperor ^<br />
^ Mu* Tsung^, knoAvn from his reign as [p] '/^ T'ung- Ohih*,<br />
(1862-1875), and the, Empress ^ @ Hsiao* Che'<br />
569c. M 1^ Hsi^ Ling-, Western Imperial Mausolea ;<br />
situated 93 miles to the South-west <strong>of</strong> Peking in the Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> ^ #1 I* ChouS in a valley formerly called j^ ^ jH^ T'ai*<br />
P'ing- Yii*, its name was changed, in 1736, to ^ ^ l[\ Yung*'<br />
Ning^ Shan\ " Mountains <strong>of</strong> Eternal Peace."<br />
This group <strong>of</strong> Imperial '^'ausolea includes those <strong>of</strong> Emperors<br />
and Empresses<br />
as follows :<br />
1- M ^M T'ai* Ling'"'. Here are. buried the Emperor "{^;<br />
^ Shih* Tsung\ known from his reign as |g ]£ Yung^ Cheng*,<br />
(1723-1735), and the Empress ^ ^^ Hsiao* Ching*.<br />
2. M'MM 'i^'ai* Tungi Ling^ Here is buried the<br />
Empress ^^ Hsiao* Sheng* (deceased and buried in I777j,<br />
the consort <strong>of</strong> the Emporor "tH; ^ 8hih* Tsung^<br />
[ 200 ]<br />
"
I'ltKSKXT, DAY POLITICAL (MIG ANIZ ATION OF CHINA.<br />
3. ^ [^ ("h'ang-^ Liiig-^ Here are buried the Emperor 570<br />
fll ^ .I'^'ir Tsung'^, known from lils reign as ^- ^ Chia^ Cli'ing'*,<br />
(179()-1820), and the Empress 0. ^^ Hsiao* Shu-'.<br />
4. ^M^ Ch'angi Hsi^ Ling^ Here is Luried the<br />
Empress ^ fjj Hsiao* Ho'^ (deceased in 1849 ; buried in 1853),<br />
the Co))sort <strong>of</strong> the Emperor {^ ^ Jen^ Tsung'.<br />
•5- 1^ d^ ^i"* Ling--. Here are buried the Emperor ^ ^<br />
Hsiian^ Tsung', known from his reign as j^ ;)^ Tao' Kuang'^<br />
(1821-1850), and the Empresses ^ ^ Hsiao* Mu* ^ '\fi^<br />
Shell* and ^ ^<br />
6- Su; ^ lit<br />
Hsiao* Ch'iiau^<br />
Hsiao*<br />
^In'^ Tung-^ Ling^. Here is buried the<br />
Empress ^ ^ Hsiao* Ching* (deceased in 1855 ; buried<br />
in 1857), tlie Consort <strong>of</strong> tlie Emperor ^ ^ HsLian-<br />
Tsung-',<br />
'' ^<br />
I^ Ch'ung^ Ijing*. Here is buried the Emperor<br />
^, ^ Te'^ Tsung', known from his reign as ^^^ |^ Kuang^ Hsii*<br />
(1875-1908). For full details sec No. 189.<br />
570." ^KMWi-J^ \»^ ['T Ch'eng^ Pan* 8hih* Wu* Ya^ Men^<br />
Office <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Mausolea. The |,^ ^ Tsimg^ Kuan^,<br />
Controller-General <strong>of</strong> the Banner Garrison,<br />
is at the head <strong>of</strong> this<br />
<strong>of</strong>fice, l)eing styled (as regards its affairs) ^ ^ ^ J^ A S<br />
Shou^ Hu* Ling" Ch'in^ Ta' Ch'en^. For each group <strong>of</strong> Mausolea<br />
in Cliihli there is one Office <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Mausolea (at the<br />
Eastern and at the Western Mausolea).<br />
To the Chief <strong>of</strong> the Office <strong>of</strong> the Imperial ^Mausolea there<br />
is attached a staff <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials deputed from the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Rites<br />
(I[> fl' Lang= Chung', Department Directors, ^ ^Y ^ Yiian'^<br />
Wai* Lang^, Assistant Department Directors and 5^ ^ Chu^<br />
Shih*, Secretaries, and <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the >tC '?^ ^ T'ai* Ch'ang-<br />
Ssu\ Department <strong>of</strong> Sacrificial Worship — see No. 382b) and<br />
from the Imperial Household (fp) ^ J£ Shang* Ch'a- Cheng*,<br />
Chief Cup-bearers, f^} |^ jE Shang* Shan* Cheng*, Chief<br />
Trencher Knight {see No. 91), [^ '^ f^ Nei* Kuau^ Ling^<br />
[ -'01 ]
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
571 OverseerSj, glj pg ^ ^^ Fu* Nei* Kiian^ Li"g^ Assistant<br />
to<br />
gyg<br />
Overseers see No. 85), etc.<br />
For the General supervision <strong>of</strong> each group <strong>of</strong> Imperial<br />
]\Iausolea there are deputed two or three Department Directors<br />
(or Assistant Department Directors) from the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Rites.<br />
571. |J^ ^ %t V] Li»g' Cli'in' Chu^ Fang^ {see No. 743i{;,<br />
Garrisons at the Imperial Mausolea ; charged with the- gniarding<br />
<strong>of</strong> Imperial Mausolea.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> each Garrison there is a (^ |j^ ||i ^ Ling^<br />
Ch'in^ Tsung^ Kuan^, Controller-General ; 3a. He is assisted<br />
by an f^ ^ glj li ^ Ling^ Ch'in^ Fu'' Tsung^ Kuan^, Assistant<br />
Controller-General ; 4a, a f^ ^ ^ ;g Ling^ Ch'in^ I* Chang^<br />
Brigadier ; 4a, f^ ^ V^ ^ Ling' Ch'in^ Fang'' YuS Captains,<br />
and other <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the same grades as tnose <strong>of</strong> provincial<br />
Banner gan'isons {see No. 746).<br />
571 A. In addition to the <strong>of</strong>ficials mentioned above, for<br />
the supervision <strong>of</strong> repairs to, and the maintena,nce in order <strong>of</strong>,<br />
Imperial Mausolea there are the following :<br />
1. 1^ Iti Rj X |£ Ling'^ Ch'in^ Ssu^ Kung^ Chiang^<br />
Overseers <strong>of</strong> Works at the Imperial Mausolea ; 4a,<br />
2. Wm^'^'^m'^m-TL'^ L^g-<br />
Ch'ln^ Kuan^ Li^<br />
Shao^ Tsao^ Chuan^ Wa^ Kuan^, Overseers <strong>of</strong> Brick and Tile<br />
Making for the Imperial Mausolea ; oa, and<br />
3. ^ 5i ^ jjiB #t /I 'B* Ling' Ch'in^ Chi^ Ssu* Kung^ Ying^<br />
Kuan\ Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Sacrifices at the Imperial Mausolea ; 6a.<br />
METROPOLITAN TEMPLES,—SACRIFICES,- BUDDHISM,<br />
TAOISM AND SHAMANISM.<br />
572. The Ministry <strong>of</strong> Eites {see No. 376) not only has<br />
the general supervision <strong>of</strong> temples but also directs the sacrifices<br />
performed therein.<br />
[ 202 ]
TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Saci'ilices are <strong>of</strong> three grades :<br />
1.<br />
;/c jjiS Ta'* Ssu*, Great Sacrifices (at Tphich jade, silk<br />
tissues and animals are <strong>of</strong>fered),<br />
2. 4> jjiQ Chn.ng^' Ssu*, also ^ jjijl Tz'u* Ssii^ Superior<br />
Sacrifices (at which silk tissues and animals are <strong>of</strong>fered), and<br />
3. ^" /Ig Ch'iin^ Ssu*, also /J'* jjig Hsiao^ Ssu*, Inferior<br />
Saci'ifices (at which animals are <strong>of</strong>fered).<br />
Great Sacrifices are performed at :<br />
1. ^ if T'ien^ T'an\ The Altar or Temple <strong>of</strong> Heaven (also<br />
called ^ 5([5 Nan- Chiao^, The Southern Suburbs ; erected in<br />
1420) ; three times : yearly<br />
A. In the first moon, the so-called jfj^ ^ Ch'i"' Ku^, Prayer<br />
for a Bountiful Harvest, at the §f ^i |S^ Ch'i^ Nien- Tien\ Altar<br />
<strong>of</strong> Supplication for a Bountiful Harvest,<br />
B. In the fourth moon, the so-called §p ^Q ^^^" Ssu*,<br />
Prayer for Kain (also ^ ^Ch'ang^ Yii^), at the gj £ Yiiau^<br />
Ch'iuS Round Hill, and<br />
C. In the eleventh' moon, because <strong>of</strong> the Winter Solstice<br />
(^ g Tung^ Chill*), at the jf £ Yiian^ Ch'iui, Round<br />
Hill.<br />
2. At the ^ Jg Ti* T'an'-, Altar or Temple<br />
<strong>of</strong> Earth<br />
(also ^ ^f ±1 Fangi Tse^ T'an^, Altar with the Square Cistern,<br />
or 4ti ^15 J^^ci^ Chiao', Northern Subin-bs) ; in the fifth moon ;<br />
because <strong>of</strong> the Summer Solstice, g ^ Hsia* Chih* (this temple<br />
was built in 1530).<br />
3. At the jt^, M<br />
Ancestors <strong>of</strong> the Reigning Dynasty) ;<br />
T'ai* Miao^ Great Temple (or Temple <strong>of</strong><br />
five times a year :<br />
A. In the first moon, because <strong>of</strong> the ^ ^ Meng* Ch'un\<br />
Beginning <strong>of</strong> Spring,<br />
B. In the foiu-th moon, because <strong>of</strong> the ^ § Meng* Hsia*,<br />
Beginning <strong>of</strong> Summer,<br />
C. In the seventh moon, because <strong>of</strong> the ;^ ^ Mcng*<br />
Ch'iu\ Beginning <strong>of</strong> Autumn,<br />
[ 203 ]
itESENT DAY rOLlTJCAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
D. In the tenth moon, because <strong>of</strong> the ^ ^ Meng"* Tung',<br />
Beginning <strong>of</strong> Winter, and<br />
E. In the twelfth moon, because <strong>of</strong> tlie i^ ^ Nien*<br />
(;hung\ End <strong>of</strong> the Year, the so-called ^i^ ^ lisia'^ Chi*.<br />
4. At the jjri: ^ if She^ Chi^ T'an', Altar <strong>of</strong> the Spirits<br />
She and « jhi (Spirits — Patrons <strong>of</strong> the Dynasty) ; twice yearly :<br />
^- § jjit Ch'un' She*, in the second or third moon, and<br />
B. '^ jjtt Ch4u^ Slie', in the eighth moon.<br />
5. At the % Ifi Wen2 ]\Iiao*, or JL 36 lH K'i"ig^ Sheng*<br />
Miao*, Temple <strong>of</strong> Confucius, also ^ ^ Kuo^ Hsiieh^, State<br />
School (;$t % JL ^ Hsieni Shih^ K'ung^ Tzu^) ; twice<br />
yearly :<br />
. A.<br />
In the second moon (the so-called ^ ^ Ch'un^<br />
Chi', Spring Sacrifice), and B. In the eightli. moon (the<br />
so-called ^^ ^ Ch'iu^ Chi', Autumn Sacrifice). Superioi^<br />
Sacrifices are <strong>of</strong>fered :<br />
1. At the ^ tf if Chaoi Jih* T'an^, Altar <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Morning Sun ; once a year ; on the ^ ^ Ch'un' Fen\ Spring<br />
Equinox.<br />
2. At the ^ ^ if Hsii Yiieh* T'an^, Altar <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Evening Moon once a ; year ; on the jfjH; ^ Ch'iu^ Fen', Autumn<br />
Equinox (in the eighth moon).<br />
3. At the Ig ft ^ 2 Li=^<br />
jti Tai* Ti* Wang^ Miao* (or<br />
%^W\ Ti^ Wang^ Miao^), Temple <strong>of</strong> the Emperors <strong>of</strong> all<br />
Dynasties (built in 1522), twice yearly :<br />
A. In the third moon (the so-called ^ ^ Ch'im^ Chi'„<br />
Spring Sacrifices),, and B. In the ninth moon (the so-called<br />
j^ ^ Ch'iu' Chi', Autumn Sacrifice).<br />
4. At the 5t M if .Hsien' Nung=' T'an^<br />
Father <strong>of</strong> Agriculture ; once a year ;<br />
•<br />
in the third moon.<br />
Altar <strong>of</strong> the<br />
5. At the 5t ffi M Hsien'^ Ts'an^ T'an^ Altar <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Mother <strong>of</strong> Agriculture ; once a year; in the third moon (this<br />
altar was built in 1742).<br />
[ 204 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL CRGAXIZATIOX OF CTIINA.<br />
6. At the ^ |1|I if T'ien^ Sheir T'an^, Altar <strong>of</strong> tlie<br />
HeaA'enly Spirits ; in case oi: natural calamities.<br />
7. At the i^ jjijj jf Ti* Ch'i- T'an^, .Vltar <strong>of</strong> the Spirits <strong>of</strong><br />
Earth ; in case <strong>of</strong> natural calamities. (The Altars <strong>of</strong> the<br />
HeaA^enly Spirits and the Spirits <strong>of</strong> Earth bear the general<br />
name <strong>of</strong> jjjlp fj^il Shen^ Ch'i^ T'an^).<br />
8. At the -jlsCMM T'ai* Sui^ T'an-, Altar <strong>of</strong> Jupiter<br />
(King <strong>of</strong> the Year) ; tAvice yearly, i.e. in tlie first and twelfth<br />
moons.<br />
Four <strong>of</strong> the latter-mentioned altai's, i.e. those <strong>of</strong> the Father<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agricultiu'e, <strong>of</strong> the Spirits <strong>of</strong> Heaven and J">arth, and <strong>of</strong><br />
Jupiter, are situated in the Temple <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
which is also<br />
known as the [1] j|j |g Shan^ Ch'uan^ T'an", Temple <strong>of</strong><br />
Mountains and Kivers.<br />
Inferior Sacrifices are <strong>of</strong>fered :<br />
1. At the 5t ^ ii Hsien^ I' Miao\ Teni])le<br />
Physicians <strong>of</strong><br />
eleventh moons.<br />
.Antiquity; twice a year;<br />
<strong>of</strong> Famous<br />
in the second and<br />
2. At the ^ IP If] Huo^ Shcn- :\Iiao-', Tem])le <strong>of</strong> the God<br />
<strong>of</strong> Fire ; once a year ; in the sixth moon.<br />
3. At the ^ ^ i5 Wen2 Ch'ang^ :Miao\ Temple<br />
<strong>of</strong> the<br />
Patron <strong>of</strong> Education ; twice a year ; in the second and eighth<br />
moons,<br />
4. At the II ^ }$\ Kuan' Ti^ :\liao% Temple <strong>of</strong> the<br />
General |§ ^^ Kuan^ Yii", three times yearly ; in tlie second,<br />
fifth and eighth moons.<br />
o. At the ^ % fgl Hsicn^ Liang'' Tz'a', Temple <strong>of</strong><br />
Eminent Statesnten (those \\h() lia^c rendei-ed great service to the<br />
present Dynasty ; founded in 1734); twice yeai-ly : in the second<br />
and eighth moons.<br />
6. At the Hg ^, ig Chao^ Chung^ Tz'n", Temple <strong>of</strong><br />
Zealots <strong>of</strong> the Dynasty (founded in 1724); twice a year; in the<br />
second and eighth moons.<br />
[<br />
2or. ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
7. At the ^ j^^ ID Slniaiig^ Chung^ Tz'u^ ; twice yearly ;<br />
in the second and eighth moons.<br />
8. At the ^ * 1^ Chiang^ Chung^ Tz'n^ ; twice yearly ;<br />
in the second and eighth moons.<br />
9. At the ^ ,^» ID l^ao^ Chung^ Tz'u^; twice yearly;<br />
in the second and eighth moons.<br />
10. At the j^ j^^ ID Hsien^ Chung^ Tz'u'^; twice a year;<br />
in the second and eighth moons.<br />
11. At the ^
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAI^IZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Ch'in^ Hsiangi Kung\ f^ ^ ^ Ch'iieh^ HsP Kung\ and ^ g 573<br />
S Wen^ Hsiang^ Kung^ ^q<br />
27. At the ^ H^ ^ Be T'ai* Miao* Hou^ Tien*, Eear<br />
Hall <strong>of</strong> the Temple <strong>of</strong> Ancestors (see above) ; on the first day <strong>of</strong><br />
the first moon and, also," on the birthdays <strong>of</strong> the Emperor (the<br />
thirteenth day <strong>of</strong> the "first moon) and the Empress Dowager<br />
(the tenth day <strong>of</strong> the first moon).<br />
28. At the ^ ^ ^ Hsien^ Yu* KungS Temple<br />
<strong>of</strong> the<br />
Polar Star (founded in 1415) ; on the birthdays <strong>of</strong> the Emperor<br />
and the Empress Dowager.<br />
29. At the :^ ^^ Tung^ Yiieh* Miao*, Temple<br />
<strong>of</strong> the<br />
Eastern Sacred Mountain (built in 1317); on the birthdays<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Emperor and the Empress Dowager.<br />
30. At the<br />
|f> j^ 1^ j^' Tui Ch'eng2 Huang" Miao*,<br />
(commonly called i^ ^ ]§] Ch'eng^ Huang^ Miao* ; compare No.<br />
573b), Temple <strong>of</strong> the Patron <strong>of</strong> the City; on the birthdays <strong>of</strong><br />
the Emperor and the Empress Dowager.<br />
At the Temples and Altars there are found ^ /jig<br />
Ssu'^,<br />
Feng^<br />
Priests, jji[] ^ Ssu* Ch'eng^, Assistant Priests and a staff <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the fourth to sixtli ranks.<br />
573. In <strong>China</strong>, in addition to the predominant religion<br />
M ^k '^^^^ Chiao*, Confucianism (also ^ ^ Ming" Chiao* or<br />
^ WL Sheng* Chiao"*), there are the recognized genei^l religions<br />
<strong>of</strong> #, ^ Fo" Chiao* (also f^ ^ Shih* Chiao*) Buddhism, and<br />
5^ ^ Tao* Chiao*, Taoism. With a view to control <strong>of</strong> the<br />
priesthood <strong>of</strong> these religions there exist certain <strong>of</strong>ficial ranks.<br />
573a. fS" 11^ "3) Seng^ Lu* Ssu^, Superior<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Buddhist<br />
Priesthood. Two <strong>of</strong>fice bearers invested with this title are<br />
appointed in each district, department and prefecture throughout<br />
the Empire, as principal and deputy, the chief being designated<br />
as IE ffl Cheng* Yin*, or principal,<br />
and the second in order as<br />
51J £p Fu* Yin*, or Deputy, Holder <strong>of</strong> the Seal. These appoint-<br />
ments are made by the local authorities from the leading abbots<br />
E -^07 ]<br />
573a
KKSKXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
573» Oj i^ Fang' Chang*)<br />
<strong>of</strong> the monasteries and are submitted for<br />
approval, when made by subordinate <strong>of</strong>ficials, to the provincial<br />
government. The Superior acts as a medium <strong>of</strong> communication<br />
between the secular authorities and the priesthood, and depending<br />
on the I'ank <strong>of</strong> the territorial division with which he is (concerned,<br />
bears one <strong>of</strong> the following distinctive titles :<br />
1. f^ 1^ Song^ Kang\ Superior<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Buddhist Priest-<br />
hood in a Prefecture ;' 9b (the full title is ff ||i| % ^^ '^ Seng'<br />
Kang^ Ssu^ Tu' Kang'),<br />
2. f^ JE Seng' Cheng*, Superior<br />
hood in a Department, and<br />
3. f^ ^ Seng' Hui*, Superior<br />
in a District.<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Buddhist Priest-<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Biiddhist Pi-iesthood<br />
In addition to the foregoing, in the Buddhist priesthood<br />
there are the following ranks (they are very little, if at all, used<br />
at present) :<br />
1- "&. ^ ^ Tso' Shan* Shih* Principal Preceptor, and<br />
^ ?^ "RI ^"'''' Shan* Shih*, l^econdary Preceptor ; 6a,<br />
2- l£ IW i^ '^so^ Ch'an* Chiao^ Principal Preacher, and<br />
"^ WiW* ^^^* Ch'an* Chiao*, Secondary Preacher ;<br />
^^ M ^^^* Chiang'' Ching', Secondary Expositor ; 8a, and<br />
3. ^ ^ if^ 'Iso^ Chiang^ Ching', Principal Expositor, and<br />
"^^ i<br />
6 b,<br />
M ^ l^so^ Chiieh^ l\ Principal Clerk, and :^ -^ ^<br />
Yu* Chiieh^ I*, Secondary Clerk ; 8b.<br />
573b. In the Taoist priesthood the primacy appertains to<br />
the hereditary patriarch ^g ^^ fjfj Chang' T'ien' Shih', so-called<br />
Heavenly Master Chang— in whose body it is believed the spirit<br />
<strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> the earliest <strong>of</strong> the Taoist mystics has taken up its<br />
abode. This Patriarch (called also jE — ft A Cheng' I* Chen'<br />
Jen^) resides on the hill f^J^\\\ Lung^ Ju^ Shan', in the<br />
district <strong>of</strong> -g; ^^ 1^ Kuei* Ch'ii Hsien*, jX 03 Kiangsi province.<br />
Excepting the foiegoing, the organization <strong>of</strong> the Taoist priesthood<br />
is similar to that <strong>of</strong> the Buddhist priesthood (compare<br />
[ 208 ]
TKESliXT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF X^HINA.<br />
ISTo. 573a). Tlnis, in each district, department and prefecture 573c<br />
there ai-e two ^ 1^ W] Tao* Lu^'^Ssn^ Superiors <strong>of</strong> the Taoist<br />
Priesthood, bearing, from the rank <strong>of</strong> the territorial division to<br />
which tliey appertain, one <strong>of</strong> the following distinctive titles :<br />
1- M^^ '^'''lo*
PEESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
<strong>of</strong> sacrifices to Heaven (according- to the doctrine <strong>of</strong> the Shamans,.<br />
Heaven is xmderstood to be the ])ower ruling the world— God) and tO'<br />
the Saints-^as Saints are considered those who benefited mankind<br />
during their lives and continue to benefit mankind after death.<br />
In Peking Shanianic services are held at the :<br />
1.<br />
il[l ^ ^ K'un^ Ning- Kung', Palace <strong>of</strong> the Empress or<br />
Shaiaanic Chapel (daily), and<br />
2. ^ -p T'ang^ Tzu^, Shamanic Temple (founded in 1664;.<br />
monthly).<br />
A peculiarity <strong>of</strong> Shamanic places <strong>of</strong> Avorship is the absence<br />
<strong>of</strong> any sacred vessels or ornaments and the simplicity <strong>of</strong> their<br />
exterior (^ |I^ T'iao* Shen^, to practice Shamanism ; to dance<br />
before an idol and invoke the sjiirits).<br />
As the Empress, in whose presence no rnan may appear,<br />
sometimes attends Shamanic services, sacrifices at both places <strong>of</strong><br />
worshi]} mentioned abo^e are, for the most part, <strong>of</strong>fered by<br />
women— Sliamanic Priestesses and Sub-priestesses (colloquially<br />
called, iiyi :*: :;?: Sa^ Man^ T'ai^ T'ai^; see No. 79c).<br />
. The staff <strong>of</strong> Shamanic priestesses <strong>of</strong> the Court numbers<br />
twelve ; they are usually the \vi\es <strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong> the Imperial<br />
Bodyguards. For theii' services they receive nothing but the<br />
dresses used and they arc calleil, <strong>of</strong>ficially, fi] 15^ Ssu^ Chu*,<br />
Headers <strong>of</strong> Prayers. Also, there are : 1. '^^ a] M. M \<br />
Ssu' Tsu^ Fu'* Jen^, Sliamanic Sub-priestesses or Supervisors <strong>of</strong><br />
Sacrificial Attributes, 2. 37 p} '^ l§ A Ssu^ Tui^ Fu^ Jen^.<br />
SxjperA-isors <strong>of</strong> Powdering <strong>of</strong> Bark, and 3. 19 p] ^ ^a? A ^^u^<br />
Hsiang^ Fu' Jen"', Supervisors <strong>of</strong> the Preparation <strong>of</strong> Incense (for<br />
Shamanic services) ; these arc wives <strong>of</strong> the Palace soldiers and<br />
receive from one half a tael to two taels and a bag <strong>of</strong> rice per<br />
month from the Court.<br />
In 1747 a mass-book for the Shamanic service was<br />
published (in the Manchu language) called " Hosei T'okt'opuha<br />
Manchu-sai Vechere Medere Cooli Pitho."<br />
[ 210. ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
EDUCATION,<br />
574. Until the beginning <strong>of</strong> the present century education<br />
in <strong>China</strong> was principally based on assiduous study <strong>of</strong> the clacsics<br />
and their numerous commentaries, the knowledge <strong>of</strong> which was<br />
tested by general examinations <strong>of</strong> three leading grades (in the .<br />
prefectural cities, the provincial capital, and, finally, in Peking)<br />
and, when recognized as satisfactory, furnished the lucky<br />
candidate with a pa.>^s])ort to the public service. With such a<br />
system tliere was, <strong>of</strong> course, no instruction in the applied<br />
sciences ; exen a knowledge <strong>of</strong> history and geography was required<br />
only so far as necessary to commenting on places mentioned in<br />
the classics, these studies having a j)lace similar to that <strong>of</strong> Greek<br />
and Latin in om* schools furnishing instruction in the ancient<br />
languages.<br />
The defects nnd impc^rf ections <strong>of</strong> this system were at last<br />
recognized by the Chinese Government and, among other reforms<br />
undertaken after the Boxer movement, it was resolved, in 1903,<br />
to make gradual changes in educational affairs, following the<br />
methods serving as the basis <strong>of</strong> the educational systems <strong>of</strong> other<br />
countries.<br />
The first step in the direction indicated was the establishment<br />
<strong>of</strong> the ^ f^ ^ Hsiieh- Wu* Ch'u*, Committee <strong>of</strong> Educational<br />
Affairs (compare No. 406 ; until this time all matters concerning<br />
education were in the hands <strong>of</strong> the Ministry- <strong>of</strong> liites— compare<br />
Kos. 376 and 395).<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Committee there was placed a ||1 ^<br />
Tsung' Li', Superintendent, and to liina there were attached two<br />
]M embers <strong>of</strong> the Committee<br />
^ ^ :^
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL, ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Chihi-tiing*, Governor-General <strong>of</strong> Hnkuang (now dead), were<br />
simultaneously directed to compile a new scheme <strong>of</strong> education, to<br />
draw up regulations for schools and colleges, to define the type<br />
<strong>of</strong> educational institutions from the character <strong>of</strong> the subjects and<br />
sciences taught (common, pr<strong>of</strong>essional and special), and to-<br />
determine the grade <strong>of</strong> the education attained on completion <strong>of</strong><br />
the courses <strong>of</strong> the educational establishments (elementary,<br />
primary, middle, higher, etc.). The results <strong>of</strong> the laboiu- <strong>of</strong> the<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials mentioned took the form <strong>of</strong> a voluminous report (with<br />
20 enclosures)<br />
which has since served as the basis <strong>of</strong> all<br />
educational advancement in <strong>China</strong>. This report not only laid<br />
down genei-al principles but also expanded regulations for schools<br />
and colleges <strong>of</strong> the most divergent types, beginning with<br />
elementary schools and reaching to the "Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences"<br />
which, in <strong>China</strong>, is not the highest "institution <strong>of</strong> science" but,<br />
rather, a high institution <strong>of</strong> learning where those who wish, after<br />
completion <strong>of</strong> their university courses, may extend their knowledge.<br />
On the 13th January, 1904, the report was sanctioned by the<br />
Emperor and a Decree to this effect was i'^'^ued the same day.<br />
By the new scheme <strong>of</strong> education all schools in <strong>China</strong> may be<br />
classed, from the type, <strong>of</strong> education suppled, into the following<br />
four groups :<br />
A. General Educational Institutions ; supplying ^ jM ^^ W<br />
P'u^ T'ung^ Chiao* Yii'*, General Education ; elementary schools,<br />
primary schools <strong>of</strong> the senior and junior grades, middle schools,<br />
higher schools, uniAersities, etc. {see Nos. 575 to -595).<br />
B. Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Educational Institutions ; supplying ^ ^<br />
^ ^ Shih"^ Yell* Chiao* Yii*, Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Education ;<br />
agricultural, industrial and commercial schools <strong>of</strong> all classes (see<br />
Nos. 598 to 617).<br />
G. Normal Schools ; supplying $\f]^gfi'^<br />
Yii*, Pedagogic Education; normal<br />
junior grades {see Nos. 618 to 620).<br />
[ 212 ]<br />
'<br />
Shih^ Fan* Chiao*<br />
schools <strong>of</strong> the senior and
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
D. Special Educational Institutions ; supplying ^ P^ ^^ 575<br />
Chuan^ ]Men^ Cliiao* Yi\*, Special Education ; colleges <strong>of</strong> all tO<br />
types, i.e. Interpreters, Foreign Languages, Law, etc. (see Nos.<br />
621 to 627).<br />
ELEMENTARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOLS.<br />
575. ^ ^ [^ Meng- Yang^ Yiian*, Elementary Schools<br />
or Preparatory Schools for Infants (from 3 to 7 years <strong>of</strong> age).<br />
These schools aim at furnishing a substitute for 'M^ ^"^k ^<br />
Chia^ T'ing^ Chiao* Yii^, Home Instruction, to the extent<br />
required by the educational regulations for admittance to<br />
Elementary Schools. They are the nearest approach to the<br />
^ li H Yu* Chih* YUan^ (also :^ |i ^ Yu* Chih^ She*),<br />
Kindergartens, <strong>of</strong> foreign countries.<br />
Elementary Schools are established at ^ ^ ^ Yii'' Y^ing^<br />
T'ang^ Orphan Asylums, and at |j^ fi^ ^ Clung* Chieh=^ T'ang\<br />
Widows Homes, and sessions, <strong>of</strong> not more than four hours<br />
duration, are held daily under the direction <strong>of</strong> ^L $m ^^^^ Ao*,<br />
.Wetnurses, and f^ ^: Pao' Mu', Nuises.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> each Elementary School there is a ji^ U<br />
Y'iian* Tung^, Director.<br />
5 75 A. ^ ^ ^ Mcng' Hsiieh' T'ang^, Elementary<br />
Schools ; the proposed establishment <strong>of</strong> these schools was not<br />
carried out as it was seen that they would be <strong>of</strong> practically the<br />
same type as the Elementary Schools mentioned above.<br />
576. ''J'* ^ Hsiao^ Hsueh^, Primary Schools ; including<br />
|g ^ /|> ^ ^ Ch'u^ Teng3 Hsiao^, Hsueh^ T'ang^ (also •<br />
^ ^
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
577 577". At the initiative <strong>of</strong> the ]Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education, and<br />
to sanctioned by Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 15th May, 1909^ Primary<br />
R7'7a<br />
Schools <strong>of</strong> the Junior Grade were reformed so as to provide<br />
three courses <strong>of</strong> i.e. study, 1. ^^ 7f4 Wan^ ( h'ijan'^ K'o\ Full<br />
Course <strong>of</strong> five years, and 2 and 3. ^j ^ ^Jj- Thien^ I* K'o^,<br />
Abridged Course <strong>of</strong> three and four years. Accordingly, there are<br />
now three types <strong>of</strong> Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the Junior Grade :<br />
1 • tJ ¥ ^h ^ ^ ^ ^ fi Ch'ii^ I'eng^<br />
Hsiao^ Hsiieh^<br />
T'ang' Wan^ Ch'iian'^ K'o', Primary Scliool <strong>of</strong> the Junior Grade<br />
giving Full Course <strong>of</strong> Study.<br />
2. pg ^ IS ^J> ^ ii ^ f[<br />
^'s"' JN'icn^ Chi' Hsiao' Hsiieh^<br />
Chien^ I* K'o^, Primary School <strong>of</strong> the Junior Grade with<br />
Abridged Course <strong>of</strong> four years, and<br />
3. H ^ IS ^h ^ f^ ^ ^-4<br />
San' Xien^ Chi* Hsiao' Hsiieh^<br />
Chien' I* K'o^, Primaiy School <strong>of</strong> the Jmiior Cirade with<br />
Abridged Course <strong>of</strong> three years.<br />
The number <strong>of</strong> subjects taught was reduced from eight to<br />
five (history, geography and the natural sciences were discarded ;<br />
ethics, literatiu-e, arithmetic, the classics and callisthenics were<br />
retained) and [{j| ^; ^,>f Sui^ I* K'o', Optional Subjects were<br />
introduced (manual training, drawing, music and singing).<br />
On completion <strong>of</strong> the coiu'se <strong>of</strong> stiid}" <strong>of</strong> the Primary<br />
Schools <strong>of</strong> the Jimior Grade, ])upi]s proceed<br />
Schools {see below) or to :<br />
to Pr<strong>of</strong>essional<br />
577a. i^ ^ /{> Ǥ ^ Kao^ Teng' Hsiao' Hsiieh' T'ang^,<br />
Primarv Schools <strong>of</strong> the Senior Grade. These schools furnish<br />
instruction in the same subjects as do the Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the<br />
tlunior Grade, but more thoroughly and to a greater number <strong>of</strong><br />
hours per week (36 instead <strong>of</strong> 30),<br />
years.<br />
Their coiu-se <strong>of</strong> study covers<br />
Primary Schools are established in cities, towns, villages<br />
and marts (<strong>of</strong> the Jimior Grade, obligatory ; <strong>of</strong> the Senior Grade,<br />
optional) according to the following<br />
scheme :<br />
[ 2U ] .
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Irr administrative centres <strong>of</strong> departments and districts the 577b<br />
establishment <strong>of</strong> at least one Primary School <strong>of</strong> the Senior Grade tO<br />
is obligatory, the establishment <strong>of</strong> Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the Junior 577a<br />
Grade iu these centres, as well as the establishment <strong>of</strong>. Primary<br />
Schools <strong>of</strong> both grades in other administrative centres, is<br />
obligatory, to a number depending on the population<br />
places.<br />
<strong>of</strong> these<br />
Besides '^ j^ Kuan^ Li*, Government Schools, the founding<br />
^^ ^ iL Kung^ Li*, Municipal, and ^J^ j^ Ssu^ Li*, Private, ^<br />
iSchools is urged by the Government.<br />
577b. For a Primary School (<strong>of</strong> either grade) there is<br />
A ^ ^ Hsiao* Chang', Director {see No. 635a), who has a staff<br />
made up <strong>of</strong> j£ ^ ^ Cheng* Chiao* Yiian^, Teachers {see No.<br />
'^''^7), gij ^ ^ Fu* Chiao* Ylian', Assistant Teachers (see No.<br />
>638) and 1 to 2 ^ ^ Ssu^ Shih*, Secretaries {see No. 650).<br />
577c. Satisfactory completion <strong>of</strong> the course <strong>of</strong> a Primary<br />
School <strong>of</strong> the Senior Grade carries with it the following<br />
privileges :<br />
Those who complete the course with one <strong>of</strong> the first three<br />
ratings (1st, 2nd or 3rd) may, after a test examination, join the<br />
Middle Schools, Normal Schools <strong>of</strong> the Junior Grade, or Middle<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools. Should they join one <strong>of</strong> these, and<br />
complete the course, they receive the degree ]^ ^ Lin^ Sheng^,<br />
if they attain the fij'st rating, i§ ^ Tseng^ Sheng\ if they<br />
lattain the second rating, and jJ^ ^ Fu* Sheng^, if they attain<br />
the third rating {see Nos. 629a and 631) ; should they attain, the<br />
fourth rating, they are detained with the degree -^ ^ I*^Sheng^,<br />
"for continued study and, should they again fail to qualify for<br />
one <strong>of</strong> the three first ratings and be unwilling to remain another<br />
year, they receive a document certifying that they have<br />
completed the course <strong>of</strong> study <strong>of</strong> a Primary School <strong>of</strong> the Senior<br />
Grade. Those who attain the fifth rating merely receive a list<br />
<strong>of</strong> their examination marks.<br />
[ 215 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
578 578. 2^ ^ Nil' HsUeh^ Female Schools. A scheme for<br />
the establishment <strong>of</strong> such schools was brought foi-war(l by the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Educatipn in 1907 (sanctioned by the Emperor on,<br />
the 8th March, 1907), it being clearly recognized<br />
that the<br />
domestic education mapped out for females in the educational<br />
programme <strong>of</strong> 1903 was incomplete, provision being made for the<br />
founding <strong>of</strong> "/c ^ ^h ^ 'M Nii' Tzu^ Hsiao^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^,,<br />
Female Primary Schools, to include, as in the case <strong>of</strong> male schools :<br />
1. iC^^^^b^^. Nii^ Tzu' Ch'u^ TOng^ Hsiao'<br />
Hsiieh* T'ang-, Female Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the Junior<br />
Grade,<br />
2. -tC ^ M^4^^^ Nii^' Tzu3 Kao^ Teng' Hsiao'<br />
Hsiieh^ T'ang-, Female Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the Senior Grade,<br />
and<br />
3. ^TM^ 'b!^^ Nu3 Tzu' Liang' Teng' Hsiao'<br />
Hsiieh' T'ang'', Female Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the Junior and<br />
Senior Grades, when both grades are combined in one<br />
establishment (see No. 576).<br />
Female Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the Junior Grade accept as<br />
pupils girls <strong>of</strong> from seven to 14 years <strong>of</strong> age ; the course <strong>of</strong><br />
study covers four years and from 24 to 28 hours <strong>of</strong> instructioa<br />
are given weekly ; Female Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the Senior Grade<br />
accept as pupils girls <strong>of</strong> from 11 to 14 years <strong>of</strong> age ; the course<br />
<strong>of</strong> study covers four years and from 28 to 30 hours <strong>of</strong> instruction<br />
are given weekly.<br />
Schools <strong>of</strong> the junior grade furnis^i instruction in ethics,<br />
literature, arithmetic, handiwoi'k and callisthenics. Also,<br />
instruction is given in drawing, music and singing to those who<br />
desire it.<br />
Schools <strong>of</strong> the senior grade follow the same programme as<br />
do those <strong>of</strong> the junior grade with the exception that the history<br />
and geography <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong>, natural sciences and drawing are added<br />
to the obligatory studies.<br />
[ 216 ]
'<br />
\<br />
PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Fn charge <strong>of</strong> each Female School is a ^' ^ T'ang^ Chang', 579<br />
Head Schoolmistress, whose staff consists <strong>of</strong> JH ^ ^ Cheng''<br />
Chiao* Hsi% Schoolmistresses, glj |^ ^ Fu* Chiao* Hsi^<br />
Assistant Schoolmistresses. General affairs are attended to by<br />
a ^f JM Ching^ Li3, Manager^ a ^ =0, Shu^ Chi*, Clerk, and a<br />
^, f^ M ^'^liii^ Wii^ Yiian^, Steward (the latter two <strong>of</strong>ficials are<br />
fomid only at schools with a large enrollment ; most schools<br />
having a Manager only). j<br />
579. To the number <strong>of</strong> Primary Schools there must be<br />
added the following :<br />
Schools ;<br />
1. ^ ^ ^ ^, Meng2 Yang' Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Elementary<br />
established in the Dependencies <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong> and having a<br />
course <strong>of</strong> study similar to that <strong>of</strong> Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the Junior<br />
Grade (see No. 577).<br />
2. ^: g ^ ^ Pan* Jih* Hstieh^ T'ang^ Half-day Schools<br />
(holding sessions part <strong>of</strong> the day only— in the morning, the<br />
afternoon or the evening, as the students have leisui-e time), with<br />
a course <strong>of</strong> stiidy similar to that <strong>of</strong> Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Junior Grade. These schools are found in the majority <strong>of</strong> cities<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong> proper. The Acting Imperial Agent, ^ ^ San^ To^,.<br />
at K'urun (Urga) urged that these schools be established in<br />
Mongolia and Outer <strong>China</strong> in general with a view to spreading<br />
the study <strong>of</strong> Chinese amongst the population <strong>of</strong> these places ;<br />
this scheme was, however, not act^ed upon as, owing to the<br />
existence <strong>of</strong> schools <strong>of</strong> the type ^ ^ ^ ^ Meng^ Yang'<br />
Hsiielr T'ang^, it Avas feared that the enrollment would be<br />
insufficient.<br />
3. H la ^ ^ Mu^ Fan* Hsiieh^ T'ang^ also, ^ tti ^<br />
^ :Mu2 Fan* Hsiieh^ Shu^ :Model Schools. These schools,<br />
with a course <strong>of</strong> study <strong>of</strong> Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the Junior Grade,<br />
aie established at provincial capitals to serve as a model for<br />
Primary<br />
Schools <strong>of</strong> the Junior Grade.<br />
[ 217 ]
TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA4<br />
680 4. ^ M si ^ ^ (^) ^ Chien^ F Shih^ Tzu' Hsiieh<br />
(T'ang') Shu^ Schools for Teaching the Commonly Used<br />
Chinese Characters. According to the programme<br />
<strong>of</strong> constitu-<br />
tional reforms, schools <strong>of</strong> this type were to be inaugiu-ated in<br />
1909 and the number <strong>of</strong> characters taught was to be reduced<br />
to a minimum— special manuals to be prepared by the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> Education. By regulations prepared by the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Education, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 10th January,<br />
1910, these schools were estabhshed for illiterate adults and<br />
children <strong>of</strong> the poor, with a course <strong>of</strong> from one to three years, two to<br />
three lessons daily, and gratuitous instruction. The text books<br />
used are the m Pj ^ "P M ^^ Chien^ I^ Shih* Tzu' K'o^ Pen^<br />
Manuals <strong>of</strong> Common Characters, and the ^ ^ i^t fR ^ ^<br />
Kuo2 Min- Pi* Tu2 K'o* Pen^ Popular Science Manuals, and<br />
there is some instruction in arithmetic. Those who complete<br />
the course <strong>of</strong> three years may join Primary Schools £)i the Junior<br />
Grade (see No. 57.7) in the class Avhich has already completed<br />
three years <strong>of</strong> the course.<br />
5- ± p1 ^ ^ T'u^ Ssu^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^<br />
Schools for<br />
Native Tribes; these are established in provinces where native<br />
tribes are found (for instance, in Kuangsi ; sec report <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Governor ^^ |I^j ilp^ Chang^ Ming^-ch'i\ dated the 5th November,<br />
1909), with a view to the training <strong>of</strong> a staft' <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials from the<br />
V tribesmen themselves.<br />
6. Particulars as to /\ :^ ^J> fi ^<br />
Pa^ < "h'i^ Hsiao'<br />
Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Primary Schools for Bannermen, and f£ |^ ]^<br />
^/>^^ (hu^ Fang2 Man^- Ying' Hsiao^ Hsiieh^ T'ang',<br />
Primary Schools at the Manchu Garrisons are given in Nos.<br />
717a and 717b.<br />
MIDDLE SCHOOLS.<br />
580. Ffl ^ ^ Chung^ Hsiieh=^ T'ang^, Middle Schools ;<br />
for those who have completed the course <strong>of</strong> Primary<br />
[ 218 ]<br />
Schools <strong>of</strong>
I'RESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
the Senior Grade {see No. 577a); with a course <strong>of</strong> study <strong>of</strong> five 581<br />
yearp and 36 hours instruction weekly. These schools are tO<br />
established in prefectural cities (obligatory) and in departmental koo<br />
and district towns (optional). The enrollment o£ each is<br />
between 300 and 400 students, who follow a course <strong>of</strong> study<br />
similar to that <strong>of</strong> Noi'mal Schools <strong>of</strong> the Junior Grade {see<br />
No. 61-8)., with the exception that much nioi^e stress is laid on<br />
the study -<strong>of</strong> foreign languages.<br />
581. By a Memorial from the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education,<br />
sanctioned by the Emperor on the 15th May, 1909, the<br />
•oi'ganization <strong>of</strong> Middle Schools was revised so as to supply two<br />
•distinct courses <strong>of</strong> : 1 . study ^ ^if Wen' K'o\ Classical<br />
Course, and 2. '^ f'J- Shih* K'o', Scientific Course. The<br />
•Classical Course comprises the following subjects :<br />
A. Major Subjects : The Classics and commentaries,<br />
Chinese language and literature, foreign -languages (English or<br />
German— by choice— and, also, others when local surroundings<br />
seem to demand them), history and geography.<br />
B. Minor Subjects: Ethics, mathematics, physics, natural<br />
history, jurisprudence, political economy, drawing and callisthenics.<br />
The Scientific Course comprises the following subjects :<br />
A. Major Subjects: Foreign Innguagcs, mathematics,<br />
physics, chemistry, and natural history.<br />
B. Minor Subjects : Ethics, the Classics, and their<br />
commentaries, Chinese language and literatine, history, geography,<br />
drawing, manual training, jurisprudence, jwlitical economy and<br />
callisthenics.<br />
In addition to the above-mentioned subjects, both courses<br />
supply instruction in music and singing<br />
to those Avho desire it.<br />
582. At the head <strong>of</strong> each Middle School there is a<br />
Director {see No. 635); insti-uction is supplied by Teachers<br />
(^see No. 637). Also, there are one Librarian (one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Teachers sec No. 639), one Secretary {see No. 642), one<br />
[ 219 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
582a Accountant (see No. 643), one Steward (see No. 641) and<br />
to two Proctors (at schools where there are dormitories, see-<br />
N«- 646)<strong>of</strong><br />
the course <strong>of</strong> the Middle<br />
583<br />
582a. Satisfactory completion<br />
Schools carries with it the following privileges :<br />
Those who complete the course with one <strong>of</strong> the first<br />
three ratings (first, second or third) may, after a test<br />
examination, join the Higher Schools, Normal Schools <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Senior Grade and Higher Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools. Should they<br />
join one <strong>of</strong> these, and complete the course they receive<br />
the degree ^ ^ Pa^ Kung'*, if they attain the first<br />
rating, f^ ^* Yu^ Kung*, if they attain the second, and<br />
^ ^ Sui- Kung^ if they attain the third (see Nos. 629 and<br />
631); should the}' attain the fourth rating, they are. detained for<br />
continued study, with the degree f^ /^ /^ Yu^ Lin^ Sheng^,<br />
and, should they again fail to qualify for one <strong>of</strong> the three first<br />
ratings and be unwilling to remain another year, they receive a<br />
document certifying they that have completed the course <strong>of</strong> study<br />
<strong>of</strong> a Middle School. Those who attain the fifth rating merely<br />
receive a list <strong>of</strong> their examination marks.<br />
HIGHER SCHOOLS.<br />
583. i^^^l: Kao^ Teng^ HsiJelr T'ang^, Higher Schools;<br />
for those who have completed the course <strong>of</strong> study <strong>of</strong> Middle<br />
Schools (sec Nos. 580 to 582) ; having<br />
36 hours <strong>of</strong> insti-uction<br />
weekly and a course <strong>of</strong> study <strong>of</strong> three years. These schools are<br />
established at the provincial capitals, each with an enrollment <strong>of</strong><br />
from 300 to 500 scholars, and their raison d'etre is the prepara-<br />
tion <strong>of</strong> students for the <strong>University</strong>.<br />
The Higher Schools have three courses <strong>of</strong> study ; subjects<br />
obligatory in all courses are : ethics, the essentials <strong>of</strong> the C'lassics,<br />
Chinese language and literature and callisthenics.<br />
[ 220 ]
UESKXT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
In addition to the foregoing, the course preparatory to study<br />
in the Classical Department (see No. 585), the Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Law and Administration {see No. 586), the Department <strong>of</strong><br />
History and Philology (see No. 587) and the Commercial<br />
Department (see No. 592) <strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong> calls for the study<br />
<strong>of</strong> history, geography, logic, conmion and financial law and<br />
foreign languages — English is obligatory, French or German, as<br />
the student elects, and Latin is optional.<br />
The course preparatory to study in the Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Mathematics and Physics (see No. 589), the Engineering Depai-t-<br />
Tiient (see No. 591) and the Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture (see No.<br />
•590) <strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong> demands, in addition to the subjects<br />
common to all courses, study <strong>of</strong> the following : mathematics,<br />
physics, chemistry, geology, mineralogy and foreign languages—<br />
English (and in some cases German) is obligatory, French<br />
or German, as the student elects, and Latin is<br />
optional.<br />
Also, for those who wish, and as an aid in the speciality they<br />
intend to follow, instruction is given in botany, zoology,<br />
topograpny, etc.<br />
f<br />
The course preparatory to stud}^ in the Medical Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong> comprises mathematics, physics, chemistry,<br />
zoology, botany, Latin and foreign languages—German is<br />
obligatory and English<br />
or French is studied as the student elects.<br />
Completion <strong>of</strong> the course <strong>of</strong> a Higher School can-ies with it<br />
the following rewards and distinctions :<br />
1. Those who graduate Avith the first rating receive the<br />
degree ^ \ Chli^ Jen''<br />
(see Nos. 629b and 631) and are<br />
appointed, after a ^ ^ Fu^ Shih', Test Examination, p3 ^ fjt<br />
^ Nei* Ko' (Tiungi Shu^ (see No. 137), at the Capital— or<br />
^n jl'H Chih^ Chou^ (see No. 855)— in the provinces.<br />
2. Those who graduate with the second rating receive the<br />
degree ^ A Chii^ Jen^ (see Nos. 629b and 631) and are<br />
appointed, after a test examination (see above), as t|l ^ ^l\ r|t ^<br />
[ 221 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
583a Chungi Shu^ K'o^ Chung^ Shu^ {see No. 137a)— at the (apital—<br />
|;o or as ^[1 ,^ Chi^ lisien* (see No. 856)— in the provinces.<br />
583c ^' 'ihose who graduate with the third rating receive the<br />
degree ^A ^1^"^^' '^
TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Interpreters {scr No. 626j, may be considered as Higher 584<br />
Schools.<br />
UNIVERSITIES.<br />
o84. ^ ^ ^ Ta'' Ht^iieh" T'ang-, UniA^ersities ; for<br />
students who have completed the course <strong>of</strong> Higher Schools {see<br />
No. 583) ; with a thi-ee years (in the Law and Medical'<br />
Departmeuts, four years) course. These are to be established<br />
in all the provinces at ; pi'esent there is only one —<br />
<strong>University</strong><br />
at Peking, composed <strong>of</strong> eight 5> f^ j/c ^ Fea^ K'qI Ta" Hsiieh',<br />
Departments.<br />
-585. ^g ^^ ±^ Chiiigi Hsnelr KS)i Ta* Hsiieh^<br />
Classical Department; with eleven courses ol instruction:<br />
1- j^ M ^ PI ^'1^^'"' I' Ilsueh* MenS Course in the "Tlook<br />
<strong>of</strong> Changes." as revised in the Chou Dynasty.<br />
2. tSj ^ ^ PI Shaiig^ Shu' Hsiieh^ Mcn^ Course in the<br />
"Book <strong>of</strong> IIi4ory."<br />
3. ^ W ^ PI Mao' Shih' Ilsfich^ Men-, Course in the<br />
"Book <strong>of</strong> Odes." as revised by Mao Ch'ang.<br />
i- # ^ 2£ 1$ ^ P5<br />
Ch-uni Ch'iu' Tsos Chuau* Hsiieh*<br />
]Men'', Course in the "Aniuils,'" with the commentary <strong>of</strong><br />
Tso-chuan.<br />
5. M ^BM ^?^ Ch-un' ChMn' San' Clman" Hsueh^<br />
Men^, Course in the "Annals,'' with three comujcntaries.<br />
C. }7il 1^ ^ PT Chou' Li' llsiieh^ Mcn^ Course in the<br />
" Book <strong>of</strong> Kites " <strong>of</strong> the Chou Dynasty compiled by Chou-kung.<br />
7. M '1§ ^ PT I' ^>'' Hs'Jeh^ Men^, Course in the<br />
" Ritual <strong>of</strong> Deportment,'"<br />
H. /Tti tZ ^ PI I^i' Chi^ Hsiielr ]Men^<br />
"Book <strong>of</strong> Kites."<br />
Coui-se in the<br />
9. ^ "|g ^ PT T>un2 Yii' Hsfieh^ Men^ Course in the<br />
"Analects <strong>of</strong> Confucius."<br />
[ 223 ]<br />
to<br />
585
PRESKNT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHIXA.<br />
585a 10. ^ iP ^ PI :Meno-^ Tzu^ Hsueh^ Men; Course in t"he<br />
to Writings <strong>of</strong> Mencius, and<br />
587<br />
1^- JS^PI Li^ Hsiieh^ Men', Course in Is'atural<br />
Philosophy (<strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong>),<br />
585a. In accordance with p recommendation from the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education, dated the 10th January, 1910, and<br />
sanctioned by the Emperor, foreigners are permitted to attend<br />
lectures and exercises at the classical Department <strong>of</strong> the<br />
<strong>University</strong> and brief regulations for their observance have been<br />
drawn iip by the Ministry mentioned.<br />
586. i^ igC fJf ;^ ^ Fa^ Cheng* K'o^ Ta' HsiiehS<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Law and Administi*ation: this gives<br />
<strong>of</strong> instruction :<br />
1- ^m^?"] Cheng* Chih* Hsueh^^ MtV,<br />
Administration, and<br />
two courses<br />
. Course in,<br />
2. VS 1^ ^ n Fa* Lii* Hsuelr Men^ Course in La^v.<br />
587. ^^m^^ Wen^ Hsueh=^ K'o^ Ta* Hsiieh',<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Historv and Philolosrv: consistin<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> nine<br />
coiu'ses :<br />
1. rlt^S^pfJ Chungi Kuo- Shih' Hsiieh' Men^<br />
Course in Chinese History,<br />
2. ^ H ^ ^ Pg Wan* Kuo- Shih^ Hsfieh' ^lCm\ Course<br />
in Hi^itory <strong>of</strong> the World,<br />
3- 1' ^h Hi ^ ^ p^ Chung^ Wai^ Tr Li^ Hsuelr MOn",<br />
Course in Geography <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong> and other Countries.<br />
i-<br />
ft* 13 ^ ^ P1 Cluing^ Kuo- Wcn^ Hsiieh- Mcn^,<br />
Coiurse in rhiuese Literature,<br />
5. ^ H ^ ^ pg Yiugi Kuo- Wen- H.iieh= Men^,<br />
Course in English Literature,<br />
6- S ^ 5: ^ PH Fa* Kuo^ Wen- Hsueh^ Mt'n^, Course<br />
in French Literature,<br />
7-<br />
. ^.<br />
® ^ ^ pg Te- Kuo' Wen- Hsueh' Mcn^, Course<br />
in German Litei-ature,<br />
[ 221 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
8-<br />
-^^ H jJC ^ P5 E* Kuo2 Wen2 Hsiieh^ Men^, Com-se in 588<br />
Kussiaii Literature, and<br />
9- EJ ^ H 5C ^ PI Jih' PenS Kuo^ Wen^ Hsiieli^ Mon^ ^q^<br />
Course in<br />
588.<br />
Japanese Literature.<br />
^ f4 ;/^; ^ II K'o^ Ta* HsiiehS Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Medicine ; with two courses :<br />
1. ^ P Pfj I^ Hsiieh'' Mt-n^, Course in Medicine, and<br />
2. ^ ^ P^ Yao* Hsiieh- Men', Course in ^Pharmaceutics.<br />
589. ^M^^ ^^^ Ko=^ Chih* K'o^ IV Hsueh^, Depart-<br />
ment o£ Mathematics and Physics ; having six courses <strong>of</strong> study :<br />
1. ^ Jp P^ Suan^ Hsiieh^ Men'', Course in Mathematics,<br />
2- M. ^ PI Hsing^ Hsiieh^ Men^ Course in Astronomy,<br />
3. ^ m^ PI Wu^ Li' Hsfieh^ Men^, Course in Physics,<br />
'^' ib^ ?H Hua* Hsiieh^ Men^, Caurse in Chemistry,<br />
5- i& tfi ^ ^ P5 Tung* Chih" Wu* Hsueh' M^n^, Course<br />
in Botany and Zoology, and<br />
6- MM^?^ Ti\Chih* Hsiieh^ Men^ Course in Geology..<br />
590. M^^ ± ^ Nung2 K'o^ Ta* Hsiieh^, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture ; with four courses :<br />
L ^ 1^ P"] Nung^ Hsiieh' Men^, Course in Agriculture,<br />
2- M S fb ^ P5 Nung2 I* Hua* ^Jsiieh^ Men^, Course in<br />
the Chemistry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
Snrgery.<br />
3. i^ ^ pij Lin2 Hsueh'' Mcn^ Course in Forestry, and<br />
4- M^^ P^ Slio^' I' Hsiieh- Mcn^ Course in Veterinary<br />
591. X ^^ ic P K^ing' K'o^ Ta^ Hsueh^, Polytechnic<br />
Department ;<br />
with courses :<br />
1- ± TfC X ^ P5 T'u=^ Mul Kungi Hsiieh^ Men^, Course<br />
in Engineering,<br />
2. ^ ;i5 X ^ P5 Chii Ch'i* Kungi Hsiieh^ Men', Course<br />
in Machine Designing,<br />
3- ia 15 J^ P5 Tsao* Ch'uan^ Hsiieh^ Men-, Course in<br />
Shipbuilding,<br />
15<br />
[ 225 ]<br />
^q
592a<br />
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL OP.GANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
592 4. ii 1^ t^ Jp PI Tsao" Tingi Clri* Hslieh^^ Men',<br />
to Course in Arms jNlannfacture,<br />
5- MM^^f^ Tien* Cli'i^ Hsiieli' Men^, Course in<br />
Electricity,<br />
6. ti ffl fh ^ P'3 Ying^ Yung* Hria* Hsiieh^ MCn^<br />
Course in Industrial Chemistry,<br />
Building.<br />
sives, and<br />
7. M'M^ PI Chien* Chu^ Hsiieh' Men^ Course in<br />
8. A il ^ pi] Huo^' Yao* Hsiieli' :Nrcn^ Course in Explo-<br />
9- U €i R7^^^ P! Ts'ai? Kung^<br />
Hsiieh^ Men^, Course in Mining and Metalhu'gy.<br />
Chi^ Yeli' Cliini<br />
592. ^m^,^ Shang^^ K'o^ Ta^ HsiieV, Commercial<br />
Department ; having three courses o£ stud}- :<br />
1- M^l Ik i^ ^t ^ PI Yin^ Hang^'<br />
Hsiieh^ ]SIen^, Course in Ban]ving and Insurance,<br />
2. M ^ ^ M 3l ^ fi<br />
Chi^ Pao^ Hsien^<br />
^J^o' T' Chi^ Fan*. Yiin* Hsiieh^<br />
Men', Course in Business and Transpoi-tation, and<br />
3. II ^ JP pg Kuan^ Shui* Hsiieh^ Mcn^, Course in<br />
Customs Administration.<br />
o92a. 51^ ff^ fij- Yii* Pei* K'o', Preparatory Department ;<br />
this Department came into existence at the <strong>University</strong> in<br />
December, 1904, to prepare<br />
students for enrollment in the<br />
regular classes, thus playing the role <strong>of</strong> a Higher School (see No.<br />
583). Early in 1909 its first class was graduated and, in the<br />
Autumn <strong>of</strong> that year, these students were enrolled in the various<br />
Departments <strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong>,<br />
For tlie reason mentioned above, the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education<br />
submitted a report (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 2oth<br />
April, 1909), recommending that the "^ $^i 'X ^ 'M. M ^ f}<br />
Chingi Shih^ Ta* Hsiieh' T'ang^ Yii* Pei* K'o\ Preparatory<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> the Peking (Metropolitan) Universitj be<br />
[ 226]
PliKSENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
reorganized as the jy* ^jjj "^ ^ ^ ^ Ching.^ Sliih^ Kao^ Teng^ 592b<br />
Hsiielr T'ang^, Peking (Metropolitan) Higher School. -^q<br />
592b. $^ 1^ ^f Shih^ Fan* KuanS also ff |)$ ||f} |^ ^^ Yu^<br />
Chi"^ Shih' Fan"* K'o', Normal Department ; organized<br />
at the<br />
<strong>University</strong> in December, 1904, with a programme similar to that<br />
<strong>of</strong> Xonrtal Schools <strong>of</strong> the Senior Grade (see Nos. 618 to 620).<br />
Its first class was graduated early in 1909. This Department<br />
is later to be removed from <strong>University</strong> control and reorganized<br />
as a Normal School <strong>of</strong> the Senior Urade {.sec Nos. 618<br />
to 620).<br />
593. The senior <strong>of</strong>ficial <strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong> is the Rector<br />
(see No. 633), and he is directly in charge <strong>of</strong> the Deans <strong>of</strong> the<br />
'<br />
various Departments (««(? No. 634; eight in all, there being<br />
«ight Department).<br />
To each Dean there are subordinated : one Preceptor (see'^o.<br />
636), one Steward (see No. 641) and one Inspector <strong>of</strong><br />
Dormitories.<br />
The Preceptor is directly in charge <strong>of</strong> Pr<strong>of</strong>essors (see No.<br />
637) and Assistant Pr<strong>of</strong>essors {.see No. 638) ; the Steward<br />
controls Secretaries (see No. 642), the Accountants (see No. 643)<br />
and the Clerks <strong>of</strong> Works (see No. 644) ; while the Inspector <strong>of</strong><br />
Dormitories supervises Proctors (see No. 646), Assistant<br />
Inspectors <strong>of</strong> Dormitories [see No. 647) and the Health Officers<br />
{see No. 648).<br />
In addition to the <strong>of</strong>ficials mentioned above, the Hector is<br />
-directly in charge <strong>of</strong> the various Pr<strong>of</strong>essors who are deputed to<br />
cany on the duties <strong>of</strong> the-.positions given below ;<br />
1- ti2 #? gllS Jl *& Chih^ Wu* Yiian^ Ching^ Li^ KuanS<br />
Curator <strong>of</strong> the Botanical Gardens,<br />
2. Ji^M M JM t Tnen^ Wcn^ T'ai* Ching^ Li^ Kuan',<br />
Director <strong>of</strong> the Observatory,<br />
3- Wj ^M MM '^ Tung* Wii* Yiian- Ching^ Li' K\ianS<br />
Curator <strong>of</strong> the Zoological Gardens,<br />
[ 227 ]<br />
^^3
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,<br />
503a 4. M ^ # M fS 1* Yen^ Hsi^ Lhr Chlngi Li^ KuanV<br />
to<br />
693c<br />
Director <strong>of</strong> the Forestry Station,<br />
5- 11 # M M m K T'u^ Sliu^ Kiian^ Cliing-^ Li^ KuanV<br />
Librarian, and<br />
6. g ^ ifS JI W I' Yuan* Ching^Li^ Kuan', Supervisor<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Hospital.<br />
593a. •^ I^ g/f Hui* I* ISo^ Universitv Council ; under<br />
the presidency <strong>of</strong> the Rector (see No. 633). This meets for the<br />
discussion <strong>of</strong> questions affecting the <strong>University</strong> as a whole and<br />
the Deans (see No. 634), the Preceptor (see No. 636), the<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essors [see No. 637), t^e Assistant Pr<strong>of</strong>essors (see No. 638)<br />
and the Proctors make up its membership.<br />
593b. Ife M ^ ^ ^ fi B^<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
'629c and 631), are enrolled in tlie National Academy<br />
IS "a dr Shu* Chi* Shih* (see No. 201), and are expected to join<br />
the Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences (see No. 594), shoidd they not desire<br />
to join, they receive appointments in the provinces.<br />
.3. Those who graduate with the third rating receive the<br />
Degree oi ^^ ± ^ ^ Chin* 8hih* Ch'u^ Shen^ (see Nos. 629c<br />
and 631), are enrolled in the Ministries as ^ ^ Chu^ fShih*<br />
{see No. 292), and are called upon to join the Academy <strong>of</strong><br />
:Sciences (see No. 594), in cases <strong>of</strong> unwillingness to join, appoint-<br />
ments are granted in the provinces.<br />
4, Those who graduate with the fourth rating receive the<br />
degree <strong>of</strong> [g] it ± ^ :^ T'ung^ Chin* Shih* Ch'u^ Shen^ (see Nos.<br />
629c and 631) and remain at the <strong>University</strong> for another year's<br />
study. Should they then fail to attain one <strong>of</strong> the three senior<br />
ratings, and be unwilling -to remain for further study, they<br />
receive appointments in the provinces as ^Q ^ Chih^ Hsien* (see<br />
No. 856).<br />
5. Those who attain the fifth rating on graduation merely<br />
receive a list <strong>of</strong> their examination marks and are not permitted<br />
to remain for further study.<br />
59^- M fi P^ T'ungi Ju2 Yiian* (also :/c ^ ^ Ta*<br />
Hsiieh^ Yiian*), Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences (compare No. 574) ; this<br />
institution is intended for those who complete the <strong>University</strong><br />
course {sec No. 584) and wish to perfect themselves in their<br />
chosen lines <strong>of</strong> study.<br />
The course covers five years.<br />
At the Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences there is no fi.xed course ;<br />
the students themselves arrange the subjects they Avish to study —<br />
by order <strong>of</strong> the Dean (<strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong>) ; under the guidance<br />
<strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> the Pr<strong>of</strong>essors (<strong>of</strong> the Universit}) <strong>of</strong> the Department<br />
conforming to the speciality followed. On completion<br />
<strong>of</strong> their<br />
studies each student is called upon to prepare a thesis which,<br />
when appi'oved by the Department Coimcil concerned (see No.<br />
593b), is submitted through the Rector <strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong> and<br />
[ 229 ]<br />
as 594
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
59b the President <strong>of</strong> the ^NJinistry <strong>of</strong> Education to the Emperor and<br />
a reward is recj^uested for the author.<br />
Students at the Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences pay no fees and may^<br />
with the permission <strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong> Council (.v^^ Ko. o93a),<br />
he sent to various places by tne Government for studying-<br />
.questions pertaining- to their specialities.<br />
At the end <strong>of</strong> each year all those who are studying at the<br />
Academy<br />
<strong>of</strong> Sciences suhniit tlie results <strong>of</strong> their researches to<br />
the various Deans, avIio ti-ansmit them to the <strong>University</strong> Council<br />
for examination.<br />
The Kector <strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong> (sec Xos. 593 and 633) is at<br />
the head <strong>of</strong> the Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences ; the direct supervision <strong>of</strong><br />
its afiiurs a])pertains to the Deans <strong>of</strong> the various Departments <strong>of</strong><br />
the Uni\ersity {ser Xos. 593 and 634).<br />
;-i95. fJ: ^ I'y Shih^ Hsiieh- Kuan% College for Officials ;<br />
cstaLlished at the Peking (l^Ieti-opolitan) <strong>University</strong>. At the<br />
])resent time this College is not fisnctioning as its work— the<br />
siippicmonting <strong>of</strong> the education <strong>of</strong> otHcials— is now cai-ried on<br />
by the College oF Law and Administratioii (sec Xo. 623).<br />
Completion <strong>of</strong>. the course <strong>of</strong> study <strong>of</strong> the College for<br />
Officials carried with it the following rewards :<br />
1. Those who graduated witJi the fii-st and second<br />
ratings received the degree <strong>of</strong> glj f^^ I'^'i* Pang^ {sec Nos. 629b<br />
and 631), unless, <strong>of</strong> course, they ah-eady jios.sessed the degree<br />
<strong>of</strong> 1^ /\^ Cliii^ Jen^, and according to theii- <strong>of</strong>ficial ])osition were,<br />
recommended for promotion.<br />
2. Those who graduated Avitli the third rating Avere<br />
recommended for ])romotion, but got no degree.<br />
3. Those who graduated Avitli the fourth rating were<br />
detained for fiu-ther study and,, should they again fail to attain<br />
one <strong>of</strong> the three senior ratings and be unwilling to studv further,<br />
they received a document certify ing- that they<br />
[ 2yo ]<br />
had attended
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
the full coTirse <strong>of</strong> the College and were granted a one degree 595a-<br />
promotion in rank (jjQ — |5 Chia^ I^ Chi^). ^q<br />
4. Those who graduated with the fifth rating merely Kaa<br />
received a list <strong>of</strong> their examination marks (^ S^ '^ WL W-<br />
K'ao^ Shih4 Feni Shu* Tani).<br />
595a. ft p If Shih* Hsueh2Knan^ (Colleges for Officials<br />
(in the provinces); compare No. 595. These have been<br />
established with the same object as were the ^ |^ |^ K'o^ Li*<br />
l^uan^ (see No. 597); when Colleges <strong>of</strong> Law and Administration (see<br />
Nos. 623 and 623a) have been established these will be abolished.<br />
595b. For particulars concerning 'ft ^ i^ liX f4 Shih*<br />
Hsiieh^ Sn^ Ch'cng^ K'o\ Accelerated Course <strong>of</strong> Studv for<br />
Officials, at the ^ |g fg K'o^ Li* Kuan^<br />
see So. 597.\.<br />
596. ^ -J: fg Chin* Shih* Kuan^ College for :Metropolitan<br />
Graduates ; established in accordance with regulations di'awn<br />
up in 1903-— supplementary regulations Avere compiled on the<br />
26tli September, 1904, at Peking. The aim <strong>of</strong> this institution<br />
is to give modern education to those who have obtained the<br />
literary degree ^ -^ .Chin* Shih*, ^Metropolitan Graduate, at<br />
the competitions held according to the former scheme <strong>of</strong><br />
education (see Nos. 6-28 and 629c). The course <strong>of</strong> study<br />
covers three years and there are 24 lectiu-es weekly. Attendance<br />
is obligatory for ^Metropolitan Graduates <strong>of</strong> less than- 35 years<br />
<strong>of</strong> age ; those over 35 years <strong>of</strong> age may reqiiest appointments<br />
as District ^lagistrates in the pi'ovinces but they are compelled<br />
to attend the local f_h ^ |t Sliih* Hsiieh^ Kuan^ (sec No. 595a)<br />
^^' ^ IS IS^ K^o^ Li* Kuan^ (see No. 597), Colleges for Officials,<br />
or, when these are abolished, the Colleges <strong>of</strong> Law and<br />
Administration (see Nos. 623 and 623a).<br />
The course <strong>of</strong> study at the College for ^Metropolitan<br />
Graduates includes the followino' :<br />
History, geographj', pedagogy, jiu'isprudence, politicaf^<br />
economy, international law, strateg}', engineering, commerce<br />
[ 231 ]
«97a<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
697 and natural science. Optional subjects include European<br />
tQ and Japanese languages and literature, mathematics and<br />
callisthenics.<br />
Those who successfully complete the three years course<br />
are presented to the Emperor ana receive rewards according to<br />
their attainments.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the College for Metropolitan Graduates<br />
there is a Director {see No. 635) and, subordinated to him,<br />
there are one Preceptor {see No. 636), one Steward {see No.<br />
641) and one Inspector <strong>of</strong> Dormitories {see No. 645).<br />
The Preceptor is in charge <strong>of</strong> the Chinese and foreign *<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essors {see No. 637) and the Hj; ^ Chu^ Chiao^, Assistant<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essors {see No. 638).<br />
The Steward is in charge <strong>of</strong> the Secretary, {^see No. 642),<br />
the Accountant {see No. 638) and the Clerk <strong>of</strong> Works {see<br />
No. 644).<br />
Under the superA'ision <strong>of</strong> the Inspector <strong>of</strong> Dormitories are<br />
the Proctors {see No. 646) and the Assistant Inspectors <strong>of</strong><br />
Dormitories {see No. 647).<br />
597. PI- ^ if K'o^ Li* Kuan^ Colleges for Officials<br />
(for providing <strong>of</strong>ficials with modern education ; compare No.<br />
595a).. These institutions are foimd throughout the provinces;<br />
they are to be abolished on the institution <strong>of</strong> Colleges <strong>of</strong> Law<br />
and Administration {see Nos. 623 to 623a).<br />
597a. ft ^ 5§ ^ P( Shih* Hsiieh^ Su^' Ch'eng^ K'o\<br />
Accelerated Course <strong>of</strong> Study for Officials ; this Avas instituted,<br />
as proposed in a Memorial from the President <strong>of</strong> the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> Education (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 3rd August,<br />
1905), at the i|.|^.|t K'o* Li^ Kuan' {see No. 597) and the<br />
complete coiu-se covers one and one-half years. The studies<br />
are those <strong>of</strong> the Judicial Course <strong>of</strong> the Department <strong>of</strong> Law and<br />
Administration <strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong>.<br />
[ 232 ]
I'KESENT DAY POLITICAL ORUAJSIZATION OF CHINA,<br />
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS.<br />
598. ^ ^ ^ ^ Shih^ Yeh^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^^ Pr<strong>of</strong>essional<br />
Schools; these are intended to contribute towards the develppment<br />
<strong>of</strong> the country along the lines <strong>of</strong> agriculture, industry and trade.<br />
From the character <strong>of</strong> the instructfon, Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools may<br />
be arranged in the following grou})s :<br />
1- 1l ^ f^ ft it ^ B'f Shih^ Yeh* Chiao* Yuan'<br />
Ohiang^ Hsi' So^, Schools for Training Teachers for Pr<strong>of</strong>essional<br />
Schools (see No. 620).<br />
2. MM^ ^ ^^""g"' "^'eh* Hsiieh^ T'angS Agricultural<br />
Schools {see Nos. 600 to 603),<br />
3. X M^^ ^^g'' "^^eh^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^<br />
Trades and Handicrafts [see Nos. 604- to 608),<br />
Schools <strong>of</strong><br />
4. M^^ ^ Shang' Yeh* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Commercial.<br />
Schools (see Nos. 609 to 612), and<br />
5. i^ ^ ^ ^ Shangi Ch'uan^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Mercantile<br />
Marine Schools (see Nos. 613 to 616),<br />
Depending on the extent <strong>of</strong> their courses <strong>of</strong> study,<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools are divided into three classes :<br />
1. i^^^^^^ Kao^ Teng^<br />
Shih' Yeh* Hsiieh^<br />
T'ang^, Higher Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools (<strong>of</strong> the grade <strong>of</strong> Higher<br />
Schools, see Nos. 583 to 583b),<br />
2. '1' ^ m ^ ^ ^ Chungi Teng^ Shih^ Yeh* Bsiieh'<br />
T'ang'^, jMiddle Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools (<strong>of</strong> the grade <strong>of</strong> Middle<br />
Schools, see Nos. 580 to 582), and<br />
•<br />
3. ^ ^ K H ^ ^ Ch'ui Teng^<br />
Shih=' Yeh* Hsiieh'<br />
T'ang^, Lower Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools (<strong>of</strong> the grade <strong>of</strong> Primary<br />
Schools <strong>of</strong> the Senior Grade, see No. 577a).<br />
Also, ^MW^WM^^ Shih" Yeh^ Pu^ Hsi^ P'u^ T'ungi<br />
Hsiieh^ T'ang'-, Schools <strong>of</strong> Pr<strong>of</strong>essional and General Education<br />
(see No. 599), and W; ^ ^ ^ I* T'u^ Hscieh^^ T'arig^, Schools<br />
<strong>of</strong> Crafts (see No. 605), may be established at Primary and<br />
[ 233 J •<br />
598<br />
\,
im:esent d^y i'olitjcal organization <strong>of</strong> china.<br />
Middle Schools, being- considered, however, below these as<br />
regards educational rating.<br />
WMW:M.MW Ft ''^I'i^'' "^^ch-* Chiao* Yuan- Chiang'<br />
Hsi^ St)', Schools for Training 'J'e;u;he,rs foi- Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools,<br />
may be considered as eqnal in grade to Normal Schools (see Nos.<br />
618 to 620).<br />
Completion <strong>of</strong> the course <strong>of</strong> study<br />
Schools carries witli it the following privileges :<br />
<strong>of</strong> Middle Pr<strong>of</strong>essional.<br />
Those who graduate' with the first rating may join Higher<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools and, should they do so, receive, according<br />
to their rating, the literary degrees bestowed on graduates <strong>of</strong><br />
jNTiddle Schools (see Xo. 582a). Should they not care to attend<br />
Higher Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools, they receive a document certifying<br />
completion<br />
<strong>of</strong> the course <strong>of</strong> a Middle Pr<strong>of</strong>essional School and are<br />
appointed to the provinces as 'j-j'l f^jj Chou^ P'an* (see No. 85 1a),.<br />
fM M Fu^' Ching^ {see No.' 850), or ^ f$ Clm^ Pu* (see No.<br />
857). Those who graduate Avith the fourth rating remain for<br />
(continued study ; should thev again fail to attain one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
princi})al ratings, and be unwilling to study longer, they receive<br />
a document certifying attendance at a Middle Pr<strong>of</strong>essional<br />
School. Those who- attain the fifth rating merely receive a list<br />
<strong>of</strong> their examination marks.<br />
On those who complete the course <strong>of</strong> study <strong>of</strong> fligher<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools the following ])rivileges<br />
are conferred :<br />
Students who attain one <strong>of</strong> the three senior ratings are<br />
eligible for teaching and administrati\e posts at ^Middle<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools, receive the degree <strong>of</strong> ^ J\ Chil^ Jen" (see<br />
Nos. 629ii and 631) and are enrolled as preferential candidates,<br />
'n the ju'ovinces, for the posts <strong>of</strong> ^U '/"f'! Chih'^ Chou^ (see No.<br />
»55), yXi P, Chih^ Hsien* (see li^o. 856) or j>\>\ fs] Chou^ T'ung^<br />
(see No. 855a).<br />
Those who attain the fourth rating are detained for<br />
continued study ; should they again fail to attain one. <strong>of</strong> the three<br />
[ 2o4 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CIIINA.<br />
senior ratings, and be unwilling- to study further, they recei\'e a 598<br />
document certifying attendance at a Higher Pr<strong>of</strong>essional School<br />
and become eligible for administrative posts at Higher<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools.<br />
Those who attain the fifth rating merely recei\e a list <strong>of</strong><br />
their examination marks.<br />
The administration <strong>of</strong> Pr<strong>of</strong>essional. Schools is entirely similar<br />
to that <strong>of</strong> Schools <strong>of</strong> General Education <strong>of</strong> corresponding grades<br />
(sec Nos. 577i5, 582 and 583a).<br />
598a. .^ ^dJ St H ^ -^: Ching^<br />
Shih' Shili^ Yeh^ Hstieh^<br />
T'aug', Peking (Metropolitan) Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools ; these are<br />
under the joint control <strong>of</strong> the Ministries <strong>of</strong> Education and ol<br />
Agricultm'e, Industry and Commerce (Department <strong>of</strong> Industry ;<br />
sec No. 464j.<br />
598b. In the provinces the Pro'fessional Schools are under<br />
the joint control <strong>of</strong> the Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Education {sec Xo. 827;<br />
and the Industrial Taotai (sec Xos. 839 to 839b).<br />
598c. ±M^ ^WM i^ 'M. Shang* Hai^ Kao^ Teng^<br />
Shih^ Yeh* Hsiieh' T'ang"', Shanghai Higher Pr<strong>of</strong>essional<br />
School ; this is under the control <strong>of</strong> the ^Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and<br />
Communications (see No. 787).<br />
599. g^^^Wii^^ ShilV^ Yeh^ Pu^ Hsi- P'u^<br />
T'ung^ Hsiieh^ T'ang*, Schools <strong>of</strong> Pr<strong>of</strong>essional and General<br />
Education. These are found at Primary or Middle Schools, or<br />
at Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools, and are open to those who ha\ e, at least,<br />
completed the course <strong>of</strong> a Primary<br />
School <strong>of</strong> the Junior (jrade<br />
{sec No. 577). The instruction includes ^ ji f'[- P'u-^ T'ung^<br />
K'o\ Course <strong>of</strong><br />
mathematics and<br />
General Education (ethics, Chiiiese literatui-e,<br />
callisthenics), and ^ ^ ^'j- Shili^ Yeh^ K'c',<br />
Course <strong>of</strong> Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Education. The latter is su])-divided into:<br />
1. M ^ f^- Nung2 Yeh^ K'o\ Course in Agriculture,<br />
2'. X^^^ Kung^ Yeh^ Iv'o', Course in Handicrafts. 3.<br />
f^'HI^^-l"<br />
4-q<br />
599
TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
600 Shangi Yeh^ K'o\ Commercial Course, and 7ji ^ fij- Shui^<br />
to<br />
(Ch'an^ K'o\ Course in Marine Industries.<br />
QQ2 The duration <strong>of</strong> the course <strong>of</strong> study, as well as the<br />
determination' <strong>of</strong> the subjects to be taught in these schools,<br />
depends on local conditions.<br />
A . A(/ ricu Itu ra I Schoo Is :<br />
600. M ^ ^ ^ Nung2 Yeh^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^ ^also<br />
M^^^ Nung^ Wu-* Hsueh* T'ang-), Agricultural Schools.<br />
In Peking- these schools are under the joii^t control <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ministries <strong>of</strong>- Education and <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Industry and<br />
Commerce (Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture ; see No. 463) ;<br />
in the<br />
provinces they are under the control <strong>of</strong> the Commissioner <strong>of</strong><br />
Education {see No. 827) and the Industrial Taotai {see Nos. 839<br />
to 839b).<br />
601. IfJ^^H^^ Ch'ui Tengs Nung^<br />
T'ang^, Lower Agricultural Schools ; open<br />
comjsleted the course <strong>of</strong> Primary<br />
Yeh^ Hsiieh-^<br />
to those who have<br />
Schools <strong>of</strong> the Junior Grade<br />
(see No. 577). The course <strong>of</strong> study covers three years and 30<br />
hours <strong>of</strong> instruction are given weekly. The instruction given<br />
includes ^. jg fl]-<br />
P'u^ T'ungi K'o\ Course <strong>of</strong> General<br />
Education (ethics, ( Jhinese literature, mathematics, natural science<br />
and callisthenics), and ^^ ^\ Shih" Hsi^ K'o\ Practical<br />
Course. The latter is sub-divided into : 1. M ^ ^ Nung'<br />
Yeh'' KV, Course in Agriculture, 2. t§^^p( Ts'an^ Yeh*<br />
K'o', Course in Sericulture, 3. ^ ^ f^1"<br />
Lin""^ Yeh* K'o^,<br />
Course in Forestry, and 4. i^ ^ f\ Shou'' I^ K'o^ Course in<br />
Veterinary Surgery.<br />
602. »!< ^ B H ^ ^ ( hungi Teng^ Nung^ YehMIsueh"<br />
T'ang^, Middle Agricultural Schools ; open<br />
completed the icourse <strong>of</strong> Primary<br />
to those who have<br />
Schools <strong>of</strong> the Senior Girade<br />
{see No. 577a). The course consists <strong>of</strong> two years in the f|^ ^<br />
Yii* K'o\ Preparatory Section, and three years in the ;?^ fif Pen^<br />
K'o\ Specializing Section. The Preparatory Section supplies<br />
[ 23C ]<br />
t
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
instruction in ethics, Chinese Hterature, mathematics, geograph)', 602a<br />
history, natural science, drawing, calhsthenics and foreign languages<br />
(optional). The Special Section has the following five courses :<br />
1. ^ ^ fif Nung' Ydi^ K'o',' Course in Agriculture, 2.<br />
W. ^ ^'^ Ts'an- Yeh^ K'o', Course in Sericulture, 3. /^ ^ f^<br />
I.in' Yeh* K'o', Course in Forestry, 4.<br />
if^ ^ H f^<br />
Shou^ T^<br />
Yell* K'o^, Course in Veterinary Surgery, and 5, 7jc ^ 1^ fi{-<br />
Shui' Ch'an' Yeh' K'o\ Course in Marine Industries.<br />
Should local conditions demand it, the course <strong>of</strong> study at<br />
the Specializing Section may be shortened to two years or<br />
lengthened to five years.<br />
602a. 7j^ ^ ^ '^ Shur^ Ch'an' Hsiielr Hsiao^ Schools<br />
<strong>of</strong> Marine Industries ; the establishment <strong>of</strong> these, in all the<br />
maritime and riverine provinces, was recommended in 1909 {.^ee<br />
^Memorials from the ]Ministi-y <strong>of</strong> Agricultui-e, Industry and<br />
Commerce, dated the 8th April, 1909, and the 23rd January,<br />
1910). At jiresent this type <strong>of</strong> school is found only at ^^ ^^<br />
Wu^ Sung\ Shanghai, aiul '^ -^ Yen^ T'ai^ Chefoo.<br />
603. -^^ S 1^ ^ ^ K-'^o' Teng' ^xmg"<br />
T'ang^, Higher Agricultui-al Schools ; open<br />
Yeh^ Hsiieh^<br />
to students who have<br />
graduated from ^Middle Schools {see Nos. 580 to 582). The<br />
course <strong>of</strong> study includes one year at the ^'. %^ YiV ly'o^.<br />
Preparatory Section, and three or four years (dei)ending on the<br />
course <strong>of</strong> study) at the 2^ f^ Pen^ K'o^, Specializing Section ;<br />
with 36 hours <strong>of</strong> instruction weekl}-.<br />
-At the Preparatory<br />
Section there are taiight ethics, Chinese literature and foreign<br />
languages (English and German for students <strong>of</strong> t]io Agricultural<br />
Covu'se), mathematics, zoology, botany, physics, chemistry,<br />
drawing and callisthenics. The Specializing Section is made up<br />
<strong>of</strong> three Courses: 1. 1^ j^ f^I- Nung* Hsiieh^ K/o', Course in<br />
Agriculture, 2. 7^ Jp fij- I-iin" Hsiieh^ K'o', Course in Forestry,<br />
and 3. W. W ^ Pi ^lio"' I' Hsiieh' K'o', Course -in<br />
Veterinary Surgery (at<br />
schools on the frontier there is also a<br />
[ 237 ]<br />
^-.^
605<br />
PRESEN'T DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
603a i ^ X ^4 "^'''^ ^^^^^ Kung^ K'o\ Course in Wood and Earth<br />
j-Q<br />
•<br />
Defences)."<br />
G03a. i^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Kao^ Teiig' Nung-^ Hsiieli^ T'ang^<br />
Hiolier Agricultural School, at the M ^- IS ^Wj Nung' Shih^<br />
Shili;* Yen' Ch'ang^, Botanical Garden at Peking ; under the<br />
control <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agricultiu'c, Works and Commerce<br />
(see No. 463).<br />
B. Schools <strong>of</strong> Trades and Handicrafts :<br />
604. 'X^^^M, K"ng' Yeh* Ilsiieh' T'ang^ > Schools <strong>of</strong><br />
Tx'ades and Handicrafts ; these are imder the joint control, at<br />
Peking, <strong>of</strong> the Ministries <strong>of</strong> Education and <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
Industry and Commerce (namely, the Department <strong>of</strong> Industry ;<br />
sec No. 464), and, in the pi'ovinces, <strong>of</strong> the Commissioner <strong>of</strong><br />
Education {see No. 827) and the Industrial Taotai {see Nos. 839<br />
to 839b).<br />
605. M'^^^^^ T'lr Hsiielr T'ang-, Schools <strong>of</strong> (Vafts;<br />
for boys over 12 years <strong>of</strong> age who have completed the course <strong>of</strong><br />
"Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the Jimior Gi-ade (see No. 577). These<br />
schools are foimd at Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> t-he Junior grade and <strong>of</strong>.<br />
the Senior grade and the coxu'se covei's, at most, four years, at<br />
least, six months. Instruction is su})])]ied<br />
in two courses : 1.<br />
"^ M ^ P'u^ T'ung^ K'o\ Course <strong>of</strong> (xeneral Education (ethics,<br />
Chinese literature, mathematics, phvsics, cherhistry, drawing axid<br />
callisthenics), and 2. X ^ %^ Kimg^ Yeh^ K'o\ Course in<br />
Crafts.<br />
Detailed regulations for Schools <strong>of</strong> Ci-afts were submitted<br />
in 1906 to the Throne bv tl)e Ministrv <strong>of</strong> Commerce. Bv<br />
these the enrollment <strong>of</strong> Schools <strong>of</strong> Crafts (to be equal in<br />
educational rating to Lower Schools <strong>of</strong> Trades and Handicrafts ;<br />
see No. 606) was fixed at 300, divided into six 3^ Pan^, Classes.<br />
Four classes follow (for from one halt to two years) the ^ JjK f^<br />
Su^ Ch'eng^ K'o\ Accelerated Course <strong>of</strong> Study ; the other tAvo<br />
-classes follow (for from three to four years) the ^^f3[<br />
[ 2:58 ]<br />
Wan' ('h'iian^
ntESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
K'o', Complete Course. .<br />
The<br />
first four classes include boys <strong>of</strong> 605a<br />
from twelve to fifteen years <strong>of</strong> age and the last two are made up ^q<br />
<strong>of</strong> boys from fourteen to twenty years <strong>of</strong> age. The subjects <strong>of</strong><br />
instruction are arranged as jg fi^ T'ung^ Hsiu\ General, or ^ fi(f<br />
Chuan^ Hsiu^, Special.<br />
Under the former are ethics, arithmetic,<br />
natural science, chemistry, history, draAving, callisthenics,<br />
Chinese literature, singing and character writing ; under the<br />
latter are metal working, wood working, lacquering, dyeing,<br />
pottery and manufacture <strong>of</strong> articles used in writing.<br />
By a Memorial from the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Industry<br />
and Commerce (dated the 6th August, 1909), and a Memorial<br />
from the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance, reporting on the former (dated<br />
22nd August, 1909), Schools <strong>of</strong> Crafts Avere reorganized as<br />
4» in "^ ^ X ^ •^. ^^ (^hungi<br />
(Ti'ui Liang3 Teng' Kung^<br />
Yell'' Hsueh^ T'ang'^, Lower and Middle Schools -<strong>of</strong> Trades and<br />
Handicrafts (see Nos. 606 avid 607).<br />
605a. PJW%^^§: (^hingi Shihi i^ T'u» Hsiieh^ T'ang^<br />
Peking (Metropolitan) School <strong>of</strong> Crafts. This institution, under<br />
the control <strong>of</strong> the Department <strong>of</strong> Industry <strong>of</strong> the "Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Asfriculture, Industry and Commerce (see Xo. 464), has been<br />
reorganized, following the general rule, as a Lower and Middle<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Trades and Handicrafts (see Nos. 606 and 607).<br />
606. Id ^ I ^ ^ ^ ^'li'i^' 'i^'^ng'^ i^"»g' Yeh* Hsiieh^<br />
T'ang"', Lower Schools <strong>of</strong> Trades and Handicrafts. These have<br />
been established in accordance with a Memorial from the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education—sanctioned by the Emperor<br />
on the<br />
3rd January, 1909,— for those who have completed the course<br />
<strong>of</strong> Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the .Junior grade (see No. 577); with a<br />
course <strong>of</strong> study covering three years. The instruction is<br />
arranged as ^^- ji fJf P'u^ T'ung^ K'o\ Course <strong>of</strong> General<br />
Education (etliics, CUiinese literature, mathematics, physics<br />
chemistr\-, drawin^^ rtnd Ojallisthenics — geography, history, natural<br />
science, music and singing ; optional), and ^ ^^ ^4<br />
[ 2H1) ]<br />
Shih^ Hsi'<br />
qqq
PKESENT DAY POLITICAI- OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
607 K'o\ Practical ('ourse (wood wovkino-, metal working, ship-<br />
f^Q building, electricity, mining, dyeing, pottery, lacquering,<br />
(KOR<br />
snry eying and draAving).<br />
607. t\*^XM^M Chungi Teng' Kungi<br />
Yeli^ Hsueh^<br />
T'ang', Middle Schools <strong>of</strong> Trades and Handicrafts ; open to<br />
those who have completed the course <strong>of</strong> Primary S
PKKSENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
.iffeetiiio- workmen, factory hygiene, English, calhsthenics, etc.), 609<br />
and I^C pt] p\ C'linan^ Men^ K'o', iSpeciahzing Course, which ^q<br />
\^ divided into 13 courses: 1. M f^ it ^ ^'l Ying^ Yung* q^^<br />
Una'' Hsiieh- K'o', Course in Industrial Chemistry, 2. i^ ^ Tfjf<br />
Jan' Se* K'o^ Course in Dyeing,- 3.<br />
;|| ^ fif Chi^<br />
Chih^ K'o\ Coui-se in Weaving Machinery, 4. ^ ^ f4 Chien-*<br />
Chu^ K'oS Course in Construction, 5. ^ ^ f3|- Yao^' Yeh* KW,<br />
Course in<br />
Pottery, G. ^ ^^J- flf Chi' Ch'i' K'o\ Coiu-.>c in<br />
^Machinery, 7. "H ^ >{j^ Tien' Ch'i' K'o\ Course in<br />
Electricity,<br />
''^- M^ it ¥ ^^ 'i^'en' Ch'i' Hua* Hsiieh^' K'o\ Com-sc in<br />
Electro-chemistry, 1). ± /fC<br />
T'u^* Mu* ^Jf<br />
K'o\ Coui'se in<br />
Yood and Eirth Defences, 10.<br />
fi^ ^| f^ Kung^ Yeh' K'o',<br />
ourse in Mining, 11. it lIS ^-4 ^sao' Cli'uan^ K'o',<br />
L'oursc in Shipbuilding, 12. f^ X ^^ Ch'i^ Kung'- K'o',<br />
Course in Lacquering, and 13. U ?f||| "^ ^^- T'u^ Kao'<br />
Hui'' Tlua* K'c', Course in Surveying and DraAving.<br />
C. Comincrcid I Schools :<br />
^'0'^ifrj<br />
^ ^r^ M. ^I'fnig^ Yeh^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Commercial<br />
Schools. These are under the joint supervision <strong>of</strong> the Ministries<br />
<strong>of</strong> Education and <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Tndustr\' and Commerce (Depart-<br />
ment <strong>of</strong> C'ommerce ; see No. 465)— at the Ca])ital — and <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Comm.issioner <strong>of</strong> Education (see No. 827) and the Industrial<br />
Taotai (5^6- Nos. 839 to 83 9 r.)— in the ])rovinces.<br />
610- ^j 'i ]^ 1^ ^ ^:
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
612 those "ivho have completed the course <strong>of</strong> Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Senior Grade (see No. 577a). The course <strong>of</strong> study consists <strong>of</strong><br />
two years at the ^ ^^\ Yii* K'o^, Preparatory Section, and three i<br />
years at the 7^ ^J[ Pen' K'o\ Specializing<br />
Section. At the<br />
former 30 hours <strong>of</strong> instruction are given weekly, at the latter<br />
there are 34 hours <strong>of</strong> instruction weekl}'.<br />
At the Preparatory Section instruction is given in ethics,<br />
Chinese literature, mathematics, geography, history, foreign<br />
languages, natural science, drawing and callisthenics.<br />
The Specializing Section is made up <strong>of</strong> two Courses <strong>of</strong><br />
Study : -W ii fJf P'u^ T'ungi K'oS Course <strong>of</strong> General Education<br />
(ethics, Chinese literature, mathematics and callisthenics), and<br />
X f^ ^^hih^<br />
f-4<br />
Hsi* K'o', Practical Course (commercial<br />
geogi'aphy, history <strong>of</strong> trade, foreign languages, general principles<br />
<strong>of</strong> the<br />
laws <strong>of</strong> trade and finance .<br />
book-keeping, differentiation <strong>of</strong> merchandise, etc.).<br />
the<br />
commercial code,<br />
ol2. m^'^M^^. Kao' Teng^' Shangi Yeh* Hsueh'<br />
T'ang^, Higher Commercial Schools ; open<br />
to those who have<br />
"completed the course <strong>of</strong> Middle Schools (see Nos. 580 to 582).<br />
The course includes one year at the ^ ^ Yii* K'o^, Preparatory<br />
Section, and three years at the 7^ |j{- Pcn^ K'o^ Specializing<br />
Section. In both Sections there are 36 hours <strong>of</strong> instruction<br />
weekly.<br />
At the Preparatory Section there is instruction in ethics <strong>of</strong><br />
commerce, commercial correspondence, mathematics, book-<br />
keeping, industrial chemistr}^, foreign languages, callisthenics,<br />
etc.<br />
At the .Specializing Section there is instruction in ethics <strong>of</strong><br />
commerce, commercial correspondence, commercial arithmetic,<br />
commercial geography, history <strong>of</strong> trade, book-keeping, differen-<br />
tiation <strong>of</strong> merchandise, financial law, statistics, civil code,<br />
commercial code, international law, foreign languages, laws <strong>of</strong><br />
commerce, callisthenics, etc.<br />
[ 242 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
D. Mercantile Marine Schools: 613<br />
613. ^ is ^ H Shang' Ch'uan- Hsueli^ T'ang^, ^q<br />
Mercantile jSIarine Schools ; under the supervision— at the<br />
Capital — <strong>of</strong> the Ministries <strong>of</strong> Education, <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Industry<br />
and Commerce and <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications, and, in the<br />
provinces, <strong>of</strong> the Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Education (5^^ No. 827) and<br />
the Industrial Taotai {sec Xos. 839 to 839b).<br />
614. ^ ^ (^ |& ^ 1; Ch'u^ TcngS Shang^ Ch'uan^<br />
Hsiieh- T'ang", Lower ]\Iercantile Marine Schools ; open<br />
to those<br />
who have completed the course <strong>of</strong> Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the Junior<br />
Grade {see No. 577). The course covers two years, and 30<br />
hours <strong>of</strong> instruction are given v/eekly. The instruction is<br />
arranged as: 1.<br />
j|jl '?@ ^-1 Hang' Hai^ K'o\ Course in<br />
Navigation, and 2. ^ fj^ ^3|- Chi^ Lun^ K'o', Course in Marine<br />
Engineering. The former includes instruction in ethics, Chinese<br />
literature, mathematics, geography, general principles <strong>of</strong><br />
navigation and the transport <strong>of</strong> cargo by water, callisthenics,<br />
etc. ;<br />
the latter comprises ethics, Chinese literature, mathematics,<br />
physics, chemistry, general principles <strong>of</strong> marine engineering,<br />
practical machine drawing, callisthenics, etc.<br />
615. 4t^"|^|§^^ ChungV Teng^ Shang' Ch'uan^<br />
Hsiieh" T'ang^, Middle Mercantile Marine Schools ; open to<br />
those who have completed the course <strong>of</strong> Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Senior Grade {see No. 577a).<br />
the ^ fij-<br />
The course includes two years at<br />
Yil'' K'o\ Preparatory Section, and three years at<br />
the /ji ^\ Pen' K'o^, Specializing Section ; there arc 30 hours<br />
<strong>of</strong> instruction weekly at each Section.<br />
The Preparatory Section furnishes instruction in ethics,<br />
Chinese literature, mathematics, geography, history, natural<br />
science, foreign languages, drawing and callisthenics.<br />
The Specializing Section is sub-divided into : 1. ^% \^ ^Jf<br />
Hang=^ Hai^' K'o\ Course in Navigation, and 2. :j§ |^ f4 Chi^<br />
Lun- K'o^, Course in Marine Engineering. As W 3^ f^ @<br />
[ 243 ]<br />
«., p.
PKKSI^XT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
\<br />
616 P'u' T'ling^ K'o^ Mn*, Subjects <strong>of</strong> General Education, there are<br />
to taught in hoth these Courses : ethics, Chinese literature, ,<br />
giy mathematics, physics, chemistry, geography, drawing, foreign<br />
languages and callisthentics. Also, as ^ ^ flj- g Shih^ Hsi*<br />
K'o^ Mu'*, Practical Subjects, instruction is given in :<br />
1. In the Course in Navigation: legislation affecting the<br />
mercantile marine, uaA'igation, general principles <strong>of</strong> marine<br />
engineering, shipbuilding (as a science), etc.<br />
2. In the Course in ]Marine Engineering : mechanics,<br />
dynamics, applied dynamics, general principles <strong>of</strong> electricity, etc.<br />
616. Wi 'S '^ M ^ ^ ^^>^o' Teng3 Shang^ Ch'uan'<br />
HsUelr T'ang^, Higher Mercantile ^Marine Schools ; open to<br />
those who have completed the course <strong>of</strong> ]Middle Schools (see Xos.<br />
580 to 582). The coiu-se <strong>of</strong> study is <strong>of</strong> five and one half yeai-s<br />
duration for the |^ X^ flj- Hang^ Hai^ K'o\ C'ourse in Naviga-<br />
tion, and. <strong>of</strong> five years duration for the ^ ^.^ ^^\ Chi^ Lun^ K'o^,<br />
Course in Marine Engineering ;<br />
34 hours <strong>of</strong> instruction weekly.<br />
The subjects making up the Course in Navigation are<br />
ethics, Chinese literature, foreign languages (English is<br />
compulsory; Kussian, French, German, Japanese and Korean are<br />
optional), mathematics, physics, chemistr}-,<br />
•<br />
commercial law,<br />
commercial geography, general principles<br />
<strong>of</strong> law, commercial<br />
legislation, navigation, shipbuilding (as a science), the mechanics<br />
<strong>of</strong> shipping, ship hygiene, financial law, marine law, etc.<br />
The Course in ^Marine Engineering provides for instruction<br />
in ethics, Chinese literatm-e, foreign languages (as above),<br />
mathematics, physics, dynamics, chemistry, electricity, etc.<br />
617. At Middle Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools there ma}- be<br />
established :<br />
1-<br />
programme.<br />
;"'] P^ Pieh"^ K.'o\ Special Courses with shortened<br />
2. j^ fij- HsLian^ K'o\ Selected Coiu-ses ; for providing<br />
instruction in one or other branch <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essional education.<br />
[ 244 J
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,<br />
3. ^ Xj] p^ Cliuan^ Kung^ K'o\ Specializing Courses ; for 617a<br />
those who have completed the course <strong>of</strong> Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools and ^q<br />
wish to further pei'fect themselves in their chosen speciality (the o-.^<br />
course covers one year for the Course in Agriculture, or two<br />
years for the Course in Trades and Handicrafts), and<br />
i- -^ f^ ^4 Chuan^ Hsiu^ K'o\ Special Courses at<br />
Mercantile Marine Schools.<br />
617a. At Higher Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools there may be<br />
estalilished :<br />
1 . ^ X^J f^I" Chuan^ Kung^ K'o\ Specializing Courses ; for<br />
those who have completed the course <strong>of</strong> Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools and<br />
wish to further perfect themselves in some speciality,<br />
2-<br />
?ll f^ HsiJan' K'o\ Selected Courses ; for selected<br />
branches <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essional education (course covering one year),<br />
3- ^ M^M.M^ WV ^^hih^ Yeh* Chiao* Yuan^ Chiang^<br />
Hsi- So^, Courses for Training Teachers for Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools<br />
{see No. 620),<br />
'i- * ¥ K H ^ ^ Chungi rp.^^gs gj^ii^c Yeh-' Hsueh^<br />
T'ang^, Middle Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools, and<br />
5- ^H^^W-ii^^ Shih^ Yeh* Pu^ Hsi^ P'u'<br />
Schools <strong>of</strong> Pr<strong>of</strong>essional and General<br />
T'ung HsUeh* T'ang^<br />
Education {see No. 599).<br />
617b. The following schools may be considered as Pr<strong>of</strong>es-<br />
sional Schools :<br />
1. W.Wj^^ K"iig' Wu* Hsiielr T'ang^, Mining Schools,<br />
2- M f# it ^ Wt ^^ung- Wu* Chiang^ Hsi^ So^ Agricul-<br />
tural Schools {see No. 770c),<br />
3. M # ^ ^ Nung2 Lin^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^,<br />
Agriculture and Forestry,<br />
Schools ol<br />
^- ^ # ^ ^ Sen^ Lifi^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Schools <strong>of</strong><br />
Forestry, and<br />
5- E MM'^¥i Ts'an^ Yeh* Chiang' Hsi^ So% Schools<br />
<strong>of</strong> Sericulture (in Chekiang<br />
; reorganized, in accordance with a<br />
[ 245 ]
618<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Memorial from the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education <strong>of</strong> the 6th May, 1909,<br />
as a Higher Agricultural School ; see No. 603).<br />
In addition to the abOve-mentioned, by the programme <strong>of</strong><br />
measures to be accomplished by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
Industry and Commerce during the period 1908 to 1914<br />
(sanctioned by the Emperor on the 8th April, 1909), the<br />
following schools, which come into the category <strong>of</strong> Pr<strong>of</strong>essional<br />
Schools, ai*e to be established in the provinces :<br />
In 1909 :<br />
M^'M^ ^A Ts'an^ Yeh^ Chiang^ Hsi^ So^ Schools <strong>of</strong><br />
Sericulture, and<br />
^^ B It H ^r Ch'a' Wu-^ Chiang^ Hsi^ Tea Growing.<br />
So^ Schools <strong>of</strong><br />
In 1910 :<br />
M # ^P ^ ^^""g' Lin^ Hslielr T'ang^ Schools <strong>of</strong> Agriculture<br />
and Forestry (see above).<br />
In 1911 :<br />
iM B W^ ^ K"ns' Wu* Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Mining Schools<br />
(see above).<br />
In 1912 :<br />
M ^ ^- B ^^ "'ung2 Shih^ Pan^ Jih* Hsueh^ T'ang^,<br />
Agricultu.ral Schools with half -day sessions (compare No. 579).<br />
In 1913 :<br />
Surgerv.<br />
iJt ^^ l^ ^ Shou^ I' Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Schools <strong>of</strong> Veterinary<br />
In 1914:<br />
§1 it^ ^fi ^ Mei^ Shu'* Hsiieh- T'ang", Schools <strong>of</strong> Fine Arts.<br />
Normal Schools :<br />
618. ^iPtE'^-^ Shih^ Fan* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Normal Schools<br />
(Pedagogic Institutes).<br />
the pr<strong>of</strong>ession <strong>of</strong> teaching.<br />
These schools train pupils for following<br />
Normal Schools are arranged as :<br />
1- ^^W. U la f^ ^ Ch'ui Chi2 Shih^ Fan" Hsiieh^<br />
T'ang^ Ljower Normal Schools,<br />
[ 24G ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
2. ^^ 0[Tl<br />
It ^ ^ Yu^ Clii^ Shihi Fan^ Hsueli^ T'ang^ 618i.<br />
Higher Normal Schools (see No. 618b).<br />
3. ^ 7- 0i}J M ^ ^ Nu3 Tzu^ Shih^ Fan^ Hsuch^ T'ang'-i,<br />
Female Normal Schools (see No. 619), and<br />
4- MMW: M.M^ ?JX Shih2 Yeh'' Chiao'' Yiian- Chiang^<br />
Hsi' So^, Schools for Training Teachers for Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools<br />
{see No. 620).<br />
618a. ^ 1^ ^tjj It p ^t<br />
Ch'u^ Chi^ Shihi Fan^ Hsiieh*<br />
T'ang^, Lower Normal Schools ; for the training <strong>of</strong> teachers for<br />
Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the Junior Grade and Senior Grade (see<br />
Nos. 577 and 57 7 A). The full course <strong>of</strong> study covers five years<br />
hours <strong>of</strong> instriiction are given weekly.<br />
The establishment <strong>of</strong> Lower Normal Schools at all the<br />
principal towns <strong>of</strong> Departments and Districts is to be compulsory.<br />
At present they are found only at provincial* capitals. The<br />
instruction has been arranged in two courses, i.e. ^ ^ ^ $4<br />
Wan^ Ch'iian^ HsLieh* K'o\ Complete Course, and ^ ^ fif<br />
Chien^ I' K'o', Abridged Course. Also, in the principal towns<br />
ol Departments and Districts there have been instituted ^j)j It '^<br />
^ ^ Shih^ Fan* Ch'iian^ Plsi^ SoS Normal Institutes, at which<br />
scholars Avho have completed the Abridged Course <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Lower Normal School (at the provincial capital) act as teachers.<br />
In addition to the above-mentioned, there have been<br />
instituted at Lower Normal Schools : a ^ ]}§ fij-<br />
Preparatory Section, for providing preliminary<br />
Yii* Pel* K'o\<br />
instruction for<br />
those who desire to join Normal Schools, and /J> ^ HfU |t ^ ^ Bt<br />
Hsiao^ Ilsiich^ Shih^ Fan'* Chiang^ Hsi^ So^, Courses for<br />
Teachers <strong>of</strong> Primary Schools, for supplementing the education<br />
<strong>of</strong> Primary School Teachers who have attended the Normal<br />
Institutes mentioned above.<br />
The Complete Course <strong>of</strong> Lower Normal Schools includes<br />
instruction in ethics, reading and commenting oti the Classics,<br />
Chinese literature, uedagogy, history, geography, mathematics,<br />
I 247 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
natural science, physics, chemistry, character writing, drawing-<br />
and callisthenics— foreign languages, agricultural and commercial'<br />
subjects and crafts are optional.<br />
The Abridged Course provides for instruction in ethics,,<br />
pedagogy, Chinese literature, history, geography, mathematics,,<br />
natural science, drawing and callisthenics.<br />
Eligible<br />
for enrollment at LoAver Normal Schools are those<br />
"vvho have completed the course <strong>of</strong> Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Senior Grade (see No. 577a). At _<br />
these schools there SLve<br />
Primaiy Schools where the students give probationary lessons.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> a Lower Normal School there is a Director<br />
(sec No. 635). Subordinated to him are Teachers (see No.<br />
637), .<br />
Assistant<br />
Teachers (see No. 638) and Proctors {see<br />
No. 646;.<br />
In charge <strong>of</strong> the Primary School <strong>of</strong> a Normal School there<br />
is a >J^ !^ p ^ 'g* Hsiao^ Hsueh^ Pan^ Shi¥ Kuan\ Primaiy<br />
School Inspector, who controls the /J^ ^ Ws M. Hsiao^ Hsiieh^<br />
Chiao^ Yiian-, Primary School Teachers, and the JB, W ^ Shu*'<br />
Wu* Yiian^, Steward (see No. 641).<br />
Completion <strong>of</strong> the course <strong>of</strong> Lower Normal Schools carries<br />
with it the following privileges :<br />
Those who graduate Avith one <strong>of</strong> the three senior ratings<br />
are eligible for appointment as teachers in Primary Schools<br />
<strong>of</strong> various types and receive the degree <strong>of</strong> ^j^ ^^ ^ ^ ;^ Shih^<br />
Fan^ K'o^ Kung* Sheng^. The first rating carries with it sixth<br />
class rank (l/U :^ po fj Chia^ Liu\ P'in=* Hsien^);<br />
the second<br />
rating places the graduate on the list <strong>of</strong> preferential candidates<br />
for the post <strong>of</strong> ^^ ^ Chiao* Yii* (see No. 857) ; the third rating<br />
places the graduate on the list <strong>of</strong> preferential<br />
the post <strong>of</strong> pjll ^ Hsiin* Tao* (see No. 857).<br />
candidates for<br />
Those »vho attain the fourth rating on graduation are given<br />
a diploma and are eligible for employment as Assistant Teachers<br />
at Primary Schools and, after a period <strong>of</strong> obligatory service, may<br />
[ 248 ]<br />
1<br />
k<br />
I
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIO.V OF CHINA.<br />
be given the degree <strong>of</strong> |i]5 f£ ^ M ^ Shihi Fan* K'o^ Kung* 618b<br />
ShGng\ with the title ^ll| a^ Hsiin'' Tao* (see abo\-e).<br />
Those who attain the fifth rating merel}' obtain a document<br />
certifying<br />
attendance at a Lower Normal School.<br />
618b. @ I^ ^tiJ la J^ ^ Yu^ Chi^ iShil.i Fan* Hsiieh'<br />
T'ang^, Higher Normal School ; furnishes training for teachers<br />
for Lower Normal Schools (see No. 618a) and Middle Schools<br />
{see Nos. 580 to 582). The course <strong>of</strong> study covers three years<br />
and there are 36 hours <strong>of</strong> instruction weekly. These. schools are<br />
established at the Capital and at all provincial capitals and the<br />
students are drawn from the ranks <strong>of</strong> graduates <strong>of</strong> Lower<br />
Normal Schools (sec No. 618a) and Middle Schools (see Nos.<br />
580 to 582).<br />
Daring the first year students <strong>of</strong> Higher<br />
Normal Schools<br />
follow the -^it.^ll- Kung^ Kung* K'o\ General Course, comprising<br />
ethics, the origin <strong>of</strong> the Classics, Chinese literature, Japanese<br />
literature, English literature, logic, mathematics and callisthenics.<br />
From the second year begins the '^f^ f-f Fen^ Lei* K'o^,<br />
Specializing Courses, made up <strong>of</strong> :<br />
1. Chinese literature and foreign languages,<br />
2. Geography and history,<br />
3. Mathematics, chemistry and physics, and<br />
4. Botany, zoology, mineralogy and physiology.<br />
General subjects taught in all these course.^ are.: ethics, the<br />
essence <strong>of</strong> the Classics, pedagogy, ps^'chology and callisthenics.<br />
The Specializing Conrses cover three years and those who<br />
com]>lete them may, should they wish, take the /j[J ^ jfif Chia^<br />
Hsi'- K'o^, Supplementary Course, which extend.- one year and<br />
calls for the presentation <strong>of</strong> a thesis on its completion.<br />
There are later to be instituted I^ fff ^}\ Chuan^ Hsiu^<br />
K'o', Special Courses, and ^^S^ ^}\ Hh,iian^ K'o',' Selected Courses.<br />
On completion <strong>of</strong> the coui\se <strong>of</strong> Higher Normal Schools<br />
the following privilege- arc granted :
TKESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Those who graduate with the first rating- receive the degree<br />
<strong>of</strong> Wl lii $\ ^ A i^hili' Fan^ K'o^ Chii^ Jen^, are ehgible for<br />
teaching positions at Middle Schools or at Lower Normal Schools<br />
and hecome preferential candidates (^ 5t ^" ffl<br />
Chin* Hsien^<br />
Pu^ Yung*) for the post <strong>of</strong> j^ [g f|4 § Nei* Ko^ Chimgi gi^.^i<br />
[see No. 137). They are granted, at the same time, fifth class<br />
rank (Ifn jE n" i? ^^'hia^ Wu^ P'in^ Hsien^).<br />
Thpse who attain the second rating on graduation are<br />
granted the degree <strong>of</strong> || |g ^3f ^ A Shih^ Fan' K'qI Chii^<br />
Jen^ [sec aho^e), are eligible for teaching posts as mentioned<br />
above and become preferential candidates for the post <strong>of</strong> rf» ^<br />
fjf l^t ^ Chmigi Shii^ K'o^ Chnngi Shu' (see No. 137a).<br />
Those who graduate with the" third rating receive the<br />
aegrec <strong>of</strong> ^ijj ||T ^.l\ ^ A Shih^ Fan* K'©'. ChiiMen^ (^e.- above),<br />
are eligible for emplo}ment as teachers in various schools (as<br />
above) and become preferential candidates for the post <strong>of</strong> nj f^<br />
Ssu' Wu* (see No. 296). Those who attain the fourth rating<br />
receive a diploma, are eligible for employment as Assistant<br />
Teachers at Middle Schools or Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the Senior<br />
Grade and, ;>,fter one years obligatory- service, receive the degree<br />
<strong>of</strong> m li ^' ^ A Shih^ Fan* K^o' Oliii^ Jen' and the title<br />
^ ^- ^^ ^ # Chung^ Shu' K'o' C^hungi Shu^.<br />
Those who complete the com-se with the fifth rating receive<br />
a document certifying attendance at a Higher Normal School<br />
and are eligible for temporary employment as Assistant Teachers<br />
at Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the Senior Grade.<br />
At Higher Normal Schools there are found: 1. Middle<br />
Schools (see Nos. 580 to 582), and 2. Primary<br />
Schools <strong>of</strong><br />
the Jr.nior and Senior Grades (sec Nos. 577 and 577a). Also,<br />
should necessity arise, there may be established ; 1.<br />
^ ^Jf Pan* Jih* Hsiao' Hsueh^ K'o\ Half-day<br />
rrf^ >J»<br />
Courses <strong>of</strong><br />
Primary School Instruction (see No. 579), and 2. >J, p ^<br />
[ 250 ]
PRESENT .DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
^ 7^ Hsiao' Hsiieh* Pii' HsP K'o\ Supplementary Courses 6l8o<br />
<strong>of</strong> Primary School Instruction.<br />
^q<br />
The establishment <strong>of</strong> a iJt ^ 1f ^ If Chiao* Yu* Po^<br />
q^q<br />
Wu^ Kuan', Pedagogic Museum, is obligatory at Higher<br />
Normal Schools.<br />
The Administi'ation <strong>of</strong> Higher Normal Schools is similar<br />
to that <strong>of</strong> Higher Schools {see No. 583a). For the schools<br />
functioning within Higher<br />
Normal Schools there are : a<br />
*|< ^ 1$ ^ '^ Chungi Hsiieh^ Pan* Shih* KuanS Director <strong>of</strong><br />
the Middle School, i^ ^ ^ B,
HESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
610a Eligible for admission to Female Normal Schools are girla<br />
over 15 years <strong>of</strong> age who have completed<br />
the course o£<br />
Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the Senior Grade {see No. 578.) The object<br />
<strong>of</strong> Female Normal Schools is to train teachers for Female<br />
Primary<br />
Schools. The course covers four \'ears and 34 hours<br />
instruction are given weekly. The instruction includes ethics,<br />
pedagogy, Chinese literature, history, geography, mathematics,<br />
natural science, drawing, sewing, handiwork, music, singing<br />
and callisthenics.<br />
For girls wishing to join the ^jfj ^<br />
^4 Shih^ Fan* K'o%.<br />
Pedagogic Section, and needing improvement in their education,<br />
there may be instituted a ]^ li^ ^-4 ^^i^ ^^^'^^ K'o\ Pi-eparatory<br />
Section, with instruction similar to that supplied during the<br />
third and fourth vears <strong>of</strong> studv at Female Primary Schools <strong>of</strong><br />
the Senior Grade.<br />
Oblioatorv at Female Normal Schools is the establishment<br />
<strong>of</strong> : Female Primary Schools {see No. 578) and Elementary<br />
Schools (for children <strong>of</strong> tender age) {see No. 575), at which the<br />
students <strong>of</strong> the Normal Schools act as teachers.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> a Female Normal School there is a ^ "^<br />
Chien^ Tu\ Mistress Subordinated to her there are ^ ^<br />
Chiao* Ilsi', Teachers, glj % ^ Fu^ Chiao'^ lisi^ Assistant<br />
Teachers, and ^.^ Chien' Hsiieh^, Proctors. Further, there arc<br />
the /> # ^ ^ :! Hsiao=^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Vawg" Chang%<br />
Inspectrcss <strong>of</strong> the Primary School, and the ^ ^ ^ P^ ;^<br />
Meng' Yang^ Yiian' Yiian'' Chang^, Inspectress <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Elementary School.<br />
To the staff <strong>of</strong> Female Normal Schools there ma}' be added<br />
a Manager, a Secretary and a Steward {see No. 578).<br />
619a. '^^UiKl'Mi^^^ Ohingi Shihi Nii* Tzu^<br />
Shih^ Fan"* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Peking (Metropolitan) Female<br />
Normal School ;<br />
established in accordance with a Memorial from<br />
the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education (sanctioned bv the Emperor on the<br />
[ 252 ]
PKESEXT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
4th Jul J, 1908). At first only a f^ ^ jfj}<br />
Chien^ I* K'o', 620<br />
Abridged Course <strong>of</strong> Study, was supplied, the course covering ^q<br />
two years. Later the ^ ^ ^ Wan^ Ch'uan^ K'o\ Complete ag-<br />
Course <strong>of</strong> Study, was instituted, covering four j^ears.<br />
620. g ^ # M it ^ ^r ^hih^ Yeh* Chiao* Yuan^<br />
Chiang^ Hsi- So-^, Schools for Training Teachers for Pr<strong>of</strong>essional<br />
Schools; open to those who have completed the coarse <strong>of</strong> ^Middle<br />
Schools (sre Kos. 580 to 582) or Lower Xormal Schools (see<br />
No. 618a) and desire to devote themselves to teaching at the<br />
various Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools (^see No. 598), Schools <strong>of</strong><br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essional and Gieneral Education (see No. 599) and Schools<br />
<strong>of</strong> Crafts (src No. 605). They<br />
are established in the<br />
Agricultural (src No. 590), Poly technical (see No. 591) and<br />
Commercial (see No. 592) Department <strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong> or at<br />
Higher Agricultural Schools (see No. 603), Schools <strong>of</strong> Trades<br />
and Handicrafts (see No. 608) and Commercial Schools (see<br />
No. 612).<br />
These schools are arranged as: 1. M^^jlM.^^Bt<br />
Nung^ Yeh^ Chiao* Yiian^ Chiang' Hsi^ So^, Schools for Training-<br />
Teachers for A gricultural Schools, 2. j^ i| ^j[ M ^ ^ Ff<br />
Shang^<br />
Yeh* Chiao^ Yiian- Chiang' Hsi^ So', Schools for<br />
Training Teachers for Commercial Schools, and 3. T.f+c^fl^<br />
It ^ B^ l^""g' Yeh^ Chiao^ Yiian^ Chiang'^ Hsi^ So', Schools<br />
for -Training Teachers for Schools <strong>of</strong> Trades and Handicrafts.<br />
The coiu'se <strong>of</strong> the first two covers two years ; the course <strong>of</strong> the<br />
latter covers three years for the ^ ^ jfif Wan^ Ch'iian'' K'o\<br />
Complete Course, or one year for the ^ J^ ^}\ Chien' I* K'o^,<br />
Abridged Course.<br />
Special<br />
Schools :<br />
621. .^ PT ^ ^ Chuan- Men^ HsUeh' T'ang-, Special<br />
Schools ; their courses <strong>of</strong> study place these in the category <strong>of</strong><br />
Higher Schools (compare No. 583b).<br />
Special Schools include :<br />
[ 253 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATIOX OF CHIXA.<br />
621 A 1- "^WlJivM^^: I^^ei-* Chon* Fa^ Clicng* HsiieM<br />
T'ang^, College <strong>of</strong> Law and Administration for Princes and]<br />
Noble?, at lacking (No. 622).<br />
2. fJi^^^^ Fa-* Cheng* Hsiielr T'ang^,<br />
'<br />
Colleges <strong>of</strong>'<br />
Law and Administration, at Peking and in the provinces {see<br />
No. 623),<br />
^- fi ^ ^ ^ F^' I^ii' Hsiicli' T'ang-, College <strong>of</strong> Law,<br />
at Peking {see No. 624),<br />
4. ^ ^ 1^ I^ Hsiieh^ Kuan', College <strong>of</strong> Interpreters, at<br />
Peking {see Xo. 625),<br />
5. j^' ^ ^ ^ Fang^ Yen^ Ilsiielr T'ang^ Colleges <strong>of</strong><br />
Languages, in the provinces {see No. 626),<br />
6. ^^^^-"'W' MM^m-^^^ ^ieng" Wen^ Kao^ Teng'<br />
Hsueh^ T-ang', Higher School <strong>of</strong> Mancliu and Mongolian<br />
Tjonguages {see No, 627), and<br />
7. ffl 4 ^ ^ Ch'iV Fn* Hsiielr T'ang^ College <strong>of</strong><br />
History and Philology at Ch'iifu {see No. 627a).<br />
621a. In addition to the a])ove-mcntioned, the following<br />
schools, under the joint supervision <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education<br />
and various other Go^'crnment <strong>of</strong>iices, may be considered as<br />
Special<br />
Schools :<br />
1- m^'M'M^^ Kao^ Teng^ Hsinr Ching^ Ksiieh^<br />
T'ahg^, Higher Police Schools, at Peking and in the provinces —<br />
directly supervised by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Interior {sec No. 522).<br />
2. ^J^tJC^M 'jLVai=^ Chengi Hsiieh^ T-ang^, Financial<br />
(<strong>Political</strong> Economy; College, at Peking — directly supervised by<br />
the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance {see No. 568),<br />
3- ft f# !^ ^ &li* Wu* Hsiieh^ T'ang-, Customs<br />
College, at Peking— directly supervised by the Board <strong>of</strong> Customs<br />
Control {sec No. 252),<br />
4. IM !? M i *^ ^<br />
I-^i' Chiini Kuei^ Chou* Hsiieh^<br />
T'ang^, Military School for Princes and Nobles— directly<br />
supervised by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War {see No. 713),<br />
[ 254 ]
PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
5. li Llj 5& 4|( P ^ T'ang2 ShaiT^ Lii* Kxing^ Hsiieli^ ^^Ib<br />
T'ang^, Kaihvay and Mining College at T'angshan— directly<br />
supervised by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications [see<br />
No. 786),<br />
^<br />
6. ^'M^'M. Cluli'^ Fien^ Hsiieh== T^lng^ College <strong>of</strong><br />
Mongolian and Tibetan Languages, at Peking— directly supervised<br />
by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Dependencies {see No. 499), and<br />
7. ji 12 P ^ ^'^"' 55 ]
PUESEXT DAY POLITICAL OKO AXIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
622 622. "i: ^ '^ gr ^.^ Kuel' Chou^ Fa' Clieno-* llsiicli*<br />
T'ang^, Collc
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
and administrative education ; the Lecture Course has been 622a<br />
extended to three years — one year <strong>of</strong> general education and two to<br />
years <strong>of</strong> special (legal and administrative) education ; and a qoo<br />
1^ flffl f4 Yii^ Pei* K'o\ Pre'paratory Section, with a course <strong>of</strong><br />
study <strong>of</strong> two years duration, and providing 32 hours instruction<br />
weekl}', has been introduced. At the Preparatory Section thei"e<br />
are taught : ethics, Chinese literature, history, geography,<br />
mathematics, natural science, drawing and callisthenics.<br />
All males between the ages <strong>of</strong> 18 and 30 years who are<br />
Clansmen, Princes or bearers <strong>of</strong> hereditary titles— as Avell as<br />
their sons— if they are not in the Government service or enrolled<br />
in Government schools, are obliged to join the College. Children<br />
<strong>of</strong> Clansmen,<br />
as well as Manchu and Chinese <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the first<br />
two ranks, are accepted at the College, on completion<br />
<strong>of</strong> the<br />
course <strong>of</strong> Middle Schools (see Xos. 580 to 582), after a test<br />
examination.<br />
Supplementary Pegulations for the College<br />
<strong>of</strong> Law and<br />
Administration for Princes and Nobles (providing for the changes<br />
mentioned above) were drawn up by the Curator and sanctioned<br />
by the Emperor on the 21st December, 1909.<br />
622a. At the head <strong>of</strong> the College <strong>of</strong> Law and Administra-<br />
tion for Princes and Xobles there is a |,|j {^ Tsung^ Li^, Curator.<br />
Subordinated to him there are : 1. two Directors (see No.<br />
635), 2. one J§ |^ T'i^ Tiao*, Preceptor, 3. Teachers (number<br />
not fixed ; see Xo. 637), 4. two Proctors (see No. 646), 5.<br />
^ f2 'B* Shu^ Chi* Kuan\ Secretaries, 6. Accountant (see No.<br />
643), 7. Steward, and 8. Tutor (sec No. 640).<br />
623. :^ ^iTl VS fl^ ^ ^ Chingi Shihi Fa* Cheng"* Hsiieh^<br />
T'ang", College <strong>of</strong> Law and Administration, at Peking ;<br />
established in accordance with a jMemorial from the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Education, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 2nd Februaiy,<br />
1907, for the purpose <strong>of</strong> preparing students for a judicial or<br />
administrative career. The course <strong>of</strong> study covers five years ;<br />
17<br />
[ 257 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OE CHINA.<br />
the first two years are spent at the ^ ^ Yii* K'o\ Treparatory<br />
Section, and the remaining three at the IH ^ Cheng' K'o',<br />
Specializing Section. The latter has two courses <strong>of</strong> study :<br />
1. J&. Y^ ?^ Cheng* Chih* Men^, Cc>in-se in and 2. J^ ^ P']<br />
Administration,<br />
^^^ Lii* Men^, Course in Law.<br />
At this College there are also found : 1. |j!j f?{- Pieh-* K'o',<br />
Special Course, <strong>of</strong> three years duration, and 2. |f ^ flj-<br />
Chiancy' Hsi^ K'o^, Lecture Course,. covering one year and a half,<br />
providino- lectures,onadministrativeand financial laAV, for <strong>of</strong>ficials.<br />
For the Preparatory Section there are yearly accepted,<br />
after a test examination, 200 students. They must be between<br />
the a.o-ei-' <strong>of</strong> tAventy and twenty -five years, <strong>of</strong> good behaviour,<br />
physirally strong and educated to the standard reached by<br />
Mif'dle Schools (see Nos. 580 to 582). For the Special Course<br />
t^iere are yearly accepted, after a test examination, 100 students.<br />
These must be less than 35 years <strong>of</strong> age, be employed at the<br />
various<br />
literary<br />
Ministries or other Government <strong>of</strong>fices, or possess<br />
degrees — not higher than ^ A Chii^ ,Icn^, Graduate<br />
(Bachelor <strong>of</strong> Arts). For the Specializing Section <strong>of</strong> the College<br />
there are chosen 200 students from the ranks <strong>of</strong> those who have<br />
completed the course <strong>of</strong> the Preparatory Section,<br />
corresponding education, after a test examination.<br />
or externs <strong>of</strong><br />
The subjects <strong>of</strong> study at the Preparatory Section include :<br />
ethics, Chinese literature, Japanese, history, geography, mathe-<br />
matics, natural science, logic, general outline <strong>of</strong> law, principles <strong>of</strong><br />
financial law and callisthenics. The Course in Administration <strong>of</strong><br />
the Specializing Section provides instruction in : ethics,<br />
" Institutes <strong>of</strong> the Reigning Dynasty," laws <strong>of</strong> the Ta Cli'ing<br />
Empire, State law, constitutional law, administrative law, civil<br />
law, criminal law, commercial ,<br />
law, general international law,<br />
special international law, political, economy, financial law,<br />
sociology, history <strong>of</strong> international relations, statistics, Japanese,<br />
English and callisthenics. The subjects taught in the Course in<br />
[ 258 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Law <strong>of</strong> the Specializing Section are : ethics, " Institutes <strong>of</strong> the 623a<br />
Reigning Dynasty," h\ws <strong>of</strong> the Ta Ch'ing Empire, history <strong>of</strong><br />
Chinese legislation, history <strong>of</strong> foreign -legislation, constitutional<br />
law, administrative law, civil law, criminal law, commerical law,<br />
•civil law proceedings, criminal law proceedings, general interna-<br />
tional law, special international law, prison administration,<br />
Japanese and callisthenics.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the College <strong>of</strong> Law and Administration, at<br />
Peking, there is a Director (see Xo. 635). He has subordinated<br />
to him : L One Preceptor [see jS^o. 636), 2. Teachers (number<br />
not fixed ; see Xo. 637), 3. Two Tutors (see No. 640), 4.<br />
Librarian {see No. 639), 5. Steward (see No. 641),<br />
6. Secre-<br />
tary (sec No. 642), 7. Accountant (see No. 643), 8. Tavo<br />
Clerks <strong>of</strong> Works (see No. 644), and a ^ ^ fij- IJj}. ^ 'g* Chiang^<br />
Hsi^ K'o^ Pan'' Shih'* Kuan', Inspector <strong>of</strong> Lecture Course for<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials (see above).<br />
623a. 'iJ^itJC^'M Fa^ Cheng^ Hslieh^ T'ang-, Colleges <strong>of</strong><br />
Law and Administration, in the provinces. The course <strong>of</strong> study<br />
<strong>of</strong> these Colleges is similar to that <strong>of</strong> the Special Course <strong>of</strong> the<br />
College <strong>of</strong> Law and Administration at Peking (see No. 623) ; the<br />
duration <strong>of</strong> the course is not uniform in all provinces. In Chihli<br />
the course covers two years — half a year at the f$, fif Yii^ K'o^,<br />
Preparatory Section, and one year and a half at the TJ^f^j- Pen^ K'o^,<br />
Specializing<br />
Section ;<br />
in<br />
Anhui the course includes two years for<br />
the fM ^ M (^'liien^ I^ K'o\ Abridged Course, and one year for<br />
the ^ ^ ^'i Pu^ Hsi^ K'o^, Supplementary Course; in Chekiang<br />
the course covers one year and a half, etc.<br />
The enrollment <strong>of</strong> the Colleges <strong>of</strong> Law and Administration<br />
varies in different- provinces (in Chekiang it is 200, in Chihli 120,<br />
and in Shantung and Anhui 60).<br />
Instructions from the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education, dated the<br />
9th March, 1907, directed that the provincial Colleges <strong>of</strong> Law and<br />
Administration introduce— following the example <strong>of</strong> the Peking<br />
I 259 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
623b College <strong>of</strong> Law and Administration {see No. 623), a course <strong>of</strong><br />
to ^ It ^ -^ 14 i:\Aen^ Yii* Hsueh^ Chuani K'o\ Prison Admini-<br />
624 stration, as a speciality to which students <strong>of</strong> the first section <strong>of</strong><br />
Higher Schools (preparing to attend the Department <strong>of</strong> Law <strong>of</strong><br />
the <strong>University</strong> ; see No. 583) may devote themselves for a year<br />
and a half.<br />
623b. For particulars as to ^ '^M^ P(<br />
• !^su' Fa*<br />
Chiang' Hsi^' K'oS also ^ ^l] ^ ^ M Shen^ P'an* Chiang^ Hsi^<br />
So^, Courses <strong>of</strong> Lectures on Law, instituted at Colleges <strong>of</strong> Law,<br />
see No. 758b.<br />
624. fi ^ ^ ^' Fa^ Lil^ Hsii^h^ T'ang^, College <strong>of</strong><br />
Law, at Peking ; founded in accordance with a Memorial from<br />
the President <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education— sanctioned by the<br />
Emperor on the 3rd August, 1905— with the object <strong>of</strong> providing<br />
judicial education for <strong>of</strong>lncials. The course <strong>of</strong> study<br />
covers three<br />
years (also, there is a j^ /jJJ .jfjf Su^ Ch'eng^ K*o^, Abridged Course^<br />
<strong>of</strong> one year and a half).<br />
At the College are taught : laws <strong>of</strong> the Ta Ch'ing, Ming<br />
and T'ang Dynasties, legislation now in force, history <strong>of</strong><br />
legislation in <strong>China</strong> (from olden times), general outline <strong>of</strong> law,<br />
principles <strong>of</strong> political economy. State law, Koman law, civil law,-<br />
criminal law, constitutional law, commercial law, civil and<br />
criminal law proceedings, international law (general and special),<br />
administrative law, prison administration, judicial practice, laws-<br />
<strong>of</strong> commercial companies, laws <strong>of</strong> bankruptcy, general principles<br />
<strong>of</strong> finance, foreign languages and callisthenics.<br />
At the Head <strong>of</strong> the College <strong>of</strong> Law at Peking there is a<br />
Director {see No. 635); subordinated to him are: 1. The<br />
Preceptor {see No. 636), 2. Eight Teachers {see No. 637),.<br />
3. Librarian {see No. 639), 4. Steward {see No. 641), 5.<br />
Secretary {see No. 642), 6. Accountant {see No. 643), 7. Clerk<br />
<strong>of</strong> Works {see No. 644), 8. Inspector<br />
[ 2G0 .]<br />
<strong>of</strong> Dormitories (see No..
TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
645), 9. Proctors (sec No. 646) and 10. Assistant Inspector 535<br />
<strong>of</strong> Dormitories (sec No. 647).<br />
625. ^^i^ I^ Hsiieh^ Kuan^ College <strong>of</strong> Interpreters, at<br />
Peking ; established with the object <strong>of</strong> preparing young men<br />
who have completed the course <strong>of</strong> Middle Schools (see Nos. 580<br />
to 582) for transacting affairs dealing with foreigners. The<br />
enrollment is 200 ; the course <strong>of</strong> study covers five years and<br />
36 hours <strong>of</strong> instruction are given weekly. There are five<br />
courses for instruction in foreign i.e. languages, 1. ^ "^ ^i^<br />
Yingi Wen^* K'o\ Course in English, 2. f^ ^ ^4 Fa'^ Wen^<br />
K'oS Course in French, 3.<br />
f|^ ^ ^Jf E* Wen* K'o', Course in<br />
Russian, 4. f^ '^ ^3f Tc^ ^yen^ K'o', Course in German, and<br />
5. H ^ i5C # Jil^' JPen^ Wen- K'o', Course in Japanese.<br />
In addition to language study, in each <strong>of</strong> the courses<br />
mentioned. above there is instruction during the first two years in<br />
^ jM ^' ^^'^'^ T'ung^ Hsiieh", General Education (ethics, Chinese<br />
literature, history, geography, mathematics, natural science,<br />
physics, chemistry, drawing and callisthenics), and, during the<br />
remaining three years, in !^ P^ ^ Chuan^ Men" Hsiielr, Special<br />
Education (international law, political economy and pedagogy).<br />
Young men between the ages <strong>of</strong> 12 and 20 years, having<br />
a good knowledge <strong>of</strong> Chinese, free from impediments in speech<br />
and physically strong, are accepted as |Jf^ ^ Fu* Hsiieh^, Special<br />
Students. They are not distinguished from the ordinary students<br />
as regards study and privileges granted.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the College <strong>of</strong> Interpreters there is a<br />
Director (see No. 635). He is in charge <strong>of</strong> a staft' madie<br />
up <strong>of</strong>: 1. Preceptor (see No. 636; also gij ^ =^ Fu-* Chien^<br />
TuS Assistant Director), 2. ^ P5 ^ |^ ^<br />
Chuan^ Men2<br />
Hsiielr Chiao* Yiian^, Teachers <strong>of</strong> Special Subjects, 3. ^j> ^<br />
^Wl ^ ^^ai* Kuo- Wen^ Chiao^ Yuan^ Teachers <strong>of</strong> Foreign<br />
Languages, 4. ^ Jl ^ f^ M P'^^' T'ung^<br />
Yiian^, Teachers <strong>of</strong> General Subjects, 5.<br />
[ 2G1 ]<br />
Hsiieh^ Chiao*<br />
Bjj ^ Chu* Chiao*,
n.'RSENT DAY ^^OLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Assistant Teachers, 6. Steward {see No. 641 ; also ^Ij ^ ^<br />
Fii* Chien^ Tu', Assistant Director), 7. Secretary {see No.<br />
642), 8.<br />
i(^ ^ 1^ Shoui Chihi Kuan', Treasurer, 9. Clerk o£<br />
Works (see No. 644), 10. Inspector <strong>of</strong> Dormitories (see No.<br />
645), 11. Proctor (see No. 646), and 12. Assistant Inspector<br />
<strong>of</strong> Dormitories {see No. 647).<br />
Completion <strong>of</strong> the course <strong>of</strong> the College <strong>of</strong> Interpreters<br />
carries with it the following privileges :<br />
Those who graduate with the first rating receive the<br />
degree <strong>of</strong> ^ \ ^ M Chu^ Jon^ Ch'u^ Shen\<br />
are enrolled as<br />
preferential candidates for the post <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ Chu' Shih* (sec No.<br />
292)— at the Capital— or ifJI'/fl Chih2 Li" Chou^ (see No. 851)—<br />
in the provinces, and join the Faculty <strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong> (in Avhatever<br />
department they choose) or are sent abroad for furtlier study.<br />
Those who complete the course with the second rating<br />
receive the degree Chii^ Jen'- Ch'u^ Shcn^ (as above), perform<br />
duty as interpreters at the Wai Wu Pu in Peking,<br />
title |?3 Pj|] rfi ^ Nei" Ko- Chungi Slmi (see No. 137),<br />
with the<br />
or are<br />
appointed to the provinces for interpreting, or for dealing with<br />
affairs concerning foreigners, as ^D ,^ Chih^ Hsien" (see No.<br />
856). A staff <strong>of</strong> interpreters and Consiils for service abroad is<br />
chosen from the ranks <strong>of</strong> those who attain the second rating.<br />
Those who attain the third i-ating receive the degree <strong>of</strong> ;^ ^<br />
Chii' ,Jen^ (see Nos. 629b and 631) and are appointed, at the<br />
Capital,<br />
to the various Ministries as Officials <strong>of</strong> the seventh rank<br />
(sec No. 299) or, in the provinces, as 3^ ^]] T'ung^ P'an"* (see<br />
No. 849a). They may also take positions as teachers <strong>of</strong> foreign<br />
languages<br />
ia Middle Schools. Those who attain the fourth<br />
rating remain for repeated study ; should they again fail to<br />
attain one <strong>of</strong> the three senior ratings, and be uuAvilling to study<br />
longer, they receive a document certifying<br />
attendance for the<br />
full period at the College <strong>of</strong> Interpreters and are eligible for<br />
employment as teachers <strong>of</strong> foreign languages. The students who^<br />
[ 2G2 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
graduate with the fifth rating merely<br />
receive a Hst <strong>of</strong> their 625a<br />
examination marks. tO<br />
625a. ^ ^ ^ Wen^ Tien' Ch'u*, Committee for Diction- q2q<br />
ary Compilation ; at the College <strong>of</strong> Interpreters. This Committee<br />
is to compile a dictionary for English and Chinese, French and<br />
Chinese, Russian and Chinese, German and Chinese, and<br />
Japanese and Chinese. Each dictionary is to be arranged in<br />
three divisions, i.e. Chinese Language — Foreign Language,<br />
Foreign Language— Chinese Language, and Special Expressions.<br />
The Committee is under the supervision <strong>of</strong> the Director <strong>of</strong><br />
the L'ollege <strong>of</strong> Interpreters (sec No. 625) and consists <strong>of</strong> : 1.<br />
a llg ^ Tsu»g3 Tsuan^ Chief Compiler, 2. Two ^ ^ Fen^<br />
Tsuan^, Compilers, 3. a ^ ^ Fan' P, Translator (Interpreter),,<br />
and 4. a ^ ^ Shu^ Chi^, Secretary.<br />
626. yj W ^^ Fang^ Yen^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^, -Colleges <strong>of</strong><br />
Languages, in the provinces. The object <strong>of</strong> these institutions is<br />
identical with that <strong>of</strong><br />
'<br />
the College <strong>of</strong> Interpreters at Peking<br />
{see Ko. 625 ; compare also No. 311), i.e. to prepare men<br />
qualified for diplomatic service and for teaching<br />
in Middle<br />
Schools {see Nos. 580 to 582). The course <strong>of</strong> study is arranged<br />
in two sections : 1. Preparatory, providing a course in English,.<br />
a course in Russian and a course in Japanese, extending over<br />
two years, and 2. Special, with a course covering three<br />
years.<br />
The Special Course supplies instruction in : arithmetic,<br />
Chinese, geography, history, chemistry, philosophy, psychology,<br />
international kiw, natural science and callisthenics. The<br />
Preparatory Course includes the study <strong>of</strong> : arithmetic, the first<br />
principles <strong>of</strong> algebra, Chinese literature, geography, history,,<br />
principles <strong>of</strong> chemistry, principle <strong>of</strong> natural philosophy, the<br />
Classics, natural science, drawing and callisthenics.<br />
As students at the Colleges <strong>of</strong> Languages there are accepted<br />
those who have completed the course <strong>of</strong> a Middle School.<br />
[ 263 ]
626a<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
The description <strong>of</strong> the organization <strong>of</strong> Colleges <strong>of</strong> Languages<br />
to given above is that <strong>of</strong> the College in Fengt'ien province ; those<br />
627<br />
®^ other provinces are <strong>of</strong> practically similar organization.<br />
Completion <strong>of</strong> the course <strong>of</strong> study <strong>of</strong> Colleges <strong>of</strong> Languages<br />
carries with it the privileges attained by those "who complete the<br />
coui'se <strong>of</strong> the College <strong>of</strong> Interpreters at Peking (see No. 625).<br />
626a. 75f W ^ ^ M Fang^ Yen=^ I* Hsi^ So^ Practical<br />
Courses in Foreign Languages ; held at Moukden. These were<br />
instituted for the benefit oE substantive and expectant <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong><br />
^ ^ Fengt'ien province. They owe their inception to a<br />
Memorial <strong>of</strong> the ex-Governor-General <strong>of</strong> Manchuria, f^jH:^ Hsii"<br />
Shih^-ch'ang^, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 25th April, 1909.<br />
The students attending these courses are divided into two<br />
groups : one group is taught at day sessions (the<br />
full course<br />
covers two years) and one group attends night sessions (the full<br />
course coveirs three years).<br />
627. MM^^^ ^ 'M Man2 Meng^ Weh^ Kao^ Teng^<br />
Hsiieh- T'ang% Higher School <strong>of</strong> Manchu and Mongolian<br />
languages ; established in 1908, at Peking, to provide men<br />
versed in the ]Manchu and Mongolian languages. The<br />
school has two Courses: 1. j^ ^ ^ ^ij- Man^ Meng^<br />
Wen^ K'o\ Course in Manchu and Mongolian Languages,<br />
and 2. ^ jJc f-j- Tsang^ Wen'^ K'o', Course in Tibetan. Each<br />
Course, in turn, is made up ^<br />
<strong>of</strong> two sub-divisions : 1 .<br />
Yii* K'o\ Preparatory Course (covering two years)<br />
^ 7fi[<br />
^^<br />
and 2.<br />
Pcn^ K'o', Specializing Course (extending over three years).<br />
Also, there is a ^Ij ^3[ Pieh"* K'o\ Special Course,<br />
with a term <strong>of</strong><br />
three years, for those not over 35 years <strong>of</strong> age who possess a<br />
literary degree not higher than ^ \ Chii^ Jen', Ciraduate<br />
(Bachelor <strong>of</strong> Arts), or are in the Government service.<br />
The enrollment <strong>of</strong> the Preparatory and Specializing Courses<br />
is 120 for each; that <strong>of</strong> the Special Course is 80.<br />
[ 264 -]
PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL, ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
As students at the Higher School o£ ]Manchu and 627a<br />
Mongolian Languages there are accepted persons who have<br />
completed the course <strong>of</strong> Middle "Schools (580 to 582). At<br />
first, as an exception, there Avere accepted as students persons<br />
not over 25 years <strong>of</strong> age who were well versed in Chinese and<br />
had some knowledge <strong>of</strong> ]\Iancliu and Mongolian. _<br />
The subjects <strong>of</strong> study include philosophy (Chinese), Chinese<br />
literature, general outline <strong>of</strong> law, history, geography, arithmetic,<br />
natural science, physics, algebra, trigonometry, general principles<br />
<strong>of</strong> financial law and political economy, statistics, criminal law,<br />
administrative law, international laAv, topograjshy, drawing and<br />
tracing, constitutional legislation, laws <strong>of</strong> the Ta Ch'ing Dynasty,<br />
theory <strong>of</strong> colonization^ geography and history <strong>of</strong> Manchuria,<br />
Mongolia and Tibet, calhsthenics, etc. Russian, Japanese and<br />
veterinaiy sui-gery are optional subjects.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the School there is a Director {see No. 635).<br />
He has a staff consistiiig <strong>of</strong>: 1. Preceptor {see No. 636),<br />
2. "^M^'X^kB. ^Jan^ Meng== Yu^ Wen- Chiao* Yiian',<br />
Teachers <strong>of</strong> Manchu and Mongolian, 3. Wt^ ^M^^Wi ^<br />
Tsang'* Yii^ Tsang^ Wen- Chiao^ Ytian-, Teachers <strong>of</strong> Tibetan,<br />
4. # ti f^ P ^ 1 Ko^ (liung* K'oi Hsiieh' Chiao* YuanS<br />
Teachers <strong>of</strong> Sciences, 5. ^>C^^;^^^M^^* ^^^«n^<br />
Yingi Wen^ Tung^ Yang^ Wen^ Chiao* Yiian^, Teachers <strong>of</strong><br />
Russian, English and Japanese, 6. Steward {see No. 641),<br />
7. Secretary {see No. 642), 8.. Treasurer {see No. 643), 9.<br />
Clerk <strong>of</strong> AVo-ks {see No. 644), 10. Inspector<br />
<strong>of</strong> Dormitories<br />
{see No. 645), 11. Proctor {see No. 646), and 12. Assistant<br />
Inspector <strong>of</strong> Dormitories {see No. 647).<br />
627a. itfi .f . ^ ^ Ch'iii Fu^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^ College<br />
<strong>of</strong> History and Philology at Ch'iifu {see No. 621 ; compare,<br />
also. No. 621b). This College was established on the recom-<br />
mendation <strong>of</strong> ^ ^B, ^ lA^ng" Ting^-feni, late Provincial Judge<br />
<strong>of</strong> Ilupeh {see No. 830), see Decrees dated the 6 th and 14th<br />
[ 205 ]
PltESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
628 January, 1907, with sums granted by the Throne, at the district,<br />
town <strong>of</strong> Ch'ijfu (in the^ j-J*) f^ Yen^ Chou^ PV prefecture<br />
<strong>of</strong> Shantung), the birth-place and burial-place <strong>of</strong> Confucius.<br />
The College has two courses <strong>of</strong> study :<br />
Jl^ ifj[ Yti* K'o^,,<br />
Preparatory Course, similar to the programme <strong>of</strong> Middle<br />
Schools {see No. 580), and jhf-l" Cheng'* K'o', Specializing Course,,<br />
supplying instruction in the (Classics, history and literature.<br />
For the Preparatory Course there are accepted scholars<br />
who have completed the course <strong>of</strong> Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the Senior<br />
Grade (sec No. 577a); for the Specializing Course there are<br />
accepted scholars who have completed the Classical Coiu'se o£<br />
Middle Schools (see Nos. 580 and 581) or the course <strong>of</strong> Lower<br />
Normal Schools (see No. 618a).<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the College there is a ^ § Chien' Tu^,,<br />
Director {see No. 635); to this position<br />
the above-mentioned<br />
Liang Ting-fen was appointed {see report <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Education, dated 7th February, 1910).<br />
A college similar to the College <strong>of</strong> History and Philology<br />
at Ch'iifu has existed for many years in Hupeh province under<br />
the title <strong>of</strong> ^ -^ !^M 'i's'^n' i^^' Hsiielr T'ang^ (compare<br />
also No. 621b).<br />
EXAMINATIONS AND LITERARY DEGREES.<br />
628. It has already been mentioned {sec No. 574) that<br />
the occupancy <strong>of</strong> public posts in <strong>China</strong> was dependent— until a<br />
short time ago — upon the possession <strong>of</strong> literary degrees (<strong>of</strong><br />
Metropolitan Graduate, Provincial Graduate or Licentiate—<br />
with their various gradations). These degrees were obtained at<br />
M S^ K'ao^ Shih^ Examinations, <strong>of</strong> tliree kinds: I. ^ ^.<br />
Hsiang^ Shih'*, Provincial Examinations (held, as a rule,<br />
triennially, in the autumn, at the provincial capital), followed by<br />
2 ^ ^ Hui^ Shih*, Metropolitan Examination (held at<br />
[<br />
26G<br />
]
PRESt;\T DAY I'OLITJCAi. OliG ANIZ ATK)X OF CillN'A.<br />
Peking the following spring), and 3. ^^ ji^ Tien* Shih*, Palace<br />
Examination (following immediately after the Metropolitan<br />
Examination), after which the award <strong>of</strong> final degrees Avas made.<br />
Also, there were special examinations— in celebration <strong>of</strong><br />
auspicious public events— styled }^^ |j^ En^ Shih^, Examinations<br />
held by Imperial Favour. The Provincial and ^Metropolitan<br />
Graduates were respectively styled ^ K'o^ and tp Chia'^ (the<br />
comljination <strong>of</strong> the tAvo terms jfJ[ t}3 K'o^ Chia^, commonly<br />
meant "Graduate").<br />
On the 2nd September, 1905, following a ]Memorial from<br />
^ 11" 01 ^"i^'sii" Shih^-k'ai^, ex-Governor-General <strong>of</strong> Chihli, an<br />
Imperial Decree was promulgated recognizing that the system<br />
<strong>of</strong> competition for literary degrees was effete— as events had<br />
shown—and directing its abolition from the year 1906. At the<br />
same time the various Governors-General and Governors Avere<br />
inst.iicted to take steps towards increasing the number <strong>of</strong><br />
schools— the completion <strong>of</strong> the courses <strong>of</strong> these to replace the<br />
competitive examinations as a means <strong>of</strong> obtaining<br />
the various<br />
literary degrees. HoAvever, as a special case {see report <strong>of</strong><br />
the Committee <strong>of</strong> Ministers, dated the 19th ^larch, 1906)<br />
permission has been granted for holding the examinations in<br />
1909 and 1912 for the degrees <strong>of</strong> ^ g' ^ Pa'^ Kiing* Sheng^<br />
and ^^ ^ Yui Kung^ Sheng^ (see No. 629a).<br />
At present, a transitory period, the Higher Schools<br />
(previous to 1909) and, furthermore, the <strong>University</strong> — completion<br />
<strong>of</strong> the courses <strong>of</strong> which serves as a means <strong>of</strong> attaining the highest<br />
literary degrees— having graduated no classes, the acquisition <strong>of</strong><br />
degrees is possible only<br />
to those Avho have been educated<br />
abroad—after passing examinations at the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education<br />
and at the Palace {see Xos. 630 and 652c to 652e).<br />
All Avho attained literary degrees previous to the promiilgation<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Edict (<strong>of</strong> 1905) mentioned above have been directed, vf'iih.<br />
a view to the advancement <strong>of</strong> their education, to join the<br />
[ ->G7 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
6S9 ft ^ ft Shih* Hsiieh^ Kuan^ (see Nos. 595 and 595a), the<br />
to li ± It Chin* Shih* Kuan3 (see No. 596) or the M M t^ ^^'o'<br />
629a LiVKuan^ (see Nos. 597 and 597a).<br />
629. By the old system <strong>of</strong> examinations, abolished Ly the<br />
Decree <strong>of</strong> the 2nd September, 1905 (see No. 628), a person<br />
wishing to obtain the first literary degree ^ ^ Hsiu* Ts'ai- (see<br />
No. 629a)— such a person was designated as |^ ^ Chiin* Hsiu*,<br />
had first to pass an examination before the Magistrate <strong>of</strong> his<br />
district. A certificate <strong>of</strong> merit from the Magistrate enabled the<br />
candidate for literary honours lo style himself ^ ^^ T'ung^<br />
Sheng\ Avhich may be taken as equivalent to " Student."<br />
The candidate ranking first on the Magistrate's list received<br />
the distinguishing title <strong>of</strong> ^ "^ An^ Shou'.<br />
629a. % ';^ Hsiu* Ts'ai', Licentiate; the first literary<br />
degree (literary designation, ^ ^ Sheng' Yiian^). This<br />
degree was awarded by the Literary Chancellor (see No. 827a)<br />
at examinations held in prefectural cities (the highest candidate<br />
on the list also received the title ^ ^' An^ Shou' ; compar^^ No.<br />
629). The successful candidates were divided into two groups:<br />
PM ^ Fu* ShengS Licentiates <strong>of</strong> the First Class, and if ^<br />
Tseng^ Sheng\ Licentiates <strong>of</strong> the Second Class. Also, the<br />
highest candidates were granted ^ 'X, Kao^ Huo^, Government<br />
Stipends, and for this reason they were known as ]^ ^ Lin'<br />
Sheng^or S jp ^ Lin^ Shan^ Sheng^, Stipendiaries.<br />
The Licentiates as a whole Avere known generally as ^ ^<br />
Kung* ShengS Senior Licentiates, z.e., 1.<br />
,^, M ^ ^^^^ Kung*<br />
Sheng\ Senior Licentiates by Imperial Favour — having<br />
passed at one <strong>of</strong> the so-called ,g, gj^ kn^ Shih* (see No. 628),<br />
2- ^ M ^ Fa^ Kung'* Sheng\ Senior Licentiates <strong>of</strong> the First<br />
Class— having passed at the examination held every 12 years,<br />
3- ilj m. ^ Fu* Kung* ShengS or ^ ^ r^ ^"i' ^""8"*<br />
Sheng\ Senior Licentiate <strong>of</strong> the Second Class— senior by virtue<br />
<strong>of</strong> the d«ie <strong>of</strong> their success at the examination or because <strong>of</strong><br />
[ 2G8 ]
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
their age ; Unsalaried Licentiates, and 4. f^ H ^ ^^^^ Kung^ 629b<br />
Shpng\ Senior Licentiatiss <strong>of</strong> the Third (Jlass— those having<br />
shown noteworthy achievements at the regular examination.<br />
Also, Licentiates <strong>of</strong> the First Class (Fu* Sheng^ ; see abo\'e)<br />
might obtain the degree <strong>of</strong><br />
|5^ ^ ^ Fu* Kung* Sheng^ by-<br />
purchase.<br />
629b. I^ /\_ Chii* Jen^ (literary designation, ^ ^<br />
Hsiao* Lien"-), Provincial Graduate (Bachelor <strong>of</strong> Arts) ; the<br />
second literary degree ; conferred at the so-called ^ ^ Hsiang^<br />
Shih* {see No. 628) by the JE ^ 'g' Cheng'' K'ao^ Kuan^<br />
(literary designation, ;/c 1^ ^ "^^^ Tsung' Ts'ai" ; ordinary<br />
designation, ^^ ^ ^ Ta'* Chu^ K'ao^), Examiner appointed from<br />
Peking.<br />
Of some ten to twelve thousand competitors, commonly<br />
described as ;J; ^ Shih* Tzu', Scholars, barely three hundred at<br />
the utmost received degrees. The successful candidates, whose<br />
names appeared in an <strong>of</strong>ficial list styled n| Ji^ |^ Lung^ Hu^<br />
Pang^, were said to have r|4 ^ Chung' Chii^, Attained a Degree,<br />
and were thenceforth known as :|^ ^ Chii^ Jen^, Promoted Men.<br />
In addition to the list <strong>of</strong> successful scholars, about forty<br />
candidates, whose showing was adjudged as scarcely inferior to<br />
their successful companions, were enrolled in a secondary list,<br />
styled glj ^ Fu^ Pang^, a description <strong>of</strong> proxime accessit, their<br />
names in this manner securing the honour <strong>of</strong> publicity although<br />
they failed to secure the degree.<br />
The first on the list <strong>of</strong> graduates received the honorary title<br />
<strong>of</strong> ^ TC Cliieh* Yiian^, the following four were styled |^^ 5^<br />
Ching' K'uei-, while the next thirteen received the designation<br />
j^ K'uei^ or ^]^ ^ Hsiang' K'uei^. Finally, the degree <strong>of</strong> ;^^<br />
Chii^ Jen^, was sometimes bestowed as an honorary reward upon<br />
candidates over 80 or 90 years <strong>of</strong> age who had presented<br />
themselves at successive examinations without success— on their<br />
complying with certain specified requirements.<br />
[ 2G9 ]
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHlJfA.<br />
629c G29c. i^i Chin* Shih'*, ]\[etropolitan Graduate (Doctor);<br />
the third and highest literary degree ; conferred at the ^ ^<br />
Hui* Shih^ (see Ko. 628) following a ^ si^ Fu* Shih^ Test<br />
Examination. Those proving successful at this examination<br />
(usually some three hundred and twenty-five to three hundred<br />
and fifty out <strong>of</strong> six thousand competitors) were known by the<br />
general designation <strong>of</strong> ^ ^{^ Kung*<br />
Shih'*. Some were<br />
distinguished further, i.e. the first as ^ 7^ Hui* Yiian^, the<br />
second to the fifth as ^^, 5^- Ching^ K'uei-, and the sixth to the<br />
thirteenth as ^ ^ Hui* K'uei^ The degree <strong>of</strong> Chin^ Shih*<br />
was ])estowed only, after the so-called ^ ^ Tien'* Shih^ (see No.<br />
628), Palace Examination. The essays composed at this<br />
examination were scrutinized and classified by a special<br />
committee <strong>of</strong> Imperial Revisers, called f^ ^ ;;t E Yiieh* Chiian'*<br />
Ta* X'h'en-, and the confirmation <strong>of</strong> the degree was made after<br />
the tfJl ^ Ch'ao^ K'ao^, Court Examination, at which the theme<br />
<strong>of</strong> the essay to be composed Avas selected b}' the Emperor himself.<br />
The examinations completed, the successful scholars were<br />
received in audience by the Emperor and those highest on the<br />
list received various posts at the National Academy (see supra);<br />
the others were given appointments either to provincial posts—<br />
District Magistrate — or to minor positions in the Six Boards at<br />
Peking or the Grand Secretariat.<br />
The scholar ranking first among the ^letropolitan Graduates<br />
received the title <strong>of</strong> ;}jj^- ^ Chuang* Yrian^. The recipient <strong>of</strong><br />
this, the highest literary award, attained the rank <strong>of</strong> f|^ f||<br />
Hsiu^ Chuan* (see No. 200a). The graduate ranking second in<br />
order <strong>of</strong> merit at the Court Examination received the title <strong>of</strong><br />
(§ fl| Pang- Yen3 and the third that <strong>of</strong> ^ ^^ T'an* Hua'; both<br />
these cimdidates were invested with the rank <strong>of</strong> |^ jff Pien^<br />
Hsiu' (see No. 200b). The three graduates mentioned made up<br />
the — tp I^ Chia"', First Class, <strong>of</strong> the year and were styled<br />
'M± Ik^j Chin^ Shih* Chi^ Ti*.<br />
[ 270 ]
PRESENT DAY POMTICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHINA.<br />
Those graduating highest in the Second ('lass, ZL Ej^ Ki'h^ 629d<br />
'Chia^, at the Court Examination received the title <strong>of</strong> ^ Jjj^ -^q<br />
Ch'uan^ Lu^ and were invested Avith the rank <strong>of</strong> ;^ ^ C'hien^<br />
T'ao^ (see No. 200c) ;
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHIXA<br />
directing their bestowal on students completing<br />
the various types <strong>of</strong> schools in a satisfactory manner.<br />
the courses <strong>of</strong><br />
There are five distinct examinations held at the schools :<br />
1- eg ff^ # ^ ^in' Shih- K'so^* Shih% Periodic<br />
Examination (once a month),<br />
2. m m n M Hsiieh^ Ch'ii K'ao^<br />
Examination (held twice a year), and<br />
'<br />
Shih% Semestral<br />
3- ^ ^ -^ U Hsiieh^ Xien^ K'ao^^ ShihS Annual<br />
Examination.<br />
The above-mentioned examinations are carried on by the<br />
administration <strong>of</strong> the school concerned.<br />
and<br />
4. ^ m^^U Pi' Yeh* K'ao^ Shih^ Final Examination, \<br />
5. ^^^U Shcngi Hsiieh- Iv'ao^ ShihS Examination<br />
for Advancement to a School <strong>of</strong> Higher Gradino-.<br />
The two last-mentioned exammations are carried on— at<br />
Peking— by <strong>of</strong>ficials deputed by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education and—<br />
in the provinces— by deputies <strong>of</strong> the Governor-General or<br />
Governor.<br />
At all examinations the " one hundred mark total " is used.<br />
Conforming to the percentages received in the examinations<br />
students are arranged according to five ratings : 1. :^ f^ ^<br />
Tsui* Yu^ Teng', Excellent (80 to 100^, 2. ff ^ Yui Teng^,<br />
Good (60 to 80), 3. ^^ Chung' Teng\ Satisfactory (40 to<br />
60), 4. ~F ^ Hsia-i Teng^ Unsatisfactory (20 to 40), and 5.<br />
:1 T ^ Tsui* Hsia* Teng^ Very Poor (1 to 20).<br />
Dependent on the type <strong>of</strong> school and on the attainments <strong>of</strong><br />
the candidates at the final examinations, the following degrees<br />
are conferred (in ascending scale): 1. ft ^ P Sheng^ 2.<br />
H ^ Fu* 8Mng\ 3. if /^ Ts-ngi Shengi, 4. /^ ^ Lin'<br />
ShOngS 5.- ff ;^ ^ Yu' Lin^ SliengS 6. -^ J( Sui* Kung*,<br />
^- fl M Yu' Kimg\ 8. ^ ^ Pa- Kung\ 9. M ^<br />
Kung* Sh^ngS 10.<br />
gij ^ Fu* Pang^, 11. ^ \ CM^ Jen^,<br />
r 272 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
and 12. jg ± Chin* Shih* (<strong>of</strong> two grades, i.e. |rI ii ± ffi :^ 632<br />
T'ung2 Chin* Shih* Ch'u^ Shen^ and ig ± ^ :^<br />
Ch'ui Shen^).<br />
Chin* Shih*<br />
For particulars as to which schools appertain the various<br />
degrees see the descriptions <strong>of</strong> the se ral types <strong>of</strong> schools.<br />
ADMINISTRATION OF SCHOOLS,<br />
632. |§ Ji Tsung^ Li^ Curator; at the head <strong>of</strong> the College<br />
<strong>of</strong> Law and Administration for Princes and Nobles {see No. 6 22 a).<br />
This post is held by a Prince or High Ofl^cial <strong>of</strong> the Empire.<br />
at the head<br />
'632a. ^ ^^ Tsung^ Pan*, Curator ; formerly<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Military School for Princes and Nobles. This post is now<br />
abolished {see No. 713a).<br />
633. ;;c^l!iiE^ Ta* Hsiieh^ Tsung^ Chien^ Tu^ Eector <strong>of</strong><br />
the <strong>University</strong>; 3a, at the head <strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong> {see No. 593).<br />
634. iK^^^P:^^ Ta* Hsueh^ Fen^ K'o^ Chien^<br />
Tu^, Department Dean ; at the head <strong>of</strong> the Faculty <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong> {see No. 593) ; directly subordinate<br />
to the Rector <strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong> {see No. 633).<br />
635. ^ § Chien^ Tu\ Director. This <strong>of</strong>ficial is found at<br />
Middle and Higher Schools {see Nos. 582 and 583a), Middle<br />
and Higher Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools (^ee No. 598), Normal Schools<br />
<strong>of</strong> Lower {see No. 618a) and Higher {see No. 618b) Grades,<br />
College <strong>of</strong> Law and Administration for Princes and Nobles {see<br />
No. 622a)j Colleges <strong>of</strong> Law and Administration, at Peking {see<br />
No. 623) and in the province {see No. 623a), College <strong>of</strong> Law<br />
{see No. 624), College <strong>of</strong> Interpreters {see No. 625), Colleges <strong>of</strong><br />
Languages {see No. 626), College <strong>of</strong> Manchu and Mongolian<br />
Languages {see No. 627 \ '^^ollege <strong>of</strong> History and Philology at<br />
Ch'iifu {see No. 627a), etc. He is the direct and administi-ative<br />
chief <strong>of</strong> these institutions.<br />
635a. ^ ^ Hsiao* Chang^, Director ; at Primary Schools<br />
<strong>of</strong> both grades {see No. 577b) and at Lower Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools.<br />
{see No. 598).<br />
18<br />
[ -^73 ]<br />
^O<br />
635a
xssaEST st^ix canrA.<br />
t^-i's- ^^ TSoar ""-:?' -r" Hri". V; : ja<br />
i-rti - -^"er Sc^-3iZ S: :<br />
11 MHii'i f~<br />
Jj^<br />
:s*. «is^<br />
' X«L &S\ wmtL. «i& ti:<br />
At<br />
-r? iZ^<br />
liif U:<br />
E ^- :<br />
*« :"<br />
:t X^<br />
Tiw* «r ft<br />
rtar Imt Xos. Z<br />
5«L «3i6><br />
^1 TTT). H Hill I^Jhi^j iif<br />
If.<br />
rr '1*<br />
I
""SlE^EyT 5'iT F^-TLfTTlAi ''JTEfiAJniXATIWiT "Vy "^WTWJL.<br />
Sckool£ar : :' ^hs ((mf Sbl 713a); ^<br />
to idke - . , ? .<br />
Pmeceg-c^'<br />
^ f? "<br />
"5^<br />
sBf . laasffiff ; ssbsBOiafiaae^ as<br />
C-.nii^ fif L«r aoid A: ^-attHn aft P^ai^ C^e* ^Si«. S23) 1t»<br />
tii£ Fi.mc|iior (Tssr 'S9. isr^jh.<br />
---'- ~. ^MM §*«* ^"^ T'k' 'Iffl«^* SfiewRBHl; aft l&e<br />
ir!iz~T7'-:~ ji?« ^Msu MCS> and aft ttBois fJVA^e (s£ lafaMf nefeegs f^s!?<br />
_ - ^ 1? S ^li^ Wi(* Cfaagfy SttEflpramfi : j^ Rotkbtw"<br />
Seo:< -<br />
: :<br />
~ ' jiv Gnde^ H%&er SduMiki, ese. |£ H ^<br />
»a^ Was" Yiid«' ^ BM^^M. ^^ ^"^ ^^ Twa^^<br />
Ssgward ; at odko* fsthoolE.<br />
Tk SlUL'iJMHt B sabBfiniaL at «fe IFatt»
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
644 644. mBt Tsa^ Wu^ Kuan^ or ^i ^ ^<br />
Tsa» Wu*<br />
to Ytian^, Clerk <strong>of</strong> Works ; at the <strong>University</strong> and Higher Schools<br />
fifiO ^^^ schools o£ corresponding grade ; subordinated to the Steward<br />
(see No. 641).<br />
645. ^ ^ f^ ^ Chai^ She* T'i2 Tiao* (at the <strong>University</strong>),<br />
W^^ Chai* She^ Chang', ^ ^ ^ Chai* Wu* Chang^ or<br />
^ ^ ^ M Chai* Wu* Wei^ Yiian- (at other schools—where<br />
there are doniiitories)— Inspector o£ Dormitories ; subordinated,<br />
at the <strong>University</strong> {see No. '593), to the Dean (see No. 643), and,<br />
at other schools, to the Director (see No. 635) ; appointed from<br />
the ranks o£ Pr<strong>of</strong>essors or Teachers (sec No. 637).<br />
646. ^ ^ 'g* Chien^ Hsiieh^ Kuan' or ^ ^ M.
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
651. Scheme <strong>of</strong> gradation <strong>of</strong> schools <strong>of</strong> various types 651<br />
^<br />
i^ ic ;^ ;^c @ k<br />
m m m ^ m m<br />
m m m n m m.<br />
m m M,<br />
4t tp<br />
^<br />
^<br />
I<br />
^<br />
[ 277 ]<br />
m<br />
la
662<br />
^<br />
652 a<br />
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
CHINESE STUDENTS ABROAD.<br />
g52. ^^.0 ^M^ ^^'^ ^<br />
Yu2 Hsiieh^ Sheng^ Cliien' Tu^ Chnl^ Inspectorate<br />
Kuau=^ LP Jih* Pen»<br />
<strong>of</strong> Chinese<br />
Students in Japan ; at the Chinese Legation at Tokyo.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Inspectorate is a ^ =^ Chien^ Tu\<br />
Controller, appointed from the Legation Secrett\ries,<br />
on the<br />
recommendation <strong>of</strong> the Chinese ^Minister at Tokyo^ by the<br />
Ministrj^ <strong>of</strong> Education.<br />
The Inspectorate is arranged in four sections or depart-<br />
ments :<br />
Section.<br />
1- B.^ ^ Shu'' Wu* K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> General Affairs,<br />
2.<br />
•§• It f^ Hui* (K'uai^) Chi* K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Accounts,<br />
3. ^ f^ ^ij- Wcn^ Tu^K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Correspondence, and<br />
4. j§ ^. fij- T'ung^ I* K'o^, Translating (Interpreting)<br />
Each Section is under the control <strong>of</strong> fj[ ^ K'o^ Chang%<br />
Section Chiefs, who are assisted by two or three fj[. ^ K'o.^<br />
Yiian^, Secretaries.<br />
At the Inspectorate there is also a ^ ^^ ^ Pien^ Pao* So',<br />
Office for Compilation <strong>of</strong> Reports, under a ^ JM M ^^"an' Li'<br />
Yiian^, Superintendent, where <strong>of</strong>ficial reports, giving necessary<br />
information as to the Chinese students in Japan, arrangements<br />
for their education, etc., are compiled, and ten |^ f^ ^ Tzu^<br />
I* Yiian'^, Consulting Experts, appointed, on the recommendation<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Controller, by the Minister.<br />
652a. Jt H ^ f^ J^ Yu2 Mei^ Hsueh'^ Wu* Ch'uS Office<br />
for Selection <strong>of</strong> Students for America; established in 1909 at<br />
Peking. This Office is under the control <strong>of</strong> the Ministries <strong>of</strong><br />
Foreign<br />
Affairs and <strong>of</strong> Education. Under the control <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Office there is the ^ ^ ^ ^ $§ Yu^ Mei^ I^ Yeh* Kuan^<br />
Preparatory College, from which students are selected for<br />
despatch to America.<br />
[ ^78 ]<br />
j
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIC ATIO-V OF CHINA.<br />
By an agreement between the Chinese and American 652b<br />
Governments, dated 1908, the former bound itself to despatch, -^o<br />
yearly, for four years (beginning from 1909), 100 students to<br />
America ; thereafter 50 men are to be sent yearly.<br />
The control <strong>of</strong> Chinese students in America as regards<br />
allotment to various schools, etc., rests with a specially appointed<br />
^ ^ Chien^ Tu\ Controller.<br />
652b. ^ j{\ M ^ ^^1^ ^^"' Chou^ Yu- Hsiieh^' Shengi<br />
Chien^ Tu\ Controller <strong>of</strong> Chinese Students in Europe ; this post<br />
was established iu 1907 with a view to control <strong>of</strong> all Chinese<br />
students in Europe. Practice having shown the unsuitability <strong>of</strong><br />
the system <strong>of</strong> control, a Memorial from the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Educa-<br />
tion (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 7th November, 1909),<br />
arranged<br />
for the -<br />
appointment <strong>of</strong> five Controllers,<br />
England, France, Germany, Russia and Belgium,<br />
to reside in<br />
and be<br />
subordinated to the Chinese Ministers at London, Paris, Berlin,<br />
St. Petersburg and Brussels respectively.<br />
Regulations relating to the control <strong>of</strong> students in Europe,,<br />
similar to those for students in Japan, are to be later drawn up.<br />
(see No. 652).<br />
652c. Having studied abroad for a period <strong>of</strong> not less than<br />
three years, possessing a diploma from a Middle School, or for<br />
a period <strong>of</strong> not less than four year, possessing no diploma, and<br />
having successfully completed the course <strong>of</strong> study <strong>of</strong> Government<br />
Universities or <strong>of</strong> Special Higher Schools, Chinese students on<br />
their return to Peking are called upon to xindergo examinations<br />
<strong>of</strong> three types : 1. ^ ||^ Chen^ Lu*, Test Examination, 2.<br />
IE J^ ^ Si^ Cheng^ Ch'ang^ K'ao^ Shih% Ministerial Examina-<br />
tion, and 3, ^ gj^ T'ing^ Shih*, Examination at the Palace.<br />
6 5 2d. The Test Examination is held at the Ministiy <strong>of</strong><br />
Education and consists <strong>of</strong> foreign languages and subjects <strong>of</strong><br />
gen( -al education. On satisfactory completion<br />
<strong>of</strong> this examina-<br />
tion students are admitted to the Ministerial Examination.<br />
[ 279 ]<br />
'<br />
Q^Qu
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,<br />
652e 652b. At the Ministerial Examination {see No. 652c)<br />
•^Q there are set three examination papers, i.e. one <strong>of</strong> foreign<br />
fifi2F langiiages and two <strong>of</strong> selected special educational subjects.<br />
Those proving successful at this examination are arranged, in<br />
order <strong>of</strong> merit, in three classes : 1. ^ f^ ^ Tsui* Yu^ Teng',<br />
Excellent, 2. f§ ^ Yu^ Teng^ Good, and 3.<br />
t\t ^ Chungi<br />
Teng^, Satisfactory.<br />
Those attaining the grade <strong>of</strong> "excellent" receive the degree<br />
oi ^ -j^ Chin* Shih*, Doctor, and those graded as " good " or<br />
"satisfactory " receive the degree oi S^ \ Chii' Jen^, Bachelor.<br />
The candidates at the examination themselves select the<br />
special education in which they wish to be examined. The list <strong>of</strong><br />
special subjects numbers seven : I. ^ Ea* i|St fij- Cheng* K'o\<br />
Legal and Administrative Subjects, 2. ^ ^j{- I^ K'o\ Medicine,<br />
3. jg fij- Nung2 K'o.\ Agriculture, 4. X |^ Kung^ K'oi,<br />
Polytechnics, 5. ^Wt^^ l^o^ Chih* K'oS Natural iSciences, 6.<br />
^f^ Shang^ KV, Commercial Subjects and 7.<br />
^SC f4 Wen^<br />
K'o\ Literature. The literary degree attained is<br />
qualified by<br />
the<br />
speciality examined in i.e. '^]^ ^^ ^ \ Fa* Cheng* K'o^<br />
Chii' Jen'^, Bachelor <strong>of</strong> Law and Administration, or ^ p\ j^ i;<br />
II K'qI Chin* Shih*, Doctor <strong>of</strong> Medicine.<br />
The final confirmation <strong>of</strong> literary degrees is made only<br />
after the examination at the Palace (see No. 652c), which takes<br />
place in the f^ ffl ^ Pao-^ Ho^ Tien*, with Princes and High<br />
Officials <strong>of</strong> the Empire as the examiners.<br />
652f. The Ministerial Examination is held yearly, in the<br />
8th moon, and is carried on by the <strong>of</strong>ficials folloAving :<br />
1- ± i^ 1" Chu=^ Shih* Kuani, Chief Examiners (number<br />
indefinite) ; supervise the preparation <strong>of</strong> examination papers and<br />
their subsequent marking.<br />
2- S ^ 'B* Hsiang^ Chiao* Kuan\ Assistant Examiners<br />
(the number <strong>of</strong> these depends, on the number <strong>of</strong> candidates to be<br />
examined).<br />
[ 280 ]
IMIESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
3- ^ ^ '§r Chien^ Lin^ Kuan', Supervisors<br />
; charged 653<br />
with the supervision and control <strong>of</strong> candidates Avhile the<br />
examination is in progress and assist in compiHng the examination<br />
marks.<br />
4. tl i^ 'i*<br />
T'i2 Tiao^ KuanS Proctors ; distribute<br />
examination papers and maintain order in the examination hall<br />
etc,<br />
5- B,B "^ Shu* Wu" Kuani, Stewards.<br />
^' 'K ^ '^ Shou^ Chang' Kuan^, Collectors ; receive<br />
completed examination papers (marked with secret designations)<br />
from the candidates and hand same to the Examiners.<br />
' • 5M fel" W<br />
^ii' Feng^ Kuan\ Sealers <strong>of</strong> Examinations ;<br />
seal the examination papers <strong>of</strong> candidates with a secret designation—<br />
on the first page.<br />
^- ^ ^ 'B* Chien^ Ch'ang' Kuan\ Inspectors; watch<br />
that no abuses take place in the examination hall.<br />
9- ^^^MiM^ Nei* Ch'ang^<br />
Shih^, Examination Censers ; appointed<br />
Chien' Shih* Yij*<br />
from the ranks <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the ^Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education to keep a watch for<br />
<strong>of</strong> the above-enumerated <strong>of</strong>ficia/ls.<br />
malpractices on the part<br />
Should any irregularities be detected they present jNIemorials<br />
accusing the guilty parties.<br />
653. ^ E ^.;^ij ^ ^ ^ Pg P ^ Ch'ing^<br />
Tao' T'leh*<br />
Pieh* Kaoi Teng' Chuan^ Men=^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Privileged<br />
Special Higher School at Tsingtau<br />
; established in 1909 it the<br />
initiative <strong>of</strong> the German Government, which allotted three<br />
hundred thousand marks for preliminary expenses and bound<br />
itself to contribute seventy thousand marks yearly towards its<br />
upkeep — the ^Chinese Government contributed forty thousand<br />
marks as preliminary expenses and has bound itself to pay forty<br />
thousand marks yearly, for the first ten years, towards its<br />
mainteaance. The object <strong>of</strong> the school is to enable Chinese to<br />
receive a modern education in their native land.<br />
[ 281 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
The school is organized into two sections :<br />
1- %ijm M Yu^ Pei^ PanS Preparatory, or W ^^ "^ W<br />
ii^jS Ch'iii Chi2 Hsi2 P'u3 T'ung' Hsiieh^ Pan', General<br />
Education Section ; with a course o£ six years. For this section<br />
there are accepted scholars between the ages <strong>of</strong> 13 and 1 5<br />
years, who have completed the course <strong>of</strong> a Primary<br />
the Senior Grade, after a test examination.<br />
School <strong>of</strong> •<br />
2. j^ ^ ||£ Kao^ Teng^ Pan\ Higher Section, consisting<br />
<strong>of</strong> four courses : 1 . f^ jl^ f-4 Pa^ ^ heng"* K'o\ Course in Law<br />
and Administration, 2. ^ ^c-J-<br />
I' K'o', Course in Medicine,<br />
3. in f4 l^^"ng^ K'o', Course in Technology, and 4. M ''^ ^1"<br />
Nung^ Lin^ K'o', Course in Agriculture and Forestry. Each <strong>of</strong><br />
these courses covers three years, — with the exception <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Course in Medicine, which is made up <strong>of</strong> a four years course at<br />
the school and a year <strong>of</strong> training, immediately after, at one o£<br />
the city hospitals. For the Higher Sectiori there are accepted<br />
scholars who have successfully completed the Primary Section<br />
course <strong>of</strong> study and after a test examination, scholars possessing<br />
a diplomaci from a Middle School.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Tsingtau '^'^hool there is a<br />
Chien^ Tu', Director, appointed by<br />
5/-<br />
the German Government.<br />
This <strong>of</strong>ficial is charged with the supreme control <strong>of</strong> the affairs<br />
<strong>of</strong> the school.<br />
For the supervision <strong>of</strong> the instruction, as regards its<br />
conformity to the programme<br />
<strong>of</strong> education <strong>of</strong> Chinese Govern-<br />
ment schools, there is a |§ ^ ^ Tsung^ Chi^ Ch'a^, Chief<br />
Inspector, appointed by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education and<br />
independent <strong>of</strong> the Dii-ector.<br />
The teachers <strong>of</strong> Chinese are appointed on the recommen-<br />
dation <strong>of</strong> the Shantung Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Education, and the<br />
local M ^ *§* Shih'' Hsiieh^ Kuan', Inspectors<br />
have the right <strong>of</strong> supervision <strong>of</strong> the school<br />
[ _282 ]-<br />
<strong>of</strong> Education
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
/<br />
;<br />
For attendance at examinations the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education 654<br />
deputes a special <strong>of</strong>ficial who, with the Director and the Chief<br />
Inspector, signs diplonias bestowed on graduates.<br />
On completion <strong>of</strong> the course <strong>of</strong> study <strong>of</strong> the Tsingtau School<br />
students join the <strong>University</strong> at Peking for further study or are<br />
appointed to various Government <strong>of</strong>fices— according to their<br />
courses <strong>of</strong> studv.<br />
At the school there has been established a f^ ^ ^ I^ Shu*<br />
Chii^, Translating Office, for the translation <strong>of</strong> text books from<br />
German into Chinese.<br />
Regulations for the school at Tsingtau, in 18 articles, were<br />
drawn up by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education and received Imperial<br />
Sanction on the 14th August, 1909.<br />
PUBLIC LIBRARIES.<br />
654. .^ If} H ^ It Chingi Shih^ Tni^ iShu^ Kuan%<br />
Metropolitan Public Library<br />
Memorial from the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education, sanctioned by<br />
^<br />
; established in accordance with a<br />
Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the 8th September, 1909, not only for old<br />
and modern Chinese books but for foreign works as well. By<br />
the Decree mentioned it was directed that there be delivered to<br />
the Metropolitan Library : 1. Old plates <strong>of</strong> the ^ Sung*, and<br />
the tC Yiian*, Dynasties, k^pt at the Grand Secretariat, 2.<br />
" Great Record " <strong>of</strong> the Emperor Yung^ Lo* yjc M :k. -^ Yung'<br />
Lo* Ta' Tien', from the National Academy, 3. A full collection<br />
<strong>of</strong> books labelled in Chinese ffl j^ ^ § Ssu'' K'u'^ Ch'Lian'<br />
ShuS from the hall '^ W- ^ Wcn"^ Chin^ Ko^ at m JUJ Je" Ho^<br />
and 4. All the works previously kept at the jB^ ^ [1| ^ Pi*<br />
Shu' Shan^ Chuang', Summer Palace at Jehol.<br />
For the librar}' there were granted, close to the<br />
t* ^ P^J Te^ Sheng* Men^ gate (see No. 801b), two plots <strong>of</strong><br />
land known as J'fH 'M Ching* Yeh^ Hu^ and }f ji jpgj Hui*<br />
[ 283 ]
UESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
654a T'ung^ Tz'u^, belonging to the Imperial Household and under the<br />
control <strong>of</strong> the ^ ^ ^ Feng* Ch'en' Yuan^' (see No. 90).<br />
^ The general supervision <strong>of</strong> the library appertains to the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education ; the real control is vested in a ^ ^<br />
Chien^ Tu\ Director, who has a staflF made up <strong>of</strong> |'J|J ^<br />
'^ Fu*<br />
Chien^ Tu^, Assistant Director, and fg |^ T'i'^ Tiao*, Proctor.<br />
At the Metropolitan Library there is to be established a<br />
l^" ^ f* ^ # Ku' Wu* Pao' Ts'un^ Hui*, Museum <strong>of</strong><br />
Antiques.<br />
654a. ^ § ft T'u' Shu^ Kuan'*, Public Libraries, in the<br />
provinces; these are tc be opened throughout the provinces,<br />
according to the scheme <strong>of</strong> constitutional reforms <strong>of</strong> the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> Education (see report <strong>of</strong> the Ministry dated the 18th April,<br />
1909), in 1910; at present they are fovmd only in Shantung,<br />
Shansi, Heiluiigchiang and some others. Libraries are under<br />
the general supervision <strong>of</strong> the Commissioners <strong>of</strong> Education (see<br />
No. 827) who are styled, as supervisors <strong>of</strong> the Librarians, "^^ Jg<br />
Tsung^ Li^<br />
General Regulations, in 20 articles, for the Metropolitan<br />
and Provincial Public Libraries have been drawn up by the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education {see report <strong>of</strong> the Ministry dated the 27th<br />
January, 1910).<br />
Public Libraries at provincial capitals are designated ^ ^<br />
HI ^ If ^Jou^ Sheng^ T'u' Shu^Kuan% those at administrative<br />
centres <strong>of</strong> prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments and districts<br />
are called '^ J^ ^ j]] 1^ H ^ If Mou^ Fu^ T'ing^ Chou^<br />
Hsien* T'u^ Shu^ Kuan' (article 3).<br />
Public Libraries ar€ to consist <strong>of</strong> a ^ § ^ Ts'ang^ Shu^<br />
Shih*, Library, ^ ^ ^ Yiieh'' Shu^ Shih^, Reading Room, and<br />
g$ ^ ^ Pan" Shih^ Shih*, Office (Chancery) (article 5).<br />
The general supervision <strong>of</strong> libraries at provincial capitals<br />
appertains to the Governors-General or Go's ernors ; at adminis-<br />
trative centres <strong>of</strong> prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments and<br />
[ 284 ]
I'KESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
districts the Commissioners <strong>of</strong> Education exercise the supreme 655<br />
control. The actual management <strong>of</strong> affairs appertains to the tO<br />
^ ^ Chien^ TuS Directors and J| |i T'i' Tiao^ Proctors qqq<br />
(compare No. Q54).<br />
At places where there are few duties at the library there<br />
may be appointed a ^ J]| Kuan' Li', Supervisor, alone, this<br />
position being associated with that <strong>of</strong> Director <strong>of</strong> the Association<br />
for the Fostering <strong>of</strong> Public Education (sec No. 829a)<br />
Director <strong>of</strong> a School (article 6).<br />
or <strong>of</strong><br />
It is arranged tliat ^Ij gf] J^ K'an' Yin* So', Printing<br />
Offices, with ^ ^n Bf l"ai' Yin* So', Typesetting Offices, may<br />
be established at Libraries (article 12).<br />
MILITAF^Y FORCES OF CHINA.<br />
655. As a basis for the formation <strong>of</strong> a modern military<br />
force in the Chinese Empire a scheme was drawn up by the<br />
Committee for Army Reorganization (see No. 416), imder the<br />
presidency <strong>of</strong> Prince Ch'ing, and submitted to the Emperor for<br />
sanction on the 12th September, 1904.<br />
The modern troops <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong> (so-called "New Troops" to<br />
distinguish them from the "Troops<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Green Standard and<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Eight Banners") may be divided into two categories:<br />
L I^ ^ ^'^^^ Chiiii', Land (general for the Empire) Forces,<br />
and '2.<br />
'y^ [J§ I^ Hsun^ Fang^ Tui*, Reserve Forces (or<br />
"Provincial Troops").<br />
A. Lii Chi'in or Taxiid Forces:<br />
656. P^ 1^ Lu* Chiln', Land Forces; made up <strong>of</strong>:<br />
1. S f/i 1^ Ch'ang2 Pei* ChiinS Kegular<br />
- Army—<br />
in this<br />
the term <strong>of</strong> service is 3 years ; at present it is in the process<br />
<strong>of</strong> formation and its full complement <strong>of</strong> ^ -f" i?^ |^<br />
San^ Shih^<br />
Lui'' Chen*, 36 Divisions, will not be reached until 1913,<br />
2- Wi ti "^ Hsfi* Pei* Chlin', Pveserves <strong>of</strong> the First Call—the<br />
[ 285 ]
PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL OTIGANIZ ATION OF CHINA '<br />
656a term <strong>of</strong> service here is 3 years; for eacli division <strong>of</strong> the Regular<br />
Amny there is to be a division <strong>of</strong> Reserves <strong>of</strong> the First Call,<br />
corresponding to it in all respects except that there will be two,<br />
instead <strong>of</strong> three, batallions in each regiment (the complement <strong>of</strong><br />
a division <strong>of</strong> the Reserves comprises 8,640 men in the ranks and<br />
1,200 camp followers and there are eight "yings"), a.id<br />
3. f^ H W- Hou* Pei* Chiin', Reserves <strong>of</strong> tlie Second Call<br />
(army <strong>of</strong> reserve, militia)— -the term <strong>of</strong> service <strong>of</strong> these troops is<br />
4 years; in Avar time this branch <strong>of</strong> the Army will furnish a<br />
brigade <strong>of</strong> four batallions which is given a number as a division<br />
-<strong>of</strong> the Resrular Armv.<br />
In <strong>China</strong> there is as yet no conscription and 0f J£ Hsin^<br />
Ping^, Recruits, are enrolled through the ^^ E^ £^ ^ Cheng^<br />
Ping^ Tsung^ Shu^, Head Recruiting Offices, established at the<br />
provincial ^ ^ j^ Tu' Lien' (rh'u^ {sec Nos. 695 and 700b).<br />
The determination <strong>of</strong> physical fitness for military service is made<br />
according to the ^ f£ f(i!] ^ AIu* Ping^ Chih'* Liieh*,, Short<br />
Regulations Concerning Recruiting (forming one <strong>of</strong> the enclosures<br />
to the Memorial <strong>of</strong> Pi-ince C^h'ing," already mentioned in<br />
No. 655).<br />
656a. From the types <strong>of</strong> arms used (tl.e Chinese Army is<br />
arranged as: 1. -^ ]^ Pu^ Tui^ Infantry, 2. ,% ^^ Ma^ Tui^<br />
Cavalry. 3. '^ W P'ao"' Tui", Artillery (in its turn sub-divided<br />
into 1. II l?^ gj Ff Lu* Lu^ P'ao^ Tui^ Field Artillery, and<br />
2. '^ihMiB K"0* Slian^ P'ao^ Tui*, Mountain Artillery),<br />
4. I ^ Ff Kung' Ch'eng^ Tui^ Engineers, 5. ff g; Ff Tzu^<br />
Chung'* Tui% Troops for Transport <strong>of</strong> Supplies. Also there are<br />
the following auxiliary corps: 1. ^ f^ Chiin^ Hsii", Commissariat<br />
Corps, 2. ^ g: Chun^ I^, Medical Corps, 3.<br />
,|| ^<br />
Ma' 1\ Veterinary Corps, 4. ^^ Chih^ HsiehS Ordnanc<br />
Corps, 5. vlj H Ts'e^ HuiS Topographic Corps, 6. :^ ^^<br />
Chdn^ Yueh'', Music Corps, and 7. ^ J£ Hsien^ Ping\<br />
Gendarmerie.<br />
r 286 1
PRESENT DAY POl.ITICAL ORGANIZATION OF C.IJN'A.<br />
656b. As reg^ards administration, the Chinese Army is 656b<br />
thus divided: 1. §k Chen^ Division, 2. "^ Hsieh^, Brigade, ^q<br />
3. ^ Piao', Regiment, 4. ^ Ying'', Batallion (in infantry); qkqb<br />
Division (in cavalijy and artillery), 5. J^ Tui^, Company (in<br />
infantry); Squadron (in cavalry); Battery (in artillery), 6. ^p<br />
P'ai'', Platoon (in infantry, in time <strong>of</strong> peace ; in time <strong>of</strong> war, H^<br />
Shao*); Half a Squadron (in cavalry\ and 7. i^ P'eng', Squad.<br />
656c. |ji| Chen^, Division ; the largest organized unit in<br />
time <strong>of</strong> peace. The regulations provide for the combination <strong>of</strong><br />
three divisions into a ^ Chun\ Corps, and the<br />
Chiin into a ;/*; ^<br />
combination <strong>of</strong><br />
Ta* Qhiin', in time <strong>of</strong> war.<br />
In time <strong>of</strong> peace a division is made up <strong>of</strong> two brigades <strong>of</strong><br />
infantry, each <strong>of</strong> which consists <strong>of</strong> two regiments<br />
<strong>of</strong> three<br />
batallions each, one regiment <strong>of</strong> artillery, having nine batteries<br />
(54 guns) and eighteen machine guns, one regiment <strong>of</strong> cavalry,<br />
made up <strong>of</strong> twelve sqiiadrons, one batallion <strong>of</strong> engineers, consisting<br />
<strong>of</strong> four companies, one batallion <strong>of</strong> troops for transport <strong>of</strong><br />
supplies, having fo,ur companies, musicians (51, including a<br />
bandmaster and three servants), and gendarmerie. In time<br />
<strong>of</strong> peace a division numbers 12,512 men; in Avar time,<br />
21,000 men.<br />
656d. jjfj^ Hsieh^, Brigade (numbered 1 to 72, in<br />
consecxitive order, following the numerical order <strong>of</strong> the divisions),<br />
"^he brigade is found only in the infantry and consists <strong>of</strong> two<br />
regiments (it is, however, permissible for a division to have two<br />
regiments <strong>of</strong> cavalry instead <strong>of</strong> one, which form a^^ [^ •— ^<br />
Ma^ Tui^ I' Hsieh^, Cavalry Brigade).<br />
656e. ^ Piao\ Regiment ; this organization<br />
unit is found<br />
in infantry, cavalry and artillery. In the infantry, regiments<br />
are numbered 1 to 144, in consecutive order, folloAving<br />
the order<br />
<strong>of</strong> their respective divisions, and brigades {see No. 656d) ;<br />
cavalry and artillery regiments bear the same number as do their<br />
respective divisions. A regiment <strong>of</strong> infantry consists <strong>of</strong> three<br />
[ 287 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
656^' batallions ; cavalry and artillery regiments are made up <strong>of</strong> three<br />
divisions.<br />
656f. ^ Ying2, fundamental unit <strong>of</strong> all branches <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Army (in infantry, Batallion ; in cavalry and artillery, Division):<br />
the complement <strong>of</strong> this unit differs for the various branches and<br />
auxiliary parts <strong>of</strong> the Army.<br />
In the infantry a batallion consists <strong>of</strong> four ^ Tui*,<br />
Companies, and numbers, in time <strong>of</strong> peace, 659 men,<br />
war, 1,240 men. Companies are designated<br />
as :<br />
in time <strong>of</strong><br />
gJi ("h'ien^,<br />
Company <strong>of</strong> the Vanguard, 2. ^ Tso^, Left Company, 3.<br />
Yu*, Right Company, and 4. ^ Hou*, Company <strong>of</strong> the Rear- (<br />
guard, the complement <strong>of</strong> a company<br />
:;j^<br />
is five <strong>of</strong>ficers and 149<br />
soldiers, in time <strong>of</strong> peace,or, in time <strong>of</strong> war, 294 soldiers. Each<br />
company is divided into three ^ P'ai^, Platoons, composed <strong>of</strong><br />
three |J|3 P'eng^, Squads, each, in time <strong>of</strong> peace, or three P^ Shao*,<br />
Platoons, <strong>of</strong> six ID P'eng'', Squads, each, in time <strong>of</strong> war^<br />
Platoons are designated as '^ Tso^, Left, Ffl (Jhung^, Centre, and<br />
i^ Yu*, Right, while squads are designated l)y the numbers <strong>of</strong><br />
their respective companies —from one to nine, in time <strong>of</strong> peace,<br />
and from one to eighteen, in time <strong>of</strong> war—and the first squad is<br />
styled g^ i^ T'ou^ P'eng^, Head Squad. Each squad is made<br />
up <strong>of</strong> tM'O sergeants and twelve privates.<br />
A cavalry division consists <strong>of</strong> four ^ Tui^, Squadrons, and<br />
numbers, generally speaking, 363 men and 260 horses.<br />
It is divided into two ^ P'ai^, Half — Squadrons left and — right<br />
which, in turn, are subdivided into two fjj P'eng^, Squads,<br />
bearing the numbers (in the squadron) one to four. The<br />
complement <strong>of</strong> a cavalry squadron is three <strong>of</strong>ficers, 78 cavah'ymen<br />
and 64 !^ ,|| Chiin^ Ma^, Cavalry Horses.<br />
A division <strong>of</strong> field artillery (there are two in a regiment as<br />
a rule—should conditions where operations are being carried on<br />
demand it, there may be only one division <strong>of</strong> field artillery, or<br />
even none, the divisions <strong>of</strong> mountain artillery being correspondingly<br />
[ 288 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
iucreased) consists <strong>of</strong> three ^ p^ P'ao* Tui"*, Batteries, Q^'7<br />
having- ^ /^ !^ P'ao* Liu* Tsnn\ six guns, each. Its ^<br />
complement<br />
is 568 men and 270 horses.<br />
A is battery made up <strong>of</strong> three ^ P'ai^, Platoons (left,<br />
centre and right) df three ^ P'eng-, Squads, each, which bear<br />
the numerical designation <strong>of</strong> the battery —from one to nine.<br />
A division <strong>of</strong> mountain artillery, having 18 mountain guns,<br />
Is organized exactly similarly to a division <strong>of</strong> field artillery.<br />
The complement <strong>of</strong> a battery is five <strong>of</strong>ficers, 181 men, 48<br />
horses for guns and five chargers.<br />
A batallion <strong>of</strong> engineers, similarly to the infantry, is<br />
composed <strong>of</strong> four ||^ Tui^, Companies, and numbers 667 men, ia<br />
time <strong>of</strong> peace,, or 1,250 men, in time <strong>of</strong> war. The companies<br />
are designated as van, left, right or rear and are distingaished<br />
by their specialities: 1. Bridging Company, 2. Sapptirs<br />
Company, 3. Telegraph, Telephone and Search-light Company,<br />
and 4. Mining Company.<br />
A transport ])atallion is divided similarly to a batallion <strong>of</strong><br />
engineers but, in consequence <strong>of</strong> the great<br />
niunber <strong>of</strong> men it<br />
operates for, it has in the ranks 748 men in time <strong>of</strong> peace, and<br />
1,640 men in time <strong>of</strong> war.<br />
MILITARY RANKS.<br />
657. By temporar}' regulations, drawn iqj hy the Geneml<br />
Staff <strong>of</strong> tlie Army and sanctioned by the Emperor<br />
November, 1909, there were introduced some changes<br />
on the 11th<br />
in the<br />
military ranks— their number was increased (Ia, 8 p., 9a and 9 a<br />
were added) and they were made equal to the correspoudiiig ci^ il<br />
ranks.<br />
658. Tlie new regulations (see No. 657) provide for<br />
fourteen iank< for <strong>of</strong>ficers and siib-<strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> ti'e L&nu<br />
Forces :<br />
10<br />
[ 280 ]<br />
af^,;^<br />
t
PRESENT /day <strong>Political</strong> okganization <strong>of</strong> china.<br />
1. :k ^W-^^' Chiang^ Chun', or 'jj^ :^ Chiang' Chiin',<br />
Field Marshal ; 1a (<strong>of</strong> the rank <strong>of</strong> a Grand Secretary — see No.<br />
131— <strong>of</strong> the civil service). This rank is bestowed on very<br />
eminent generals (see below).<br />
2. lE^iM Cheng^ Tu' T'img\ General ; 1b (<strong>of</strong> the rank<br />
<strong>of</strong> a If, 'M Tsung^ Tu'— see No. 820— <strong>of</strong> the civil service) ; holds<br />
the position <strong>of</strong> Commander <strong>of</strong> a Corps (see No. 661).<br />
3.<br />
glj ^ $jc "Fu^ Till T'ling^ Lieutenant-General ; 2a (<strong>of</strong><br />
the rank <strong>of</strong> ^ Jfe<br />
Hsiin'^ Vii^—see No. 821—<strong>of</strong> the civil<br />
service) ; holds the position <strong>of</strong> Commander <strong>of</strong> a Division {see No.<br />
661).<br />
4. WjUM Hsieh- Tu' T'ung% Major-General ; 2b (<strong>of</strong><br />
the -rank <strong>of</strong> :{[i!3^MTii' Cheng* Shih^—.ye^ No. 826—<strong>of</strong> the<br />
civil service) ; holds the iwsition <strong>of</strong> Commander <strong>of</strong> a Brigade<br />
(see No. 661), Chief <strong>of</strong> Staff <strong>of</strong> a Corps {sec No. 662) or<br />
Commander <strong>of</strong> an Artillery Corps (see ^o. 670).<br />
Eanks Nos. 2 to 4 form what is known as the _ti ^ Shang^<br />
Teng^, Highest Class, made up <strong>of</strong> H |S ^^^^ Chi", Three<br />
Grades.<br />
5. JE ^ fl Chcng^ Ts'an' Ling», Colonel ; 3a (<strong>of</strong> the<br />
rank <strong>of</strong> ^% ^ ^ An* Ch'a^ Shih^-^ec No. 830—<strong>of</strong> the civil<br />
service); holds the position <strong>of</strong> Commander <strong>of</strong> a Eegiment (^cf<br />
No. 661), Commander <strong>of</strong> Engineers <strong>of</strong> a Corps (see No. 671),<br />
Senior Adjutant <strong>of</strong> a Corps (see No. 663), Arms Inspector <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Corps (see No. 668), Chief <strong>of</strong> Staff <strong>of</strong> a Division (see No. 662),<br />
Judge AdA^ocate <strong>of</strong> a Corps (see No. 672), or Corps Surgeon<br />
Uee No. 675). ^<br />
6-<br />
gij ^ fS Fu* Ts'an' Ling^ Lieutenant-Colonel ; 3b (<strong>of</strong><br />
the rank <strong>of</strong> ^ jl f^<br />
Yen" Yiin* Shih^—5ee No. 835—<strong>of</strong> the<br />
civil service) ; holds the position <strong>of</strong> Second in Command <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Regitaent (5(?
itKSKXT ]).V\' rOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Orticcv oE a Division (sre No. G73), Jiulge Advocate <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Division (sec No. 672), Siu'geoii <strong>of</strong> a Division {see Xo. 675),<br />
Corps Vcteiinarv Suviicon {see Xo. 676} or Secretary oE the First<br />
Class {see No. 664).<br />
Ranks Xos. 1 to 6 are ])estowe:l bv Ini])erial Decrees<br />
(m n. ^-^1"^'"' Vang')-<br />
'• m^ {jI Hsieh^ Ts'an^ LiiigS Captain; 4a ((^f ilic<br />
rank <strong>of</strong> J^ j^ Tao* Yiiau-— see Xo. 838— <strong>of</strong> tlie civil servi
PRESE^fT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
659 'il sel^'ice) ; holds tlie position o£ Commander <strong>of</strong> a Platoon (.see<br />
No. 661), Assistant fSnrgeon {sec No. 675), Divisional Chief <strong>of</strong><br />
(Signalmen {see No. 678), Yetevinary Siu-geon <strong>of</strong> a Division or<br />
Battalion {see No. 676), Senior Clerk {sec No. 664), Bandmaster<br />
{see No. 679) or llegimental Standard-Bearer {see No. 666).<br />
10. %j}^. ^ Hsieh^ Chihi^ Hsiao*, Snh-Lieutenant ; 7a<br />
(lanlving with the ^ {^ Chih^ Hsien^— see No. 856— <strong>of</strong> the civil<br />
service) ; holds the position <strong>of</strong> Adjutant <strong>of</strong> a Company {see No.<br />
663), Brigade and Regimental Chief <strong>of</strong> Signalmen {see No. 678),<br />
Assistant Surgeon {sec No. 675) or Clerk {see No. 664).<br />
The ranks Nos. 8 to 10 form the ;^ ^ Tz'ii^ Teng^ Lower<br />
Class, divided in three grades (compare above). The ranks Nos.<br />
7 to 10 are bestowed according to the recommendations <strong>of</strong> reports<br />
^ Tsoii* Pu^).<br />
H- p] f# ;^ Ssni ^Yx& Chang^^ Ensign ; 8a (ranking with<br />
the ^ ^ Ilsien^ Ch'cng'^— see No. 857— <strong>of</strong> the civil service); one<br />
<strong>of</strong> the §H ^Y ^ "^ t"^ Wai* Chihi^ Knan^, " Snpernnmerary<br />
Officers' Pvanks."<br />
12. ± ± Shang* Shih\ Sergei-nt<br />
Hsiin^ Tao^—6\-e No. 857—<strong>of</strong> the civil<br />
(ranking Avith a %]\\ ^<br />
service).<br />
13- 4* i C'hnng^ Shih^ Sergeant<br />
'ranking with a l^ ^ fg<br />
civil service).<br />
<strong>of</strong> the First Class ; 8b<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Second Class; 9a<br />
Hsien'' Chn'* Vw^—see No. 857—<strong>of</strong> the<br />
14. ~pr J: Hsia* Shih^ Sergeant <strong>of</strong> the Third Class ; 9b<br />
(ranking H sun' Chilen -sec No. 857— <strong>of</strong> the civil<br />
with a : ^<br />
service).<br />
Ranks Nos. 12 to 14 ])elong to tlie category <strong>of</strong> ^ ^It Chiin^<br />
ShihS Petty<br />
Ranks Nos. 11 to 14 are bestowed by the <strong>of</strong>ficer in command,<br />
Officers-' Ranks.<br />
on persons serving under him (^* ^ Tzu' Pn^).<br />
659.' In accordance with the new regulations {see No. 657)<br />
those <strong>of</strong> the rank <strong>of</strong> Colon'el, or lower, have their ranks fiu-ther<br />
r<br />
''92<br />
]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
defined by the indication o£ this or that type <strong>of</strong> arms or this or 65&A<br />
that auxiliary corps (compare No. GoBa). Thus, a Colonel may<br />
be designated : 1. # ^ i^ jE # M Ching^ Ch'a' Tui^ Cheng"<br />
Ts'an^ Ling^, Colonel <strong>of</strong> the Military Police (or Gendarmerie)<br />
2. ^ i^ IE ^ fl Pu' Tui^ Cheng" Ts'an^ Ling^<br />
Colonel <strong>of</strong><br />
Infantry, 3. ^ M IE 3 fl Ma^ Tui^ Cheng" Ts'an^ Ling',<br />
Colonel <strong>of</strong> Cavalry, 4. Ji^ i^ IE # ^I P'ao' Tui^ Cheng" Ts'an^<br />
Ling', Colonel <strong>of</strong> Artillery, 5. X 7^ Fl^ IE # fl Kung^ Ch'eng^<br />
Tui" C^heng" Ts'an' Ling', Colonel <strong>of</strong> Enghieers, 6. ^^ M FJ^ jE<br />
P H Tzui (]hung" Tui" Cheng" Ts'an^ Ling^ Colonel <strong>of</strong> Troops<br />
<strong>of</strong> Transport, 7. ^ Wi JE ^ vl ^M ('hiin^ Ilsii^ Fu" Tu^ T'nng',<br />
Commissariat Lieutenant-<br />
Gener;il, 2. ^ g g!j ^ ^^ Cluing I^ Fu" Tu^ T'nng', Lieutenant-<br />
General <strong>of</strong> the Medical Staff, and 3.- MM M i% 1^ ^'1"^*<br />
Hsieh" Fu" Tu^ T'ung', Lieutenant-Cieneral <strong>of</strong> Ordnance.<br />
G59a. Of late, for the designation <strong>of</strong> military ranks in<br />
Chiiicse literatnre (especially in new^})apers), the Japanese terms<br />
are l)ecoming more and more current. P)y these the military<br />
ranks are divided into three classes, which, in turn, arc sub-<br />
divided into three grades :<br />
First Class: ;fc}If Ta" Chiang", General, t|t}}f Chung^ Chiang^<br />
Lieutenant-General, and ^ ^ Shao" C'hiang", ^Major-General.<br />
[ 293 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
659b Second Class : ^^ ^ Ta' Tso^ Colonel, f|i ^ Chuiigi TsoS<br />
^Q LIcntenant-Colonel, and ^}} ^ Sliao^ Tso^, Captain.<br />
^/jQ<br />
Third Class :<br />
^i^ ^^ Ta* Yii'*, First Lieutenant, t\i §>J<br />
Chung^ Yu"*, Second Lieutenant, and ^ ^^ Shao'' Yii'', Sub-<br />
Lieutenant.<br />
659ii. Naval ranks correspond to those <strong>of</strong> the Amny, with ;<br />
the exception that they are jnefixed by ^ t^ Hai' Chiin\ Naval,<br />
thus: I. X^'^.lEWiM Hai^' Chiin^ Cheng-* Tu^ .<br />
g^<br />
T'ung<br />
Admiral, 2. ff ^ glj ^ ^^<br />
^.3<br />
Hai^ Chiini Fu* Tu^ T'ung^ Vice<br />
Admiral, S. -^ W Ufj '^•> M Hai^ Chiini Hsieli^ Tu^ T'ung<br />
Kear-Admiral, 4. ^ ig iE # fl Hai^ Chuni Chrng* Ts'an^<br />
Li^.g^ Post-Captain, 5. \§ W- M 3 M Hai^ Chiin^ Fu* Ts'an^ i<br />
Ling^ Commander, 6. M W- Vih ^ fl<br />
Hai^ Cluing Hsieh^'<br />
Ts'an' Ling^, Lieutenant-Commander, 7. \% ^ JB ^^t ^^i^ I<br />
Chun^ Cheng* Chfin^ Hsiao*, Senior Lieutenant, -8. ^ :^ j<br />
glj % ti^ Hai^ Chiiu'^ Fu* Chihii Hsiao*, Lieutenant, and !<br />
.1). MW-^iW-f^ ^iii' ^'liiin' Hsieh^ Chiin' Hsiao*, Midshipman. |<br />
659c. The .fapanese terms for the various naval ranks \<br />
(compare No. GoDa) arc :<br />
'-<br />
First Class : 'MW-±^ Hai^ Chiini Ta* i^;]<br />
Chiang*/ Admiral, |<br />
^ 4^ W l^ai^ Chiini |<br />
Chungi e^iiang*, Vice-Admiral, and<br />
f# W 'P ^ Hai^ Chihi' Shao* (Chiang*,<br />
Second Class : %<br />
Hcar-Admi.-al .<br />
% j^ \^. Hai^ Ch.mi Ta* Tso^ Post- i<br />
Captain, ^M % ^ ^ Hai^ Chiini Chnng^ Tso^ Commander, and !<br />
W ^ P ^ Hai-^ Chun' Shao* Tso^ Lieutenant Commander. I<br />
Third Class '<br />
'M '^ -X Wi -Hai^ Chiin' Ta* Yii*, Senior I<br />
Lieutenant, yg ^ rji gif Hai^ Chiin' Chung' Yii*, Lieutenant, j<br />
and f-§ 2g ^ if Hai^ C hun' Shao* Yii*, Midshipman. |<br />
660. Posts existing in the Army may be arranged under \<br />
the following categories: L Line, 2. Staff; 3. Adjutancy, I<br />
4. Secretarial, 5. Orderly and Convo},, 6. Colours, 7. 1<br />
Remount, 8. Arms, 9. Arsenal, 10. Artillery, IL Engineer,]<br />
12. Judicial, 13. Commissariat, 14. Administration <strong>of</strong> Com- :<br />
[ 2^'-t J I<br />
|<br />
'
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
missariat Office, 15. Medical, 16. Yeterinary,<br />
-V<br />
17. Medical 661<br />
Department Administration, 18. Signal, 19. Music, and 20. tO<br />
Camp-follower., qqq<br />
661. Posts <strong>of</strong> the Line : 1. HI J^ 'g* Tsnng^ T'ung' KuanS<br />
Corps Commander, 2. f^ iljij "g* T'ung^ Chih^ Kuan', Division<br />
Commander, .3. ^ |g 'l^* T'ung' Ling^ KuanV Brigade<br />
Commander, 4. i^;^ ^ 'g* T'ung" Tai^ Kuan\ Regiment<br />
Commander, o. ^ W. *^ C/hiao^ Lien* Kuan\ Second in<br />
Command <strong>of</strong> a Regiment (in time <strong>of</strong> peace, "Regimental<br />
Instructor," and acts parti} .as Chief <strong>of</strong> Stafi' and Adviser to<br />
the "Commander ; later, Avhen all Commanders will he drawn from<br />
the ranks <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers who have received a proper military<br />
education, this post will be abolished), 6. ^ ^ 'g' Kuan* Tai*<br />
Kuan', Battalion Commander, 7." "^ ^ %' Tu^ Tui** Kuan',<br />
Second in Command <strong>of</strong> a Battalion, 8. ^ ^gf Tui^ Kuan^,<br />
Company Commander, 9. ^^ ;^ P'ai^ Chang', Platoon Chief,<br />
10' IE Cheng'* Mu*, Senior Sergeant (one to a ?([nad),<br />
11. S'J @ -^1^'* Mu*, Second Sergeant (one to a squad),<br />
12. lE ^ Cheng* Ping', Private <strong>of</strong> the First Class (four to a<br />
squad), and 13.<br />
(eight to a squad).<br />
^!j ^ Fn* Ping*,<br />
Private <strong>of</strong> the Second Class<br />
662. Staff Posts : A. Corps staff: 1. |||!#^'g' Tsung^<br />
Ts'an' Mou^ Kuan', Chief <strong>of</strong> Staff. 2. — ^ # p; t I' Teng^<br />
Ts'an' Mou'- Kuan^, Senior Assistant Chief <strong>of</strong> Staff (two ui all),<br />
and 3. Z:^3 II "g' I^ih* Teng' Ts'an' :\Iou2 Kuau^, Junior<br />
Assistant Chief <strong>of</strong> Staff (two in all). B. Division Staff: 1.<br />
IE # i^ 'g* Cheng* Ts'an' Mou^ Kuan', Chief <strong>of</strong> Staff, 2.<br />
H %? # ^ t Krh* Teng^ Ts'an' :\rou2 Kuan', Senior Assistant<br />
Chief <strong>of</strong> Staff (one), and 3. Z^#^'^ San^ Teng=^ Ts'an' Mou^<br />
Kuan', Junior Assistant Chief <strong>of</strong> Staff (one).<br />
663. Adjutancy Posts: 1. f^ |^ 'g' IIu* (Tuin' Kuan',<br />
Senior Corps Adjutant (one), 2.<br />
ifl 1g 'g* Chung^ Chiin' Kuan',<br />
Senior Division Adjutant (one), 3. ^ ^ '^<br />
[ 295 J<br />
Ts'an' Chiin^
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA<br />
663a Kuan\ Senior Brigade Adjutant (one), 4. ^^ ^^ Cliih^<br />
^Q Shili'' Kuan^, Adjutant (one in each Corps, Division, Brigade<br />
QgK and Kcginient), and o. p] f^ ;^ Ssu^ Wu* Chang^ Adjutant<br />
(in the infantry, four for a battalion oi- one for each company ;<br />
in the cavalry, one for a division ; in the artillery, three for a<br />
division or one for each battery ; in the engineers and troops <strong>of</strong><br />
transport, four for a battalion or one for a company).<br />
663a. Concerning glj '"^ Fu'* Knan\ Adjutant<br />
Palace Guards, see No. 103 d.<br />
<strong>of</strong> the New<br />
664. Secretarial Posts: 1. — ^ "^ ffi 1^ I' Teng' Shu^<br />
Chi* Kuan^, Sea^tary cf the 1st Class (four for a corps and<br />
three for a division), 2. Zl ^ ^ 12 'if<br />
^'ili'<br />
'^"^^"-ig'<br />
i^l'^^'
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
corps, thirty for a division, ten for a brigade, eight for a 666<br />
regiment, eighteen for a battalion <strong>of</strong> infantry, engineers or troops -^q<br />
<strong>of</strong> transport, and for a division <strong>of</strong> artillery, and tAvelve for a<br />
division <strong>of</strong> cavalry.<br />
666. Colours Posts : ^<br />
-j§t "^ Chang=^ Ch'i" KuanS<br />
Colour-Bearer (one for a regiment— <strong>of</strong> infantry),<br />
667. Remount Posts: ^ Ml ^ Ch'a^ Ma^ Chang^<br />
Remount Officer (one for artillery and cavaliy divisions ; two<br />
for a battalion <strong>of</strong> troops <strong>of</strong> transport).<br />
668. Arms Posts: 1. |§ ^ ^ '^' Tsimg^<br />
Chiin^ Hsieh*<br />
Kuan\ Corps Inspector <strong>of</strong> Arms (onej, 2. IE i^ |)| 'g' Cheng*<br />
Chiin^ Ilsieh^ Kuan\ Division Inspector <strong>of</strong> Arms (one)<br />
3. hIJ ^ |)1§ 'B* 1" 11* Chiin^ Hsieh* Kuan\ Rogimcnt Inspector <strong>of</strong><br />
Arms (one), and 4. i^ ;^ ^ Chiin^ Ilsieh' Chang^, Inspector<br />
<strong>of</strong> Arms in a» Division <strong>of</strong> Artillei-y (one).<br />
669. ^ ^^ 0j Chiin^ Hsieh* Ch ir, Arsenal (for a corps;<br />
the staff is arranged for a corps <strong>of</strong> two divisionij). Supervision<br />
<strong>of</strong> the making, distributing and storing <strong>of</strong> ai'ms is carried on at<br />
the Arsenal. At its head there is a |^i fj^ '"g* Tsung" Pan*<br />
Kuan\ Chief, mIjo has the following subordinated to him :<br />
I. Two ^^'^ Ch'a'-Hpieh^ Kuan', Inspectors <strong>of</strong> Arms, 2. Three<br />
f] j^ 'g' Ssui K'u^ Kuan\ Arsenal Overseers, 3. One ^ ^ §<br />
E "'g' San^ Teng^ .Shu^ Chi^ Kuan\ (lerk <strong>of</strong> the 3rd Class,<br />
4. Two tl^^ Ssu^ Shih^ Shengi, Clerks, 5. Two oj^^^ Ssu^<br />
Shu^ ShOng', Writers, 6. One ^ g Hu^ Mn\ Convoy<br />
Sergeant, 7. Eight g^ -E^ Hu'^ Ping\ Convoy Privates, 8. Two<br />
|g @ Chiang* Mu"*, Senior Mechanics, I). Eighteen fl^ DjJ Ig<br />
Hshx^ Hsieh* ChiungS Arms Repairers, 10. Two ^ Jfii ^ B<br />
Shou^ K'u* Ping^ Mu\ t^enior Watchmen at the Arsenal.<br />
II. Eighteen ^ iff & Shou^' K'u^ Ping\ Arsenal Watchmen,<br />
and 12. Five j^ ^ Huo=* Fu\ Cooks.<br />
670. Artillery Posts : fg ^ jyi^ f| f<br />
Ling^ Kuan\ Chief o: Artillery <strong>of</strong> a Corps.<br />
[ 297 ]<br />
r'ao"* Tui* Hsieh^<br />
a»yr\
671<br />
to<br />
674<br />
I'lnCSEXT DAV roi.ITlCAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
{) 7 1 . Engineer<br />
X<br />
Posts :<br />
^ 3ZS,<br />
A fl ^ KuMgi Ch'eng'^<br />
Till' Ts'-an^ Jjing^ Kiiun', Chief <strong>of</strong> I'lngineers <strong>of</strong> :i C-orps.<br />
672. Judicial Posts : 1.<br />
||| ft ^ 1^ Chung'<br />
Chih^ Fa*<br />
Kuan\ Corps Judge-Advocate (one), and 2. IE ^% fii '^'<br />
Cheng' Chih'-^ Fa* Kuan\ Di^'ision Judge-Advocate (one).<br />
In accordance with a Memorial fronn the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War,<br />
sanctioned by tlie h'.mperor on the 27th ^larch, 1909, at all<br />
composite brigades (jlJ J^ ]'§j Hun' Ch'Ong^ Hsieh^), as well<br />
as at brigades which arc independent (so-called ^ j^ ]'^,<br />
Tu^ LP<br />
Hsieh-), there will be for the time being — until these brigades<br />
are assimilated by the various divisions— the post <strong>of</strong> gl] ^Jl ff^ 'g*<br />
who Avill have<br />
Fu^ Chih^ Fa* Kuan\ Brigade Judge-Advocate,<br />
subordinated lo him :<br />
one "^ ^ ^ ^*^su^ Shih* Sheng^ (.sec No.<br />
664), two wl # ^ Ssu^ ShuiShcngi (.see Xo. 6G4) and two ^&<br />
Hu^ Pingi {see No.
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Writers,<br />
to<br />
7. One ^ g Hu'' ]Mu*, Convoy Sergeant, 8. Twelve 675<br />
^ |£ Hu^ Ping', Convoy I'rivates, and 9. One {}(, ^<br />
FuV Cook.<br />
G75. Medical Posts: 1. W. 'M W^ Tsnng^<br />
Kuan\ Corps Surgeon (one\ 2, IB ^ ^ 'g* Cheng'<br />
Kxiani, Division STu-geou (one), 3. glj Ig ^ 'g*<br />
Huo^<br />
CiiLin' P<br />
Chun^ I^<br />
Fu'^ Chun^ I^<br />
Kuan', Pegiment Surgeon (one), 4. i^ § ^ Chiin^ I^ Chang^,<br />
Battalion Siu-geon (in the infantry, engineers and troops <strong>of</strong><br />
transport; — one for each) and Division b'urgeon (Cavalry and<br />
artillery— one for each), 5. ^ :rfe I^ Sheng\ Assistant Surgeon<br />
(one for a battalion <strong>of</strong> infantry, engineers or troops <strong>of</strong> transport<br />
and one for an artillery division), and 6. ^ -Ea I' Ping^<br />
Hospital Attendant (four for a battalion <strong>of</strong> infantrj<br />
, engineers<br />
or troops <strong>of</strong> trans2)ort and for a cavalry division ; three for an<br />
artillery division).<br />
GTO. Veterinary<br />
Posts : 1.<br />
'^§, Mi W "^ '^'sung^ Ma^ I^<br />
Kuan', Corps Veterinary Surgeon (one), 2. IE ^li ^ IS* Cheng^<br />
Ma^ I' Kuan', Division Veterinary Sin-geon (one), 3. ^VJ.^M'B'<br />
Fu' ]\Ia"^ I' Ku.an\ Kegiment Veterinary Surgeon (one), 4.<br />
Ml m ^ ^^^^ I^ Ciiang^, Battalion Veterinary Surgeon (for<br />
troops <strong>of</strong> transport, one ; for a di\ ision <strong>of</strong> ca\alry or artillery,<br />
one), and 5. ,^ ^ ^ ^I'^" I^ Sheng', Assistant Veterinary<br />
Surgeon (one for a battalion <strong>of</strong> troops <strong>of</strong> transport and one for<br />
an artillery division).<br />
(577. s$^ fii) Chiin^ T' Chii^, Medical Office (for a corps;<br />
the staff is arranged for a corps <strong>of</strong> two divisions). At the head <strong>of</strong><br />
this <strong>of</strong>fice there is a |^. |/j| 'g' Tsung-^ Pan^ Kuan'. He has under<br />
his control : 1. TwojH C^ ^ "^ Cheng^ Chiin' I' Kuan', Senior<br />
Surgeons, 2. Two 1^ § :^ Chun' I' Chang^, Surgeons, 3. Ten<br />
^^ I^ Sheng', Assistant -Surgeons, 4. One }E ^i Wl '^<br />
Cheng* Ma-^ I' Kuan',<br />
^ 1^ g<br />
Senior Veterinary Surgeon, 5. Four<br />
I' Ping^ Mu", Senior Hospital Attendants,<br />
6. Two<br />
p] Uli' ^'^'^ii^ ^'-^C)* Kuan', Pharmacist, 7. One H ^ ^ f6 W<br />
[ 29
678<br />
to<br />
680<br />
mESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF C^INA.<br />
San^ 'Tong-^ iShu^ Chi" Kuani, Secretary <strong>of</strong> the 3rd Class,<br />
8. Three ^ '# >^ iSsu^ Shu^ Sheng\ Writers, 9.<br />
'<br />
One ^ g<br />
Hu^ Mu'*, Convoy Sergeant, 10. Six ^ |£ Hu* Ping\ Convoy<br />
Privates, 11. ]^orty ^ |^ I^ Pi"g^ Hospital Attendants, and<br />
12. Five i/C ^ Huo' Fu\ Cooks.<br />
678. Signal Posts: 1. ^ ^ ^ Ssu^ Hao" Kiian\ Chief<br />
<strong>of</strong> Signalmen <strong>of</strong> a Division (one), 2, p] M :^<br />
Chang^, Chief <strong>of</strong> Signalmen <strong>of</strong> a Brigade (one), 3. p] ^ ^<br />
^svi'^ Hao^<br />
Ssu^ Hao* Chang', Chief <strong>of</strong> Signalmen <strong>of</strong> a Regiment (one),<br />
^' M @ Hao* Mu", Senior Signalman <strong>of</strong> a Battalion (one ; in<br />
infantry, engineers and troops <strong>of</strong> transport) or <strong>of</strong> a Division (<strong>of</strong><br />
cavalrj and artillery — one), and 5. ^ S^ Hao" Ping\ Signalmen<br />
(two in each company <strong>of</strong> infantry, engineers and troops <strong>of</strong><br />
transport, Uvo to a squadron <strong>of</strong> cavalry, and two to a battery <strong>of</strong><br />
artillery).<br />
679. :Music Posts: At the head <strong>of</strong> a MMM. Chun'<br />
Yiieh" Tui", Company <strong>of</strong> Musicians, there is a f^ '^ Tui*<br />
Kuan', Chief, who has subordinated to him: 1. j^ :^ P'ai"^<br />
Chang^ Bandmaster (one), 2. Two "- ^ ^ |^ I' Tcno' YUeh*<br />
Pins:', ]Musicians <strong>of</strong> the 1st Class,<br />
'& 5<br />
o.<br />
Six H ^ ^^1^ Erh*<br />
Tcng"5 Yiieh" Puig', Musicians <strong>of</strong> the 2nd Class, 4. 12<br />
H ^ -M ^ San^ Teng^ Yiieh" Ping', :Musicians <strong>of</strong> the 3rd Class,<br />
5. 24 ^ ^ §f^ ^ Hsueh^ Hsi^ Yiieh" Ping', ^lusic Pupils,<br />
and 6. Five ^^ ^ 'Huo^ Fu', Cooks.-<br />
680. Camp-follower Posts: 1. E @ Chiang" ^NIsi", Senior<br />
jNlechanic (one to each battalion, <strong>of</strong> infantry, engineers or troops<br />
<strong>of</strong> transport, and to each division <strong>of</strong> cavalry and artiller})?<br />
2. ^^ ^ Ch'iang^ Pi"gS Armourer (fovu-<br />
infantry, engineers and troops <strong>of</strong> transport;<br />
in a battalion <strong>of</strong><br />
tAvo in a division <strong>of</strong><br />
cavalry;, 3. ^ {g T'ieh' Chiang", Metal Worker (four<br />
in a<br />
battalion <strong>of</strong> infantry, engineers and troops <strong>of</strong> transport; three in<br />
an artillery division), 4. ^ [£ P'ao" Chiang", Ordnance<br />
Mechanic ('three in an artillery division), 5. ^ l£ Chang'<br />
[ 300 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Chiniig^ Blacksmith (eight in a battalion <strong>of</strong> troops <strong>of</strong> transpoit<br />
four in a cavalry division ; six in an artillery division), 6.<br />
tJC [S<br />
Mu^ Chiang*, Carpenter (four in a battalion <strong>of</strong> engineers and<br />
troops <strong>of</strong> transport; three in an artillery division), 7. ^ }£<br />
P'i- Chiang'*, Shoemaker (four in a battalioi^.<strong>of</strong> infantry and<br />
troops <strong>of</strong> transport ; two in a battalion <strong>of</strong> engineers ; two in a<br />
cavalry division ; three in an artillery division), 8. "^ Hi ^<br />
Pei* Pu^ r*i"8S Private <strong>of</strong> Reserve (one in each squad),<br />
9. \^ ^ Huo^ Fu\ Cook (nine in a corps, fi\ e in a division,<br />
two in a brigade, two in a regiment, thirty -eigflit in an infantrv<br />
battalion, eighteen in a cavalry division, thirty-one in an artillery<br />
division, forty in an engineers battalion and forty-one<br />
battalion <strong>of</strong> troops <strong>of</strong> transport), 10. ^ ~^ ^ (<br />
in a<br />
."hia* Ch'e^<br />
Ping^, Private <strong>of</strong> Transport Troops (four in infantry and<br />
engineers battalions and in cavalry division ; six in a division <strong>of</strong><br />
field ai'tillery), 11. Hi^ ^ ^ Wei*' Yang^ ¥u\ Foragers (four<br />
in infantry and engineers battalions and in a cavalry division ;<br />
six in a division <strong>of</strong> field artillery ; eighteen<br />
in a division <strong>of</strong><br />
mountain artillery), 12. .M ^ § ^''^^^ Fu^ Mu"*, Senior<br />
Stableman (eight in a battalion <strong>of</strong> troops <strong>of</strong> transport, four in a<br />
division <strong>of</strong> cavalry and three in a division <strong>of</strong> artillery), 13. ^ ^<br />
Ma^ Fu', Stableman (seventy in a battalion <strong>of</strong> troops <strong>of</strong><br />
transport, thirty-two in a cavalry division, and thirty-nine in an<br />
artillery division), and 14. ^ |lt i^ Kuan^ To* Ping^, Packer<br />
(eighteen in a division <strong>of</strong> mountain artillery).<br />
REVIEWS OF TROOPS<br />
G81. Kegulations drawn up l3y the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> War—<br />
sanctioned l)y the Emperor on the 12th April, 1908,— call lor<br />
reviews <strong>of</strong> the troops every three years. With this object in<br />
view, the Emperor appoints,<br />
on the recommendation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ministi-y <strong>of</strong> War, an <strong>of</strong>lftcial skilled in military matters as :<br />
[ 301 ]<br />
; 681
682<br />
to<br />
691<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAJ- OKGAXIZ AT I OX oF CtllXA.<br />
6«^- ^ Hy ;^ £ llsiao^ Yiieh^ Tu^ Cli'cir, liisi)ector-<br />
(icneral ot" Troops, avIio makes a coinph^le inspection <strong>of</strong> a ceiiain<br />
conconrsc <strong>of</strong> troops. To assist liim tlic folknvlng staff is<br />
organized<br />
683. % fH Ts'a)i' V, Advisor (one); assists the Inspeetor-<br />
General in making plans, ^nper\ ises the most unportant and the<br />
confidential correspondence, and has a genei-al control <strong>of</strong> all<br />
questions <strong>of</strong> expenditnie.<br />
684. ^:^?f3f^IiyM 1*"'<br />
^''"8-'<br />
^'^''''' l^^'-'^o' ^^"eh*<br />
yiiaii^, Inspector <strong>of</strong> fnfantry : ins])ccts the infantry as regards<br />
its efficiency.<br />
68o. .^i^lfl^Hgm M:v' ringi KV llsiao^ YLieli*<br />
Yiian-, Inspector <strong>of</strong> Ca^iilry :<br />
efficiency.<br />
686. }i|^ ^;^ ^i|. 1^tl jiy H P'ao' Pingi<br />
ins]iects the eavrJry as I'cgards its<br />
K'o^ Hsiao' Yiieh*<br />
Yiian^, Inspector <strong>of</strong> Ai-tillery ; inspects the artillery as regards<br />
its efficiency.<br />
687. I i^ 14 i^ H M 1^^"'§'' l'i"g''<br />
K'^' ^•^i-'^o' Yiieli^<br />
Yiian-, Inspector <strong>of</strong> I'^ngineers.: inspects the engineers as regards<br />
efficiency and organization.<br />
6S8. f^ 1^ f4 t^ H M '^"^^"'<br />
^'ii'S'<br />
K'o^ Hsiao^ Yiieli*<br />
Y'iian^, Inspector <strong>of</strong> Troops <strong>of</strong> Transport ; inspects the troops<br />
<strong>of</strong> transport as regards efficiency- and organi/.ation.<br />
689. ^ H i^ ^ ^ Chnni Ilsii' Ilsiao^ Yiieh' Yiian^,<br />
Inspector <strong>of</strong> the Commissariat ; inspects the commissariat—<br />
audits accounts, scrutinizes its books and bills.<br />
690. S^ ^ i^ H M
PRESEXT DAY POEITICAL GKGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
692. ^ fi- /^ 1] M F Tai* Ko*<br />
Chen* Ta* Ch'en^ or ^ if p) ^ j^ |^ ]f^ ^. # II ^ 'JC Tu^<br />
Pan* Hsihi* Lien^ Chin* Chi^ Lu* Chiin^ Ko* Chen* Shih* I^),<br />
Chief <strong>of</strong> Staff <strong>of</strong> Metropolitan Circuit (Post abolished by<br />
Imperial Edict ol 26th September, 1910, and functions ti-ansferred<br />
to the ]Ministry <strong>of</strong> War).<br />
[ 303 ]<br />
+q
696<br />
to<br />
698<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OliGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
696. On the Staff" there are : #<br />
|i 'g* Ts'an' I* K nan'<br />
Adviser, ^ ^ Wen- An% Secretary, [^ ^ Sui^ Yuan*<br />
Adjutants, 5t ^ "^ ILsien^ Feiig^ Kuan\ Orderlies, }^ ^<br />
Ch'ing' Shii\ Writers, ^ ^ Ma^ Pien', ]Mounted Orderlies,<br />
H ^ ^ Hu^ I'ing* Chang^ Convoy (Jhief, and 'l;;!^ ^ Hiio'^ Cooks.<br />
Fu^<br />
The StaflTis arranged according to the needs <strong>of</strong> the circuit,<br />
as detailed in reports from the Governor-General (or Governor).<br />
696a. If P II Tsung^ Ts'an^ I*, Senior xidviser : this<br />
post exists in Manchuria alone {see report <strong>of</strong> ^ ifr ^| Hsii'^<br />
Shlh^-ch'angS dated the 13th January, 1908).<br />
697. The Staff is arranged in three ^ Ch'u*, Offices,<br />
which, in turn, are subdivided into ^^ K'o^, or j]^ Ka^, Sections.<br />
The Offices are under |i|, |/jf Tsung^ Pan^ and ^ fj Pang' Pan*<br />
(see Nos. 698, 699 and 700) : at the Sections, likewise, there are<br />
il 1^ T'i^ Tiao', Proctors, ^ |§ H Pang' T'i^ Tiao', Assistant<br />
Proctors, or f^j- ^ K'o' Chang^, Section Chiefs. To these<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials there are attached : ^ j^ Wei^ Yiian^, Orderlies, ^ ^<br />
Wen^ An^, Secretaries, and j^ Ch'ing' Shu', Writers (the<br />
number depends on the volume <strong>of</strong> affairs— compare No. 696).<br />
The <strong>of</strong>fices are designated as : 1. £^ •j)^ ^ Ping' Pei-<br />
Ch'u"*, Office <strong>of</strong> the Inspector-General (for details see No. 698),<br />
2- # it ^ Ts'an' Mou^ Ch'u*, Office <strong>of</strong> the Quartermaster- ":|<br />
General (see No. 699), and 3.<br />
Office <strong>of</strong> Militxary Schools (see No. 700).<br />
$j(_ ^^ j^ Cliiao' Lien* Ch'u*,<br />
698. ^i§M Ping' Pei^ Ch'u*, Office <strong>of</strong> the Inspector-' Jj<br />
General, with the & ig ^ |^| f^ Ping' Pei* Ch'iv* Tsnng^ Pan%'<br />
Inspector-General, at its liead. This Office is responsible that<br />
the troops confirm to military regulations and that they obey<br />
orders ; is in charge <strong>of</strong> the issue <strong>of</strong> rewards, judicial proceedings,<br />
current supplies, and the preparation <strong>of</strong> supplies for the<br />
commissariat artillery and medical branches. It is subdivided<br />
(in Manchuria) into five Sections : 1. ^' J^J 7f4 1^'^t)' Kung^<br />
[ 304 ]<br />
'
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATIOX OF CHINA,<br />
K'o^, Section for Examination o£ ]\Iei-it (<strong>of</strong> Staff), 2. ^ fifl flf 698a<br />
C'h'ou^ Pei* K'o', Section <strong>of</strong> Readiness (Preparation), 3.<br />
Ifl ^ ^ Hsiang^ Hsij^ K'o', ( ommissariat Section, 4. M ^ ^4 «qQb<br />
r Wu* K'o\ :Medical Section, and 5. fi '^- f?!- Chili^ Fa' K'oS<br />
Judicial Section.<br />
698a. In some other places (for instance, in the provinces<br />
<strong>of</strong> North <strong>China</strong>) the Sections (not .ifjf K'o', but |^ Ku^) are<br />
desig-notcd diftei-entlv : Hi ^* 3^ C'hun' Hsii^ Ku^, Commissariat<br />
Section, and l^i g ^ Chiin^ I^ Kn^ Medical Section.<br />
698b. In the provinces <strong>of</strong> South <strong>China</strong> the Office <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Inspector-General (see No. 698) has the following Sections :<br />
.1.<br />
M n't $-'[ ^^^'^^ T'ao^ K'o', Section <strong>of</strong> <strong>Organization</strong> <strong>of</strong> Troops and<br />
Battle Preparation, 2. f^ '^ fjf Chih" Fa' K'o', Judicial<br />
Section, and 3. |^ i% ^jj- Chhig' Li^ K'o', Commissariat<br />
Section.<br />
699. # i^ ^ Ts'an' Mou^ ^^'h'u*. Office <strong>of</strong> the Qnarter-<br />
master-General, with the #^^11 if<br />
Ts'an' Mon^ Ch'u'*<br />
examines the quartermaster organization<br />
Tsung-^ Pan-*, at its head ;<br />
and arranges for its proper administration ; collects and cojiipilcs<br />
statistical military information concerning <strong>China</strong> and neighbouring<br />
states. This Office is subdivided (in Manchuria) into foiu-<br />
Sections: 1. ^ ^ 7f3[ Mou' Liieh* K'o', Strategical Section,<br />
2- tM M f'! Tiao* Ch'a' K'oS Intelligence Section, 3. 5I i( fJf<br />
Yiin-* Shu' K'o', Section <strong>of</strong> Transport <strong>of</strong> Troops, and 4. v|i] -^ fij-<br />
Ts'e* Liang^ K'o', Topographical Section.<br />
699a. In some other places (for instance, in the provinces<br />
<strong>of</strong> North <strong>China</strong>) the Sections— called ^ Ku^— a-re as above with<br />
the exception <strong>of</strong> the ^0:] $| ^ Ts'c'* Hui^ Ku% Topographical<br />
Section.<br />
699b. In the provinces <strong>of</strong> South <strong>China</strong> the Office <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Quartermaster-General (sec No. 699) has the following<br />
Sections :<br />
1- jM ft f4 Yiin" Ch'ou^ K'o', Strategical and Transport<br />
20<br />
[ 3or) ]<br />
f^
702<br />
TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
700 Section, 2. |^ ^ fij-<br />
('hien^ Yiieh^ K'o^. Intelligence Section,<br />
to and 3. JHjJ ff ^>^ Ts'eMIui* K'o', Topographical Section.<br />
700. fjc ^ j^ Chiao^ Lien^ Ch'u^ Office o£ ^Military<br />
Schools, with the $kM^ 11 M Chiao* Lien" Ch'u" Tsung'<br />
Pan^ Chief (and f^ ^ Pang^ Pan*, Assistant), in charge. This<br />
Office supervises military schools— draws up schemes and<br />
regidations and arranges instruction and textbooks for them. It<br />
is subdiA'ided (in Manchuria) into four Sections : 1 . ip :i^ ?f4"<br />
Hsueh^ Wu* K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Instruction, 2. j^ £c fIj. Hsiao*<br />
Ping' K'o', Section <strong>of</strong> Revision, 3. |^ ^ 5f3[ Pien^ I* K'o\<br />
Translating Section, and 4. f^ [Jj^ fif Hai^ Fang^ K'o', Section<br />
<strong>of</strong> Coast Defence.<br />
700a. In some places (for instance, the provinces <strong>of</strong> North<br />
<strong>China</strong>) the Section <strong>of</strong> Instruction (see No* 700) is styled ^JC ^ ^<br />
Chiao* Yii* Ku^.<br />
700b. In the provinces <strong>of</strong> South <strong>China</strong> the Office <strong>of</strong><br />
Military Schools (see No. 700) has the following Sections : 1.<br />
Ijll M ^4 Hsiin^ Lien* K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Drilling, and 2. f^ ^ ^4<br />
Chiao* Yii* K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Education.<br />
MILITARY PRISONS.<br />
70L ^ ^ 1^ fjt Lu* Chiin^ Chien' Yii*, Military Prisons;<br />
regulations for these were drawn ,up ])y the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> War and<br />
sanctioned by the Emperor on the 26th September, 1908. They<br />
are <strong>of</strong> two types : 1.<br />
ojj ^ Pu* Chien\ Prison at the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> War— under the supervision <strong>of</strong> the Department <strong>of</strong> Military<br />
Law ; see No. 432—and 2. || ^ Chen* Chien\ Prisons for the<br />
Divisions, under the supervision <strong>of</strong> the pI "^ ^ Ssu^ Ling* Ch'u*,<br />
Staff <strong>of</strong> the Division. The latter are for culprits whose<br />
sentences are from one month to ten years ; those serving longer<br />
sentences are imprisoned at the Prison at the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War.<br />
Military<br />
702. Following is the personnel <strong>of</strong> the administration <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Prison :<br />
[ 306 ]<br />
•
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
A. ^ ^ M ^i^uan^ She'* Yiian^, Substantive Officials : 703<br />
1- ^ M. Allien* Chang^, Prison SupcrvisQv- (4a or 5 a), -^0<br />
2. ^ SlJ Chien"* Fu*, Assistant Prison Supervisor (oA or 6a ; >yr\r>,<br />
one), 3. n\ .^ ^ Ssu' Shu^ Sheng^ Clerk' (7a; two),<br />
4. _-^^2^ II Teng=^ Chien^ Tsu^, Warder <strong>of</strong> the 1st Class<br />
(ranks as ^ @ Hu" Mu*; sec Ko. 665), 5. H ^ ^ ^- Erh*<br />
Teng^ Chien^ Tsu^, Warder <strong>of</strong> the 2nd Class (ranks as ^ ^<br />
Hu^ Ping^ see No. 665), and 6. j^ ^ Huo^ Fu^ Cook.<br />
B. |ff ^ ^ Cho^ P'ai^ Yiian^, Deputed Officials:<br />
1. ^ ^ ;g Wei" Pingi Chang^ Chief <strong>of</strong> Sentries, 2. ^|^g<br />
Wei* Ping^ Mu*," Chief Sentries (from the ranks <strong>of</strong> sergeants),<br />
and 3.<br />
f|j Jr. Wei* Ping\ Sentries (from the ranks <strong>of</strong> privates).<br />
MILITARY POLICE (GENDARMERIE).<br />
703. f^ ^'^ ^ [if Lu* Chfin^ Ching' Ch'a^ Tui*,<br />
Military Police (Gendarmerie <strong>of</strong> the Line) ; the organization <strong>of</strong><br />
this body was first brought forward in 1908, wheij temporary<br />
regulations for its administration were drawn up by the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> War and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 6th Ma}'. The<br />
object <strong>of</strong> its inception is " to keep a watch as to the manner in<br />
which <strong>of</strong>ficers and men <strong>of</strong> the Army and Navy perform their<br />
duties."<br />
The Military Police were first organized at Peking, consist-<br />
ing <strong>of</strong> one ^ Ying-, Battalion, <strong>of</strong> men who had completed the<br />
course <strong>of</strong> the Gendarmerie School established at the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
War (see No. 715e): later these police were organized in yX it<br />
Chiang^ Pei^ (see a Memorial from ^ |3 t^ Hsvi* Shao*-cheng\<br />
dated the 29th September, 1909), to the number <strong>of</strong> one f^ Tui**,<br />
Company. Also, there have been established ^ ^ j^lf<br />
Lien* Hsi'<br />
So', Courses for Preparation for Service in the Military Police.<br />
703a. m^^^ m Lu* Chim^ Cniing' Ch'a^ Ch'u*,<br />
'Office <strong>of</strong> the Military Police (Gendarmerie Office) ; this is to be<br />
[ 307 ]
705<br />
I'KESENT DAY P01.IT1CAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
704 ct^tablislied in rekin' for the supei'vision <strong>of</strong> the provincial<br />
tQ ^Military -Police and will be uncl'!i' the control <strong>of</strong> the <strong>of</strong> War.<br />
Ministry<br />
704. W-W-W^W-M fif!] Ln^ Oluin^ Ching^ (jh'a^ Tui*<br />
Police :.<br />
One<br />
Ying-2 Chih% Staff <strong>of</strong> a Battalion <strong>of</strong> Military L<br />
^ 41? '^ Kuan^ Tai* Kuan', Battalion Commander {sec IS^o.<br />
661), 2. One ft ^ 'g* Chilr Shih* Knan^, Battalion Adjutant<br />
(.«(?r No. 663), 3.<br />
[5^ 'g*<br />
Tui^ Kuan^, Company Commander<br />
Tthree, conforming to the number <strong>of</strong> companies; see Xo. 661),<br />
4. ^. ^ P'ai" Chang^, Platoon Commander (six, conforming to<br />
the number <strong>of</strong> platoons; see No. 661j,-o. p\ f^ ^ Ssu' Wu*<br />
Chang^, Company Adjutant (three, conforming to the number <strong>of</strong><br />
companies: see No. 663), 6. 12j£ g Chcng^ Mu"*, Senior<br />
Sergeants {see No. 661), 7. 12.<br />
glj @ Fu* Mu^, Junior<br />
Sergeants {see No. 661), 8. 96 JE ^ Cheng^ Ping\ Privates^<br />
<strong>of</strong> the 1st Class {see No. 661),- 9. One %% ^ Chun' Hsu^<br />
Chang^, Battalion Commissary Officer {see No. 673), 10. One-<br />
^ |g ;g Shu' Chi* Chang^, Senior Clerk {sec No. 664),<br />
11. One 1^ § :^ Chiin' I' Chang^, Battalion Surgeon {see<br />
No. 675), 12. One ,@fj g % Ma=' P Chang^ Battalion<br />
Veterinary Sm-geon {see No. 676), 13. Five q] fj :^ Ssu^<br />
Shu' Shcng', Writers {see No. 664j, 14. Eight ^ ^ I' Pingi,<br />
Hospital Attendants (four <strong>of</strong> these are ^ -^ ^ ^Ma'^ I' Ping^,<br />
Veterinary Hospital Attendants; see No. 675), 15. Five ^ ^<br />
YLw^ Ping', Convoy Privates (ir^^ No. 665), 16. Three ^j ^<br />
Ma^ Fu' Mu*, Senior Stablemen {see No. 680j, 17. 24 P^^^<br />
Wei* Yang-^ Fu', Foragers {see No. 680), 18. 12 j/t ^ Huo*<br />
Fu', Cooks (.sv^-No. 680) and 82 horses.<br />
705. 1^ ^ ^ '^ ^ If f^lj Ln* Chiui' Chlng^ Cli^a" Tui*<br />
Tui^ Chih", StafF <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Comijany <strong>of</strong> :Military Police: 1.<br />
W 'g*<br />
One<br />
Tui' Kuan', Company Commander {see No. 661), 2. ^|.' -^<br />
P'ai- I hang', Platoon Commander (two, conforming to the<br />
number <strong>of</strong> platoons; see No. G61), 3. One ^. f^ ;^ Ssu' Wu*'<br />
[ 308 J
. Companies,<br />
TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Chang^ Compaii}^ Adjutant (see No. 663), 4. Four j£ g 706<br />
Cheng'* Mu*, Senior Sergeants (see No, 661), ,5. Four gj{ Q<br />
Fu* Mu^ Junior Sergeants {see No. 661), 6. 32 jE ic Oheng\<br />
Ping', Privates <strong>of</strong> the ,1st (Jlass (see No. 661), 7. One WJ§^<br />
Ssii^ Slui' ShengS Clerk (see No. 664), 8. Two ^ ^ I' Ping',<br />
Hospital Attendants (sec No. 675), 9. One ^ i^ Hu* Ping\<br />
Convoy Private (see No. 665), 10. One ,1| ^ g Ma^ Fu'<br />
Mu-*, Senior Stableman (see No. 680), 11. Eight 3^- ^ ^<br />
Wei* YangS Fu^ Foragers (see No. 680), 12. Four j-f( ^<br />
PIuo^ Fu', Cooks (see No. 680), and 27 horses.<br />
J3. Reserve Forces ( Hsi'in Fang Tui) :<br />
706. 5^ "05 pf Hsiin' Fang2 Tui*, Reserve Forces (Pro- ,<br />
vincial Troops; see No. 665). Temporary regulations referring<br />
to troops <strong>of</strong> this type wei'e drawn up by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War<br />
and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 29th June, 1907. In<br />
time <strong>of</strong> peace they are to be employed in catching thieves and<br />
robbers ;<br />
in time <strong>of</strong> war tney are to act as auxiliary forces to the<br />
troops <strong>of</strong> the line. These troops are to be organized from the<br />
various branches <strong>of</strong> the old troops.<br />
In the various provinces there may be (not more than five)<br />
^ Lit'', Roads or Detachments, <strong>of</strong> Reserve Forces designated :<br />
gy Ch'ien'^, Vanguard, f^ Hou% Reai'-Guard, )\^ Clumg^, Centre<br />
(Middle), ^ Tso^ Eeft (Eastern), and ;g' Yu\ Right (Western).<br />
Each Detachment is commanded ])y a /^ p§ 'g* T'lmg^ Ling'<br />
Kuan\ Detachment Commander- ((Jhief : compare No. 661).<br />
The comjjlement <strong>of</strong> a Detachment is not fixed except that<br />
it nuist not exceed 10 ^ Ying^, Battalions (Divisions; compare<br />
No. 656f) <strong>of</strong> ^{Tf Pu^ Tui*, Infantry, and .l^I^f ^la^ Tui*, CaAalry.<br />
Each infaiitry battalion consists <strong>of</strong> : three P^ Shao*,<br />
<strong>of</strong> eight |||j l*'eng^. Platoons, each. Each Platoon is<br />
made u]) <strong>of</strong> nine j£ ^ (^hcng* Ping\ Privates <strong>of</strong> the 1st Class,<br />
and a f-f ;^ Shili^ (.'hang^. Sergeant (Platoon Chief, Headman).<br />
The general number <strong>of</strong> men to a battalion is 301.<br />
[ 30!) ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OIIGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
706a Each cavalry division consists <strong>of</strong> three jl|^ k>hao'*, Sqiiadrons.<br />
to <strong>of</strong> four Ifjl] P'-jng'', Squads, each. Each S(]uad is made up <strong>of</strong><br />
706b<br />
"i"^ JE ^ Cheng* PingS Privates <strong>of</strong> the 1st Clats, and a ff ;g<br />
Shih'^ Cliang^, Sergeant (see above). A division<br />
usually numbers<br />
189 men and 135 horses.<br />
706a. The General Staff <strong>of</strong> a detachment (f^ Lu
PRESIONT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
'06c. MtM— ^:t U ^la^ Tui* II Ying^ C:luh' ChihS 706c<br />
General Staff o£ a cavalry division: 1. One ^ ^ '^ Kuan^ Tai"* tO<br />
Kuan', Division Comraander (ire No. 661), 2. Pfl'g* iShao^ Kuan\ «q«<br />
Squadron Commander (Ihree,<br />
sqnadrons<br />
to conform to the number <strong>of</strong><br />
; see No. 706), 3.<br />
If^| ^ Shao'* Chang', Second in<br />
Command <strong>of</strong> a Squadron (thi'ee, conforming to the number <strong>of</strong><br />
squadrons; see No. 700), 4. 12 ff* ^ Shih^ Chang', Sergeants<br />
(conforming to the number <strong>of</strong> squads ; see No. 706), 5. 108 j£^<br />
Cheng* PingS Privates <strong>of</strong> the 1st Class (see No. 661), 6.<br />
One ^ IE ;i: Shu' Chi' Chang', Senior Clerk (see No. 664), 7.<br />
Five p1 ^ ^ Ssui Sl^^l Sheng', Writers {see No. 664), 8.<br />
One ^ ^ g Ku' Hao* Mu\ Signal Sergeant {see No. 678), 9.<br />
Six ^ M :^ Kn' tlao^ rir.gi, Signalmen (see No. 678), 10.<br />
One ^ Hii* Mu", Convoy Sergeant (see No. 665), 11.<br />
16 If Ki Hu^ Ping', Convoy Privates (see No. 665), 12.<br />
12 jjHc ^ Huo^ ¥u\ Cooks (iTf No. 680),/ 13. 12 ^ ^<br />
Mu' Fu', Stablemen (see No. 680), and 135 horses.<br />
706d, For particulars as to the ^ pj §^ f^ J^ Hsiin^<br />
Fang" Ying- Wu* Ch'u*, Staff <strong>of</strong> Reserve Forces in Manchuria,<br />
see No. 805 A.<br />
707. m ^M M M 7h m 'M Vj Pt Sii' Sheng'<br />
Fei^ Hua^<br />
Shui' Shih^ Hsun' Fang' Tui*, River Flotilla <strong>of</strong> Kiangsu<br />
Province ; organized in accordance with a Memorial from the<br />
late Governor ^^ ^ f^ Ch'en^ Cli'l'-fai"*, sanctioned by the<br />
Emperor on the 12th August, 1908. The % Chun^ Squadron,<br />
is divided into five '^ Y'ing^ (the First, Second, Third, Fourth and<br />
Fifth), which, in turn, are sub-divided Into five ilf^ Shao'' each<br />
(P|> ClmngS aij Ch'ien-, ^ Tso', 1^ Yu^ and ^ Hou*; see No."<br />
706). A Hfl Shao* consists <strong>of</strong> eight :^|J ^ Hua* Ch'uan-, Boats,<br />
having a crew <strong>of</strong> six |^ ^ Ping^ Fu\ Privates (one acts as '^C ^<br />
II uo' Fu', Cook) each.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> each !^ Yin-g^ (corsisting <strong>of</strong> 40 boats,<br />
and cre-ws numbering 240 men) there is a '^ ^ Kuan' Tai^<br />
[ 311 ]<br />
-
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
708 Flotilla Commander,<br />
Avho has subordinated to him on his own<br />
boat (called ^ |^ P ^ Hsien^ Feng' Shan' Pan^l eight "^ -^<br />
Kuan^ Chang^, Officers, and 17 Privates (see above).<br />
In charge <strong>of</strong> tlie entire squadron is the ^ f^ T'ung' Ling',<br />
Squadron Commander, who has on his own boat (called ^ '^ jjft<br />
Kuan^ K'uai* Ch*L:an^) seven Officers and 38 Privates. The<br />
total complement <strong>of</strong> the squadron (<strong>of</strong> 206 boats) is 253 Officers<br />
and 1,323 Privates— 1,576 men in all.<br />
MILITARY SCHOOLS.<br />
708. In the general regulations for ^'^ ^ ^ Lu-* Chiin^<br />
Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Military Schools, <strong>of</strong> 20 articles, drawn up by the<br />
Committee for the Reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Army<br />
and sanctioned<br />
by the Emperor on the 12th September, 1904, there was put<br />
forth the following scheme for training <strong>of</strong>ficers far the New<br />
Armv :<br />
On completion <strong>of</strong> the course <strong>of</strong> Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Junior Grade, students join the [J^ !^ >'J^ ^ ^ Lu^ Chiin^<br />
Hsiao' Hsiieh"<br />
here— <strong>of</strong> three<br />
T'ang^, Primary Military School.<br />
years duration—<br />
rbeing completed,<br />
The course<br />
they advance<br />
to the 1^1 ^ Pj< !p ^ Lu^ Chuni Chung^ Hstieir T'ang-, Middle<br />
Military Scliool, where the course <strong>of</strong> study covers two years.<br />
After finishing their studies here, and having served four months<br />
in the infantry (or cavalry, artillery, engineers or ti'oops <strong>of</strong><br />
transport) as private <strong>of</strong> the 1st Class and sergeant, the<br />
students—called Pi ^ A ffi ^ -L^i* Ohun' Ju* Wu^ Sheng',<br />
Cadets—join the :E^ "g* ^ ^ Pingi Kuan^ Hsueh' T'ang^<br />
School for Military Officers, where they remain for one year and<br />
a half. When graduated from this Institution they again join<br />
the army, in the ranks, with the title <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ 'g*<br />
Hsiieh^ Hsi'<br />
Kvian', Sub-Officer, for a further period <strong>of</strong> six months, after<br />
which they return to the school for examination. Those who<br />
,[ 312 ] .
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
attain a satisfactory rating<br />
in the examination are definitCiV<br />
appointed as <strong>of</strong>ficers and receive commissions as Commanders <strong>of</strong><br />
Companies or Platoons {see No.<br />
the most distinguished may join<br />
(5 61). After two years service<br />
the ^ I^ :/v ^^^ ^ Lti* Chiin^<br />
Ta* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Military Academy, for a coiu-se <strong>of</strong> study <strong>of</strong><br />
two years duration, and, on graduation from this institution,<br />
they receive the title <strong>of</strong> ^Military Staff Officer {see No. 184l).<br />
708a. Under the old system, for those who wished to<br />
follow a military career there were similar examinations as for<br />
the civil careei', consisting <strong>of</strong> examinations as to knowledge <strong>of</strong><br />
military ''<br />
Ching," Classics, with the addition <strong>of</strong> various tests,<br />
chiefly exercises <strong>of</strong> physical strength, skill in riding, in drawing<br />
the bow, in lifting "the weight" and in fencing. These<br />
examinations were abolished— as well as the degrees conferred—<br />
in 1901 {see No. 629i>).<br />
70J>. 1^ :f: /> ^ ^ Lu^ Chiini Hsiao^ Hsiielr T'angS<br />
Primarv jNIilitary Schools (Lowei* Corps <strong>of</strong> Cadets); for those<br />
who have completed the course <strong>of</strong> Pi'imary Schools <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Junior Grade ; with a course <strong>of</strong> study covering three years.<br />
These schools are found' at the Capital, in the provinces, and at<br />
the ^fanchu Garrisons. Regulations for their administration,<br />
drawn up by the Committee for the Reorganization<br />
<strong>of</strong> the<br />
Armv, were sanctioned by the Emperor on the 27th February,<br />
1905. The enrollment varies from 90 to 300 students<br />
(dependent on local conditions) and the attendance <strong>of</strong> [Jfj jp<br />
Fu* Hsiieh^, Special Students (between the ages <strong>of</strong> 15 and 18<br />
years) is permissible.<br />
In addition to the subjects <strong>of</strong> general<br />
education (ethics, Chinese literature, history, mathematics,<br />
geographv, etc.), instruction is given in the elementary principles<br />
<strong>of</strong> military sciences.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> a Pi-imary ^Military School there is a |lf, ^^<br />
Tsung=^ Pan'', Supervisor. -He has subordinated to him :<br />
1. One ^. m Chien^ Tvx\ Director, 2. One J^ p T'i^ Tiao"^,<br />
[ -13 ]<br />
708a<br />
to<br />
709
FKKSENT DAV POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
709a Inspector, 3. JE'^k M. (^lihang^, Instructors, 6. One ^ *^' 1^ Kuan\ Surgeon<br />
(acting also as !i ^ ^ |^ M ^ei* Sheng^ Hsueh^ Chiao*<br />
Yiian-, Teacher <strong>of</strong> Hygiene), 7. One -^ ^ Wen^ An*,.<br />
Secretary, 8. One ll^ ^ ^ M i^hou^ Chih^ Wei' Yiian^,<br />
Treasurer, 9. One ( ^ jm ji] ^ hih^ Ying^ Ssu^ ShihV<br />
Steward, 10. One ^ ;$ S] ^ Kuan^ K'u* t^su^ Shih%<br />
Overseer <strong>of</strong> Accoutrements, 11. Three ^ ^ Ssu' Shu^, Clerks,<br />
12. Three ^ ^ Ch'ai^ Pien% Messengers, 13. Two ^ -Ea<br />
Hao'' Ping\ Signahneu, and 14. 40 -^ ^ Fu^ V, Servjints.<br />
709a. flWi^ "M: Wu^ Pei^ Hsiieh^ T'ang-, Military<br />
Preparatory School ; with a course covering 2 to 3 years.<br />
The establishment <strong>of</strong> schools <strong>of</strong> this type took place previous to<br />
the promulgation (in 1904) <strong>of</strong> the general regulations for<br />
Military Schools {sec No. 708). On completion <strong>of</strong> theii studies<br />
at these schools the best scholars— aged 20 to 28 years— were<br />
advanced to the J§ /jK P^ ^ p ^ Su^ Ch'eng-^ Lu* Chun*<br />
Hsiieh^ T'ang" {see No. 711a).<br />
The Wu^ Pei* Hsiieh^ T'ang- have now been reorganized<br />
into Primary Military Schools (see No. 709).<br />
710. P^ ^ Fjl i^ ^ Lu^ Chun^ Chung^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^<br />
Middle Military Scliools (Middle Corps <strong>of</strong> Cadets) ; open to<br />
those who have completed the course <strong>of</strong> Primary Military<br />
Schools (see No. 709) ; with a two years course <strong>of</strong> study.<br />
These schools are to be established in the provinces <strong>of</strong> Chihli,.<br />
Shansi, Hupeh and Kiangsu.<br />
Regulations for Military -Middle Schools have not as yet<br />
been promulgated.<br />
711. 1^- :i: ^ 'g* P ^ Lu* Chfini Ping' Kuan' Hsueh^<br />
T'ang^ School for<br />
^Nlihtary Officers; for those who have<br />
[ 314 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
completed the course <strong>of</strong> Militaiy ^Middle Schools (see Xo. 710) 711a.<br />
and have served m the ranks for four months (see No. 708);<br />
with a course <strong>of</strong> study covering one year and a half. This<br />
school is to be established at Peking but the regulations have<br />
not yet been published.<br />
711 A. Pllp: ii /ij^ P<br />
f<br />
^ lai* Chiini Su^ Ch'ong' Hsf.eh^<br />
T'ang-, School for Military Officers with Abridged Course ;<br />
established in accordance with a Memorial from the Ministiy<br />
<strong>of</strong> War, in 1905, at f^ ^ J§ Pao Ting<br />
Fu. The enrollment<br />
is 1,140 and the course <strong>of</strong> study extends over two }ears and a<br />
half, or one year and a half, as instruction in the stibjects <strong>of</strong><br />
general education i.-^, or is not, supplied.<br />
Those following the one year and a half course (^ —•<br />
|^<br />
Ti'' I^ Pan*) make a special study <strong>of</strong> military sciences dm-ing<br />
the complete course ; those following the two year and a half<br />
course (^ H ^f Ti* Erh* Pan*) study siibjects <strong>of</strong> geYieral<br />
education for one vear and militarv sciences during" the reniainins:<br />
one year and a half<br />
On satisfactory' completion <strong>of</strong> the course the students serve<br />
in the ranks for three months, Avith the designation -^ ^ ^<br />
Hsiieh^ Hsi^ Kuan' (compare Ko. 708).<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the School for Alilitary Officers with<br />
Abridged Course there is a |l|, |/]|! Tsung* Pan', Superintendent.<br />
Subordinated to him are: 1. One JE. ^ M Cheng* Chien' Tu\<br />
Director, 2. One glj ^ ^ Fii* Chieni Tu', Vice-Direcfor><br />
3. One JE^^M Cheng* T'i^ Tiao*, Inspector, 4. One SlJ$i|i<br />
Fu* T'i^ Tiao*, Assistant Inspector, 5. jE ^ P Cheng* Chiao*<br />
Yiian^, Teachers, 6. gO 1^ M Fxi* Chiao* Yfian- and f; fJt M.<br />
Clui* Chiao* Yiian^, Assistant Teachers, 7. Five f^ % K'o^<br />
('hang^. Section Chiefs, 8. [^ ^' Tui* Kuan', (^ompany<br />
Commanders (10 in all : 120 stvidents form a |^ Tui', Company),<br />
9. ^p 'g* P'ai* Kuan^, Platoon Commanders (40 students form a<br />
^p i"ai^ Platoon; there arc 30 Platoons in all), 10. jE ^ ^<br />
[ 315 1
PRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
711b Clit-ng* Hsiieh^ Chang', Instructors (10— there being 10<br />
IQ companies), 11. U^l ^ -^ 1''"^ Hsueh- Chang^ Assistant<br />
„.- Instructors (20 in all; two to each company), 12. Two -^ 'g*<br />
I' Kuan\ Siu-geons (acting also as Teachers <strong>of</strong> Hygiene;<br />
compare No. 709), 13. Four -g^ ^ T' Sheng', Assistant<br />
Surgeons, 14. Two Mi M *^ ^^^"^ ^' Kuan^ Veterinary'<br />
Surgeons (acting also as Mi ^ JE ^ ^ ^^^^ Hsiieh^ Cheng*<br />
Chiao'' Yiian^, Teacher <strong>of</strong> Veterinary Sciences, and ^H^gljfji;^<br />
]\Ia' Hsiieh^ Fu^ Chiao* Yiian^, Assistant Teaclier <strong>of</strong> Veterinary<br />
Sciences), 15. One — ^ ^ |g /g* I^ Tcng^ Shu^ Chi* KuanS<br />
Secretary <strong>of</strong> the 1st Class, 16. Three Zl ^ ^ fg 'g' Erh*<br />
Teng' Shu^ ('hi* Kuan\ Secretaries <strong>of</strong> the 2ud Class,<br />
17. One 11^ j^jE^M Shoui (^hih.i Cheng* Wei^ Yiian^<br />
Treasurer, 18. Three 1}^ ^ glj ^ ^ Shou' Chihi Fu* Wei^<br />
Yiian^, Assistant Treasurers, 19. One '^ Mi IE ^ M. ^^'''^"^<br />
Ma^ C/heng* Wei^ Yiian^, Inspector <strong>of</strong> Horses, 20. Three<br />
W ^M wH ^ M K^'^"^ ^^^^ Fu* Wei* Yiian^, Assistant Inspectors<br />
<strong>of</strong> Horses, 21. Three ^ H wj ^ Chih' Ying* Ssu^ Shih*,<br />
Stewards, 22. Three ^ M^^i^ Kuan^ K^u* Ssu^ Shih*,<br />
Overseers <strong>of</strong> Accoutrements, 23. Two ^ ^ ^ ^ Kuan'<br />
Yao* Ssui g],j|^4^ Pharmacists, 24. 16 ^ ^ ;^ Ssu^ Shu^<br />
Shcng\ (Uerks, etc.<br />
71 iR. ^ 4y- ^ ^ Chiang* Pien* Hsiieh' T'ang^ Courses<br />
for Military Officers and Sub-Officers. These have been<br />
instituted in the provinces <strong>of</strong> Chihli m '^ /{§ # ^ ^ Pei'<br />
Yang^ Chiang* Pien* Tlsiieh^ T'ang-j, Hupeh and Kuangtung,<br />
and elsewhere. The term <strong>of</strong> study (in Chihli) is <strong>of</strong> eight months<br />
duration and the enrollment is 120. On completion <strong>of</strong> the<br />
coiu'se Officers receive appointments in the troops <strong>of</strong> the line.<br />
711c. ^ JE^ ^ Chiang-* W\\^ T'ang'', Courses <strong>of</strong> Military<br />
Instruction ; instituted at provincial capitals for <strong>of</strong>ficers holding<br />
high rank in the Xew Army but who have not received the<br />
military education outlined by the Committee for the Reorgaui-<br />
[ "K- ]
ilESENT DAV POJLITJCAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
zatiou <strong>of</strong> the Army {see No. 708). The piogramme <strong>of</strong> studies is suuilar to tl\at <strong>of</strong> the '^ ^ ^ ^ Chiang*<br />
711©<br />
Pien^ Hsiieh^ ^<br />
T'ang"-^ <strong>of</strong> Chihli and Hnpeli {see No. 71 1b) and these courses<br />
function, for military <strong>of</strong>ficers, simihii-ly to the fi: ^ f^ Shih*<br />
Hslieh- Kuan^ ^see No. 595.v) and |^ ^ l^" K'o* Li^ Kuan^ (.5^^<br />
ISo. 597; for civil <strong>of</strong>ficials.<br />
711D. # g $ '^ Pien^ Mu"* Ilsiieh^ T'ang^,<br />
Schools for<br />
Sergeants. ^ ^ ^ Hsiieh"- Ping' Ying^ Instruction Battalions.<br />
^ '^: ^ 'Mi.<br />
»^^i'" Ying- Ilsiieh- T'ang-, Instruction Commands.<br />
The two latter are for training soldiers for the position <strong>of</strong><br />
sergeant.<br />
712. m % :k .JP ^' Lu^ Chuni Xa^ Hsiieh^ T'ang',<br />
.Military Academy, also m If ^ % ^^ ^ ^ I-^^' (^liun' Ts'an'<br />
Mou^ Ta^ Hsiieh"^ T'ang^ General Staff College. By regulations<br />
drawn up by the Committee for the Reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Army,<br />
in 1905, this school is to he estahlished at Peking<br />
and is to be<br />
under the supervision <strong>of</strong> the General Staff {see No. .184i5y.<br />
Temporarily the enrollment is to be 40 <strong>of</strong>ficers, between the ages<br />
<strong>of</strong> 20 and 27 years {sec Xo. 70(S). The course <strong>of</strong> study will<br />
cover three years.<br />
At the liojid <strong>of</strong> the Military Academy there will be a ^' ^<br />
Chien' Tu', Director. lie will be assisted by: 1.<br />
|ft| UC ^<br />
Tsung^ Chiao' Hsil, Senior Pr<strong>of</strong>essor, 2. ]E Wi ^ Ch.'ng^<br />
Chiao' Hsi", Assistant Senior Pr<strong>of</strong>essor, as Inspector, 3. ^^ ^<br />
Chiao^ Hsi^, Pr<strong>of</strong>essors <strong>of</strong> scit'uces <strong>of</strong> general education and<br />
special military sciences (also acting as |^ ^ ^ Fan^ I* Kuan',<br />
Translators), 4. ?! ^ i ^ Han' Wen^ Chu^ ChiangS<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> Chinese Literature (acting at the same time as<br />
^H'g'l'ien' Tsuan' Kuiui', Keviser), 5. ^ ^ ^Vcn2 An',<br />
Secretary (sinuiltaneouslv ser\'ing as Pi'o<strong>of</strong>-reader ; compare^<br />
abuve% fi. II 1% ^: i^ Tsa" \Vn' Wei^ Yiian-, Stewai'd, 7. -^<br />
^ [' Kuan', Surgeon, H. ^ 3|T Ssu' Sliih% Assistant SteA\ard.<br />
(see above), 9. )% %} Ch'ing' Shu', Clerk, 10. ^ l^ Shu^<br />
[ 317 ]<br />
„^^
RESEXT DAY rOMTICAi. OKGANIZATIOX OF CHIXA.<br />
712a ShihS Writer, 11. ^^ Ma' Vkn*, Mounted Petty Officer<br />
to Orderlies, 12. ,% g Ma^ Mu*, Mounted Orderlies, 1:5. ^ g<br />
713 Ch'aii :Mu', Messengers, 14. JillJ prj jg ^]uni' Yin* Chiang^<br />
Printers, and 15. ^^ Fu^ I^, Servants.<br />
712a. 2^ 'q* Jp ^* Chiin^ Kuani Hsiielr T'ang^ Military<br />
Stati' Officers College (at Paotingfu).<br />
Previous to the establish-<br />
ment b£ the Military Academy (.sty? No. 712) this institution<br />
serves as the school for training <strong>of</strong>ficers for staff posts (see No.<br />
184l), It is under the supervision <strong>of</strong> the General Staff (iye No.<br />
184b), Avhich issued su])plemeiitary regulations for its adininis-<br />
ti-ation in 1909— these were sanctioned hy the Emperor on the<br />
6th September <strong>of</strong> the same year.<br />
For enrollment in this college there are accepted well-<br />
behaved young men aged 25 to 30 years who have completed the<br />
course <strong>of</strong> a Primary Military School (or a school <strong>of</strong> the<br />
corresponding grade), or <strong>of</strong> a ^Military ("oliege al)rdad, after a<br />
test examination in Chinese and foivigii languiiges, goieral<br />
educational subjects and military sciences. Plie course <strong>of</strong> study<br />
covers three years (formerly there were two courses <strong>of</strong> study :<br />
ii J^ ^Jf Su^ Oh'eng^ K'o', and ^ 5^ ^i| Shr-n^ Tsao' K'oS the<br />
former exteudhig over one year and a half only;.<br />
''IS. m'W'WiW^^. Lu* Cliiin^ Kuei' Clum* Ksueh'<br />
T'ang^, ^Military School for Princes and Nobles : lounded, in<br />
accordance with a Memorial from the (V)mmittee for the<br />
Reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Army (sanctioned by the Emporoi-<br />
on the<br />
19th October, 1905), with the o})ject <strong>of</strong> ti-aining the sons <strong>of</strong><br />
Princes and Nobles for military service. The duration <strong>of</strong> the<br />
course was fixed at five years (lately, on a :\remorial from the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> War, dated the 7th March, 1908, it has been reduced<br />
to three years).<br />
The enrollment is 120 students, arranged in three ^ PanS<br />
Sections, <strong>of</strong> 40 students each. Eligil)le<br />
for admission to the<br />
school are the sons <strong>of</strong> : 1. Princes, 2. Clansmer holding posts<br />
[ 318 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
not lower than the fourth rank, 3. Metropolitan and Provincial 713a<br />
Manchu and Chinese military and civil <strong>of</strong>ficials holding posts not<br />
lower than the second rank. The age limit for students is 18 to<br />
25 years.<br />
Those who complete the course <strong>of</strong> study with the first rating<br />
are enrolled in the army as lieutenants, are attached to the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> AVar as ^ ^ Chu^ Shih* {see No. 292),<br />
to the provinces as jg ^J] T'ung' P'an* {see No. 849a).<br />
or are sent<br />
Those who graduate with the second rating are enrolled in<br />
the armv as sub-lieutenants, are attached to one <strong>of</strong> the Ministries<br />
as ^ n^ ^ fc J^ ^1^'i' P'in' Pi' 'i^'ieli' Shih^ {see No. 293) or<br />
-t po ^b ^ 1* Ch'ii p;jn3 Hsiao^ Ching^ Kuan^ {see No. 299),<br />
or are sent to the provinces as ^[1 ^ Chili' Hsien* {see No. 856).<br />
At the Military School for Princes and Nobles there is a<br />
^ 16 t II lEE ^leng-^ Ch'i2 Shih^ Chueh^ Pan', Special Section<br />
for Hereditary Mongolian Princes (regulations for this were<br />
•drawn up by ^ |jj |g ^ Pei' Le^ Tsai' Jun', Tsai Jun, Prince<br />
<strong>of</strong> the 3rd Degree, the superintendent <strong>of</strong> the school, and<br />
sanctioned by the Emperor on t|ie 20th February, 1910).<br />
713a. At the head <strong>of</strong> the Military School for Princes and<br />
loobies there isa'^JM[^^f;f^5g^^ Kuan^ Li^ Lu"<br />
Chuni Kuei* Chou' Hsiieh^ T'ang=^ Shih^ Wu*, Superintendent,<br />
appointed from the ranks <strong>of</strong> Princes <strong>of</strong> the Blood (the post<br />
<strong>of</strong> li il Tsung^ Pan'*, Curator, was- abolished on a Memorial<br />
from Prince g^ P Tsai^ Jun", dated the 20th February, 1910).<br />
Directly subordinated to the Superintendent<br />
are: 1. Director<br />
{see No. 635), 2. Preceptor {see No. 649), 3. ^ if !^ JE ii(<br />
(^ P'u^ T'ungi Hsueh^ Cheng* Chiao* Yiian^ Teachers <strong>of</strong><br />
subjects <strong>of</strong> general education, 4. ^ iS ^ »'] ^ M ^'^^ T'mig^<br />
Hsiieh^ Fu^ Chiao* Yuan^, Assistant Teachers <strong>of</strong> subjects ot<br />
general education (there are six Teachers and Assistant Teachers<br />
in all), 5. Three S^ W: Ws ^ I'ingi Hsiieh^ Chiao" Yuan^<br />
Teachers <strong>of</strong> military sciences, 6. One jE M W Cheng* P Kuan',<br />
[ 319 ]
714<br />
to<br />
715b<br />
PKKSKXT DAY POMTJCAL ORG AN 1 7. AT lOX OF CUIXA.<br />
Surgeon, 7. 'J'wo g|j -^ ^' Vi\* V Kuan', Assistant Sru-geons,<br />
S. Throe Teachers \.ser Xo. 637) acthig- as ^ |^ Fan^ l\<br />
Interpreters, 9. Two ^ ^JC jE Ijt li Hau^ Wen=^ Cheng-* Chiao*<br />
Yiian-, Teachea-s <strong>of</strong> Chinese literature, 10. Two -^ sA<br />
Han^ Wen^ Fu* Chiao* Yiian-, Assistant Teachers <strong>of</strong> Chinese<br />
literature, 11. Six ^ ^ Vha? Chang^, Inspectois <strong>of</strong> Dormitories<br />
(compare No. 645), 12. One Secretary, 13. One i^ ^<br />
^ ^ Shoui Chih' Wei^ Yiian^, Treasurer, 14. Two ^ [r. -j<br />
^ Chihi Ying' Ssu^ Shih*, Steward, 15. Five ^ ^ Ssu' Shu^<br />
Clerks, doing- duty as ^ij ^p Shua^ ^ i^ F Ping', Hospital<br />
Yin', Printers, 16.<br />
Attendants, 17. Two '^ i£<br />
Four<br />
Hao*<br />
Ping-', Signalmen, 18. Three y^ 5^ ('h'ai' Pien', Messengers,<br />
19.<br />
prj 7" Men- Ting', ^Vatchmen, and 20. ^ f^ Fu^ T%<br />
Servants (there are 40 W'atchmen and Servants).<br />
714. According- to the programme <strong>of</strong> the Committee for<br />
the Reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Army there are still to be established :<br />
1- ^^^^f^^^ I'"' Tui^ Chuan' Men- nsuelr T'ang^<br />
Special Infantry School, 2. f^ ^f ^ P"] ^ ^ Ma^Tui*<br />
Chuan^ Men- Hsiielr T'ang^,' Special Cavalry School, and<br />
3. 0C it ^ n ^ ^ l"ao^ Tui^ Chliani Men" Hsiieh- T'ang^,<br />
Special Artillery School. To these institutions <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong><br />
the corresponding- branches <strong>of</strong> the army will be sent for further<br />
prefecting themselves.<br />
715. For the training- <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficers for the aiuxiliary branches<br />
<strong>of</strong> the army (compare No. 656a) there are the foUowhig<br />
schools :<br />
715a. :?: g; ^ ^' Chiin^ 1' Hsiielr T'ang^ :\[ilitary<br />
Medical Schools (for instance, at Tientsin, where it is styled<br />
ft fT- M ^ II Pei^ Yang- I^ Hsiieh- T'ang'^.<br />
715b. ,1 ^ f^ ^ Ma^ P IlsUeh^ T'ang^ and m M ^ 'M.<br />
Shou^ I' Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Military Veterinary Schools (for<br />
instance, M i^ M W- Wi W ^ 'M Nan- Yang' Lu^ Chini' Shou*<br />
1* Hsiieh- T'ang^). \<br />
r ^20 ]
niESEXT DAY TO-LITJCAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
715c. ^ ^ Jp ^ Wei^ Sheiig^ Hsiieli^ T'ang^, Military 715c<br />
Schools for Assistant Surgeons (^lilitary Sanitary Schools)— for ^q<br />
instance -^ ^^^ M W- §1 ^ ^ ^ ^^^' Yang^ Lu* Chuni Wel^<br />
^-j^q<br />
Shcng' llsiielr T'ang".<br />
7lDi). M *^M W^M.<br />
^^^'* Cliiin^ TE'e-* Hni* Hsiieh^<br />
T'ang-, Schools for Military Draftsmen (tor instance, at Peking :<br />
J?. M M W- il It ^ ^ Chingi<br />
Hsiich" T'angO, or ilij If ^ ^<br />
Shih^ Lu* Chiin^ Ts'e* Hni*<br />
Ts'e'' Hui* Hsiieh'<br />
T'ang^, Schools for Draftmen (for instance, in Manchuria^<br />
ill H W ;1 H ^ 1: Tnngi Sani Shcng^<br />
Ts'c* Hui^ Hsiieh^<br />
T'ang"). Both are under the control <strong>of</strong> the General Staff (see<br />
No. 184r,).<br />
rioE. ^ J£ ^ ^ Hsien-t Ping^ Hsiieh^<br />
T'ang^,<br />
(lendarmerie Schools (for training men for service in the Military<br />
Police— (>endarmerie ;— (see No. 703). In Manclmria, ^ ^ ^<br />
^- &m*^ Tungi Sani Shi'ng^ Hsien'' Ping^ Hsueh^ T'ang^.<br />
715f. & X ^^ I'ii'g' Ivimgi' Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Military<br />
Technical Schools.<br />
716. The des])atch <strong>of</strong> military students abroad is carried<br />
on according to regulations drawn up by the Committee for the<br />
Keorganization <strong>of</strong> the Army in 1904 and 190o. There are<br />
chosen for study abroad (on their satisfaction <strong>of</strong> certain<br />
requirements, with regard to age and good behavior)<br />
students from the following :<br />
a number <strong>of</strong><br />
1 . Those who have completed the course <strong>of</strong> the j^fi^ ^ 'M.<br />
Wu^' Pei^ Hsiieh^ T'ang- {sec No. 709a), the<br />
f^'l^, ii /jK P ^<br />
I.n* (nam' Su^ Ch'cng^ Hsnelr T'ang^ (see No. 711a), or the ^ ^<br />
M.'mW^^M. Lii' Chiiui Kuei* Chou^- Ilsuelr T'ang^ (seeH^o. 713).<br />
2. Those studying at the |^ ^ 1^ ^ ^ L"* Chiin^<br />
Chung^ Ilsiieh* T'ang- [scr No. 710), or other schools, and<br />
3. Bannermen students.<br />
While abroad, military students are under the control <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Chinese ^linisters and ]\Iilitarv Attaches. On their return to<br />
21<br />
[ 321 ]
717a<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
717 Peking they undergo an examination at the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War and,<br />
+Q according to their attainments in this examination, are arranged<br />
in three classes : f^ ^ Yu^ Teng', J^-^ ^ Shang* Tcng^, and<br />
r^ ^ Chung^ Teng^<br />
Those who attain the first class receive the rank <strong>of</strong><br />
glj '^ ^<br />
Fu* Chiin^ Hsiao* {see No. 658). Those attaining the second<br />
and third classes receive the rank <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ ^ Hsieh'^ Chiin^<br />
Hsiao"*<br />
{see No. 658). On all three classes there is conferred the<br />
degree <strong>of</strong> ^ A Chii^ Jen^ {see No. 652e), qualified by the<br />
speciality <strong>of</strong> the recipient (five in all ; compare No. 656), i.e.<br />
1- r^ ip: # J?^ fif Lu^ Chiin^ Pu* Pingi K'o', 2. m W- ^ ^ t(<br />
Lu* Chiini Ma^ Pingi K'o', 3. M*^^^^^- L^* Chim^ P'ao*<br />
Pingi K'oS 4. H ^ X |S ^4 Lu* Chun^ Kung^ Ping^ K'o^<br />
and 5. H ^ |^ g i5 f^^ Lu* Chiin^ Tzu^ Chung* Ping' K'oV<br />
(compare also No. 659.)<br />
717. Until 1902 the children <strong>of</strong> Clansmen <strong>of</strong> the Imperial<br />
House and <strong>of</strong> Bannermen were taught in special schools styled :<br />
^ ^ Psung^ Hsiieh^, Schools for Clansmen <strong>of</strong> the Imperial<br />
House, and A i® "W ^ P^^ ^l^'i'^ Kuan'^ Hsiieh^, Government<br />
Schools for Bannermen. In the year mentioned a reform was<br />
instituted by virtue <strong>of</strong> which, instead <strong>of</strong> schools <strong>of</strong> the type<br />
spoken <strong>of</strong>, there has been begun the establishment <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ Hsiieh'<br />
T'ang', Schools, not distinguishable in title or programme from<br />
the common schools (primary, middle and higher), except that<br />
only children <strong>of</strong> Clansmen <strong>of</strong> the Imperial House and Bannermen<br />
are eligible for admission (for this reason the title <strong>of</strong> the school<br />
is followed by the phrase '^^'MM/KM Tsung^ Shih* (}hiiehi<br />
and middle schools <strong>of</strong> this<br />
Lo'' Pa^ Ch'i^). Recently all primary<br />
kind have been placed under the general control <strong>of</strong> the Committee<br />
at the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Fiducation {see No., 4 11).<br />
717a. Therr are at present the following schools<br />
for Clansmen <strong>of</strong> the Imperial<br />
Peking<br />
[ 322 ]<br />
House and Bannermen at
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
1. -Mm mmmm/\ mm ^mmcinng'shih'Tsung^ 717b<br />
Shih* Chueh^ Lo'' Pa^ Ch'P Kao^ Teng^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Higher to<br />
School for Clansmen <strong>of</strong> the Imperial House and Bannermen, at<br />
Peking ; this is under the 'control <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education<br />
and at it there is a 4* ^ |5 Chung^ Tcng^ Pan\ Section Avith a<br />
Middle k^chool programme (see No. 583b).<br />
2. Eight /\ ;^- ;^ ^ /J^ ^ ^ Pal Ch'i^ Kao^ Tcng^<br />
Hsiao^ Hsiieh^ T'ang'', Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the Senior Grade for<br />
Bannermen (title is shortened by omitting Ching Shili Tsung<br />
Shih, etc.; see No. 579)<br />
3. 15 A ^ m ^ h ^'M<br />
Schools <strong>of</strong> the Junior Grade for<br />
Nei* Wu^ Fu^ San^ Ch'i^<br />
Hsiao^' iRsfieh^ T'ang-, Primary School for the Three Superior<br />
Banners (sce-l^o. 97).<br />
5. iB ^ # ^h ^ ^
PKKSliNT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
cendants <strong>of</strong> : 1. Manchus who aided the first Emperors <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ta Ch'ing Dynasty in conquering- <strong>China</strong>, at the beginning <strong>of</strong> the<br />
17th century, 2. (Uiinesc subjects <strong>of</strong> the Ming Dynasty who<br />
transferred their allegiance to the Manchus, and 3. Kharach'in<br />
]\Iongols who transferred their allegiance<br />
to the Manchus at the<br />
time <strong>of</strong> the conquest. Accordingly, the Banner Forces are<br />
divided, by nationalities,<br />
into : 1.<br />
jf^l '3'!'l A<br />
^<br />
Man^ Chou^ Pa^<br />
Ku^ Pa^<br />
Ch'i-, Mauchu Banner Troops, 2. ^ 7^ A M ^i^ng^<br />
Ch'i^ Mongol Banner Troops, and 3. M^ AM Han* Chlin^<br />
Pa^ Ch'i^, Chinese Banner Troops.<br />
The troops <strong>of</strong> each nationality are, further, divided under<br />
eight banners or divisions, nameh' : 1. ^^^ Hsiang^ Huang^<br />
Ch'i-, Bordered Yellow, 2. JEMM ^'hC'"g' Huang^ Cli'i^,<br />
Plain Yellow, 3. JE Q 1^ Chcng^ Pai* Ch'i^ l^Iain White,<br />
^' MQM Hsiangi Pai2 Ch'i-, Bordered White, 5. JEtlM<br />
Cheng^ Hung2 Ch'i^, Plain lied, 6. Ig-^lM Hsiang^ Hung^'<br />
Ch'i2, Bordered Eed, 7. aE^M ('li^ng' Lan^ Ch'i^ Plain<br />
Bhie, and 8. ^M M Hsiang^ Lan^ Ch'i^ Bordered Blue.<br />
The three first mentioned are called the Jl H iffi 't^hang'* San^<br />
Ch'i', Three Superior Banners ; the remaining five are styled<br />
tlie T 3£ i^ Hsia-* Wu=* Ch'i^ Five Inferior Banners.<br />
From their stations the Banner Forces are styled: 1. ^ ^<br />
Ching^ Ch'i^, Metropolitan Banner Forces, and 2. .|i ||§ Chu*<br />
Fang-, Banner Garrisons (see below ; No. 743).<br />
The Metropolitan Banner Forces are sul^divided into:<br />
1- ^ M: -'^^i^ Ch'i', Household, or Inner, Banners (for<br />
particulars, sec No. 97), and 2. ^Y ;^ Wai'' Ch'i^, Outer<br />
Banners.<br />
The Outer Banner Troops are stationed in Peking and the<br />
adjacent suburbs and are imder the supervision <strong>of</strong> the fg ^p ^<br />
Chih^ Xien' Ch'i^, General Headquarters <strong>of</strong> the Banners, to<br />
which one <strong>of</strong> the Lieutenant-Generals <strong>of</strong> each <strong>of</strong> the Banner<br />
•Divisions (see No. 7)0) is appointed annually.<br />
, [<br />
324 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
The cliief contingent <strong>of</strong> the Banner Forces is the so-called 719<br />
^ i^ ^' H^i^^o^ Ch'i^ Ying^, Banner Corps <strong>of</strong> the Line (compare ^0<br />
No. 97p>), and is drawn from the 24 Banner Divisions (eight wqi<br />
Banners <strong>of</strong> each nationality ; compare above).<br />
Although the Banner Forces played the chief part in the<br />
conquest <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong> and in the consolidation <strong>of</strong> the power <strong>of</strong> the<br />
reigning Dynasty, nevertheless, at the present time, they have<br />
lost any military importance, the more so as a large percentage<br />
<strong>of</strong> the men em-olled in the forces see no service, or perform<br />
duties having not the slightest connection wuth military affairs.<br />
The representatives <strong>of</strong> the three nationalities composing the<br />
Banner Forces form a peculiar caste— or military clique — holding<br />
a predominant position in the Empire and serve as a support to<br />
the power and influence <strong>of</strong> the Manchu Dynasty. Eecently,<br />
howevei-, the Government has taken steps for the gradual<br />
equalization <strong>of</strong> the rights -<strong>of</strong> the Banner Forces and the mass <strong>of</strong><br />
the population (see No. 186).<br />
(^7\&. Wii% Tu^ T'ung\ Lieutenant-General ; 1b. There<br />
are 24 <strong>of</strong> these ; one to each national division <strong>of</strong> the Banners<br />
{sec No. 718).<br />
719a. For particulars as to the ^ ^^ Tu^ T'ung^, acting<br />
as Military Lieutenant-Governors (<strong>of</strong> Chakhar and <strong>of</strong> Jehol)<br />
see Nos. 897 and 898.<br />
720. glj gr> -^^ Fu* Tu^ T'ung^ Deputy Lieutenant-.<br />
General; 2a. There are 48 in all; two to each national division<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Banners {see No. 718).<br />
720a. For particulars as to the glj ^f-, i% Fu'' Tu^ T'ung^<br />
acting as Assistant ^lilitary Lieutenant-Governors, and as<br />
Deputy Lieutenant-Generals <strong>of</strong> provincial Manchu Garrisons<br />
sec Nos. 802 and 745.<br />
"21. $\} B 3 fl ^^i"* '^^'u' Ts'an^ Ling', Adjutant-<br />
General; 3a. There are two to each <strong>of</strong> the 24 Banners (except<br />
[ -325 ]<br />
'
729<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
722 the Mongol, which have but one each). They are appointed<br />
%Q<br />
from the ranks <strong>of</strong> Colonels (see No. 722).<br />
722. li ^' # M Hsiao^ Ch'i* Ts'an^ Ling', Colonel; 3a;<br />
in command <strong>of</strong> a sub-division or ^ g|jj Chia^ La^ (Manchurian<br />
Chalan),<br />
<strong>of</strong> whicli there are five to each Manchu and Chinese<br />
Banner. In the Mongol<br />
sub-divisions to each.<br />
Banners there are but two <strong>of</strong> these<br />
723. g!l^i|#fl Fu* Hsiao^ Ch'i^ Ts'ani Ling%<br />
Lieutenant-Colonel; 4a ; one to each Chalan or sub-division (^see<br />
No. 722).<br />
. 724.<br />
PO ff ^:^ Yin* Wu^ Chang^ Ching\ Adjutant;<br />
5 b ; conducts the con'espondence <strong>of</strong> a Banner.<br />
725. ^$\]Bm^ Wei=^ Yin* Wu* Chang' ChingS<br />
Assistant-Adjutant.<br />
^'^Q' i£ H Tso' Ling% Captain ; 4a. Of <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> this<br />
rank there are from 70 to 80, in each <strong>of</strong> the Manchu Banners,<br />
and from 30 to 40, in each <strong>of</strong> the Chinese Banners, Each is in<br />
charge<br />
<strong>of</strong> some 70 to 100 <strong>of</strong> the Household- Bannernieu. In<br />
some cases they hold their rank by hereditary right, either as<br />
^ ]g Hsiin' Chin* or as "tg- ^ ^ ff Shih* Kuan^ Tso' Ling3.<br />
Those who are appointed by various processes <strong>of</strong> selection are<br />
designated J^ (\t Kung^ Chung^, ^ ^ Fen^ Kuan', and<br />
^ 1 f£ M Lun2 Kuan' Tso' Ling'.<br />
726a. ^ @ f^ ^ Pa: * Ko* Tso' Ling', Half Tso Ling.<br />
This title was formerly in use but at the present it is almost— if<br />
not completely— obsolete. It designated Captains <strong>of</strong> companies<br />
(see No. 726) <strong>of</strong> less than one hundred.<br />
727. ^ H .^* Hsiaoi Ch'i^ Hsiao*, Lieutenant; 6a.<br />
Officer? <strong>of</strong> this rank are drawn upon to fill the post <strong>of</strong> ^ |pl ^<br />
Pu* Chuni Hsiao* (see No. 799).<br />
728. ^'^.^|p^^ Wei' Shu* Hsiao^ Ch'i' Hsiao*<br />
Sub-Lieutenant; 8b.<br />
729. $^ ff Ling' Ts'uiS Corporal.<br />
[ 326 ]
itEbEXT DAY roLlTlCAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
730. ^ Cf Ma^ Chia^ (Manchurian Ukesen), Private <strong>of</strong> 730<br />
the 1st Class. Also called |^ ^ Hsiao^ Ch'i^. tO<br />
"31. ^ M ^ Ao* Erh^ Pii^ (MaiK-hurian OrLo), Private 734<br />
<strong>of</strong> the 2nd Class. Also called ^ '^ ^ Lu^ Chiao' Ping^ 'J liis<br />
rank is found in the ^ '^ Han"* Chiin^ Chinese Banners only<br />
[see No. 718).<br />
732. ^ ^ JS Yang'^ Yii* Ping', Supernnmeraries, or<br />
Juniors; awaiting appointment as j^ ^ Ma^ Chia', or ^ ^ ^<br />
Ao"* Erh^ Pu*, as vacancies occur {see Nos. 730 and 731).<br />
732a. ^ H^ Hsien^ San' (Manchurian Sula), Bannermen<br />
at Large ; without position or pay.<br />
733. From the Banner Forces not coming within the<br />
Banner Corps <strong>of</strong> the line (see No. VlS) there are organized<br />
various divisions, as follows: 1. f^ % ^ Hu* Chiin^ Ying^,<br />
The Guards Division (see No. 734), 2. flt) ^ # Clrien- Fciigi<br />
Ying-, Vanguard Division {see No. 735), 3. ^ !^ .f- Pu'<br />
Chun^ Ying^ Gendarmerie Division {see No. 736 ;. for details see<br />
No. 797), 4. ^\ IJ- i^ Hno=^ Ch'i' Ying^ The Artillery and<br />
Musketry Division '{see No. 737), 5. f^ ^ '^ Chien'' Jui*<br />
Ying% The Light Division (see No. 738), o. ^ it '^ Hu*<br />
Ch'iang^ Ying"^, The Marksmen for Tiger Hunts {see No. 739),<br />
7- iP 11 # ShGn^ Chii Ying", The Peking Field Force (see<br />
No. 740), 8. 1 OIJ H A ;^ ^ ^ # Yiian^ Ming^ Yuan^<br />
PaM.^h'i- Hu* Chiin^ Ying', 'J'he Yiian Ming Yiian Division <strong>of</strong><br />
the Banner Force (see No. 741), 9.<br />
i^^ ^ j^ Hsiang^ Tao*<br />
Ch'uS The Guides (sec No. 742), and 10. ± M ilm M M<br />
Shang^ Y''ii^ Pei"' Y^'ung^ Ch'u^, The Imperial Hunting Department<br />
(see No. 742a). ,,<br />
734. M'^'^ Hu^ Chiin" Ylng^<br />
(common designation, j
PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CH1*A.<br />
734a Bannermen <strong>of</strong> Peking, to whom it secures the advantages <strong>of</strong><br />
^Q substantial increase in pay and prospects <strong>of</strong> a promotion <strong>of</strong> one<br />
—OK degree. The principal duty assigned it is to furnish detachments<br />
<strong>of</strong> guards for the Imperial Palace {sec No. 104). This division<br />
consists <strong>of</strong> eight sections, corresponding to the eight Banners,<br />
and each is under the command <strong>of</strong> a uM ^ M- iM ^^^* Chiin^<br />
T'ung** Ling^, Captain-General (2a). The other ranks are :<br />
1. MM-W^ IIu* Chiin^ Ts'ani Lingl Colonel (3a; 32<br />
Mongols and 80 Manchus), 2.<br />
gl] ^ |^ # H Fu* Hu* Chiin^<br />
Ts'an^ Ling^, Lieutenant-Colonel (4a ; 32 Mongols and 80<br />
Manchus), 3. ^ "^ ^ Hu* Chun^ Hsiao\ Lieutenant (6a;<br />
681 Mongols and 204 Manchus), 4. ^WW^^ ^^^"'<br />
Shu"* Hu^ Chiin^ Hsiao*, Sub-Lieutenant; 8b, 5. ^^ Hu*<br />
Chiin^ Privates (14,075 in all).<br />
734a. For particulars concerning \}q pM W- '^ ^^^^ ^^^*<br />
Chiin^ Ying^, The Imperial Guards, see No. 97a.<br />
''So. mi%^ Ch'ien^ FcngV Ying-, .<br />
Vanguard Division.<br />
This is composed entirely <strong>of</strong> Manchus or Mongols <strong>of</strong> all<br />
Banners. In time <strong>of</strong> peace this division performs service<br />
without the Palace ; when the Emperor goes abroad it precedes<br />
the Imperial chairs at a distance <strong>of</strong> 1 to 2 li. In time <strong>of</strong><br />
war it is sent forward to open battles and prepare a way for the<br />
success <strong>of</strong> the main forces.<br />
The Vanguard Division is divided into two '"Wings"<br />
(or Sections) : 1. Left (including the bordered yellow, ])lain<br />
white, bordeied white and plain blue Banners) and 2. Right<br />
(including the plain yellow, plain red, boixlered red and bordered<br />
blue Banners). These are commanded by the ^ ^ 3IJ ^ |^ ||<br />
Tso^ P Ch'ien^' Fcng^ T'ung^ Ling^ "and :& M M B M M<br />
Yu-* I" Ch'icn^ Feng' T'ung' Ling^ Conmiandants <strong>of</strong> the Left<br />
and Right Wings <strong>of</strong> the Vanguard Di\ision ; 2a. The other<br />
ranks are : 1. Si B ^r vl Ch'ien^ Feng' Ts'an^ Ling^ Colonel<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Vanguard Division (3a; four in each Wing), 2. 'nij ^<br />
[ 328 ]
I ^<br />
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
^ ^ Ch'ien^ FSng^ Shih* Wei% Imperial Guardsmen <strong>of</strong> the 736a<br />
Vanguard Division (4a; four in each Wing), 3. ^ ^ BO ^ tO<br />
^ Wei' Shu* Ch'ien' Feng.^ Shih* Wei*, Deputy Imperial 737<br />
Guardsman <strong>of</strong> the Vanguard Division (-53; two in each Wing),<br />
^- HU ^ 1^ Ch'ien^, Feng' Hsiao*, Sergeant <strong>of</strong> the Vanguard<br />
Division (6a ; 48 in each Wing), 5. ^^mM^ ^^^^'<br />
Shu* Ch'ien^ Feng^ Hsiao*, Sergeant <strong>of</strong> the Vanguard<br />
Division ; 8 b, and 6.<br />
"^i ^ Ch'ien^ Fcng^<br />
Privates <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Vanguard Division (899 in the left and 865 in the right Wing).<br />
735a. For details regarding ^ 31; ^ ^ Nei* Ch'ien'<br />
Feng^ Ying-, The Household Vanguard, see No. 97c.<br />
736. ^ ^ ^ Pu* Chiin^ Ying'^; Gendarmerie Division.<br />
For details see No. 797. ;<br />
737. iJ^ 1^ ^ Huo' Ch'i* Ying'^ The Artillery and<br />
Musketry Division ; consisting <strong>of</strong> ^ Nei*, and ^(> Wai*, or.<br />
Inner and Outer, Detachments. The first is stationed at<br />
Peking while the second is at ^ 1^ ]^ Lan^ Tien* Gh'ang' (a<br />
short distance from the Summer Palace HI §J§ §} Yiian* Ming^<br />
Y^ian^).<br />
The pq 'X 1% ^ Nei* Huo' Ch'i* Ying^ is formed from the<br />
^ ^ Pao^ I' <strong>of</strong> the several Banners {see No. 97).<br />
The Artillery and ^Musketry Division is composed <strong>of</strong><br />
Manchu and Mongol Bannermen and is under the command <strong>of</strong><br />
^ j^ Tsung' T'ung^, General Commandants (number riot fixed ;<br />
Princes <strong>of</strong> the Blood). At the head <strong>of</strong> each Detachment there<br />
is a ^ ;g; I* Chang', Brigadier; 3a. The other ranks are:<br />
!• ^ Ifi Ying- Tsung', Commandant <strong>of</strong> a Garrison (Deputy<br />
Brigadier; four in each Detachment), 2. % % W: % ^ ^<br />
Nia^s Ch'iang^ Hu* Chun^ Ts'an^ Ling*, Colonel <strong>of</strong> the Imperial<br />
Begiment <strong>of</strong> the Artillery and Musketry Division (3a; four in<br />
each Detachment), 3. % % M M ^ M ^'^^^^ Ch'iangi<br />
Hsiao^ Ch'i^ Ts'an' Ling^, Colonel <strong>of</strong> the Artillery and Musketry<br />
Division; 3a, 4. glj ,^ ft ^ ^ # M Fu* Niao' CViang^<br />
[ P>29 ]
PlIESENT DAY POLITJCAJ. OltG AXIZATION' OF CHIXA.<br />
738 Hu* Chiin^ Ts'an^ Ling'? Lieutenant-Colonel o£ the Imperial<br />
Regiment <strong>of</strong> the A rtillery and Musketry Division ; 4a,<br />
5. ^ ^ fi? nk ^ ^ Kuan^ Niao3 Ch'iang^ San* Chih* Kuan',<br />
Musketry Adjutant, 6. ^ gc '^^ WL 'I^ t' K^an' P'ao' Ch'iang^<br />
San* Chih^ Kuan', Artillery Adjutant, 7. >^ flf ^ ^ ^<br />
Niao^ Ch'iang' Hu* .Chiin^ Hsiao*, Lieutenant <strong>of</strong> the Imperial<br />
Regiment <strong>of</strong> the Artillery and Musketry Division; 6a, 8,<br />
,^. ^f^<br />
i^i^fe jSiao^ Ch'iang^ Hsiao' Ch'i^ Hsiao*, Lieutenant <strong>of</strong><br />
Artillery and Musketry; 6a, 9. If ^ ^ St ^^ Kuan'' P'ao*<br />
Hsiao' Ch'i^ Hsiao*, Lieutenant <strong>of</strong> Artillery; 6a, 10. ^ f^ ^<br />
^ Niao** Ch'iang' Hu* Chiin', Musketeer <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Guard,<br />
IL >% fl^ i^ 1^ Niao" Ch'iang' Hsiao' C'h'i', Musketeer, and<br />
12. g(^ 1^ P'ao* Hsiao' Ch'i^, Artillery-man.<br />
738. f>|^ '^ Chien* Jui* Ying^ The Scouts, or the<br />
Light Division; quartered near the § iJj ^a Hsiang' Shan'<br />
Yuan*, or ^ ^' ^ Ching* I^ Yiian^, the Imperial Hunting<br />
Park, North-west <strong>of</strong> Peking. This division was formed in<br />
the fourteenth year <strong>of</strong> the reign <strong>of</strong> f^ [^ Ch'ien Lung (1749),<br />
because <strong>of</strong> the frequent revolts North <strong>of</strong> the Great Wall, the<br />
best men being recruited to it from the gij ^ ^ Ch'ien^ Feng'<br />
Ying^ {see No. 735). At the present time these troops have<br />
merely a nominal existence.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Light Division there are |,i 1^ Tsung*<br />
T'ung^, General Commandants (number is not fixed ; this post<br />
may be held by Princes <strong>of</strong> the Blood). The Division is divided<br />
into two Wings and in command <strong>of</strong> each there is an ^ :^ I*<br />
Chang', Brigadier ; 3a. The other ranks are : 1. HU P^ # ^<br />
Ch'ien^ Feng' Ts'an' Ling', Colonel <strong>of</strong> the Light X>ivision ;<br />
3a, 2.<br />
gij fi m^il Fu4 Ch'ien^ Feng' Ts'an' Ling', Senior<br />
Lieutenant-Colonel <strong>of</strong> the Light Division ; 4a, 3. ^ gf] ^ ^<br />
^ Shu^ Ch'ien' Fengi Ts'an' Ling', Jimior Lieutenant-Colonel<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Light Division; 5 b, 4. m^-^ Ch'ien^ Feng' Hsiao*,<br />
Lieutenant; 6 a, 5.<br />
glj ^y ^^ Fu* Ch'ien' Feng' Hsiao*,<br />
[ 330 ]<br />
HI
PkESENT DAY FOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. -<br />
Sub-Lieutenant; 8b, 6. 35 ^ Ch'ien^ Feng', Private <strong>of</strong> the 739-<br />
1st Class <strong>of</strong> the Light Division, and 7. ^ g|) ^ Wei^ Ch'ien^ tO<br />
Feng', Private <strong>of</strong> the 2nd Class <strong>of</strong> the Light Division.<br />
739. ^^t^ ^^^' Ch'iang^ Ying^,<br />
The Marksmen for<br />
Tiger Hunts ; 'recruited from the best marksmen <strong>of</strong> the Three<br />
Superior Banners (see No. 718). In commstnd <strong>of</strong> these<br />
marksmen there is a ||g ^ Tsung^ T'ung', General (/ommandant<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Marksmen for Tiger Hunts. The other ranks are :<br />
^- W,vM Tsung^ Ling^, Brigadier <strong>of</strong> a Wing (six in all)<br />
-• ^ ^ ^ ^^^^ Ch'iang' Chang^, Senior Marksmen (21<br />
in all), 3. ^ |j^ glj M Hu^ Ch'iang' Fu^ Chang', Junior<br />
Marksmen (260 in all) and 4. ^ |^ Hu' Ch'iang', Marksmen<br />
(600 in all).<br />
740.. ;|f j^ -^ Shen^ Chi' Ying^. The Peking Field<br />
Force (Divine Mechanism Regiments).<br />
This force, drawn from<br />
the elite <strong>of</strong> the Banner Troops <strong>of</strong> all three nationalities forming<br />
the ^ 'jj^ Ching' Ch'i^ (see No. 718), was organized<br />
in 1862—<br />
because <strong>of</strong> the disastrous campaign <strong>of</strong> 1860—and numbered 18<br />
to 20 tliousand men, supplied with the three types <strong>of</strong> arms,<br />
using modern breech-loaders and drilled in European style.<br />
This force no longer exists.<br />
741. MMM A1MMW-'B Yiian^ ^Jing'<br />
Yiian^ Pa^<br />
Ch'i^ Hu* Chiin^ Ying'^. The Yiian Ming Yuan .Guards Division<br />
^f the Banner Forces. This is a division organized and appointed<br />
to guard the Summer residence <strong>of</strong> the Emperor. This residence<br />
is now at the [5H ffl HI I" ^^^' Yi'ian* (at<br />
the foot <strong>of</strong> the hill<br />
l§ ^ lU Wan^ Shou* Shan'), as the Yiian Ming Yiian Palace<br />
was destroyed by the European troops in 1860, after the taking<br />
<strong>of</strong> Peking.<br />
At the head o£ this division is the ||| ,^ Tsung' T'ung%<br />
General Commandant <strong>of</strong> the Yiian ]\ring Yiian Guards Division<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Banner Forces. The other ranks are : 1. 'q- ^§, Ying^<br />
Tsxuig^, Commandant (Assistant General Commandant ; eight in<br />
[ 331 ]<br />
w^
PRESENT DAY rOl.ITICAL OKvjtaxx i^ai HJIN UF CHINA.<br />
.74lA all ; 3a), 2. ^ ^ # fl Hu^ C'huni Ts'aii^ Ling',<br />
4.Q<br />
Colonel <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Yiian Ming Yiian Guards Division <strong>of</strong> the Banner Forces (3a ;<br />
742a ^^^^^^ "^ ^^^^' ^- wlJ MW-3% ^'"' Hu^ Chiin^ Ts'an^ Ling^<br />
Senior Lieutenant-Olbnel <strong>of</strong> the Yiian Ming Yiian Guards<br />
Division <strong>of</strong> the Banner Forces (4a; 16 in all), 4. ^- ^ ^<br />
- The<br />
^ fg Shu" Hvi* Chiin' Ts'an^ Ding^ Junior Lieutenant-Colonel<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Yiian Ming Yiian Guards Division <strong>of</strong> the Banner Forces<br />
(32 in all), 5. ^ ^ ;^ Hu* Chiin^ Hsiao^ Lieutenant<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Yiian Ming Yiian Guards Division <strong>of</strong> the Banner Forces<br />
(6a; 128 in all), 6. U\\MW^ ^u^ Hu^ ^^^n" HsiaoS<br />
Sub-Lieutenant <strong>of</strong> the Yiian Ming YiJan Guards Division <strong>of</strong><br />
the Banned Forces (8b ; 128 in all), and 7. ^ !^ Hu* C^hiin',<br />
Privates <strong>of</strong> the Yiian Ming<br />
Banner Forces (compare No. 734).<br />
Yiian Guards Division <strong>of</strong> the<br />
741 A. For particulars as to the [H IIJJ^^ j^ ^ 1|^ -^<br />
Yiian2 Ming2 Yuan^ Nei* Ch'i" Hu* Chiini Ying^, the Guards at<br />
the Summer Palace, Yiian ]\Iing Yiian, etc., sec No. 97d.<br />
742. ^ ^ ^ Hsiang^ Tao" Ch'uS The Guides. This<br />
is a department furnishing outriders, etc., for Imperial progresses.<br />
At its head is the Jjl, $^ Tsung' T'ung^ General Commandant <strong>of</strong><br />
the Guides, app.o!i>ted from the A M fi'J tl5 ^ P^^ Ch^' Fu*<br />
Tui T'ung' (see )Nq. 720), the ^ ^ ^ ^ lixi* Chiini T'ung^<br />
Ling3 (see No. 734)', and the hi] ^ ^ ff Ch'ien^ Feng^ T'ung'<br />
Ling' (see No. 735}. For manning this department there aj'e<br />
deputed <strong>of</strong>ficers and privates from the ^ % ^ Hu^ Chiin^ Ying^<br />
Hu* Chiin^<br />
(see No. 734 ; an indefinite number <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ ;^<br />
Hsiao^ and ^ ^ Hu* Chiin^), and from the m^^ Ch'ien^<br />
Fengi Ying2 (see No. 735) ; four Bll ^ f# It Ch'ien^ Feng^ Shih*<br />
WeiS and an indefinite number <strong>of</strong> rij || ^ Ch'ieu" Feng'^ Hsiao*<br />
and-f]^^ Ch'ien^Fengi).<br />
742a. ± H H ^ Jt Shangi Yii'- Pei^ Yung^ Ch'uS<br />
Imperial Hunting Department.<br />
[ 832 ]
ilESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
743. li pj' Clm-' Fang', Manchu Garrisons Without, 743<br />
Peking (see No. 718). These are divided into three classes as ^q<br />
follows :<br />
'<br />
743a. I^ ^ %t 1^ Chji Fu3 Chu* Fang^ Garrisons <strong>of</strong> the<br />
" Military Cordon." These are at 25 cities <strong>of</strong> Chihli, surround-<br />
ing Peking. The nine garrisons nearest Peking are styled the<br />
^b :fLM Hsiao^ Chiu^ Ch'u*, Nine Small Posts.<br />
743b. ^ |(^ fj: |?jfj Ling2 Ch'in^ Chu- Fang^, Garrisons at<br />
the Imperial Mausolea (for details sec No. 571).<br />
743c. ^ ^ li \l)j Ko* Sheng' Chu* Fang', Garrisons<br />
stationed in the Provinces; at 1. ^ fti i^ Kuei' Hua^ Ch'eng-,<br />
^ Jl ^ S"i' Yiian* Ch'engS and ± j^[ J^ T'ai* Yiian' Fu', in<br />
Shansi, 2. H jf\ jf^ Ch'ing^ Chou^ FuS and ^. j>\>\ W<br />
ChouS<br />
in Shantung, 3. \^ ^ J{^ K'ai' Feng^ Fu% in Honan, 4.<br />
jX ^ /j^ Chiang'^ Ning' Fu^ and Ig >^ )^ Chen* Chiang^ Fu^ in<br />
Kiangsu, 5. i^ 'Jvl /f^ Hang- Choui Fu^ and ^ ^f Ch'a* P'u^<br />
Fu'^ Chou^ Fu^, in Fukien, 7.'<br />
in Chekiang, 6. fg '}l}}\ f^ Hang' Chou' Fu', in<br />
[ 833 ]<br />
744<br />
\
PKESENT DAY POLITICAJ. OKGAXIZATIOM OF CHINA,<br />
744a Chekiang. 5. f^ j^] J§ Ching^ Chou' Fu», in Hupeh, 6.<br />
to ^ M Ji^ Nitig' Hsiao* Fu', in Kansu {see Nos. 744b and 900),<br />
'• ^ ^'^^ ^'^''^'"^' "^"^ *''*'' ^" Szechwan, and 8. ^ jl'H /i^<br />
745a<br />
Knang^ (Jliou^ Fu*, Canton, in Ktiangtung.<br />
744a. For details as to the ^ jg i^ 'If ^<br />
Ch'eng^' Chiang^ Chiin', see No. 899.<br />
Sui^ Yiian^<br />
744b. For details as to the ^ M y^ % Ni"g^ ^^^^^<br />
•Chiang^ Chiin^ see No. 900.<br />
•Chnn\<br />
. 744D.<br />
744c. For details as to the "^ ^ }^ !^ I^ Li' Chiang^<br />
see No. 866.<br />
For details as to the ,f, M B ^ ^ Jlf IP^ Wu^ Li»<br />
Ya^ Su^- T'ai^ Chiang^ Chun\ see No. 879.<br />
744e. For details as to the Chiang Chiin in Manchuria<br />
see Nos. 802 and 803.<br />
745. glj IPj ^ Fu* Till T'ung^ ^lanclni Brigade-Geiieral ;<br />
2a; literary designation, i^ ^^ pj Ta"* T'ung^ C'hih''. They reside<br />
in ten provinces, at : 1. ^ {fc i^ Kuei^ Hua* Ch'eng', in<br />
Shansi, 2. ^ >>H }^ Ch'ing^ C^hou^ Fu^ in Shantung, 3. yX t^M<br />
Chiang^ Ning^ Fu^, and ^ JX /i^ Chen* Chiang^ Fu^, in Kiangsu<br />
—so-called ;^, P glj Ifj ^^ Chingi K'ou^ Fu< Tu^ T'ung^ 4.<br />
.|g >>H Jj^ Fu^ Chou^ Fu-'', in Fukien, 5. ^ JH /f Hang^ Chou'<br />
Fu', and ^ ^ Ch'a" P'u^ in Chekiang, 6. ^J j^ J^ Ching^<br />
Chou^ Fu^, in Hupeh (two ; one ^ ^ Tso^ I^ and the other ;;^ ^<br />
Yu* I^), 7. ®^j|^ Hsii An^ Fu^ in Shensi (two ; one ^^ Tso^<br />
r and the other :^ ^ Yu* I'}, 8. f^^^/?^ Ning*-' Hsia'' Fu', and<br />
i?; #1 /T^ Liang' Chou^ Fu^ in Kansu, 9. J^ U ^ Ch'eng^<br />
Tu^ Fu^, in Szechwan, and 10. ^ ^'|>j f^ KMiii^g^jChoj^^F^^ii^<br />
Kuangtung (two ; one p ^j'J>[<br />
T'uBg% and the other ^ ^ gi] |f) J^^<br />
T'ung=').<br />
gl] ^) fife Man^ C hou^ Fu* Tu^<br />
Han* Chiin^ Fu* Tu^<br />
745a. The g|J ^> j^^ Fu' Tu^ T'ung' <strong>of</strong> Chihli province<br />
(one at 1^ g 1^ Mi* Yiin^ Hsien* and the other at Uj ^ 13<br />
[ 334' ]
PKKSENT DAY TOLITICAI. ORGANIZATION OF CHINA<br />
Shan^ Hai^ Kuan^ are connected with the garrisons <strong>of</strong> the 745b<br />
*'<br />
military cordon" (see No. 743a).<br />
745 b. For details as to the ^^%^%M^^ Li' Fu* Tu^<br />
T'ung^<br />
^q<br />
and the i^ ^ Q H^ -^ glj ^, ^ Ta' Erh^ Pa^ Ha^ T'a?<br />
Fu" Tu^ T'ung^ see No. 867.<br />
745c. For details as to the M fb l!«^ S'J IK Wt<br />
747<br />
to<br />
748<br />
!'I:ESKNT day POLITJCAI. OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Musketry ;' compare No. 735), 9.<br />
f;| f^ Lirig^ Ts'iii^ Corporal<br />
(also, ^^^^UiU ^^i^"' Ch'iangi Ling' Ts'ui\ Corporal <strong>of</strong><br />
Musketry, or ^ j% f^ P'ao^ Ling^ Ts'ui', (^rporal <strong>of</strong> Artillery),<br />
10. mB Hsiao\ Ch'i^ Private (also, ^^B if ^"iao'<br />
Ch'iangi Hsiao^ ( li'i^, Musketeer, or ^ ^ H P'ao^ Hsiao^<br />
Cli'i^, Artillery -man ; compare No. 737).<br />
747. 7J^ fifj ^ Shui=' Shih' Ying^ Marine Battalion <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Banner Forces. This does river service in provinces where<br />
Manchu Garrisons are stationed (^scc No. 743c), for instance,<br />
Fukien, Kuangtung, etc.<br />
748. ^ ^ Wei- Ch'ang', The Imperial Hunting<br />
Preserves ; in, and about, fl JnJ Je* Ho= (jfc {*i jj^ Ch'eng^ Te"<br />
Pu^). For guarding these there was formed, in the reign <strong>of</strong><br />
^ ^^ K'angi Hsi^ (1661-1722^, a detachment called the<br />
^M^^ Shou^ Wei' Ch'ang- Ping^ (Guards <strong>of</strong> the Hunting<br />
Preserves. At the head <strong>of</strong> these Guards there are the<br />
M ^ IE li ^ Wei^ Ch'ang=^ Chcng^ Tsung=^ Kuan^, and the<br />
H ^ fA Ifi ^ Wei' Ch'ang3 Fu* Tsung= Kuan^ Chief<br />
Controller {3\) and Deputy Chief Controller <strong>of</strong> the Hunting<br />
Preserves (i-esiding at Ch'cng' Te' Fu^ ; sre ahove). The<br />
remaining ranks are : 1. ^ J^ ^ ;^ Wei' Ch'ang^ P<br />
Chang^, Brigadier <strong>of</strong> the Hunting Preserves ; 4a (two in all),<br />
2. 155 ^ Fang' YiiS Captain ; 5a (eight in all), 3. }^ ^ ^<br />
Hsiao^ Cli'i' Hsiao^ Lieutenant ; 6a (eight in all), 4. '^ fg<br />
Ling^ Ts'ui\ Corporal, and 5. • ^ Hsiao^<br />
,|f<br />
Ch'i', Private<br />
(<strong>of</strong> the last two ranks there ai-e about eight himdred and<br />
fifty men).<br />
The Imperial Hiuiting Preser^•cs are under the general<br />
supervision <strong>of</strong> the Military Lieutenant-Governor <strong>of</strong> Jehol<br />
{see No. 897), in which district it is situated and<br />
where it forms a separate sub-prefecture, ^ ^ ^ Wei^<br />
Ch'ang^ T'ing' (see No. 897).<br />
[<br />
3:]G<br />
]
itESEXT DAY VOIATIGAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
THE OLD CHINESE ARMY.<br />
749. ^ ^. Ln^ Ying^ The Ai-mj o£ the Green Standard,<br />
or old Chinese Army. These troops are divided into ^ ^ Lu*<br />
Lu"*, Land Forces, and 7|c M Shui-^ Shih\ Marine Forces, and<br />
the hulk <strong>of</strong> the forces <strong>of</strong> this category in any jfi-ovince are under<br />
the command <strong>of</strong> a |^ § T'i' Tu^ (see No. 750), General-in-<br />
Chief, and are styled ^^ ;^ T'i^ Piao^ or T'i Tu's Command.<br />
The lesser oi: portion these forces— allotted to the<br />
|^^^ ^ Tsung^<br />
Tui (see No. 820), or to the ^ gte Hsim^ Fu^ (.^ce No. 821)—<br />
are called, respectively, -^ ^" Tu^ Piao', and JfeE ^. Fu^<br />
Piao\<br />
(sec ,<br />
No.<br />
Under the orders <strong>of</strong> the ^g jt |I| ^ Ho" Tao* Tsung^ Tu»<br />
820d; and <strong>of</strong> the Jf 5^ 'gl -g Ts'ao^ Yun" Tsung' Tu^<br />
[see No. 834) there were formerly separate military organizations<br />
styled the }pj frS Ho'- Piao^ and the vf ^M Ts'ao' Piao^<br />
The' forces under the command <strong>of</strong> the General-in-Chief—<br />
the Jlf^ T'i^ Piao'—are divided into |^^* Chen-* ?iao\ Brigades,<br />
these, in turn, being sub-divided into |^ ^ Hsieh^ Piao*,<br />
Territorial Kegiments. The llsieh are made up <strong>of</strong> ^ Yiug^^<br />
Battalions (<strong>of</strong> about 500 infantry and 250 cavalry each), Avhich<br />
are composed <strong>of</strong> two P^j" Shao*, Patrols, each— a Right and a<br />
Left. The Patiols arc distributed throughout two or four ^<br />
Ssu\ corresponding to the ^^ Hsiin*, or military posts <strong>of</strong> different<br />
districts.<br />
The Armv <strong>of</strong> the Green Standard is distributed throusrhout<br />
the Empire, in towns, si.itions and villages, and,<br />
In addition to<br />
doing military duty, performs various other services— in connection<br />
Avith policing, the posts and the customs.<br />
750. {^ ^ T'i' Tu', Provincial Commander-in-Chief, or<br />
General-In-Chicf : 1h (common designation, J^ -^ T'i" T'ai' ;<br />
epistolary style, 1^ P"] (. hiiu^ ^Icn^). This <strong>of</strong>ficer is in command<br />
749<br />
^O<br />
750
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
760a <strong>of</strong> the bulk <strong>of</strong> the troops <strong>of</strong> the Green Standard {sec No. 749)<br />
to<br />
stationed in a particular province.<br />
750b Provincial Commanders-in-Chief are stationed in fourteen<br />
provinces, i.e. at 1. jg ^'|»[ T'ung^ Chou^, in Chihli, 2. fe '^ ^<br />
Sungi Chiang-i Yu^ (one ; the Jt j^ H # Chiang^ Nan^ T'i^ Tu^)<br />
and Jf fO ,^ Ch'ingi Ho^ Hsien*, in the prefecture <strong>of</strong> v§ ^ Jj^<br />
Huai-^ Ani Fu' (one ; the jl 'J^ J| ^ Chiang^ Pei' T'i^ Tu^), in<br />
Kiangsu, 3. M P5 ;^> Hsia* Men^ T'ing^, in the prefecture <strong>of</strong><br />
^ "M ffi Ch'iian^ Chou^ Fu^ in Fukien, 4. ^ f)^ }^ Ning^ P'o^<br />
Fu^ in Chekiang, 5. |^ ^ !^ Ku^ Ch'eng^ Hsien^<br />
in the<br />
prefecture <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ ^ Hsiang^ Yang^ Fu', in Hupeh, 6. '^ ^, M<br />
Ch'ang' Te« Fu', in Hunan, 7. ^ ^ }^ Hsi^ An^ Fu% in<br />
Shensi, 8. -^ j>^ Jf^ Kan^ Chou^ Fu', in Kansu, 9. )^ W^ M<br />
Ch'eng^ Tu^ Fu^ in Szechwan, 10. ^ ji>] jf Hui* Chou^ Fu^<br />
in — Kuangtimg the so-called ^ ^ [^ 1^ J§ '^ Kuang' Tung^<br />
Lu^.Lu^T'i^Tui, 11. iS^jj^ Nan=^ Ning^ Fu^ in Kuangsi,<br />
12. ;A: JM 1^ Ta* Li^ Fu^ in Yunnan, 13. ^ If /f^ An^<br />
Shun* Fu^ in Kweichow, and 14. j^ |Jl /f Su^ Le^ Fu^ or<br />
^if ^MM Kai Shih- Kai Erh^ Kashgar, in Hsinkiang.<br />
750a. In the provinces <strong>of</strong> Shansi, Shantung, Honan,<br />
Anhui and Kiangsi— there being no ^^ ^ T'i^ Tu^— the<br />
Governors are invested with the duties <strong>of</strong> Provincial Commanderin-Chief.<br />
Accordingly, they are styled ^ f^ ^ Chien^ T'i^ Tu^<br />
Governors and Generals-in-Chief (for instance, [ll y^ U^^, M.<br />
H ^ Shan^ Tungi Hsiin^ Fu^ Chien^ T'i^ Tu', Shantung<br />
Governor and General-in-Chief <strong>of</strong> the Forces in Shantung<br />
Province).<br />
750b. In addition to if^ ^ TT^ Tu^ (also [T^ ^ ^^ ^ Lu*<br />
Lu* T'i^ Tu^), Commanders-in-Chief <strong>of</strong> the Land Forces, there<br />
are also Tfc ^fp $| § Shui' Shih^ T'i' Tu\ Naval Commanders-in-<br />
Chief. There are two for the provinces -lying along the<br />
Yangtze—;g \X :^ M M M Ch'ang' Chiang^ Shui' Shih-i T'i^<br />
Tui (at :^^}U T'ai*<br />
P'ing^ FuS in Anhui) and ^IMMHWj'^^'R<br />
[ 338 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Hui* Pan* Cli'ang=^ Chiang^ Fang^ Shou^ Sliih* I'^ (at Jf p P'u^ 751<br />
K'ou^, or iX ?^ (^ Chiang^ P'u^ Hsien*, in the prefecture <strong>of</strong> tO<br />
jl ^ fl^ Chiang^ Ning^ Fu^), and one for. the province <strong>of</strong><br />
Kuangtung—K "M :^ M ^ 'M Kuang' Tung' fehui' Shih^ T'i^<br />
Tu' (at J^ P5 Hus Men2, in the prefecture <strong>of</strong> ^ j^j )^ Kuang'<br />
Chou^ Fu^).<br />
In the provinces <strong>of</strong> Chekiang and Fukien the Commanders-<br />
iu-Chief perform, simultaneously the duties <strong>of</strong> Naval<br />
Commanders-in-Chief and are, accordingly, designated '^ fX.<br />
7kMM^ # ^^lie" Chiang' Shui^ Lu* Shih^ T'i^ Tu\ and<br />
n^M^K^^^i^M Fu^ Chien^ Shui^ Lu* Shih^ T'i^ Tu',<br />
respectively.<br />
'^1* 1,^ 1^ Tsung^ Ping^, Brigade General; 2a (common<br />
designation, |g -^ Chen* T'ai'^ ; literary designation, ^^ ^<br />
Tsung^ Jung^ ; epistolary designation, ;f; ||[ ^Ij Ta* Tsung^<br />
Chih'*) ; commanding a |^ '^ Chen* Piao^, Brigade (see No.<br />
7-49), <strong>of</strong> which there are from two to seven in a. province.<br />
There" are seven Brigade Generals in Chihli province, two in<br />
Shansi, ihree in Shantung, five in Kiangsu, two in Anhui, three<br />
in Kiangsi, four in Fukien, five in Chekiang, three in Hupeh,<br />
three in Hunan, three in Shensi, five in Kansu, four in Szechwan,<br />
seven in- Kuangtung, two in Kuangsi, fovir in Kweichow, six<br />
in Yiinnan, four in Hsinkiang, and three in Honan— 75<br />
in all.<br />
751 A. In the province <strong>of</strong> Chihli the Brigade Generals,<br />
m^MB^ T'ai^ Ning2 Chen* Tsung^ Ping', at ^ jf\ I*<br />
Choui, and ,1| ^ ^ |§ £^ Ma^ Lau^ Chen* Tsung' Ping', at<br />
M M S^ ^^a' Lan3 Yu*, in the prefectm-e <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ '}}] Tsun^<br />
Hua* Chou^—<br />
Commanding the brigades stationed at the Imperial<br />
Mausolea (Western and Eastern ; see Nos. 569 and 569b) bear<br />
the title <strong>of</strong> minister <strong>of</strong> the Household and, therefore, are <strong>of</strong>ficially<br />
designated as |g || ^ ^ ^ jj^ ;;^ g Chien' Tsung' Kuan^<br />
Nei* Wu* Fu^ Ta* Ch'gn^ (see No. 76).<br />
-<br />
[ 339 J<br />
751^
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
751b 75 1b. Certain <strong>of</strong> the ^^& Tsung^ I*i»g\ Brigade Generals<br />
•to {•''fc No. 751), are in command o£ naval forces and,<br />
7'S2h capacity, are directly<br />
in this<br />
subordinated to the Naval Commanders-<br />
in-( 'hief— four in Kiangsu, one in Kiangsi, one in Hupeh, one in<br />
Hnnan, three in Chekiang,<br />
two in Fvikien and five in<br />
Kuangtung. cX^-S<br />
752. glj ^ Fu^ Ching , Colonel ; 2b (common designation,<br />
^ ^ Hsieh^ T'ai*; literary designation, glj ^ Fu* Jung-); in<br />
command <strong>of</strong> a "^ .^ Hsieh^ Piao\ Kegimeiit (see No. 749).<br />
752a. ^ ^ Ts'aa^ Chiang*, Lieutenant-Colonel; 3a<br />
(common designation, ^ J^ Ts'an' Fu^; literary designation, ^<br />
^ Ts'an^ Jung^).<br />
The Lieutenant-Colonel acting as Commandant <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Governor's Brigade (^,^ Fu^ Piao^; see No. 749) is colloquially<br />
called :/c iM ^•
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
7521. H ^\> 3r|> ^<br />
E^ Wai* Wai* WeP, Sergeant ; 9b. 752i<br />
7o2.J. 4' 1^
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
serve as a place <strong>of</strong> banishment <strong>of</strong> condemned <strong>of</strong>ficials (compare<br />
the expression M ^i W- "^ Wj 't] B ^ Fa' Wang' Cliiini T'ai^<br />
Hsiao* Li'* Shu^ Tsni*.<br />
The general control over the i\'Iilitary Post Stations in<br />
Mongolia (situated on the so:called M Wl M W '^<br />
^^ Le* T'ai*<br />
Chiln' T'ai^, Military Post Road <strong>of</strong> Altai) appertains to<br />
the Military Lientenant-General <strong>of</strong> Ch'ahar (^see No. 898).<br />
Officials proceeding on duty by this road are given special<br />
posting-orders, called ^ -^ K'an* Ho^, by the Alinistry<br />
<strong>of</strong> War.<br />
In Manchuria the Military Post Stations (they<br />
abolished and have been replaced by the ^ fS ^<br />
ai'C now<br />
Wcu^ Pao*<br />
Chii^, see below) were under the control <strong>of</strong> I''<br />
|f: ?(^ ^ ^ Chan*<br />
Ohien' Tu^, Inspectors <strong>of</strong> Military Post Stations (in the province<br />
<strong>of</strong> Kirin) or 1|| ig it P Hsihi^ Tao^ ^Military<br />
Couriers (in the province <strong>of</strong> Fengtien).<br />
Tntendant <strong>of</strong><br />
In addition to the Military Post Stations there were (and,<br />
<strong>of</strong> Hsin-<br />
to some extent still are, for instance, in the province<br />
kiang) j^ T'ang^, Military Couriers Bureaux, under the control<br />
<strong>of</strong> $1 :|| T'i2 T'ang2 (compare Nos. 435a and 435 u).<br />
Of late there has been manifested a tendency <strong>of</strong> gradual<br />
abolition <strong>of</strong> the Military Post Stations, as well as ]\Iilitary<br />
Covu'iers Bureaux, and the establishment, instead, <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ ^<br />
Wen' Pao* Chii^, Offices for the Transmission <strong>of</strong> Government<br />
Correspondence (divided into '^^ M ^ Wen^ Pao^ Tsung'<br />
Chu' and ^ ^ ^ ^ Wcn^ Pao* Fen' Chii^ Head and Branch<br />
Offices), with § il Tui Pan^ or !§ Jf Tsung' Li^ Superin-<br />
tendents, in charge (this post, for instance in Manchuria, rs<br />
associated with that <strong>of</strong> local 1?^ i^ fli ]Min^ Cheng* Shih^ ; {see<br />
No. 807). These <strong>of</strong>fices, being administered on more economical<br />
lines than was the case with the Military Post Stations, some-<br />
times serve several provinces simultaneously (for Instance, the<br />
'^ ^W^^M ^^'^"' I'ti' ^'a"g2 Wcn^ Pao* Chii^; see report<br />
[ 342 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
from ?i A .^ Change Jen2-chun% and $^ ^ Tuani Fang^ dated 755<br />
29th November, 1909).<br />
OFFICE OF GOVERNMENT DROVES.<br />
75o. ^^^x\mm%.mmm^^m chang^ chu iia*^<br />
K'ou^ Liang^ I^ Mu* Ch'un^ T'ung^ Hsia^ Tsung^ Kuan^,<br />
Superintendent<br />
o£ Government Droves <strong>of</strong> Horses and Cattle<br />
in the two Wings <strong>of</strong> the Ch'ahar Herdsmen in the Territory<br />
surrounding Kalgan ; imder the control <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
War. This post was established by virtue <strong>of</strong> an Imperial<br />
Edict <strong>of</strong> the 15th December, 1909, which was promulgated<br />
in reply to a Memorial, from the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War, pointing<br />
out the malpractices in breeding <strong>of</strong> horses- and cattle in the<br />
territory <strong>of</strong> the left and right wings<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Ch'ahar Herdsmen<br />
(the duties appertaining to this post were previously performed<br />
by the Ch'ahar |f> ^ Tu^ T'ung^, see No. 898).<br />
TIk, herds <strong>of</strong> horses and cattle (57 in all) under the control<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Superintendent are distributed, according to the general<br />
division <strong>of</strong> the Ch'ahar territory {see No. 893), into ^ ^<br />
Liang^ I*, Two Wings, in charge <strong>of</strong> which are the '^ W^ W. ^<br />
Tso^ I^ Tsung^ Kuan^, Supervisor <strong>of</strong> the Left Wing, and<br />
^ S- US ^ Yu^ I^ Tsung"^ Knan^ Supervisor <strong>of</strong> the Right<br />
Wing. The direct management <strong>of</strong> each drove is invested in a<br />
^ ^ Mu* Chang^, Supervisor <strong>of</strong> a Drove, and a ^ glj Mu*<br />
Fu^, Assistant Supervisor <strong>of</strong> a Drove.<br />
To the Superintendent there are attached :<br />
|;^ ^ 1^ Pi^<br />
Shu^ Knan^ Chief Secretary, j;^ ^ 'g* Tsung^ Ho'^ Kuan^»<br />
Chief Reviser, and -^l\ ^ K'o^ Yiian', Secretaries (in an<br />
indefinite inimber), arranged in four sections : 1. "^ )tM f4<br />
Wcn^ Tu^ K'oS Section <strong>of</strong> Correspondence, 2. ^ -g jf3{ Mu*<br />
Yang^ K'o^ Breeding Section, 3. ^ gj- |"|- Hui^ Chi* K'cS<br />
[ 3i3 ]
-<br />
I<br />
PIIESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
-<br />
,<br />
' —<br />
* - _ - _ . . -<br />
766 Accounts Section, and 4. ^, ^ ^ Shu* Wu^ K'oi, Section<br />
<strong>of</strong> General Aftairs.<br />
For the advancement <strong>of</strong> the knowledge <strong>of</strong> breeding— a very<br />
important part <strong>of</strong> military administration— there are to be<br />
established MR^S^^ Liang^ P Mu* Ch'un^ Hsiieh*<br />
T'ang2, g(.y(j Schools, and ^^ |g ^ Mu^ Fan* Ch'un', Model<br />
Droves, etc.<br />
NAVAL FORCES OF CHINA.<br />
756. Most <strong>of</strong> the war vessels <strong>of</strong> the Chinese fleet are<br />
divided into the following four squadrons : 1.<br />
4fc ?¥ ;i^ ^ffi Pei'<br />
Yang2 Shui^ Shih^ Peiyang Squadron, 2. '^ if^ 7]^ ^ Nan^<br />
Yang^ Shui^ Shih^, Nanyang Squadron, .3.<br />
ijig ^ 7j^ ^^ Fu^<br />
Chien* Shui^ Shih\ Fukien Squadron, and 4. ^ M 7K M<br />
Kuang' Tung^ Shui^ Shih\ Kuangtung (Canton) Squadron.<br />
In addition to these there are the so-called j^ ^ i^ Hai^<br />
Ping^ Ying', Marine Battalions (Flotilla): 1. ^ y^ ^ ^ ^<br />
Kuang' Tung^ Yii* Lei^ Ying', Kuangtung (Canton) Torpedo<br />
Boat Flotilla, at ^ J^ Huang^ P'u^ (Whampoa), 2. -^ -^ ^<br />
ll ^ Nan^ Chiug^ Yii^ Lei^ Ying^ Nanking Torpedo Boat<br />
Flotilla, at ^ ;^ Nan^Ching^ (Nanking),- and 3. jtf -^ |§ ^<br />
M^ ^ Yen^ T'ai^ Hai^ Chiin^ Lien* Hsi^ Ying% Training<br />
Battalion <strong>of</strong> Yenfa^i (Chefoo), at ^ ^< Chih^ Fu* (Chefoo).<br />
The general superintendency <strong>of</strong> all the naval forces <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>China</strong> is invested, as has been already stated, in the '^ ^ ^<br />
Hai' Chiin^ Ch'u*, Naval Council, at Peking (see Nos. 185c and<br />
185d), which, in its turn, is subordinated to the ^ |/j|t^ ^:A' £<br />
Ch'ou* Pan* Hai^ Chiin^ Ta* Ch'en^, Presidents <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Commission for the Reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Navy (see No. 185a).<br />
The direct command <strong>of</strong> the fleet appertains to the ^ ^ f^ ^<br />
Hai^ Chiin^ T'i^ Tu^, Commander-in-Chief <strong>of</strong> the Naval Forces,<br />
to whom there is attached, at Shanghai, the f^N ^ ^ ^ JS<br />
Hai» Chiini Shih* Wu* Ch'u*, StaflT <strong>of</strong> the Commander-in-Chief<br />
[ 344 ]<br />
^,
TKESENT DAY I'OI.ITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Naval Forces, directed by the # ^ 'g* Ts'an^ Mou^ 756a<br />
Kuan S Chief <strong>of</strong> Staff. Other StafF-Officers are : 1.<br />
glj 'g' Fu^ tO<br />
Kiian^ Adjutant (one), 2. )^ ^3 ^ Chi^ Kuan^ I'hienS 7573<br />
Engineer-Officer (one), 3. ^ ft^ ^'^-^^^ ^'l^i" Chang-^, Senior<br />
Councillor (one), 4. ^ f]* '^ (Jhu' Chi* Ivuan^ Councillor<br />
{one), 5.<br />
lil? H 1* Pi* Shu^ Knan\ Secretary (one), 0.<br />
|ig! §<br />
'^^ Pi* Shu^ Kuan^ Pn% Assistant Secretaries (three), and<br />
7. ^ § Chiin^ I', Surgeon (one).<br />
756a. For the ranks <strong>of</strong> line <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> tlie fleet see<br />
No. 6o9b; for the corresponding Japanese terms see No. 659c.<br />
756b. For particulars as to the 7K 0f|l ^<br />
#<br />
T'i^ -Tu^, Naval Commanders-in-Chief, see No. 750b.<br />
Shui^ Shih^<br />
'7^6c. For particulars as to the ;7fc ^\fi '^ Sliui^ Shih'^<br />
Ying^, Marine Battalion <strong>of</strong> tlie Banner Forces, see Ko. 747.<br />
757. For the training <strong>of</strong> Naval Officers, as well as for<br />
the building and repairing <strong>of</strong> vessels, there are now in <strong>China</strong> the<br />
following establishments; 1. 7ic ^ ^ ^ Shui^ Shih^ Hsiieh'^<br />
T'ang"-, or ^§%^M Hai^ Chfini Hsiieh^ T'ang-, Naval<br />
Schools {see No. 757a), 2. 5^ |g p/f<br />
Tsao^^ Ch'uan^ So',<br />
Shipbuilding Yards (see No. 757b), and ^ ^ Ch'uan' Ch'ii^<br />
Docks (see No. 757c).<br />
151 A. At present there are three Naval Schools in <strong>China</strong> :<br />
1. KW^7\lMW^^M. Chiang^ Nan^ Shui' Shih^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^,<br />
Kiangnan Naval School, at ^ ^ Nan'^ Ching\ (Nanking), 2.<br />
% -^ 'M % ^ 'M. Yen^ T'ai^ Hai' Chiini Hsueh^ T'ang^,<br />
Yen'tai Naval School, at ^ ^^ Chef 00, and 3. M%W^^^<br />
Kuang' Tung^ Hai^ Chiin' Hsiieh'- T'ang^, Kuaugtung (Canton)<br />
Naval School, at ^ ;?^ Huang" P'u^ (see No. 756).<br />
757b. For<br />
shipbuilding yard<br />
the construction <strong>of</strong> vessels there is a sjjecial<br />
at ^ ^'f'{ Foochow, the so-called Mi M. ^ ^<br />
Ma' Wei' Ch'uan^ Ch'ang' (^lamoi Arsenal). Also, ships are<br />
built at the \L M ^ "^ M Chiangi<br />
Nan^ Chi' Ch'i* Chii^,<br />
Kiangnan Arsenal (at J^ t^ Shang^ Hai^, Shanghai).<br />
. [<br />
345 ]
757c<br />
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
For the equipment <strong>of</strong>. vessels with the necessary armaments—<br />
to guns, , shells, etc.^— there are the fflowing arsenals : 1. ^ !^<br />
758 'M ^ M Kiiang^ Tung^ Tsao^ Ping^ Ch'ang^ Kuangtung<br />
(Qanton) Arsenal, 2. M "M iK M M 7^ M Kuang^ Tung^ Huo'<br />
Yao* Chih"* Tsao^ So^, Kuangtung (Canton) Powder Mills, and<br />
3. M^^iM )m Han^ Yang^ Ch^iang^ P'ao^ Chn^ Hanyang<br />
Arsenal, at ;^ j^ Hanyang, in Hupeh.<br />
757c. For repairing vessels there are the following<br />
dockyards: 1. M J^ ^ ^M Kuang^ Tnng^ Ch'uan' Wv.\<br />
Kuangtung (Canton) Dockyard, at ^ ^ Huang^ P'u' ; sec No.<br />
756, 2. K "M ^ iM Chiang^ Nan^ Ch'uan^ WV, Kiangnan<br />
Dockyard, at _t r@ Shang" Hai^ Shanghai, and 3. Mi ^ M i,i<br />
Ma'' Wei^ Ch'uan^ Wu^, Mawei Dockyard, at Foochow.<br />
JUDICIAL ESTABLISHMENTS AND PRISONS.<br />
A. Sheu P^an T'^ing or Judicial Estuhlishmcnis :<br />
,758. Until lately the local administrative <strong>of</strong>ficials in <strong>China</strong>,<br />
to Avhom were attached judges and prison <strong>of</strong>ficials, performed<br />
judicial functions. The Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the 6tli November,<br />
1906, which directed a general revision <strong>of</strong> the government<br />
organization, also affected judicial establishments— the Board <strong>of</strong><br />
Punishments (see No. 438) was reorganized as the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Justice (see No. 440), and the Court <strong>of</strong> Judicature and Revision<br />
(see No. 215) was reformed as the Stipreme Court <strong>of</strong> Justice<br />
(see No. 215a), specially charged with the supervision <strong>of</strong> all<br />
judicial matters <strong>of</strong> the Empire. At the same time the Chinese<br />
Government determined to sharply define the scope <strong>of</strong> adminis-<br />
trative and judicial <strong>of</strong>ficials and, with this object in view, began<br />
the organization <strong>of</strong> quite independent judicial establishments, socalled<br />
^ f*]} fgj f5 Shen^ P'an* Ya^ Men^ free from any control<br />
on the part <strong>of</strong> the administrative authorities (compare the<br />
expression ^'^5^1^ Ssu^ Fa* Tu^ Li'*).<br />
[ 34G ]<br />
These began to function
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF" CHINA.<br />
first at Peking; later they were founded in Manchuria and at 758<br />
Tientsin. Their establishment throughout the Empire will take<br />
place accoixiing to the following schedule : in 1909-1910, at<br />
provincial capitals and ports open to foreign" trade ; in ^911-<br />
1913, at the chief cities <strong>of</strong> prefectures, sub-prefectures, depart-<br />
ments and districts ; in 1913-1915, at marts and villages.<br />
The organization <strong>of</strong> judicial establishments is based on:<br />
1. Memorials from the Supreme Court <strong>of</strong> Justice, dated the<br />
12th December, 1906, and from the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Justice, dated<br />
the 4th December, 1907, and the 25th August, 1909, and 2.<br />
Regulations for Judicial establishments, ;^ |^ ^ fill] ;^ Fa*<br />
Yiian* Pien^ Ohih^ Fa*, compiled by the Committee for Drawing<br />
up Regulations for Constitutional Government and sanctioned by<br />
the Emperor on the 7th February, 1910, with the enclosures:<br />
1. '^fe f ^ S^ ff ffl W ^1 ^ 5g Fa* Kuan^ K'ao^ Shih* Jen"^<br />
Yimg* Chan* Hsing^ C-hang^ Ch'eng\ Provisional Regulations<br />
for Competitive Examination and Appointment <strong>of</strong> Judicial<br />
Officials, 2. u] m U i^ ^ii W f7 ^ f^<br />
Ssu^' Fa^'Ch'u*<br />
Yii* Fen^ Hua* Chan* Hsing^ Chang^ Ch'eng^, Provisional<br />
Regulations Defining Judicial Districts, and 3. ^ ^]^ ^ M ~^<br />
^f\]M^iWM # If fr m fs (-h'u' Chi'^ Chi^ Ti* Fangi Shen^<br />
P'an* T'ing^ Kuan^ Hsia^ An* Chien* Chan*-Hsing2 Chang^ Ch'eng^<br />
Provisional Regulations Defining the Scope <strong>of</strong> Local and.<br />
District (Courts according to the Gravity and Type <strong>of</strong> Cases.<br />
Judicial establishments are divided into : i^ ^ ^ ^ij ^<br />
Kao^ Teng^ Shen^ P'an* T'ing', Courts <strong>of</strong> Assizes, 2. ^ -fj<br />
® Ti* Fang^ Shen' P'an^ T'ing^, District Courts, and<br />
^ fJj<br />
3. ^ IS ^ ^Ij j^ Ch'ui Chi^ Shen^ P'an* T'ingi, Local Courts<br />
(for details see Nos. 759 to 761).<br />
For pai'ticulars as to the ftinctions <strong>of</strong> the "Supreme Court <strong>of</strong><br />
Justice see No." 215a, and the Supplement, No. 215a.<br />
758a. ^%Mm%^ ^li^'"' P'an* T'ing^ Ch'oii^ Pan*<br />
Ch'u*, Offices for the <strong>Organization</strong> <strong>of</strong> Judicial Establishments ;<br />
[ 347 ]
768b<br />
to<br />
758D<br />
I'KESENT DAY POLITICAL OKG ANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
founded in all provinces, under the direction <strong>of</strong> the $1 ;^ f^ Ti*<br />
Fa* Shih^ (see No. 831) or ^ ^ f^ An* Ch'a* Shih^ to<br />
function until the introduction <strong>of</strong> judicial establishments in the<br />
provinces has been completed.<br />
758b. For training <strong>of</strong>ficials for service injudicial establish-<br />
ments there have been instituted at local Colleges <strong>of</strong> Law and<br />
Administration {see No. 623a), or at the ^ f\} M W M J^<br />
Shen^ 'an-* T'ingi Ch'ou^ Pan* Ch'u* (see No. 758a),<br />
^H^^Ki Shen^ P'an* Yen^ Chiu^ So' (also, ^ fl M^^ff<br />
Shen^ P'an* (^hiang^ Hsi^ 80^, ^I f^ ^- ^ gTf Ssu^ Fa* Yen^<br />
Chiui So^ or WI 14 Ssui Fa* Chiang^ Hsi^ K^o^),<br />
Courses in Jurispi^udence, covering one year, and providing ior<br />
an enrollment <strong>of</strong> from 60 to 120 students (dependent on 1 cal<br />
conditions).<br />
758c. ;^ ,11 ^ ^ Fr
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
758e. The new scheme for judicial establishments (see 758b<br />
No. 758) foreshadows the appearance <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ Lii* Shih\ ^O<br />
Attorneys (Advocates; also ^ ^ ^ Pien* Hu* Shih'*) in ciril ygg<br />
and criminal cases. Special regulations defining their rights and<br />
duties (^ $f>W-^ltk I-^i'" Shih^ Tan^ Hsing* Fa^)<br />
are to be<br />
drawn up by the Committee for Revising and Compiling Civil<br />
and Criminal Codes.<br />
758f. Those desiring to serve in judicial establishments<br />
are called upon to pass two examinations. On the successful<br />
completion <strong>of</strong> the first examination they are attached to Local<br />
and District Courts for practice (^ ^ Hsiieh^ Hsi^, Practising)<br />
for two years, after which they undergo the second examination.<br />
On successfully passing this they are enrolled as Expectants for<br />
posts in Judicial Establishments (so-called ^ ^ ||^ ^ Hou*<br />
Pn^ T'uii Shih* and M^^^ f£ Hou^ Pu^ Chien^ Ch'a^<br />
Kuan';.<br />
7.59. m^^f^}B Kao^ Teng^ Shen^ P'an^ T'ingV<br />
Courts <strong>of</strong> Assizes (sec No. 758). Within the scope <strong>of</strong> these<br />
Courts come: 1. Appeals (J^ ^ K'ung^ Su*) against j udgments<br />
(not final, ^[J J^ P'an* (3hueh=^) <strong>of</strong> District Courts, <strong>of</strong> the first<br />
hearing (^ — ^ Ti^ V >Shen^), 2. Appeals (J^ ^ iShang*<br />
Kao*) against judgments (not final) <strong>of</strong> District Courts, <strong>of</strong> the<br />
second hearing (^ ~ ^ Ti* Erh' Shen^), 3. Cassations (|^ ^<br />
K'ang^ Kao'^j <strong>of</strong> judgments (final, J^ ^ Chiieh^ Ting*) <strong>of</strong><br />
District Courts, and 4. Cases concerning ^ ^ Tsung' Shih*<br />
(sec No. 39) and '^ ^ Chiieh^ Lo- (see No. 40), not within the<br />
scope <strong>of</strong> the Supreme<br />
Court <strong>of</strong> Justice.<br />
Covu'ts <strong>of</strong> Assizes consist (depending on the volume <strong>of</strong><br />
affairs) <strong>of</strong> one (or more) ^ ^ ,^ Min^ Shih* T'ing',<br />
Section <strong>of</strong><br />
Civil ('ases, and one (or more) ^'l] ^ ^ Using- Shih"* T'ing'^,<br />
Section <strong>of</strong> Criminal Cases. \<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> a Court <strong>of</strong> Assizes is a ^^ 35c T'ing' Ch'eng^<br />
President <strong>of</strong> the Court, and at tlie head <strong>of</strong> a Section there are<br />
[ 349 J
759a<br />
to<br />
760<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
^ ^ T'ing^ Chang^, Section Chiefs, appointed from the ranks<br />
<strong>of</strong> 1^ ^ T'ui^ Shih"*, Cmu't Members, <strong>of</strong> the respective Section.<br />
Originally Courts <strong>of</strong> Assizes consisted <strong>of</strong> two f^ K'o\<br />
Sections : ^ Min^ flj- K'oS Civil,<br />
Criminal,<br />
and ^l] ^jf Plsing^ K'o\<br />
Avith three (six at Peking) ^ |^ f^ ^ Ho^ I^ T'ui'<br />
Shih*, Collaborating Members <strong>of</strong> the Court.<br />
At Coxu-ts <strong>of</strong> Assizes there are found : ^ |^ Tien^ Pu"*,<br />
Ai-chivists, ^ ^ Ciui^ Pu*, Registrars, i|^ "^ Lu'' Shih*, Writers<br />
and Cat Peking and ports open to foreign trade) f^ ^ 'g* Fan'<br />
!* Ivuan\ Interpreters (Translators).<br />
Courts <strong>of</strong> Assizes are found at :<br />
n i Ching^<br />
1. Peking, ^ fj}j j^ ^<br />
Shihi Kaoi Tcn^^ Shcn A^3 P'an^ T'ingS and<br />
2. Provincial capitals. For details see the Scheme for Judicial<br />
Establishments {see No. 758), section 4, articles 25 to 32.<br />
759a. For particulars as to the ^ %^ ^ ^ M K^o^<br />
Teng^ Shen^ P'an* Fen^ T'ihg', Branch Courts <strong>of</strong> Assizes, see<br />
No. 760b.<br />
759b. :kM^^^ Ta^ Li^ Fen' Yuan*, Branches <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Supreme Court <strong>of</strong> Justice (sec Supplement to No. 21 5a), These<br />
may be established in provinces distant from Peking, at the local<br />
Courts <strong>of</strong> Assizes (see No. 759) ; composed <strong>of</strong> a _^ ^ @ ]Min'<br />
Shih* T'ing'^, Section <strong>of</strong> Civil Cases, and a ^l] ^ ^ Hsing^<br />
Shili^ T'ing^, Section <strong>of</strong> Criminal Cases.<br />
760. M':^W H M Ti' Fangi Shen' P'an^ T'ing', District<br />
Courts (see No. 758). Within the scope <strong>of</strong> these are :<br />
'<br />
1. Cases<br />
without the scope <strong>of</strong> Local Courts or the Supreme Court <strong>of</strong><br />
Justice (for the first hearing ; ^ — ^ Ti"* I' Shen^) and 2. For<br />
a second hearing, A. Appeals against judgments (not final) <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Local Courts and B. Cassations <strong>of</strong> judgments (final) <strong>of</strong> Local<br />
Courts.<br />
District Courts are composed (dependent on the volume <strong>of</strong><br />
affairs) <strong>of</strong> one (or more) ^^^ Min^ Shih* T'ing^<br />
Section <strong>of</strong><br />
Civil Ca,:es;, and one (or more) ^ij ^ ^ Hsing- Shih^ T'ing-,<br />
[ 350 ]
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Section <strong>of</strong> ('riminal Cases. Also, there are two (or more) 760a<br />
5^ 13: -f1^ ^ '^^^^ Jen'* T'uii Shih*, Independent members <strong>of</strong> the ^q<br />
Court (deciding cases singly). 7fiOB<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> a District Court is a ^ ^ T'ing^ Chang'<br />
(at the Capital ^ gc T'lrig^ Ch'eng'), President <strong>of</strong> the Court<br />
(holding, at the same time, the position<br />
<strong>of</strong> Chief <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Sections) ; each Section is xmder a ^ ^ T'ing^ Chang', Section<br />
<<br />
'hief, appointed from the ranks <strong>of</strong> ^^ ^ T'ui^ Shih*, Members<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Court, <strong>of</strong> the respective Section.<br />
Formerly the District Courts were divided into two fl} K'o',<br />
Sections : ^ ^ Min^ K'o^ Civil, and ?flj p^ Hsing^ K'oS<br />
Criminal,, with three (in Peking twelve) '^ ^ ^ft ^ Ho* P Pui^<br />
Shih*, Collaboi-ating Members <strong>of</strong> the Court, in each. At the<br />
head <strong>of</strong> the Court was a J^ ^ ig T'ui^ Shih'* Chang', Senior<br />
jMember <strong>of</strong> the Court.<br />
At District Courts there are found : ^<br />
^ Tien' Pu*,<br />
Archivists, r^ ^ Chu' Pu*, Registrars, || ^ Lu'' Shih*,<br />
Writers, ^ ^'^ Ch'eng* Fa^. Li^, Ushers, and (at Peking and<br />
ports open to foreign trade) |^ ^ 'g* Fan^ I* Kuan^, Interpreters.<br />
District Coiu'ts are established at: 1. Peking, ]^ fjfi p3<br />
^h ij^M'Jj ^ ^ M Chiang' Shihi Nei* Wai* Ch'eng'' Ti*<br />
Fan^' Shcn' P'an* T'ing^ Metropolitan<br />
District '^'ourt <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Inner and Outer City, and 2. Each prefecture and independent<br />
department (one).<br />
For details as to District Courts see the Scheme for Judicial<br />
Establishments (see No. 758), section 3, articles Nos. 17 to 24.<br />
760a. For particulars as to the M ^^ ^ f"^} ^ M Ti*<br />
Fang' Shcn' P'an* Fen^ T'ing', Branches <strong>of</strong> District Courts, see<br />
No. 761a.<br />
760b. M ^ ^ P] ^ M- I^ao' Teng'<br />
Shen' P'an* Fen^<br />
T'ing', Branches <strong>of</strong> Courts <strong>of</strong> Assizes (see No. 759a) ; may be<br />
established at places distant from provincial capitals,<br />
at the<br />
Local District Courts (see No. 760). These are composed <strong>of</strong> a<br />
[ 351 ]
761<br />
to<br />
76lA<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CFIIXA.<br />
^ ^ ^ Min'^ Shih'' T'ing^, Section <strong>of</strong> Civil C'ases, and a JflJ ^^<br />
lising-^ Shih^ T'ing^,<br />
Section <strong>of</strong> Criminal Cases.<br />
761. la IS ^ ^ij j^. Ch'ui (^jji2 ^i^^j^-6 23caj^4 T'ingS Local<br />
Courts (5
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
•<br />
^<br />
two (or more) 3^ f£ |{| ^ Ta" Jen'' T'lii^ Sliih*, Independent 762<br />
Members <strong>of</strong> the Court. to<br />
B. Chien Ch''a THug or Prosecuting Attorneys^ Offices : 704<br />
762. At judicial establishments <strong>of</strong> the various grades there<br />
are found 1^^ ^ Chien^ Ch'a^ T'ing^, or Prosecuting Attorneys'<br />
Offices, namely : 1. "At the Court <strong>of</strong> Assizes, ^ ^ 1^ ^ ^.<br />
Kao^ Teng^ Chien^ Oh^a= T'ingS 2. At the District Court,<br />
^~:^W.^M^ Ti* Fang^ Chien^ Ch'a" T'ing\ and 3. At the<br />
Local Court, Jg] |5 yff^ ^ ^ Ch'u^ Chi" Chien=^ Ch'a' T'ing^ (for<br />
details see ^os. 763 to 767).<br />
For details as to the ||{ '^^M Tsung^ Chien^ Ch'a^ T'ing\<br />
attached to the Supreme Court <strong>of</strong> Justice, see No. 222.<br />
Duties appertaining to the Prosecuting Attorneys' Offices<br />
include : the initiation <strong>of</strong> cases <strong>of</strong> criminal prosecution, the<br />
making <strong>of</strong> searches, the enforcement <strong>of</strong> sentences, etc.<br />
763. U ^ ^ 'M M Kao^ Teng=* Chien^ Ch'a^ T'ingS<br />
Prosecuting Attorney's Office at the Court <strong>of</strong> Assizes {see Nos.<br />
759 and 762); composed <strong>of</strong> a ;^ ^ ;g Chien^ Ch'a'^ Chang^<br />
Senior Prosecuting Attorney, and two (or more) /^ ^ '^ Chien^<br />
Ch'a^ Kuan', Prosecuting Attorneys. Also, at this <strong>of</strong>fice, there<br />
are foimd m fg Tien^ Pu^ Archivists, ^ ^ Clm^ Pu*,<br />
Registrars, and.||^ ^ Lu^ Shili*, Writers.<br />
763a. If. i^m^m Tsung^ Chien^ Ch'a* Fen^ T'ingS<br />
Branches <strong>of</strong> Attorney-General's Office {see Supplement to No.<br />
222) ; established at Branches <strong>of</strong> the Supreme Court <strong>of</strong> Justice<br />
{see No. 759b).<br />
764. M -J^ t^ ^ M Ti* Fang^ Chien^ Ch'a^ T-ing\<br />
Prosecuting Attorney's Office at the District Court {see Nos. 760<br />
and 762) ; composed <strong>of</strong> a 'f^^^ ^ Chien^ Ch'a^ Ohang% Senior<br />
Prosecuting Attorney, and two (or more) 1^^ ^ Chien^ Ch'a^<br />
'l^'<br />
Kuan\ Pn ;ecuting Attorneys. Also, at this <strong>of</strong>fice there are<br />
m ^ Tien^ V, Archivists, ^ ^ Chu^ Pu^ Registrars, and<br />
^1 ^ Lu* Snih*, Writers.<br />
23<br />
[•353 ]
I'KKSliXT DAV POLITICAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHINA. »<br />
764a 764a. Wi ^ ^^^^ I'^ao^ Toug'<br />
Chleu^ Ch'a- FOn<br />
to T'ing', Prosecuting Attorney's Office at a Bmnch <strong>of</strong> the Court o.<br />
766a Assizes (see No. 760i}).<br />
765. ^J |g /^ ^ H Ch'u^ Chi- Chien^' Ch'a^ Tnng',<br />
Prosecuting Attorney's Office at the Local Court (sec Nos. 761 and<br />
, the<br />
762) ; composed <strong>of</strong> from one to two (or more) ^ ^ ^}^ Chieu'<br />
Ch'a- Kuan\ Prosecuting Attorneys and ^ ^. Lu* Shih*,<br />
Writers.<br />
'<br />
'765a. M ~^ ^ ^^ M^ '^j' Fangi Chien^ Ch'a' Fen^<br />
T'ing\ Prosecuting Attorney's Office at a Branch <strong>of</strong> the<br />
District Court (xce No. 761a).<br />
C. I^7'is()ns :<br />
766. At the Capital, for the imprisonment <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>fenders,<br />
there are, at the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Justice, two prisons: ^ ^ Nau^<br />
Chien', Southern, and 4fc ^ Pei^ Chien^, Northern (see No. 457),<br />
formerly under the supervision <strong>of</strong> the ^^^ 1 'i" Lao^ T'ing\<br />
Prison Office, but, since the abolition <strong>of</strong> this <strong>of</strong>fice in 1907,<br />
administered by the Jt >jp rJ Tien^ Yii^ Ssu', Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Prisons (see No. 449). On the change <strong>of</strong> control the organiza-<br />
tion <strong>of</strong> these prisons was re\ ised (^sce a Memorial from the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Justice, dated the 17th September, 1908), in that,<br />
instead <strong>of</strong> the former two Jg .^ T'i- Lao', Prison Inspectors,<br />
posts were established for two ^ ^ Hj^^ Tsung^ Kuan^ Shou^<br />
Chang^, and, instead <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ Ssu^ Yii*, Warders, there were<br />
appointed IE W 4$[ ^ Cheng* Kuan^ Shou^ Chang' (two ; from<br />
ranks <strong>of</strong> 'tpa
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
departments, |^ g Li* Mu* {see No. 851 a); in districts, Sl ^ 766r<br />
Tien' Shih' {see No. 857).<br />
766b. In the scheme for reform <strong>of</strong> judicial establishments<br />
there appears a measure with regai'd to prison aiFairs providingfor<br />
the institution, at the Capital (in 1909, see Memorials from<br />
the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Justice, dated June, 1907, and 31st March,<br />
1909), as well as in the provinces, <strong>of</strong> so-called f^ |^ ^ Pt Mu^<br />
Fan'* Chien' Yii*, Model Pi'isons. At present these prisons are<br />
to be found in the provinces <strong>of</strong> Kuangsi {see Memorial from<br />
'^ 1^ 1^ Chang^ Ming^-ch'i-, dated the 8th December, 1909)»<br />
and Yfinnan (see report from Ji^ H ^ Shen^ Ping^-k'un^ dated<br />
the 21st September, 1909).<br />
In connection with tlie prison reform it is proposed to<br />
abolish, in the provinces, the posts <strong>of</strong> "^ ^ Ssu^ Yii*, |^ g Li*<br />
Mu*, and m ^ Tien^ Shih' {see No. 766aj.<br />
Regulations referring to prisons (g^ ^ ^ glj<br />
Chien'^ Yii*<br />
Kuei^ Tse^), and defiuiiig penalties to be iutiicted on pi-ison<br />
udministrations (^ fJt 'g* ~^MWi^ M"J<br />
^'Jiieni Yii* Kuan^ Li*<br />
Cheng' Fa- Kuei'^ Tse^), were drawn up in 1909,<br />
to be<br />
promulgated in 1910, and, accordingly, the organization <strong>of</strong> the<br />
new (model) prisons, treated below, has been arrived at,. chiefly,<br />
from the above-mentioned Memorial from Chang ]Ming-ch'i (and,<br />
to some extent, on the report <strong>of</strong> Shcn Ping-k'un).<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Model Prison (in Kuangsi)<br />
is a<br />
j£ ^ 1f^ 'g' Cheng* Tien^ Yii' Kuan', Prison Inspector; 5b (in<br />
Yunnan, ill ^^j^ 'g*<br />
Tien'' Yii* Kuan'). To liim there are sub-<br />
ordinated : 1. Eight :§* ^ ;^ K'an' Shou^ Chang', Senior<br />
Warders; 8a (in Yiinuan, three ^^ ^ 8hou' AYei* ('hang'),<br />
2. 60 ^ ^ K-an' Shou^ Warders ; 9a (in Yiinnan, ^ ^<br />
Shou' Wei'), 3. Two ffe ^l U
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA<br />
767 mentioned ranks do not exist in Yunnan, but there are five<br />
^ la ^ Shu^ Ohi^ ShengS Clerks).<br />
The general supervision over the affairs <strong>of</strong> the prison is<br />
invested in four Sections: 1. ^ fi^ ?4 Wen^ Tu' K'o\ Section<br />
<strong>of</strong> Correspondence (^ § ^\ Wen^ Shu^ K'o^ in Yunnan),<br />
2. #• If ^4 Hui^ Chi* K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Accounts, 3. X H f^<br />
Kung^ Yeh* K'o^ Section <strong>of</strong> Handicrafts, and 4. ^. f^ fif Shu*<br />
Wu* K'oS Section <strong>of</strong> General Affairs (|,| ^ $| Tsung^ Wu*<br />
K'o^ in<br />
Warders,<br />
Yunnan). . At the head <strong>of</strong> each Section are Senior<br />
as ?^ ;^ K'o^ Chang', Section Chiefs (one ^ ^<br />
K'o^ Chang^ to each Section in Yunnan), assisted by four ^i[ p<br />
KV Yiian^, Secretaries ; 9a (one fJf ^ K'o^ Yuan^, iti Yunnan).<br />
'<br />
. In Yunnan province there is also the ^ t^ ^<br />
Shou^ W ei*<br />
K'o^, Secret Service Section, directed by a fif -^ K'o^ Chang^.<br />
At the Model Prison in Kuangsi, in, the Summer <strong>of</strong> 1909,<br />
there was opened a ^ i^ J^ ^ Chien' Yii* Hsiieh* T'ang^<br />
Prison School, for training <strong>of</strong>ficials for service in prison<br />
administrations, <strong>of</strong> two Sections: 1. ^ ^ jfj{. Kao^ Teng^ K'o\<br />
Higher Section (with a course <strong>of</strong> study extending over one year,<br />
an enrollment <strong>of</strong> 50 students and 16 subjects <strong>of</strong> instruction), and<br />
2- ^ ^3^ fif K'an^ Shou' K'o^, Section <strong>of</strong> Guarding (prisoners)<br />
(with a course <strong>of</strong> study <strong>of</strong> half a year's duration, an enrollment<br />
<strong>of</strong> 120 students and eight subjects <strong>of</strong> instruction). It has been<br />
arranged that this school be reoi-ganized, in September, 1910, on<br />
the lines <strong>of</strong> the Japanese ^ ^ ^ ^ Ching' Chien^ Hsiieh^<br />
T'ang', Police and Prison Schools, and it is to be^nnexed to the<br />
local Higher Police School (see No. 522).<br />
In the province <strong>of</strong> Hunan, in connection with prison<br />
administration, there are ^Hf M"^ '^<br />
So^ Courses in Prison Administration.<br />
Chien^ Yii* Ch'uan^ Hsi'<br />
767. ^^M K'an^ Shou^ So^, (also ^ i& M Kuan'<br />
Shou^ So'), Houses <strong>of</strong> Detention ,•<br />
established at District Courts<br />
{see No. 760) and, in some instances, at Local Courts {see<br />
[ 356 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
No. 761). These are administered by from two to four^ ^ j^/f 767a<br />
'g- K'au^ Shou^ . So^ Kuan^ (also ^ 'g* So^ Kuan^), Warders<br />
^^<br />
<strong>of</strong> Houses <strong>of</strong> Detention; 8b.<br />
At the -^mMyf^"^ M.Ching' Shihi Ti^ Fang^ K'ani<br />
Shoir So^ House <strong>of</strong> Detention <strong>of</strong> the Metropohtan District<br />
Court {see No. 760), there is found the post <strong>of</strong> ^^^^ K'an^<br />
Shou=* So^ Chang^ (also ^^ So^ Chang^j, Senior Warder <strong>of</strong><br />
the House <strong>of</strong> Detention; 6b.<br />
For particulars as to the House <strong>of</strong> Detention <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Supreme Court <strong>of</strong> Justice, see No. 221. -<br />
767a. ^M^Jx Hsi- I^ So\ Workhouses ; under the<br />
supervision <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Interior {see No. 514).<br />
Here<br />
are incarcerated, and employed in handicrafts, <strong>of</strong>fenders<br />
condemned, for petty crimes,<br />
to some months imorisonment.<br />
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE.<br />
768. The direct superintendence over all measures directed<br />
towards the development <strong>of</strong> agriculture, industry and commerce,,<br />
a^ well as a general control over all establishments ha^'ing<br />
reference to these, appertains to the Industrial Taotai (see Nos.<br />
839 and 839a) who, in this instance, is subordinated to the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, from which<br />
he receives all necessary instructions.<br />
769. M X ® ^i ^ Nung2 Kungi Shang^ Tsung^ Chu^<br />
Head Bureaux <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Industry and Commerce.<br />
Previous to the establishment <strong>of</strong> the post <strong>of</strong> Industrial TaOtai<br />
{see Nos. 768 and 839-839a) these bureaux performed duties<br />
which now appertain to this <strong>of</strong>ficial. They are still to be found<br />
in provinces to which the said Taotai has as yet not been<br />
appointed (compare the Menwriai from the Ministry o£<br />
Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, referring to the province<br />
<strong>of</strong> Kweichow, dated the 21st January, 1908), and are composed<br />
[ 357 J<br />
76»
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
770 <strong>of</strong> four Sections: 1. MBM Nung^ Wu* So', Section <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture, 2. X ^ Bf Kung^ Wu* So', Section <strong>of</strong> Industry,<br />
3- ^ ^ ^ Shang^ Wu^ So*, Section <strong>of</strong> C/Ommerce, and<br />
4. BW^ Shu* W^i* So', Section <strong>of</strong> General Affairs.<br />
770. M 'W Nung2 Hui*, Agricultural Guilds. In<br />
9,ccordance with a report from the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture,<br />
Industry and Commerce, dated the 20th October, 1907, these<br />
are established : at provincial capitals,<br />
\ m m n ^ung^ wu*<br />
Tsung^ Hui*, Central Agricultural Guilds ; at the chief cities <strong>of</strong><br />
prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments<br />
Branch , Agricultural Guilds ; at<br />
and districts, j^ ^<br />
Wu* Fen^ Hui*<br />
^ ^ Nung2<br />
towns and villages.<br />
B^^ft ^""""g' Wu* Fen' SoS<br />
Agricultural Associations (or Sections <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Guilds).<br />
The establishment <strong>of</strong> these .<br />
Guilds, Branches and Sections<br />
commenced in 1908 and it was provided that their coipplete<br />
inauguration be finished in 1910.<br />
Central Agricultural Guilds have a ||, J|! Tsung^ Li',<br />
Chairman, and a tSr^JJI Hsieh^ Li'^, Vice-Chairman, elected from<br />
the ranks <strong>of</strong> |f ^ Tung'^ Shih*, iMembers (<strong>of</strong> which there are<br />
from 20 to 50), who must be approved by the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture, Industry and Commerce.<br />
Branch Agricultural Guilds consist <strong>of</strong> a<br />
|^^ J^ Tsung^ Li^<br />
and from 10 to 30 H ^ Tung'<br />
Shih*, ^Members, while Sections<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agricultural Guilds are<br />
(the maximum is 5).<br />
At Central Agricultiu-al<br />
€stablished : a ^ ^ ^ ^ Nung- Yeh*<br />
Agricultui-al School (^see No. 600), and a ^ ^<br />
composed <strong>of</strong> ung"* Shih*<br />
Guilds there are, or will be<br />
Shih^^ Shih'* Yen-* Ch'ang^, Botanical Garden (by 1910 this is to<br />
be established at all Central Agricultural Guilds).<br />
At Branch Agricultural Guilds, as well as at Sections <strong>of</strong><br />
Agricultural Guilds, there are, or will be, established : a ^ ^<br />
^ P ^ Nung^ Shih^ Pan* Jih* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Agricultural<br />
[ 358 ]<br />
Hsueh^ T'angS
PKESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
School with Half-day Sessions {see No. 61 7 u; compare No. 770a<br />
579 ; to be estal)lished in 1912), and a ^^^^^ i% Nnng^ ^O<br />
Shih' Ven^ Slmoi ]i,,i4 Oli'ang-s, Society for the Diffusion <strong>of</strong><br />
Agricultural<br />
77()A. -^^ 0ifj ^<br />
Knowledge Tto he instituted in 1912)<br />
^ II ^ ("hingi Shih^ Nung2 Wu^ Tsung^<br />
liui^, ^Metropolitan Central Agricultural Guild {see No. 770).<br />
This, as ])roposed in a ^Memorial from Uie Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture, Indiistiy and ( 'ommei'ce, sailctioned hy the Emperor<br />
on the 6th .July, 1911, is a development <strong>of</strong> the former ^ li|| j^<br />
X ^ ^ Chi' Fu^ Nimg=' Kungi Hsiieh^ Hui*, Society for the<br />
Encouraiiement <strong>of</strong> Ao'ricultnral and Industrial liiducation abont<br />
Peking. In the new Society the designations ^ ^ Ifui'*<br />
Chang^ Chairman, and g|J •^ ^ Fu* llui^ Chang-, Vice-<br />
('hairman, have become || Jl Tsung^ Li^ and ^ Ji Ksich^ Li^<br />
(compare No. 770), and there have been instituted HI ^ ^" §fu<br />
j^ Kung' Yell* Yen- Chin^ So', Courses in Handicrafts.<br />
770B. :^0^M^^lt^ ^l»V Sl'ili' N""g' '"^'^il^'<br />
Shih* Yen^ Ch'ang^, Metropolitan Botanical (iarden ; opened<br />
in 1908. Here is found a i^ ^ M H ¥ ii' ^^'^o' '^^eng^<br />
Nung'^ Wii* Hsiieh'^ T'ang^, Highei- Agricultural School {see<br />
No. 60aA), and the )^ ^ ^ Nung^ Wu* Chii^ Agricultural<br />
Office {sec No. 463).<br />
770c. In Manchuria, as proposed by f^ -tfr ^ Hsii''<br />
Shih^-ch'ang' {see his Memorial <strong>of</strong> the oth December, 1908, and<br />
the reply <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Industry an(/<br />
Commerce, dated the 27th December, 1908),<br />
at the main cities<br />
<strong>of</strong> prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments and districts there<br />
are established ^^^ Nung^ Cheng* T'ing', Agricultural<br />
Offices, administered by ]^ *v^ Niuig'^ Kiian^, Experienced<br />
Agriculturalists (Agricultural Officials) <strong>of</strong> the sixth, seventh,<br />
eighth and ninth ranks, ® i I^ Shih'*, ^Mechanical Engineers,<br />
^ ^ Chi* ShoiiS Workmen, ^ fg Shu' Chi*, Clerks, and |^ ^<br />
KiiH'' Shih*, Attendants.<br />
[ 35!) 1<br />
^^q^
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
— ' — •—• r<br />
770d 770d. In addition to the institutions mentioned above<br />
to there are to be established the following, having as their object<br />
wwj<br />
the facilitation <strong>of</strong> the study, and the assisting <strong>of</strong> the develop-<br />
ment, <strong>of</strong> agriculture, forestry, sericulture and tea planting :<br />
1- M f# B ^ J^ ^'""g' Wu* Chiang^ Hsi-^ So',<br />
Agricultural Courses (see No. 617b),<br />
2- M # ^ ^ N^^"g' Lin^ Hsiielr T'ang^, Schools <strong>of</strong><br />
Agriculture and Forestry (by<br />
in all the provinces; see No. 617b),<br />
1910 these are to be established<br />
3. M^M'M Fi Ts'an^ Yeh^ Chiang^ Hsi^ .So^ Courses<br />
in Sericulture (to be instituted in 1909-1910; Ar
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
i-e^ it ^ V\ Hua^ Hsiieh- Iv'o', Chemical, and f^ ^ flj- Clii^ 771a<br />
Ch'i* K'o\ Mechanical (there is to be instituted also a jgi \\^ 1^ ^q<br />
^ J^ Li^ Hua"* Yen^ Chiu^ So^, Bureau <strong>of</strong> Chemical Research), „„q<br />
^- Wl X W. ^fJ 0? Ch'iian* Kung^ (Jh'en^ Lieh-* SoS Exhibitions<br />
for the Encoiu-agement <strong>of</strong> Industry ; to be established in 1911 at<br />
all places open to foreign trade (for details as to the ^Nleti-opolitan<br />
Exhibition see No. 771 a), and 5. |§ X %^ Hsiu'* Kung^ K'o\<br />
Embroidery Workshops {see Xo. 464).<br />
77lA. ^ 1^ fj X 15$ ?!l m Chingi Shih^ Ch'uan^ K.mg^<br />
Ch'en" Lieh'' So\ ^Metropolitan<br />
Exhibition for the '<br />
J^ncourage-<br />
ment <strong>of</strong> . Industry [_scc Nos. 464 and 771); founded at Peking in<br />
1906 {see Memorial from the Muiistry <strong>of</strong> Commerce, covering<br />
Regulations). The Exhibition is administered by two |||1 J|^<br />
Tsung" Li", Superintendents, who ai-e assisted by two \^, i%<br />
Hsielr Li^ Assistants, and two |K; f^ ^ !Shu* Wu* (.Ihang^<br />
Stewards. It is an-nngcd in four Sections: 1. ^^,1^ Chih^<br />
She^ Ch'u^ Exhibition Section, 2. % 1^ ]^ K'ao'^ Yea^ Ch'u^<br />
Techiiical Section, 3. |^ ^ J^ Tiao* Ch'a^ Ch'u*, Information<br />
Section, and 4. ^^ "^ '^ Shou^ Chih^ Ch'u*, Treasury.<br />
To each Section there are attached two Jjg ^ ||_ Li^ Shih*<br />
Yuan", Expositors.<br />
In 1 908 the Exhibition was gutted by fire. Repairs were,<br />
however, eflfected in 1909.<br />
At the Metr()ix)litan Exhibition there is found a ^ ^ ^<br />
Ch'iinn* Yeh' (Jh'ang'^, Workshop for the Encoiu-agement <strong>of</strong><br />
Industry.<br />
Eor particulars as to the jf? f(IJ X<br />
|^ rfi^i |^ ^ Ching^ Shilr<br />
Kuiig' Yell' Shih* Yen' So^, ^Metropolitan Experimental<br />
Workshoj), established at the Exhibition, sec Xo. 771.<br />
772. p^- I5S 5V €r Sliangi Ch'uan^ Kung' Ilui', :Mer-<br />
cantilo Marine »Societies {see Memorial from the jMinistry <strong>of</strong><br />
Commerce, dated the 2(]t]i ^March, 1906) ; established at com-<br />
mercial toAvns interested in the mercantile marine. These<br />
[ 3(J1 J
774<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHINA.<br />
773 Societies, are <strong>of</strong> two grades :<br />
||g ^ Tsiiiig^ Hiii*, Central<br />
+Q Societies, and ^ ^ Fen^ Hni*, Branch Societies. The former<br />
are directed by a |jg Jg Tsung^ Li^, Chairman, and a fj^Jj ^<br />
Hsieh^ Li^, V ice-Chairman, while the hitter have a Cliairman<br />
alone. The establishment <strong>of</strong> Mercantile Marine Societies<br />
throughout the Empire must be completed b}' 1913.<br />
773. Conforming to regulations drawn up by the jNIinistry<br />
<strong>of</strong> Commerce in 1'906, wheneA-er <strong>China</strong> participates in ^ ^ Sai^<br />
Hui*, Exhibitions, abroad pi-ovision is made for the organization<br />
<strong>of</strong> a separate Chinese section (^ jl^ ^ ^ Hua^ Shang^ Sai*<br />
Hui^), for the direction <strong>of</strong> which theie is appointed a ||f, ^ ^ Bf<br />
Tsung^ Shih* Wu^ So', Committee, undei- the direction <strong>of</strong> a ^ ^<br />
"Chien' Tu\ Inspector (the duties <strong>of</strong> Inspector are, in some<br />
instances, carried on by the accredited Di))k)matic Repre-<br />
sentative).<br />
773a. r^ Pa 11 # Kuo2 Nei> Sai^ Hui*, Imperial J^xhibi-<br />
tion. In accordance with the s(.-heme <strong>of</strong> constitutional reforms,<br />
drawn up by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agricidtiu-e, Industry and Com-<br />
merce, this Exhibition is to be opened in 191a (pro]iarations<br />
are to be begun in 1913).<br />
773b. mm ^ ^ ^^^'"i" I^"0" Sai^ Hui^ International<br />
Exhibition. Conforming to the scheme <strong>of</strong> constitutional reforms<br />
(compare No. 773a), this Exhibition is/to be opened<br />
(preparations are to be started in 1915).<br />
in 19ir<br />
774. j^ ^ Shang-^ Hui'*, Chambers <strong>of</strong> Commerce. Regula-<br />
tions draAvn up by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Commerce (sanctioned by the<br />
Emperor on the 11th January, 1904), provide for the establishment<br />
<strong>of</strong> these, in the place <strong>of</strong> jireviously existing commercial<br />
associations <strong>of</strong> various kinds (j^j ^ -^ J^ Shang^ Yeli* Kung^<br />
So^ ^" f^ $5j ^ Shang' Wu"" Knmg^ Hui^, etc.), at provincial<br />
capitals and important commercial (;entres. At the former, as<br />
well as at the most important commercial cities, such as Tientsin,<br />
Chcfoo, Shanghai, Hankow, (Chungking, Canton and Amoy, there<br />
[ ^502 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
are found j^ S H ^ Shang^ Wu* Tsung' Hui*, General 774a<br />
Chambers <strong>of</strong> Commerce, while at other places there are established ^q<br />
Wi B ^ ^ Shangi Wu* Fcn^ HuiS Branch Chambers <strong>of</strong><br />
Commerce, which are, to some extent, subordinated to the<br />
Oeneral Chambers <strong>of</strong> Commerce.<br />
At General Chambers <strong>of</strong> Commerce there is a |^^ jg Tsimg'<br />
Li', Chairman, and a |^ /|| Hsieh^ Li', Vice-Chairman, who are<br />
•elected from the ranks ot U ^ Tung^ JShih^, Members (20 to 50<br />
in all), while Branch Chambers <strong>of</strong> Commerce are composed <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Chairman and from 10 to 30 members.<br />
The scheme <strong>of</strong> constitutional reforms drawn up by the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Industry and Commerce provides for the<br />
establishment : <strong>of</strong> General Chambers <strong>of</strong> Commerce, in 1910; <strong>of</strong><br />
Chambers <strong>of</strong> Commerce abroad (so-called ^ j^^ j^ ^ Hua'<br />
S'-.ang^ Shang^ Hui*), in 1911 ; <strong>of</strong> Branch Chambers <strong>of</strong><br />
Commerce in <strong>China</strong>, in 1911 ; <strong>of</strong> Branch Chanibers <strong>of</strong> Commerce<br />
abroad (so-called ^ ^ M ^ ^ 's' Hua^ Shang^ Ti* Fang^<br />
Shang^ Hui*), in 1914.<br />
774a. M ^ M M ^Jf Shangi Lii* Chiang' Ming'' So',<br />
Associations for the Study and Explanation <strong>of</strong> Commercial<br />
Laws ; to be established in 1915.<br />
774b. ^ pO Pj| f\] If Shangi P'in' Ch'en' Lieh^ Kuan^,<br />
The preliminary organization<br />
Commercial Exhibitions (Stores).<br />
<strong>of</strong> these is to be started in 1911 and they Avill be gradually opened :<br />
in 1912, at provincial capitals and ports open to foreign trade ;<br />
in 1914, at prefectural capitals and important commercial centres; '<br />
in 1916, at the chief cities <strong>of</strong> departments and districts.<br />
775. ^l^MS^ Kung3 Cheng* Tiao* Ch'a^' Chii^<br />
IMining Committees ; organized, in accordance with regulations<br />
framed by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Commerce (sanctioned by the Emperor<br />
on the 27th November, 1905), for the general supervision <strong>of</strong><br />
jnining affairs, in all provinces. Ea^h is directed by a |,^ ^<br />
Tsung' Li'^, President, a ';% J^ Hsieh^ Li^ Vice-President,<br />
[ 3G3 ]<br />
^^g
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
776a and a number <strong>of</strong> ^ #, H P, Kung^ Wu* I* Yiian^, Mining^<br />
^Q<br />
Advisers.<br />
y^Q New mining regulations (sanctioned by the Emperor on the<br />
21st September, 19(17), left, for the time being, the Mining<br />
Committees unchanged, with the exception that there were<br />
• attached<br />
to them a number <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ ^ M, Kung^ Wu* Wei*<br />
Yiian'^, Deputies for Mining Affairs, and ^M i^ ^ ?t^ %' Kung'<br />
Wu* Ku* Wen* Kuan^, Consulting Experts for Mining Affairs<br />
(see No. 468).<br />
At present the Mining Committees are being gradually<br />
abolished (compare a Memorial from p^ |^ f| Ch'en^ K'uei^-<br />
lung^, late Governor-General <strong>of</strong> Hukuang, dated the 1st July,<br />
1909), and their functions transferred to the Industrial Taotai<br />
(see Nos. 839 and 839a ; f| ^ fif Rung' Wu" K'o', Mining-<br />
Section).<br />
775a. Previous to the establishment <strong>of</strong> Mining Committees<br />
in 190a (see No. 775), mining affairs were supervised<br />
in the<br />
provinces by ^ |^ ^1 ^ Kung' Wu" Tsung^ Chii^, Central<br />
Mining Offices, and ^ ^ S B'T ^-1^'a^ Kung^ Kung^ So^, Mining-<br />
Offices.<br />
775b. ^ ^ ^ ^ Kung3 Wu* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Mining<br />
Schools (see 1^0 617b) ; to be organized in all provinces in 1911.<br />
776. 5^ pI Kimg^ Ssu\ Companies<br />
or Associations.*<br />
Conforming to commercial laws, drawn up by the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Commerce and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 21st January,<br />
1904, these may be classed in four groups: 1. a" ^ S W<br />
Ho^ Tzu^ Kung^ ^su\ Co-partnerships, 2. -^ ^f ^<br />
PI i^ ol Ho* Tzu' Yu^ Hsi.en^ Kungi Ssu\ Limited<br />
Liability Co-partnerships, 3. 3^! :^ 5^ W] Ku' Fen^ Kung' Ssu',<br />
Joint-stock' Companies, and 4. ^ ^ ^ |I| ^ p]<br />
Ku* Fen^<br />
Yu^ Hsien* Kung^ Ssu^, Limited Liability Joint-stock Companies.<br />
For (the direction <strong>of</strong>) the business <strong>of</strong> any company there is<br />
formed a -^ ^ ^i} Tung^ Shih* Chii', Board <strong>of</strong> Directors,<br />
[ 364 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
consisting <strong>of</strong> from three to thirteen J^ ^ Tung' Shih^, Directors, 776a<br />
elected at a general meeting <strong>of</strong> shareholders from the ranks <strong>of</strong> ^q<br />
holders <strong>of</strong> ten shares or more in the company concerned. At the<br />
i^i^i^<br />
first general meeting <strong>of</strong>, the shareholders there are elected at least<br />
two ^ H A Ch'a2 Chang' Jen\ Auditors.<br />
Companies must be registered at the Company Registration<br />
Bureau, S p1 S ^ j^ Kungi Ssu^ Chu< Ts'e' (^hu^ (see No.<br />
465b). Temporary regulations as to registration <strong>of</strong> companies<br />
have been compiled by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Commerce (consisting <strong>of</strong><br />
18 articles).<br />
776a. Registration <strong>of</strong> trade marks is done, following rules<br />
and regulations framed by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Commerce (originally<br />
in 1904) by the ^^ ^ Shang^ Piao^ Chii^ (also ^ fj- ^<br />
Chu* Ts'e* Chii^), Trade Marks Registration Bureau (see No.<br />
465d), and by the j^ tl S tl ^ ^ Shangi Piao^ Kxia* Hao*<br />
Fen^ Chii*, Branch Trade Marks Registration Bureaux, at<br />
Tientsin and Shanghai.<br />
COLONIZATION.<br />
777. Of late years the Chinese Government has paid<br />
special attention to the question <strong>of</strong> colonization, which is now<br />
being carried on under <strong>of</strong>ficial auspices along<br />
the Northern<br />
border <strong>of</strong> the provinces <strong>of</strong> Shansi, ('hihli, Shensi and Kansu, in<br />
Manchuria, in Inner Mongolia (especially in the Cherim league),<br />
about Hsining (on the border <strong>of</strong> K'uk'unor), in Szechwan (on the<br />
Tibetan border) and in Yunnan (on the border <strong>of</strong> Tongking).<br />
In the province <strong>of</strong> Shansi (the territory <strong>of</strong> the T'umet tribe,<br />
wnich occupies the region adjacent to Kuei Hua Ch'eng)<br />
colonization was started, I'oughly speaking, in 1902, and the<br />
following Colonization Bureaux have been gradually<br />
called into<br />
activity : 1. M Hj M B kB ^ ^^^i^ Hua' K'en' Wu' TsungS<br />
Ch'i^, Central Colonization Bureaux at Kuei Hua Ch'eng (K'u<br />
[ 365 ]<br />
'
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OUGANIZATlOiN' OF CHINA.<br />
778 K'u Ho To), 2. ^ M M B "t^ }m l^^^'i'S'<br />
^'^'''"' ^'en^ Wu^<br />
Feii^ Chii-, l^raiich Colonization Bureau at Feng Chen T'ing,<br />
3. ^'^MB^^ ^'''S' ^'i'an' K'en« Wu^ Fen^ Chu',<br />
.Branch Colonization Ijureau at Ning- Yuan T'hig, etc.<br />
Later, colonization penetrating Chilili, the folloAving ^vus<br />
establi.hc.1 : m ^^ M & M M B ?I ^ P ^ ^-'l^'a^ ^ "a'<br />
Erh' Ts(r' I' K'eu^ Wu* C^hang^ Chia' K'ou^ T.sung^ Chir, Central<br />
Colonization Bureau <strong>of</strong> the I^eft Wing<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Ch'aha)> at<br />
Kalgan.<br />
In the province <strong>of</strong> Kansu a Colonization Bureau was<br />
established (on a Memorial from the ^ ^ C'hiang^ C'luin', -^ :^<br />
T'ai"^ Pu^ dated the 14th DeceniDer, 1908), in 1908, styled<br />
m m nMM^M B li M l^-^^'"' I"^^"' ^'i"g' Hsia^ Mau=*<br />
Ying- K'en^ Wii^ T.sung' Chii^, Central Colonization Bureau <strong>of</strong><br />
the Afancliu Garrison at Ninghsia, established with Imperial<br />
sanction.<br />
In addition to the above-iuentioned, Colonization Bureaux<br />
(Central and Branch) have been called into being at other places<br />
in the Empire.<br />
778. ^MMB :k^ Tu' Pan^ K'en-^ Wu^ Ta^ Ch'en'',<br />
Superintendent <strong>of</strong> Colonization Affairs. This title is held by the<br />
Chiang^ Chiin^ at Sxu^ YiJan^ Cli'eng^ (.sec Nos. 744, 744a.<br />
and 899).<br />
To him there are attached the foUov.ing •<br />
1. One |j| ^<br />
Tsungs (^h'a^, Chief Inspector, 2. Six ^ ^ Chi' Ch'a^<br />
Inspectors, 3. One ^ ^ Ji Wen' Iisun^ Tu", C'ivii Orderly<br />
Officer, 4. One j^ ^ If Wu' Ilsiui' Pu-', IMilitary Orderly<br />
Officer, 5. One ^ £0 ^ M ^'hien^ Yin'' Wei' Y'iian"', Keeper<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Seal, 6. Tavo ^ if ^ Han' T'ung^ Shih', Chinese<br />
Interpreters, 7. Two ^ j^^ Mci.p, r'ung' Shih'', jMongolian<br />
Interpreters, 8. Four HI ^ ^ 1* T'ou^ Teng' Ch'ai^ Kuan',<br />
Deputies <strong>of</strong> the first rank, 9. Six ^ ^ -§ 'g' Krh* Teng^<br />
Ch'ai^ Kiian^ Deputies <strong>of</strong> the second rank, 10. Ten .^ ^ ^<br />
[ 866 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORQANI2ATION Ol CHINA.<br />
'g' Saii^ Teng-' Ch'ai^ Kuan^ Deputies <strong>of</strong> the third nmk, and 779<br />
11. Tu-entv ^ .^ Fui I*, Servants. ^q<br />
In addition to the otiicials mentioned above, for the<br />
Sviperintendent <strong>of</strong> Colonization Attkirs, there is a : 1. ^ ^ ^<br />
Wen^ An^ Ch'u*, Chancerv (see Xo. 779), and 2. i^ ^ ^<br />
Shoui Chih^ Ch'u^ Treasury {.sec Xo. 780).<br />
"''9. ^M ^ ^^'•^'ii' An^ (•h'u^ Chancery (5f
TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA<br />
782 ^ Ch'eng- Slien^ Wei' Yiian^, Judicial Commissioners,<br />
7. Four<br />
to ^^BWi'^M.
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
RAILWAYS.<br />
783. Railways, all under the supeivision <strong>of</strong> the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications, may<br />
be classed under four<br />
headings : 1. *^ ^ "^ ^ Kuan^ K'uan' Kuan^ Pan*, Government<br />
Built and Operated Railways, 2. ja^'g*!^ Chieh*<br />
K'uan^ Kuan^ Pan*, Government Operated Railways Built with<br />
Loan Funds, 3. ^ Uf j^* P Chieh* K'uan^ Shang^ Pan*,<br />
Private Railways Built with Loan Funds, and 4. ^ ^ Shang^<br />
Pan*, Private Railways (built with private funds).<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> Government Railways there is a ||i |^<br />
TsungS Pan*, Chief, and a ^ ^ Hui* Pan*, Assistant.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> Private Railways thei'e is a |^ J^ Tsung^<br />
Li% Chief Manager (may be ^ p || Jf Tso*Tan* Tsung^ Li',<br />
Actual Chief Manager, or rg & |,| Jf Ming^ Yii* Tsung' U\<br />
Honorary ('hief Manager) and a ^ JJ. Hsieh^ Li^ Assistant<br />
Manager.<br />
During the construction period, on important railway lines<br />
there are sometimes appointed a -^ |^ Tu^ Pan*, Superintendent,<br />
and a 1^ ^ Pang^ Pan*, Assistant. Construction work is<br />
carried on in g Tuan*, Sections, which are directed by |§ ^<br />
TsungS Pan*, Chiefs, and ^ |f. |/J Pang^ Tsung' Pan*, Assistant<br />
Chiefs.<br />
On all —Government Railways or Private— there are found<br />
^ X ^ p1 Tsung^ Kungi Ch'cng^ Ssu^ (also ^^M Q^i"<br />
Shihi Chang'), Chief Engineer, and l-lj X M IJ ^'"* ^^""g'<br />
Ch'eno2 Ssu^ (also XM ^ Kung^ Ch'eng^ Shih^, |lj ^ M Fu*<br />
Chi* Shihi, or ^ gp (^hi* Shih^), Engineers.<br />
For the ^ ^ )^ T'ieh' Lu* Chii^ Railway Bureaux, the<br />
personnel has, as yet, not been defined.<br />
784. M^'MW Hu* Lu* Hsun^ Ching', Railway Police;<br />
conforming to a Memorial from the Ministry<br />
24<br />
r 369 ]<br />
<strong>of</strong> Posts and<br />
783<br />
to<br />
784r
785<br />
to<br />
786a<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Communications, dated the 7th July, 1909, these poHoe are to<br />
be organized on all Kailways— (Toverninent or J*rivate. The<br />
Ministry is now engaged in arranging the personnel<br />
<strong>of</strong> this force<br />
and, in this connection, has consulted with the high othcials <strong>of</strong><br />
provinces in which there are railways.<br />
785. ic JJS ^ ^ T'ieh^ Lu^ Hsueh^ T'ang^ Kailway<br />
Schools ; there is one for each railway, ioundcd with the object<br />
<strong>of</strong> training employes for tlie various Invanches <strong>of</strong> railway<br />
work.<br />
785a. The scheme <strong>of</strong> constitutional lefonns drawn up b}'<br />
the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications, sanctioned by the<br />
Emperor on the ^i8th A])ri], 1909,<br />
at Peking, in 1909, <strong>of</strong> : 1. xV ^ || ^ ^<br />
cm lied for the establishment<br />
Shih^ Yeh* Hsiieh'<br />
T'ang^, Pr<strong>of</strong>essional School (at the ^linistry), and 2. A<br />
^ ^ ^ PO ^ ^ Tien* Ch'i* ..Ohuani :\lcn-^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^,<br />
School <strong>of</strong> J^^Iectrical Engiucerino,.<br />
786. jf jU ^iM^^ 'T>ang'^ Shan^<br />
'<br />
Lu^ Knng^ irsfieh^<br />
T'ang^, Pailway and Mining School at- T'angshan (in the<br />
province <strong>of</strong> Chihli ; .sec No. 621a).<br />
In 1909, in consequence <strong>of</strong> internal di'-iscnsions, rliis school<br />
was reorganized (see report from the ^NTinistries <strong>of</strong> l^ducation and<br />
<strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications, sanctioned by the Emperor on the<br />
6th June, 1909)j as follows : to consist <strong>of</strong> two Sections, namely,<br />
1 .<br />
Jl* ^ fif- Chtmgi Teng- K'o\ Middle Section (with the<br />
curriculum <strong>of</strong> a jMiddle School and a course <strong>of</strong> stud} covering<br />
three years), and 2. j^ ^ fij- Kao^ Teng^ K'o\ Higher P -ction<br />
(with the rating <strong>of</strong> a Higher<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essional School and a course<br />
<strong>of</strong> four years). The head <strong>of</strong> the school is now a g^^ Chien' Tu^<br />
Director (instead <strong>of</strong> the former |f, fj^ Tsung^ Pan'*; see No.<br />
635). He is assisted by a WL^^ ^
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
1- ff§ ^ S ^ ^4 Lii* Kung^ Kungi Kung* K'o\ General, and 787<br />
2. ^m^ ?^^ Lu* Kung3 Chuani Men^ K'o', Special. tO<br />
The course <strong>of</strong> study in each covered two years.<br />
787. ±UM^WM ^M '^l^ang^ Hai^ Kao^ Teng^<br />
Shih^ Yeh-^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Higher<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essional School at<br />
Shanghai (see No. 598c). Previous to 1909 this school was<br />
under the supervision <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Industry<br />
and Commerce ; in that year it was placed under the control <strong>of</strong><br />
the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications. It furnishes<br />
instruction in a ^^ fif T'ieh^ Lu^ K'o\ Railway Course,<br />
which is arranged in two Sections : a ^ fij- Yu^ K'o\ Preparatory<br />
Section, with a three or four years' course <strong>of</strong> study, and a ;;^ jfij-<br />
Pcii^ K'o\ Specializing Section, Avith a three years'<br />
term. At<br />
the last mentioned there is a tft ^ Chung^ Hsiieh^, Sub-section<br />
with the cun-iculum <strong>of</strong> a Middle School.<br />
788. ^ ii H ^ B^
preseJnt day political okganization <strong>of</strong> china.<br />
790 (and until' 1909) under the superintendency <strong>of</strong> the :|t ^-^ ;:^ S<br />
to PeP Yang' Ta* Oh'en^ (see No. 820b). In 1909, as directed<br />
701 ^y Imperial Edict, dated the 4th May, this company wa&<br />
transferred to the control <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and<br />
Communications (see report <strong>of</strong> the latter, sanctioned by the<br />
Emperor on the 26th August).<br />
TELEGRAPHS AND TELEPHONES.<br />
790. In 1908 the teiegraph lines <strong>of</strong> the Empire were<br />
redeemed by the Government and their administration was<br />
invested in the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and Commimications, which<br />
directly manages telegraphic affairs through the ^ i^ 'Sl Tien*<br />
Cheng^ Ssu^, Department <strong>of</strong> Telegraphs {see No. 478), and the<br />
±WM^^ Shang* Hai^ Tien^ Cheng* Chil^ Bureau <strong>of</strong><br />
Telegraphs at Shanghai. The latter is directed by a |j| |/j|<br />
T^ung^ Pan^ Chief, assisted by a H ^ H g^ Tsung'- Kuan*<br />
Tien^ Cheng*, Superintendent <strong>of</strong> Telegraphs.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ ^ Tien* Pao* Chii^, Telegraph<br />
Offices, are |§ IJ}^ Tsiuig^ Pan*, Chiefs. To them arc attached<br />
JI ^ a I^i' Shih* Yiian^, Managers, ff Jjf Llng^' Pan', Chiefs-<br />
<strong>of</strong> Reliefs, and glj || fj£ Fu* Ling^ Pan', Assistant Chiefs <strong>of</strong><br />
Hellefs.<br />
790a. The scheme <strong>of</strong> constitutional reforms drawn up by the<br />
jMinistry <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications pro^'ides<br />
for <strong>China</strong>'s<br />
affiliation with the M ^ M ^ "^ ^ Wan* Kuo" Tien*<br />
C-heng* Kimg^ Hui*, International Telegraph Union, in<br />
191.3.<br />
791. Telepliony "is also under the supervision<br />
<strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications and^ in the latter'sscheme<br />
<strong>of</strong> constitutional reforms, it is arranged<br />
'<br />
that telephone<br />
installation throughout the Empire shall be completed in<br />
1916.<br />
[ 372 1
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
.- i<br />
- i<br />
I m<br />
- ^^<br />
Telephone fe cations are divided into: 1. '^ f§ |Ji ^<br />
Hua'^ Tsung^ Chli^ Central Stations and 2. 'H f^ ^ ^ Tien*<br />
Hua* Fen^ Chii^, Branch Stations,<br />
BANK OF COMMUNICATIONS.<br />
792. ^ ii i^ tl Chiao' T'ung^ Yin^ Hang', Bank <strong>of</strong><br />
Communications ; established, as proposed in a Memorial from<br />
the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications (sanctioned by the<br />
Emperor on the 7th December, 1907), with the object <strong>of</strong> assisting<br />
in the development <strong>of</strong> shipping, railways, telegraphs and posts.<br />
Of the total number <strong>of</strong> shares issued, 40% were taken up by the<br />
Government and 60"/;, were issued to the public. The ^|i fj<br />
Tsung^ Harig^, Head Office, <strong>of</strong> the Bank is in Peking ; ^<br />
Tien* 792<br />
^^<br />
Fen^ Hang', Branch Offices, were first established at Tientsin,<br />
Shanghai, Hankow, Amoj, Chinkiang and Canton. Later, at<br />
important commei'cial centres <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong>, as avcII as abroad, there<br />
are to be opened Branch Offices or fi^ ^| ^^ Tai* Pan"' Hang',<br />
Agencies.<br />
For the Head Office, as well as for each Branch<br />
Office, there is a |§ |/J Tsung^ Pan*, Superintendent,<br />
and to this <strong>of</strong>ficial there is attached one g|J |§| Fu* Pan*,<br />
Assistant.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the || -^ ?! J^ Tsung^ Kuan' Li' Ch'u*,<br />
Board <strong>of</strong> Directors (at Peking), there is a ||| J|| Tsung' Li^,<br />
President, and a f^ i|| Hsieh^ Li', Vice-President. To render<br />
them an}' assistance that may be required there are deputed a<br />
niunbei' <strong>of</strong>ficials from the personnel <strong>of</strong> the Railway Administra-<br />
tion. The President and Vice-President are appointed by the<br />
Ministr}' <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications.<br />
Shareholders, at a general meeting, elect four U ^ Tung'<br />
Shih*, Supervisors, who keep<br />
a watch over the actions <strong>of</strong> the<br />
[ 373 ]
I'KESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Board <strong>of</strong> Directors. For Braucli Offices the sliareliolders elect<br />
two ^ ^ Chien^ Shih\ Inspectors. Other posts in the Bank<br />
(for instance, pj |^ Ssu^ Chang'*, Book-keepers, and others) are<br />
held hy persons chosen by the Superintendent.<br />
At the Branch Office at Tientsin the post <strong>of</strong> |^ f)^<br />
Tsung* Pan*, Sujoerintendent, has been abolished and the<br />
management <strong>of</strong> affairs there placed under the direct control <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Head Office at Peking (ser Memorial from the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Posts and Communications, dated the 28th April, 1909).<br />
[ 374 ]
PART III.<br />
METROPOLITAN PREFECTURE<br />
AND MANCHURIA; PROVINCIAL<br />
ADMINISTRATION AND<br />
DEPENDENCIES OF CHINA.
PEKING AND THE METROPOLITAN<br />
PREFECTURE.<br />
793. M ^ JM Shun^ T'len^ Fu», The ^Metropolitan 793<br />
Prefecture. In charge <strong>of</strong> this prefecture is the J^ ^ Fu^ Yin^, -i-q<br />
Prefect <strong>of</strong> the Metropolitan Prefecture (3a ; literary designation, «q^<br />
^M ^^ Ta* Chingi Chao\ or ^ ^^ Chingi Chao^), who is, at<br />
the same time. Governor <strong>of</strong> Peking. This <strong>of</strong>ficial, in his capacity<br />
<strong>of</strong> Prefect, is not subordinated to the ^ i^ f|^ Pu* Cheng* Shih^<br />
(see No. 826) <strong>of</strong> Chihli province. As Governor <strong>of</strong> Peking he<br />
has subordinated to him : -1. j^ 3^ Fu^ Ch'eng^, Vice-Governor<br />
<strong>of</strong> Peking (4a; litei-ary designation, glj ^ :^{c Fu* Ching^ Chao^),<br />
and 2. }^ t\i Chili* Chung\ Sub-Prefect <strong>of</strong> Shun T'ien Fu ; 5a.<br />
793a. ^^ Chien^ Yin^ (or, more explicit, ^ ^ jlH ^<br />
]^ J^ p ^^ Chien^ Kuan^ Shun* T'ien^ Fu^ Fu^ Yin^<br />
Shih* Wu*), Governor Adjoint. This title is usually borne by<br />
one <strong>of</strong> the Presidents or Vice-Presidents <strong>of</strong> the various<br />
Ministries.<br />
794. The personnel <strong>of</strong> the staff <strong>of</strong> the Prefect <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Metropolitan Prefecture includes the following : 1. One 5^ f'jj<br />
T'ung^ P'an* (also ^, /f jf ^]J Chingi Fu^ T'ung^ P'an*, or<br />
M 'H jI ^!l Liang- Ma' T'ung^ P'an*) 6a ;_ (see No. 849), 2. Two<br />
^ ^ Chiao* Shou* (also M ^ J^ W= ^ ^<br />
Shun* T'ien^ Fu'<br />
Hsueh^ Chiao* !Sliou*) ; 7a {see No. 850), 3. Two |Jl ?g Hsiin*<br />
Tao* (also )li 5^ jj^ ^ |jll ^i Shun^ T'ien^ Fu' Hsiieh-' Hsun* Tao*); •<br />
7a (.5^^ No. 850), 4. One i^^ |» Cliing^ Li'; 7b (see No. 850),<br />
5. One ^ ^ Chao* Mo^; 9B,^ee No. 850), and 6. One ^ f^<br />
Ssa^ Yii*; 9b [see No. 850).<br />
794a. The central administration <strong>of</strong> the Metropolitan<br />
Prefecture is concentrated in two districts : :/c ® !^ Ta* Hsing'<br />
I 377 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF (JHIXA.<br />
\ ^<br />
795 Hsieu* (the Eastern Section <strong>of</strong> Peking), and '^ Z^ ^ Wan''<br />
to P'ing- Ilsicn^ (tlie Western Section ol" i'eking). At the head <strong>of</strong><br />
795d<br />
each <strong>of</strong> these there is a ^l] 1^^ Chlh' Hsien-^ (also /K ,^ ^D ,^<br />
Chinoi iJsieu* Chih' Hsien^) ; 6a {sec No. 856). To these<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials there are attached J^ ^ Hsien^ Ch'eng- (also J^ ^»,^^<br />
C'hing^ Hsien* Hsien^ Ch'eng-); 7a {src No. 857).<br />
795. As regards territorial authority, to the Prefect<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Metropolitan Prefectnre there are subordinated : 1. Four<br />
^ T'mii^ (see No. X46), 2. Five jf\ diou' (srr No. 846), and<br />
3. 19 I^ Hsien^ (see No. 846).<br />
795a. -M m m ^^ m m ^a Tung'<br />
T.u^ Pu^' T.ao''<br />
T'ingi T'ung'^ OhihS Suh-Prefect for Police Affairs <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Eastern ^^ection <strong>of</strong> the Metropolitan Prefecture (compare No.<br />
849); resides at j§ jfj T'ung' Chou'. lender tlie control <strong>of</strong> thi^<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficial there are two departments and five districts.<br />
79515. m l^ m ^^ m m ^D Nan-^ Lu^ Pu^ Tao*<br />
T'ingi T'ung^' Chili', ^uh-Prefect for Police AtFairs <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Southern Section <strong>of</strong> the Metropolitan Prefecture (comj^are No.<br />
849); resides at ^ ^ Huang- Ts'un\ in the district <strong>of</strong> ;/^ JMj ^<br />
Ta* Hsing' Hsien*. This <strong>of</strong>ficial has a department and six<br />
districts under his control.<br />
795c. m^W^mM^^ Hsi' Lu* Pu-^ Tao* T'ing' T'ung^<br />
Chih\ Sub^Prefect for Police Affiiirs <strong>of</strong> the Western Section <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Metropolitan Prefecture (compare No. 849); resides at M J^ t^ I<br />
Lu* Kou^ Ch'iao^, in the district <strong>of</strong> ^^-^pj^ \Van^ P'ing^ Hsien*.<br />
Under the supervision <strong>of</strong> this <strong>of</strong>ficial there are a department<br />
and four districts. m<br />
7951). ;|fcI2§Jil^^>I^ *U Pei^ I^^'* I'^^' Tao^ Tnngi<br />
T'ung^ Chih\ Sub-Prefect for Police Aifairs <strong>of</strong> the Northern<br />
Section <strong>of</strong> the Metropolitan Prefectnre (compare No. 849),<br />
resides at ^ || j^ Kung=' Hua' Ch'eng^ to the South <strong>of</strong><br />
^ ^ ji] Ch'ang' P'ing^ Chou'. The authority <strong>of</strong> this <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
extends over a department and four districts.<br />
[ 378 ]<br />
j
UKSEXT DAY POMTICAJ, ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
"•' lWr:,o* Yincr^, 795,<br />
<strong>of</strong> the ]Metr(t|>o]itan T refect ure. This Corps is. ^q<br />
^li^Hl
798<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
797 on the 20th February, 1910, and composed o£ four ^^ K*c^,<br />
to Sections: 1. ^'iJCP( ^^'^^^ Cheng* KV, liiection <strong>of</strong> Giyil<br />
Affairs, 2. jp f^ fjf Hsiieh^ Wu* K'o\<br />
Section <strong>of</strong> Educational<br />
Affairs, 3. Jg ^ fif Tu* Chih^ K'o', Section <strong>of</strong> Financial<br />
Affairs, and 4, p\ '^^^ l^su^ Fa* K'o', Section <strong>of</strong> Judicial<br />
Affairs.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> each Section there is a ^ f|< Ohih* Chung^<br />
(see No. 793).<br />
The Constitutional Reforms Office assimilated the ^ ^ ^<br />
Chings -^Y,j4 (jh'u*. Office <strong>of</strong> Police Affairs, and the Si^llH^<br />
Hsiieh^ Wu* Tsung^ Hui* Ch'u*, Head Office <strong>of</strong> Educational<br />
Affairs, both <strong>of</strong> which were formerly at the Prefectural Office.<br />
797. -^ "^ ^ Pii* Chiini Ying-,<br />
The Division <strong>of</strong><br />
Gendarmerie (see No. 736). With the new Police <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Interior (see Nos. 500 to 518), this body<br />
performs police duty in the city and suburbs <strong>of</strong> Peking, and<br />
maintains public order. Members <strong>of</strong> the Gendarmerie patrol the<br />
streets day and night, watch the city gates (for details see No.<br />
801), arrest malefactors, etc.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Division <strong>of</strong> Gendarmerie there is a<br />
3^ ^ ^ ^ Pu* Chiin^ T'ung' I^ing^j Geiieral Commandant <strong>of</strong><br />
the Gendarmerie (1b ;<br />
MH^^<br />
also bears the designation t^'M'^ht^^<br />
T'i2 Tui Chiu^ Men* Hsiin" Pu^ Wu' Ying^ and,<br />
accordingly, commonly called % 1^^ ^^ M ^^^^"^ ^^^^" '^'^^ Tii^)-<br />
For particulars as to his administration sec No. 798.<br />
798. S>W.M^ Wi F] T>u* Chiini T'ung^ Ling^ Ya"<br />
Men2 (see No. 797), also J| ^ f^ p^ T'i^ Tu^ Y^a^ Men^ Office<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Gendarmerie. The personnel <strong>of</strong> this <strong>of</strong>fice includes :<br />
1- iS M Ifl 1^ Tso^ I* Tsung^ Pi'ig\ Senior Police Provost, or<br />
Lieutenant-jjreneral <strong>of</strong> the Gendanuerie.(<strong>of</strong> the Eastern section<br />
<strong>of</strong> the city) ; 2a, 2. y^ Wi M ^ Yu* P Tsung^ Ping\ Junior<br />
Police Provost, or Lieutenant-General <strong>of</strong> the Gendarmerie (<strong>of</strong><br />
the Western, section <strong>of</strong> the city); 2 a, 3. ^ r] Tso^ Ssu^, First<br />
[ 380 ]
TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Department, administered by a IR ff Lang' Chung', Department 799<br />
Director, a ^ ^h HIS Yuan* Wai* Lang*, Assistant Department to<br />
Director, and two ^ ^ Chii^ Shih"*, Secretaries, 4.<br />
::^ pi Yu* oqq<br />
Ssu', Second Department, administered by two ^ ^> g|$ Yuan^<br />
Wai* Lang', and one ^ ^ Chu^ Shih*, and 5.<br />
"ffl ^ ^ Ssu^<br />
Wu* T'ingS Chancery, directed by a ^ f^ Ssu> Wu*,<br />
Supervisor, At the Departments and the Chancery there are<br />
also found ^ ijifi j^ Pi' T'ieh^ Shih\ Clerks, and || ^j> fjj ^<br />
E^ Wai* Ssu"^ Yiian*, Supernumerary Officials.<br />
799. For policing pin-poses Peking is divided into two<br />
districts: 1. -^^M Tso' I\ Eastern and ;^ ^ Yu* P, Western.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> each there is a ^ H^ I* Yii*, Deputy Provost ;<br />
3a, to whom there are subordinated :<br />
glj ^ ]|^ Fu* I* l^U'* (also<br />
^ MM i'J Pang^ Pan'' !•* Yii*), Senior Assistant Deputy<br />
Provost; 3a, and ^ ^ Wei^ I*<br />
)|»J' Y'ii*, Junior Assistant<br />
'Deputy Provost; 4a. At the head <strong>of</strong> the 'g* J^, Kuan^ T'ing',<br />
Guard Stations (24 in all, three to each <strong>of</strong> the eight Banners),<br />
are ^ ^^ Hsieh- Yii^, Police Majors ; 4a, who have suboi-dinated<br />
to them: 1.<br />
glj )|i| Fu* YiH, Police Captain; oa, 2. ^ ^^<br />
Pu* Chiini Hsiao*, Police Lieutenant; 5b, 3. ^^- ^%^t<br />
Wei^ Shu* Pu* Chiin^ Hsiao*, Deputy Police Lieutenant; 6a,<br />
4- fl fi Ling3 Ts'ui\ Police Sergeant, and 5. ^% Pu*<br />
ChUn^, Police Privates (Policemen).<br />
800. v, %^^%mn % fi 2 ^ Ching^ Shih^ Pu*<br />
Chiin^ T'ung^ Ling' Hsiiu* Pu^ Wu=* Ying*, Five Battalions <strong>of</strong><br />
the Police <strong>of</strong> the General Commandant <strong>of</strong> the Gendarmerie.<br />
These are:M Ji 1* ^ Hsiin^ Pu' Chung^ Ying^, Central Police<br />
Battalion, % f|[ |^ ^ Hsim* Pu^ Nan* Ying*,<br />
Battalion, ^^ Ji 4b i^ Hsiin* Pu' Pei' '^ing*,<br />
Southern Police<br />
Northern Police<br />
Battalion, ^ Ji ^ ^ Hsiin* Pu' Tso^ Ylng*, Left (Eastern)<br />
Police Battalion, and ^ Ji :^ ^ Hsim* Fu' Yu* Ying*, Right<br />
(Western) Police Battalion.<br />
[ 381 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
801 The general supervision o£ the fiAe i nttalions appertains to<br />
to tlie General Commandant <strong>of</strong> the Gendarmerie and his assistants<br />
801a ^*^^' ^^- '^98). The direct
PRESENT DAY POLITiCAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
towevs repeating the signal given, and the men <strong>of</strong> the ^^ |pl ^ 801b<br />
Pu* Chiin^ Ying^ immediately gathered at the places appointed<br />
for each guard station. At present there are no signals from the<br />
gates, nor are there any signal guns. Nevertheless, posts<br />
appertaining to signalling from the gates—now sinecures—^have<br />
been retained, namely ; 1 . i§ MM W Hsin* P'ao* Tsung'<br />
^ fg<br />
Kuan^, Controller <strong>of</strong> Alarm-signal Guns ; 4a, and 2*. ^<br />
^ ^ Chien^ Shou^ Hsin"* P'ao* Kuan^, Assistant ( "ontroller <strong>of</strong><br />
Alarm-signal Guns ; 5a.<br />
801b. As has been already stated (see No. 801), the city<br />
<strong>of</strong> Peking has 16 gates, nine to the p^ ^ Nei* (Jh'eng^, Inner<br />
(Tartar) City (also styled ^ ^j Pei^ Ch'cng^, Northern City) and<br />
seven to the ^l> t^ Wai' Cli'eng^, Outer (Chinese) City (also<br />
styled ^\> ^ l^ Wai^ Lo" Ch'eng^ Surrounding City, or f^ ^<br />
Nan^ Ch'eng^, Southern City).<br />
To the Tartar C!ity there are three gates on the South— the<br />
central one is the j£ [^ P^ Cheng"* Yang- Men^ (colloquially,<br />
a^ pg Ch'ien- Men-), the Eastern is the ^ ^ P^J Ch'ung- Wen^<br />
McnS (colloquially, n^ ^ P"] Ha^ Ta^ Men^ or v^ f ^ pi] Hai*<br />
Tai* Men'O, and the Western is the ^ f^ P5<br />
(colloquially, }\\^ >^ P^J 8hun^ Chih* Lion--, in *<br />
Hsiiani Wu^ Men^<br />
place<br />
<strong>of</strong> the<br />
designation ]|[^ ^ \^^ 8hnn^ Ch'eng^ Men^, used during the Yiian<br />
Dynasty). On the North there are two gates— the one to the<br />
East is called the ^ 5g pt] An^ Ting* ^len^ (during the Yuan<br />
Dynasty ^ J,^ P^ An^ ChtMi^ Men^) and the one to the West is<br />
the f* H^ pi]<br />
'le- ShOng* Men^ (during tlie Yiian Dynasty<br />
f^ W> F1 ^hicn"* Te- Men^). On the East there are two — gatesthe<br />
Southern is called tlie ^ ^ P5 C^h'ao^ Yang^ Men'<br />
(colloquially, ^f f[^ pt] Ch'i^ Hua" Men*), and the Northern is<br />
the ^ if pi] Tmigi Chih^ Men'. On the West thei-e are two<br />
gates— that to the South is the ^i^\^^ Fu< (colloquially, ^ ||fj pfj P'ing^<br />
('h'eng' Men'<br />
Tse^ Men'),<br />
North is the ^ jf p^ 11 si^ C^hih^ Men'.<br />
and the one tc the<br />
[ 383 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF ClIIXA.<br />
802 To the Chinese C'ity, on the South there are three gates—<br />
.^ Feng*<br />
the central one is called the :^ ;^ P^ Yung^ Ting* Men^^ that to-<br />
the East is the ^ -^ p^ Tso' An^ Men^ (colloquiall} , J^ ^ P^<br />
or yl ^ PI Ohiangi Ts'a^ Men^) and that to the West is the<br />
^ ^ P^ Yu* An^ Men^ (colloquially, ^ j^ P^ Nan- Hsi' Men^).<br />
To the Chinese City, on the East there is the ^ ^ P^ Kuang*<br />
Ch'iii Men^ (colloquially, -^^ ^ pf] Sha^ Wo^ Men-^), and, on the<br />
West, the ^ ^ P5 Kuang^* An' Mcd^ (collo([uially,- ^ 1^ P^<br />
Chang^ I'^ Men^). At the North-eastern corner there is found<br />
tli6 ^ t^ P^ Tung^ Pien^ Men^, and, at ilie North-western corner<br />
there is the @uj ^ pf] Hsi^ Pien^ Men^.<br />
GOVERNMENT OF MANCHURIA.<br />
802. The government <strong>of</strong> Manchuria, prior to 1907, was<br />
organized on a purely military basis and headed hj ^f^<br />
Chiang^ Chiin^, Military Governors, who were assisted by glj ^<br />
5^ Fu- Tu^ T'ung^, Military Deputy Lieutenant-Goveinors.<br />
The former were tlie <strong>of</strong>ficial heads <strong>of</strong> provinces and resided at<br />
the provincial capitals : Moulcden (Chinese designation, ^ ^<br />
T'ien\ or \>^ y^ Sheng* Ching^), Kivin (Chinese designation,<br />
^ -^ Chi' Lin^), and Tsitsihar (Chinese designation, ^ ^^ H^ IS*<br />
(Mi'i^ Ch'i^ Pla' Erh'). The latter were in charge <strong>of</strong> Military<br />
Departments— called<br />
" Fu Tu Tungships" — <strong>of</strong> the provinces,<br />
<strong>of</strong> Avhich there were : four in Feng T'ien province (^ ^ Feng*<br />
T'ien', '^ >}\\ Chin' ChouS |^ j\\ Chin^Chou^ and a ;^ Hsingi<br />
Ching'), six in Kirin province (^ # ,^ ^ Chi^ Lin^ Wu^ X.a^,<br />
m.-^^ Ning^ Kti^ Ta^ f|5 11^ Ij^ Po^ Tui Na*, H ki. San^<br />
HsingS ^ fJ ^ p^ A* Li-eh^ Ch'n^ K'a^ and 1% ^ Hun^<br />
Ch'rni^), and five in Heilungchiang province (M f| Q^ Hei^ Lung^<br />
Chiang', or '^ jt^ Ai^ HunS ^ M ^ Mo" firh^^ KenS ^ ^<br />
U^M '^^I'^i' ^"H'i' Ha^ Erh^ If ^ Hu^ Lan^ and Rf- -^ M 11<br />
Hu' Lun^ Pei' Erh^).'<br />
[ 38-t ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
For the city <strong>of</strong> Moukden there was a civil administration,<br />
similar to that <strong>of</strong> Peking, headed by the ^ ^* Fu' Yin' and<br />
^ ^ Fu^ Ch'eng^, and including five Boards (Ministries),<br />
corresponding to the Boards <strong>of</strong> Revenue, <strong>of</strong> Ceremonies, <strong>of</strong> War,<br />
«f Piuiishments and <strong>of</strong> Works at Peking.<br />
Following a tour <strong>of</strong> Manchuria (in the winter <strong>of</strong> 1906)<br />
made hy ^ iM" ^ Hsii^ Shih^-ch'ang\ President <strong>of</strong> the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Interior, and ^ |g Tsai' Chen*, President <strong>of</strong> the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> Commerce, and in consequence <strong>of</strong> a joint jVIemorial siibmitted<br />
by them with regard to the condition <strong>of</strong> affairs there, a change<br />
was effected in the system <strong>of</strong> government <strong>of</strong> that section <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Empire. By Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the 20th April, 1907, a general<br />
reform <strong>of</strong> the government <strong>of</strong> Manchuria was made, by which the<br />
a Governor-<br />
^'^ T^ Chiang^ Chiin' were abolished and replaced by<br />
General and tliree Governor?. The <strong>of</strong>ficials appointed to these<br />
mew posts were commanded to draw up a detailed scheme for the<br />
government <strong>of</strong> the Thi-ee Eastern Provinces.<br />
In obedience to the Imperial commands <strong>of</strong> the Decree<br />
mentioned above, Hsii Shih-ch'ang, at the beginning <strong>of</strong> May,<br />
1907, submitted a Memorial (which received Imperial sanction)<br />
containing the scheme called for, and providing for a system <strong>of</strong><br />
government which, with few exceptions (see<br />
a ]\Iemorial from<br />
Hsi Liang, dated the 7th August, 1909), has been in operation<br />
since that time.<br />
The main idea <strong>of</strong> the administrative reforms proposed by<br />
Hsii Shih-eh*ang in his Memorial, as well as that gradually<br />
being attained by the Central Government since 1876, has been,<br />
^n the one hand, the bringing <strong>of</strong> the system <strong>of</strong> government into<br />
Le. the abolition <strong>of</strong> the<br />
harmony with that <strong>of</strong> the rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong>,<br />
posts <strong>of</strong> Military Deputy Lievitenant-Governors (Fu Tu<br />
T'ung) and their replacement by those <strong>of</strong> Taotais, Pi-efects,<br />
Department Magistrates and District Magistrates, and,<br />
on the<br />
other, the introduction, as an experimental '•al, <strong>of</strong> the system <strong>of</strong><br />
25<br />
[ 385 ]
PKESENT DAY POI.ITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
803 provincial govcniment which Avas framed by<br />
tlie Committee o£<br />
iQ Constitutional Reforms in 190G and A\'hich will eventually be<br />
80"^<br />
introduced throughout the Empire.<br />
During the three years since the promulgation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 20th April, 1907, many reforms have been<br />
attained in Manchuria. Almost everywhere (Moukden and<br />
Hsing Cliing excepted) the posts <strong>of</strong> Fu Tu T'ung have been<br />
abolished and in their place are found those <strong>of</strong> Taotais. Many<br />
ncAV administrative divisions, especially in the provinces <strong>of</strong> Kirin<br />
and Heihmgchiang, have been made, and many posts and<br />
government establishments, pro'^ed worthless by experience, have<br />
been discarded (for details see below).<br />
803. :^ H ^M B # 'i^'-"g'<br />
S'^i^' ^h(tug^ Tsung^ Tu\<br />
(xOA ernor-General <strong>of</strong> the Three Eastern Provinces. This <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
is the administrative head <strong>of</strong> the government <strong>of</strong> Manchuria and<br />
has his residence at ^Nloukden (later he will transfer his <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
residence to the prefectiu-al city <strong>of</strong> Ch'ang ('h'un). As regards<br />
the Banner Forces, he ranks as Chiang Chiin, this title being-<br />
accorded to his |)Osition (com])are Nos. 744 and 820).<br />
804. ^ IM Hsiin^ Fu^ Governor ; one for each province.<br />
With reference to the Banner Forces this <strong>of</strong>ficial has the authority<br />
<strong>of</strong> a g!j |f> ^ Fu* Tni T'ung^, ]Sranchn Brigadier-General<br />
(compare Nos. 745, 745f and 821).<br />
Governors reside at the provincial capitals, i.e. Moiikden,.<br />
Kirin, and Tsitsihar (there is a project to abolish the governorship<br />
at Moukden and to transfer the residence <strong>of</strong> the Kirin Governor<br />
to Ninguta and that <strong>of</strong> the Heilungchiang Ciovernor to Aihun).<br />
«05 25i: :& # ^ Tso=^ Yu* Ts'ani Tsan\ Senior and<br />
thmior Councillors (attached to the Governor-General). These<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials superintended : the first, the Chancery, and the second,,<br />
the Council at the Governor-General's Yamen.<br />
'j^ MM Ch'eng'-^ Hsiian' T'ing', Chancery. Here were<br />
considered : the most important and most confidential affairs <strong>of</strong><br />
[ 381) 1
I<br />
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION Of CHINA.<br />
the three provinces, reports to the Governor-General and to the 805a<br />
Governors, and the selection, appointment and transfer <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials<br />
<strong>of</strong> lower than the fourth rank. It was arranged in a number <strong>of</strong><br />
fif K'o\ Sections. At the head <strong>of</strong> the "if fjf Shou' K'o^ First<br />
Section, there Avas a ^ ^ Ch'ien^ Shih*, (/hief Secretary ; -iB,<br />
while at the head <strong>of</strong> the other Sections there were ;^ ^ Ch'ien^<br />
Shih*, Secretaxies (5a ; one for each). Also, ther€ was a definite<br />
nnmber <strong>of</strong> — ^ 7f3[ ^ 1' Teng^ K'o^ Yiian'', Assistant Secre-<br />
taries <strong>of</strong> the first rank ; 5 u, ;^ ^ fif M Ei'h^ Teng^ K'o^ Yiian^,<br />
Assistant Secretaries <strong>of</strong> tlic second rank ] 6 a, and ^ ^ ^-^ J^<br />
San^ Tong^ K'o^ Yiian'^ Assistant Secretaries <strong>of</strong> the third<br />
rank ;<br />
7a.<br />
If ti M Tzui P T'ingi, Council (compare No. 823).<br />
'<br />
This<br />
was in charge <strong>of</strong> the examination and discussion <strong>of</strong> local<br />
legislation, regulations and rules. It consisted <strong>of</strong> two fif K'o^,<br />
Sections, headed by ^ ^ Ch'ien^ Shih*, Secretaries ; 4b. Its<br />
membership was made u]) ot specially appointed <strong>of</strong>ficials and well<br />
known citizens styled f^ ^ I* Yiian", Members <strong>of</strong> the Coimcil,<br />
glj 1^ ^ Fu* I'* Yiian-, Assistant ^Members <strong>of</strong> the Council,<br />
$M 3'b ^ M. ^*^^ Wai* I* Yiian^, Supernumerary<br />
Council, and || ^^ % Kii^ Wen* Kuan\ Advisers.<br />
Members <strong>of</strong> the<br />
In the Summer <strong>of</strong> 1909 the posts <strong>of</strong> Senior and .lunior<br />
Councillor were abolished, and the Chancer}- and Council were<br />
reorganized. For managing the correspondence <strong>of</strong> the Governov-<br />
(icneral a Chancery <strong>of</strong> the genera! type, headed by ^ ^^ ^<br />
V'\^ Shu^ Yiian^, was instituted at the same time (^compare<br />
No. 822).<br />
805a. -^^^t^M Hsihr^ Fang2 Ying*<br />
• Wu^"<br />
Ch'uV<br />
Staff <strong>of</strong> the Reserve Force Divisions (forces <strong>of</strong> the category <strong>of</strong><br />
y§l^^W Hsun2 Fang2 Tui*; sec No. 706); found in each<br />
proA'ince. This was developed from the former ^ ^^ ^ Ying'<br />
\Yu* Ch'u"* (Military Secretariat <strong>of</strong> the Governor-General and<br />
Governors; see No. 824) and Is in charge <strong>of</strong> the reorganization<br />
[ -^-* ] %
I'KKSKNT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
806 <strong>of</strong> the old troops (see a ^Memorial from Hsii Sliih-ch'ang, dated<br />
to<br />
gQg^<br />
the 13th January, 1908; compare No. 706).<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the StafF there is a ||| if Tsiiiig^ Tau\<br />
Chief <strong>of</strong> Staff, who is assisted by two 'Assistants— f^ f| Pang^<br />
Pan^ and ^ ^f^<br />
Hui* Pan^<br />
For carrying on the affairs <strong>of</strong> the Staff there are four ^3!<br />
Ku^ Sections : 1 . ^<br />
M J^ Wen^ Tu^ Ku^ Section <strong>of</strong><br />
Correspondence, 2. # ft I^ Hui* (K'uai^) Chi* Ku^ Accoimts<br />
Section, 3. H J^ |^ Chi* Ts'ao^ Ku^ Instruction Section, and<br />
4. :^ ^ S^ K'ao'^ Ch'a^ Ku^, Inspection Section. Each<br />
Section is in charge <strong>of</strong> a •;^ ^ |,^ ^ Wt-n^ An* Tsung^ Li^<br />
Chief Secretary.<br />
"To the Staff there are attached : 1 . ft ^ 'g'<br />
Chih'^ Shih*<br />
Kuan', Adjutant (one), 2. ^ ^ Wei^ Yuan% Orderly Officers,<br />
and 3. ^ ^ ^ ^ Chi^ Ch'a' Wei^ Yiian^ Eevisers. •<br />
In tlie province <strong>of</strong> Fengtien, in addition to the above-<br />
mentioned, to the Staff there is attached a y}^ M^ 7^ ^ ^ ^ *^<br />
Shui^ Shih^ Hsiin'^ Ch'uan' Kuan' Tai* Kuan', Chief <strong>of</strong> the<br />
River Police (along the Liao river). His permanent residence<br />
is at ig n: ^ T'ung-' Chiang^ Tzu' (also Jl HI P T'nng'<br />
Chiang^ K'ou').<br />
806. ^ vi H Chiao^ She* Ssu^ Bureau <strong>of</strong> Foreign<br />
Affairs ; headed by a ^ ^ ^ fii Chiao' She* Ssu^ Shih^,<br />
Commissioner for Foreign Affairs (3a ; compare<br />
No, 832).<br />
This Bureau has been established in the provinces <strong>of</strong> Fengtien<br />
and Kirin for dealing w4th affairs concerning foreigners. To<br />
these Bureaux there .are attached —' ^ f^ 'g*<br />
I^ Tcng^ I*<br />
Kuan\ Interpreters <strong>of</strong> the first rank, and H ^ ^ 'g' Frh*<br />
Teng^ I* Kuan', Interpreters <strong>of</strong> the second rank.<br />
8b6A. ^ f^ If, ^ Chiao' She* Tsung^ ChuS Head Office<br />
<strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs ; established at Tsitsihar and takes the place<br />
<strong>of</strong> a Bureau cf Foreign Affairs (compare No. 806)<br />
[ 388 ]<br />
for the
PUKSENT DAY POLITICAL ORGA.V'lZATION OF CIIIXA.<br />
province <strong>of</strong> Hellungchiang. At the head <strong>of</strong> this OtRce there is 806b<br />
a 1^. il Tsi.ng-^ Pan^ Chief .<br />
_ tO<br />
«06b. m m fL "M ^m ^^ B m M Hei^ Lung^ Chiang^ g^^<br />
Sheng" T'ieh^ Lu* Chiao^ She* TsungV (M\\ Head Office <strong>of</strong><br />
Railway Foreign Affairs <strong>of</strong> Heihingchiang Province, and ^ /^<br />
T'ieh^ Lu* Chiao^ She*<br />
W ic 5^ ^ 2$ ^ ^
PRESEN'r DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
808 808. ^^% Tu" Chih^ Ssu^ Bureau <strong>of</strong> Finance; headed<br />
to ^y '^ J^ !^ Sj f^ Tu* Chih^ Ssu' Sljili^ Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Finance;<br />
oil 3b. This is found in the provinces <strong>of</strong> Fengtien and Kirin<br />
(the post <strong>of</strong> Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Finance, formerly existing, for<br />
the province <strong>of</strong> Heilungchiang, was abolished in the Summer <strong>of</strong><br />
1909 and the duties appertaining to it were transferred to the<br />
Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Civil Affairs; compare No. 807)<br />
for the<br />
superintendency <strong>of</strong> financial affairs, the collection <strong>of</strong> taxes, etc.<br />
At the Bureau there are stationed -^ ^ j^ ^ I^ Teng' K'u"*,<br />
Kuan^, Treasurers <strong>of</strong> the first rank ; 6a, and Zl ^ j$ 'g* Erh*<br />
Teng^ K'u* Kuan\ Treasurers <strong>of</strong> the second rank ;<br />
809. H p Wl T'i^ Hsiieh^ Ssu\ Bureau <strong>of</strong> Education;<br />
supervised by a fi f^ ^ f^ T'i^ Hsueh^ Ssu^ Shih^, Com-<br />
missioner <strong>of</strong> Education ; 3a (compare Nos. 827 to 828a) ;<br />
established in each <strong>of</strong> the three provinces <strong>of</strong> Manchuria for the<br />
superintendence<br />
7a.<br />
<strong>of</strong> educational affairs. At this Bureau there<br />
are foimd : 1. — ^ |^ 'g* I^ Teng^ I* Kuan\ Interpreters <strong>of</strong><br />
the first rank; 6a, and H ^ |§ 'B' ^rh'* Teng* I* Kuan',<br />
Interpreters <strong>of</strong> the second rank (compare No. 806), and 2.<br />
— ^<br />
-"^^ IM 1^ W Teng' Pien^ Hsiao"* Kuan^, Eevisers <strong>of</strong> the first rank,<br />
and H ^ IM '^ 'B' ^"^1'^^" Teng^ Pien^ Hsiao* Kuan\ Eevisers<br />
<strong>of</strong> the second rank.<br />
810. Ji ^^ W] T'i2 Fa-* Ssu', Bureau <strong>of</strong> Judicial Affairs;<br />
directed by a $| y^ "^ f|^ T^^ Fa* Ssu^ Shih^ Commis- i<br />
sioner <strong>of</strong> Judicial Afiairs (3a ; see No. 831b); established<br />
in all the px-ovinces for the administration <strong>of</strong> judicial<br />
affairs.<br />
811- MB "^ Ch'i- Wu* Ssui, Bi,i-eau <strong>of</strong> Banner Affairs;<br />
directed by a ]^ ^% pj f|^ Ch'i^ Wu* Ssu^ Shih^, Commissioner<br />
<strong>of</strong> Banner Affairs ; 3a. This Bureau was founded for Fengtien<br />
province alone, for the superintendency<br />
<strong>of</strong> the affairs <strong>of</strong> Manchu<br />
Bannermen. In the Svmimer <strong>of</strong> 1909 it was abolished and<br />
replaced by<br />
the :<br />
[ 890 ]
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,<br />
«11'^- MB^ Clri" WtiMjIi'u', Department <strong>of</strong>Baaiier 811a<br />
Affliirs ; headed ]jy a ||, Jl Tsung-^ 1,1', Chief Controller, a %Jj Jl ^O<br />
Hsieli^ Li\ Controller, and a ^ |(f Pang-^ Pan", Assistant<br />
g-g^<br />
Controller.<br />
In 1908 similar Departments wei'e established for tlie<br />
provinces <strong>of</strong> Kirin and Heihmgcliiang.<br />
Tlie Department <strong>of</strong> Banner Afiaii-s <strong>of</strong> Heihmgchiang<br />
consists <strong>of</strong> three pf K'o\ Sections : 1. *^ '^^ ^^<br />
Chiin^ Shili*<br />
K'oS Section <strong>of</strong> Military Affairs, 2. ^ ^ f^ :Min-" Shih* K'oS<br />
Section <strong>of</strong> Civil Affairs, and 3. ^, f^ ^ Sim* Wu^ K'o\<br />
Section <strong>of</strong> General Affairs, At the head <strong>of</strong> these Seetions there<br />
are ^}\ ^ K'o^ Chang^, Section Chiefs, -who are assisted hy<br />
glj ^ ^ ¥n' K'oi Chang^ Assistants.<br />
^1^- M B ^ ^leng^ Wx^' 8sn', Bnrean <strong>of</strong> MongoHan<br />
Affaii'S ; directed by a M B ^ iM ^^e'lg^ Wn" Ssn^ Shili',<br />
Connnissioner <strong>of</strong> ^NlongoHan Affnirs ; Sn. This was projected<br />
for establishment in Fengtien ]:)i-ovince for the supervision <strong>of</strong><br />
the affairs <strong>of</strong> the ten Mongolian Banners <strong>of</strong> the Clierim league<br />
appertaining to that provmce {.icr Nos. 886 and 892). Its<br />
pro])osed staff inchidcd — ^ |^ t 1> Teng^ I* Kuan', Inter-<br />
preters <strong>of</strong> tlie first rank ; 6a, and H ^ ^ ^ Erh* Teng'<br />
I* Kuan'. Interpreters <strong>of</strong> the second rank ; 7a (compare Nos, 806<br />
and 809).<br />
In the Summer <strong>of</strong> 1909 the ]iost <strong>of</strong> Commissioner <strong>of</strong><br />
Mongolian Affairs was definitely abolished and the duties<br />
appertaining<br />
to it vested in the<br />
812a. ^ f§ If ^ Meng- Wn* Tsung' Chir, Head Office<br />
<strong>of</strong> Mongolian Affairs. In charge <strong>of</strong> this <strong>of</strong>lfice is a |f^1 ^<br />
Tsung^ J^an*, Chief, to whom there are subordinated a f;^ p|<br />
T'i^ Tiao*, Proctor, and a number <strong>of</strong> ^^ I* Ts'an' Mou- Kuan^<br />
Councillors (the number is indefinite). Formerly, at the head <strong>of</strong><br />
the Head Office <strong>of</strong> Mongolian Affairs there was a =^ |^f Tu^ I'an^<br />
[ 391 1
PKESENT J)AY VOIATICAL OKG AXIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Superintendent, but, with a view to economy, this post was<br />
abolished.<br />
The Head Office <strong>of</strong> ^Mongolian Affairs is divided into four<br />
|j[ K'o\ Sections : 1. '^ M ^cn" Tu^'<br />
''^^^ K'o^ Section <strong>of</strong><br />
Correspondence, 2. ^ ft /fif^^^^^* ^^^^'^ K'o', Accounts Section,<br />
3- flll# , Surveyors.<br />
For the judicial examination <strong>of</strong> questions between Mongols,<br />
at the Head Office <strong>of</strong> Mongolian Affairs there has been organized<br />
^^ ^ ^ 1^3^ Shen^ Ch'u"*, Judicial Department, administered<br />
bj a jE ^ 1* ChC^ng* Shen^ Kuan', Judge, two ^ ^ If<br />
P'ei'^ Shen^ Kuan', Assessors, two ji ^ T'ung^ IS Interpreters,<br />
and three dI g Ssu^ ShuS Clerts.<br />
At the Head Office <strong>of</strong> Mongolian Affairs there is a ^ ^f ^<br />
^ Hu* Wei* lla^ Tui*, Cavalry Escort, made up <strong>of</strong> a 1= ^<br />
Kuan^ Tai*, Escort Chief, three Pf^ 'g* Shao^* Kuan', Junior<br />
Officers, 12 ff ;^ Shih^ Chang% Sergeants, 108 jE ^ Cheng*<br />
Ping', Privates, one #12;^ Shu^ Chi* Cbang^ Clerks, four ^ §<br />
^ Ssu^ Shui Shengi, Writers, one fi ^ @ ^^"' ^^^0* ^Slu', Senior<br />
Signalman, six ^ ^ |c Ku^ Hao* Fing', Signalmen, ten ^ ^<br />
Hu* Pingi, Guards, and 12 ^ ^ Huo=* Fu', Cooks—in all, 158<br />
men and 131 horses..<br />
The Head Office <strong>of</strong> Mongolian Affairs is at Moukden {see<br />
No. 901), and th-re are Branch Offices (^ ^ Fcn^ Chii''), in<br />
other places (for instance, at |I^ ^ ^ T'ao' Nan^ Fu^).<br />
[ 392 ]
PKE6EXT DAY TOLITICAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
81215. ^ W M B '^ ^"'li' Lin' Meno-3 Wii^ rh'n\ 812b<br />
Bureau <strong>of</strong> ^Mongolian Aftahs in Kiiiu Province; founded in<br />
1908 and headed by a |||j J|g Tsung'^ Li\ Superintendent. ^^^<br />
813. 1^^ p1 Cli'uan" Yeli^ 8su', Bureaux <strong>of</strong> Industry;<br />
beaded by ||/J ^ 1^! fliCh'iian* Veli^ Ssu^ Shih'', ('ommissioners «f<br />
Industrial Alfai)'s ; 3 15, ^\ itb a stafi" including —- ^ ^ + I^<br />
IV-ng^ I* 8hih\ Engineers <strong>of</strong> the first rank ; 6a, and H ^ ^ it<br />
Erli'' Tcng^ I* Shiii*, Engineers <strong>of</strong> the second rank ; 7a.<br />
The projected establishment <strong>of</strong> Bureaux <strong>of</strong> Industrial<br />
Affairs was not carried out, their [)lace being taken by :<br />
813a. $]} ^ it Ch'iian' Yeh^ Tao*, Industrial Taotais ;<br />
4a (compare Nos. 839 to 839i5); up to now foimd only<br />
provinces <strong>of</strong> Fengtienand Kirin.<br />
in the<br />
814. i{^ m li Hsiin- Clung- Tao% Police Taotai ; 4a<br />
(compare Xps. 840 to 840b). This post Avas established for the<br />
province <strong>of</strong> Fengtien alone and, later— in the Summer <strong>of</strong> 1909—<br />
it was abolished and the duties appertaining to the Police Taotai<br />
were invested in the Comm'ssionei- <strong>of</strong> Civil Affairs (compare No.<br />
807).<br />
815. At each <strong>of</strong> the Bureaux under the administration <strong>of</strong><br />
p\ fl^ Ssu^ Shih^, Commissioners, or ^ Tao*, Taotais,<br />
one -^ 1^ Ch'ien^ Shih^, Secretary<br />
there is<br />
: 4iJ or OA. Each Bureau<br />
consists <strong>of</strong> ^i[ K'o\ Sections, under the management <strong>of</strong> ^Ij- ^<br />
K'o' Change Section Chiefs, who have attached to them a<br />
number <strong>of</strong><br />
^-j- ^ K'o^ Ytian', Secretaries.<br />
810. l^'«^''i' ^ M -^ ilm M tis^in' ^i"g"' 1^^'^' '^^^*><br />
Military-Administrative I'aotais ; 4a (compare No. 844). There<br />
are 1 1 Taotais <strong>of</strong> this categoi-y in Manchuria : four in the<br />
province <strong>of</strong> Fengtien (residing at Yingkow, Antung, Liao Y iian<br />
Chou and Lin Chiang Hsien), four in the province <strong>of</strong> Kirin (at<br />
Ch'ang (.;h'un, Hun <<br />
Ui'un, San Hsing and Harbin) and<br />
three in Heihmgchiang province (at T'o Lo Shan Pei><br />
Aihu'^ and liiu-unpir, or Hailar).<br />
[ 31)3 ]<br />
to
816a<br />
to<br />
818<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
8 16 A. E£ If ji ^j pg Piiig^ Pei* Tao^ IV Men^ Office<br />
<strong>of</strong> tlie Military-Administrative Taotai (compare No. 844c) ;<br />
divided into jfij- K'o\ Sections, the number <strong>of</strong> Avhich varicp in<br />
different localities, for instance,<br />
at the Office <strong>of</strong> the Taotai at<br />
Ch'ang Ch'nn (.sre No. 816) there are four .Sections: 1. |f,^f4<br />
Tsuno-3 Wn* K'o', Section <strong>of</strong> General Affairs, 2. ^ i^ ^Jf Nei'<br />
Chcng^ K'oi, Section <strong>of</strong> Civil (Internal) Affairs, 3. ^j. ^ fl[<br />
Wai'* Chiao* K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Outer (Diplomatic) Relations, and<br />
4- •*& II Jit Sliou^ Fa^ Ch'u'', Eeg-istrv. At other places thcrO<br />
are the f<br />
olloAving- Sections : ^ # jf4 Pien^ Wu* K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong><br />
Frontier Affairs, M B Pt ^^'e»' ^^'i'' ^^'o\ Section <strong>of</strong><br />
Colonization Affairs, etc.<br />
^ ^ B ± E<br />
Tu^ Pan^ Chi^ Lhr Pien^<br />
817<br />
Wn^ Ta^ Cni'cn" and ^ ^M M a 'M B :k ^ I'^ng' i"^"^" Yen^<br />
Chi^ Pien' Wu* Ta* Ch'en^ Frontier Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Kirin<br />
Province and .Vssistant Frontier<br />
Commissioner residing at<br />
Yenchi (in Kii'In province). Potli these posts were established<br />
because <strong>of</strong> the disjnite which cropped ii]) in 1907 between Japan<br />
and <strong>China</strong> as to the sovereignty <strong>of</strong> the district about Chientao.<br />
The Frontier Commissioner, having militarv and civil authority<br />
in his guai'dlanship <strong>of</strong> the borders <strong>of</strong> Kirin province, is sub-<br />
ordinated to the Governor-General <strong>of</strong> Manchuria but, at the<br />
same time, has the privilege <strong>of</strong> direct rfjiorts to the Empei'or<br />
(compare No. 845a).<br />
i04 ]<br />
i
^ ||j|<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Administering each Head Office <strong>of</strong> Salt Transport is a 819<br />
Tl^^ Pan^, Director,<br />
to whom there are subordinated a<br />
number o£ |§ fH T'i^ Tiao"*, Proctors, and other <strong>of</strong>ficials.<br />
At Yingkow there is a "^ ^^M M Kuan^ Yen'' Ts'ai*<br />
Yiin'* Chii^, Government Agency <strong>of</strong> Salt Transport.<br />
For the prevention <strong>of</strong> the illegal transport <strong>of</strong> salt, at Ch'ang<br />
Ch'un and other places, there are established ||: ^^ |^ ^ Chi^<br />
Ssu^ Tsung^ Chii^ Head .Offices for the Prevention <strong>of</strong> Salt<br />
Smuggling, with a corps <strong>of</strong> gxiai'ds—mounted and foot.<br />
M^M Ch'u^ Yen^ Ts'angS Salt Stores. These are found<br />
at the principal cities <strong>of</strong> Manchuria and are divided into |^^, ^<br />
Tsung^ Ts'ang', Head Stores (for instance, at Ch'ang Ch'un)^<br />
and ^ '^ Fen^ Ts'ang^, Branch Stores (for the organization <strong>of</strong><br />
'<br />
salt affairs in other provinces see Nos. 835 to 835c and 841).<br />
PROVINCIAL ADAIINISTRATION.<br />
A. Higher Administration :<br />
• 819. Z: + i: tt ^' Krh* Shilr Erh^Hsing^ Sheng^ The<br />
Twenty Two Provinces, : namely 1 . '^^ Chih^ Li^ (literary<br />
designation, aK m Yen^ Yun^ and ^^ If, Chingi Chi'), 2. Jl i^<br />
Chiang^ Sui (literary designation, ^ Wu^), 3. ^ it An^ Huii<br />
(literary designation, i\% AYan^ or Huan^), 4. JX ffl Chiang^<br />
Si'' (literary designation, j|^ ^ i^n* Ohang^), 5.<br />
li| ^ Shan^<br />
Tuug^ (literary designation, ]X\ ^ Shan^ Tso^ %, Tung^),<br />
6. UJ ^ Shau^ Si^ (literary designation, \\\ -^ Shan^ Yu*, ^<br />
Chin*), 7. M ^ Ho2 Nan^ (literary designation, % Yu*),<br />
8. 1^ 1^ Shen^ Si^ (literary designation, || f|l Kuan^ Chung\<br />
^ Ch'in^, and m Lung^), 9. -^ l" Kan^ Su^ 10. fj |f Hsin^<br />
Chiangi (more complete '^ M M M. ¥ ^^'^"^ ^^^* ^^"^^ Chiang^<br />
Sheng*), 11. fg ^ Fu^ Chien" (literary designation, ^ Min'),<br />
12. fftX ^^^' (Jhiangi (literary designation, ^ CW, or |g<br />
Yueh^), 13. 'i^ :}t; Hu= Pei» (literary designation, ^ ^fc Ch'u'<br />
[ 39-5 ]
PRESENT DAY POMTICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.<br />
819 ^e^^ or ffj Ao"), 14. Ji^j]^ Hu^ Xan^ (liteiary designation, ^^<br />
Ch'u^ Nan'^ or ^g Hsiangi), 15. ^ j\\ Ssu* Ch'uan^ (literary<br />
designation, ^ Shii^), 16. ^ ^ Kuang^ Tung^ (literary de-<br />
signation, -^. ^ Yiieh* TungO, 17. ^ p'9 Kuang' Si^ (literary<br />
designation, -^- ^ Yueh"* Si'), 18. g '^ Yiin^ Nan" (literary<br />
designation, ^^ Tien'), 19. ^ Kuel* Choii^<br />
j]*\ (literary<br />
designation, ^^ Ch'ien^), 20. ^ ^ Feng^ T'ien^ r shorter, ^<br />
; literary designation, ^ ^ 8heng* C'liing\ 5^. ^ Liao^<br />
Feng'*<br />
TiingS or jl ;^ Kuan' Tnng'), 21. ^ ^j^^ Chi' Lin^ (shorter,<br />
^ Chi'), and 22. M f| ^ Hei' Lung^ Chiang' (shorter, JX<br />
Chiang').<br />
819a. The modern division <strong>of</strong> the Chinese Emjiire into ^<br />
Sheng^, Provinces, dates from the time <strong>of</strong> the ^ Yiian^,<br />
Dynasty (the 14th century) Avhen, in addition to the departments<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Central Government, styled f^ ^- ^ Chung' Shu' Sheng^,<br />
thirteen Pi'ovincial Governorships were established, imder the<br />
title <strong>of</strong> f{* ^ i=i -g* Chung' Shii' Hsing- ShOngl The ^ling<br />
Dynasty (1368 to 1644) inherited this system and, with some<br />
slight changes, retained it— the title <strong>of</strong> the Piovincial (iovernors,<br />
in the first instance, was altered to /^ ^ ^^i 1^ f^ Ch'cng*<br />
Hsiian' Pu* Cheng'* Shih^ and, later, this Avas supei'seded by<br />
^ JM Hsiin'' Fu^, Provincial Governor (the present designation;<br />
see No. 821). Also, in the 16th century, the appointment <strong>of</strong><br />
III "M Tsung-^ Tu', Governors-General {see No. 820), was<br />
commenced.<br />
The fifteen provinces <strong>of</strong> the Ming Dynasty<br />
Mere : Shan'<br />
Tung', Shan' Si', Ho' Nan"-', Shen^ Si^' Fu- Chien^ Chr' Chiang',<br />
Chiang' Si', Hu^ Kuang', Ssii* Ch'uan', Kuang' Tung', Kuang^<br />
Si', Yiin^ Nan', Kiiei^ Chou", 4t ]g_ *| P.'l' Chih^ Li* (Chih<br />
Li), and vl ^ Chiang^ Nan^ (or ^ if *| Nau^' Chih=' Li*).<br />
In the reign <strong>of</strong> K'ang Hi (1662-1722) the province <strong>of</strong> jln<br />
Hui was formed from a portion <strong>of</strong> Kiang' Nan', the latter then<br />
becoming (^hiang' Su' ; similarly, Kan' Su* was formed by the<br />
[ 3i)G ]
PKKSENT DaY political ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA<br />
partition <strong>of</strong> Shcn^ Hsi^ and Hu* Kuang' was divided into two 819b<br />
provinces which received the designations <strong>of</strong> Hn^ Peh' and Hu' vq<br />
Nan^, At the same time the provinces were entitled ]g ^ op^<br />
Chih^ Sheng^, a designation hy which they ai-e still generally<br />
recognized (compare above).<br />
The province <strong>of</strong> Kan^ Su'* Hsin^ Chiang^ was called into<br />
being by an Edict <strong>of</strong> the 17th November, 1884, absorbing<br />
Eastern Turkestan and the Departments <strong>of</strong> Ilami, Pali K'un and<br />
Urumtsi (later Hi and Tarbagatai) ; compare<br />
No. 802.<br />
Nos. 862 to 867.<br />
For the government <strong>of</strong> the three ^Slanchurian provinces see<br />
For snb-divisions <strong>of</strong> the provinces, as regards administration,<br />
see No. 846.<br />
819 b. a reform <strong>of</strong> the system <strong>of</strong> provincial government, in<br />
the sense <strong>of</strong> enlarging, or more exactly defining, the scope <strong>of</strong><br />
authority <strong>of</strong> tlie existing organs <strong>of</strong> local administi'ation,<br />
as Avell<br />
as <strong>of</strong> new estal>lishments, in connection with the gradual<br />
al.iolition <strong>of</strong> various posts recognized tis not answering the purpose<br />
<strong>of</strong> their inauguration, has been going forward since 1906. Since<br />
their promulgation, all changes in the provincial government<br />
system have been, and will continue to be, made according to<br />
" regulations regarding the reform <strong>of</strong> the <strong>of</strong>ficial system <strong>of</strong> the<br />
])rovinces<br />
" drawn uj) by a special connnittee (|l|i )^ fj* (jjlj ^^ g^<br />
Tsung' Ho=^ Kiian^ CJhih* Ta' Oh'en'j, sanctioned by the Emperor<br />
•ni the 7th July, 1907. These regulations are referred to beloAv<br />
in varions instances.<br />
820. li # Tsung^ Tu\ Governor-General; 1r, <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
Chih'<br />
designation, (jjlj 1^. Chih'' (Mm^; collo(pn'ally called fjjlj ^<br />
T'ai^; literary designation, (jjl) ^ Chih* Hsien% ({jlj /j^ CMn'h^ Fu^<br />
'i^=^' ^ m llilj Tsung^ ChihS ;/; m. ft Ta* Shu'-t'ai^ and f,\\i<br />
Shuai*. Being, ex <strong>of</strong>ficio , invested with the title <strong>of</strong> President<br />
<strong>of</strong> file !\Iinistry__<strong>of</strong>^Var and l)oing, also, ex___<strong>of</strong>ficlp, an<br />
Associate President <strong>of</strong> Ihc Court <strong>of</strong>_C'ensors C^ ^ ^ f^ ^} ^<br />
[ 397 ]
tQ<br />
820b<br />
•<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Ch'a-^ Yiian* Yu^ 'IV Yii* Shih' ; 5
PUESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
established ill 1861 and existed until 1870, Avhen tbe functions 820o<br />
appertaining to it were handed over to the Governor-General <strong>of</strong> Iq<br />
Chihli who, therefore, now bears the title <strong>of</strong> 4{l 'Jf^ :^ S Pei^ oon<br />
Yang^ Ta* Ch'{;-n-, KSuperintendent<br />
Ports. Similarly<br />
<strong>of</strong> Trade for the JNorthern<br />
tiie Governor-General <strong>of</strong> the Liano- Kiano-<br />
j)rovinces is referred to as the ^ 'J^ ;J'c E<br />
^an* Yang" Ta*<br />
Ch'en', Superiiitendent <strong>of</strong> T]-ade for the Southern l*orts (compare<br />
No. 476).<br />
820c. M ^ 'M M ^
82lA<br />
C<br />
I'ltESKNT DAY POLITICAL OllG ANIZ ATION OF CHINA.<br />
821 ^ ?pI Nan^ Ho^ residing at yf fH ^ Ch'ing^ Chiang^<br />
P'u^ (in<br />
to the prefecture<br />
o£ v§ ^ /^^ Iluai^ An^ ¥n\ <strong>of</strong> Kiangsu province),<br />
wliose duties Avere transferred to tlie Liang Kiang Governor-<br />
General, 2. One in cliarge <strong>of</strong> tlie J^ v"! Tung' Ho", residing at<br />
^ ^ 'J'H<br />
^ ''i^ Ning^ Cliou', Sliaiitimg province, Avhose duties<br />
were handed over (in February, 1902),<br />
to the (governors <strong>of</strong><br />
Honan and Shantimg, the latter, accordingly, being styled<br />
M JI M it Kuan^ Li' Ho^ Tao^ ^ ^ inf xl Chien' Kuaii^' Ho^<br />
Tao^ or MMX^B ^''''eni Ho' Ktuig^ Shih^ ^Vu^ and<br />
3. One in charge <strong>of</strong> the 4t |SJ ]*ei^ Ho^, Avliose duties are now<br />
performed b}' the Governor-CJeneral <strong>of</strong> Chihli.<br />
For ])articulars as to the military division under the orders<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Director-General (as |£ A[J ff g[t Ping^ Pu-* Shih* Lang^,<br />
Yic^e-President <strong>of</strong> the Minit^try <strong>of</strong> War), designated tlie ynj ^<br />
"~<br />
Ho' Piao\<br />
see No. 749.<br />
821. l{^ ^ Hstin" Fu', Governor ; 2b ; <strong>of</strong>ficial designation,<br />
M ^ ^""'^ Yiian'', coUocpiially called, Jfe ^ Fu' T'ai?, epistolary<br />
style, rft ^ Chung^ Ch'eng^ and :^: i\i ^ Ta^ Chung' Ch'eng^<br />
literary designation, ^ ^ Fti' Chiin', ^ ^ Fu^ Hsien^, and gf|l<br />
Shuai'*. This <strong>of</strong>ficial, ex <strong>of</strong>ficio, bears the titles <strong>of</strong> [f^ |^ olJ "^<br />
Hli LuVChiin' Pn* Shih'' Lang-, Vice-President <strong>of</strong> the ^^linistry<br />
<strong>of</strong> War, and ^, ^ p^ ^i] ^', ^ ^ Tu^ Ch'a^ Yiian^ Fu^ Tu^<br />
Yii* Shih', Vice-President <strong>of</strong> the Censorate {see No. 209), and,<br />
accordingly, styles himself ^p ]^<br />
Pu* Yiian^. For the date <strong>of</strong><br />
origin <strong>of</strong> the post <strong>of</strong> Governoi- see No. 819a.<br />
The Governor, within the territory under his jurisdiction,<br />
enjoys the same power and authority<br />
(see No. 820), i.e. to him appertains the highest<br />
sections <strong>of</strong> the provincial administration.<br />
as the Governor-General<br />
contiol over all<br />
821a. There are now fouj-teen (Tovernors : 1. iT^^(v^ Jfe<br />
Chiang' Su^ Hsiin^ Fu', Governor <strong>of</strong> Kiangsu province, residing<br />
at M 'M fl? Su^ Chou^ Fu', Soochow, 2. ^WlMW. A"' Hui^<br />
Hsiin^ Fu', Governor <strong>of</strong> Anhui piovince, residing at ^ ^ }^<br />
[ 400 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Ani Ch'ing" FuS Anking, 3. 0! M 5$^ H C'hingi<br />
Hsi' Hsun«<br />
Fu*, Governor <strong>of</strong> Kiangsi province, residing at ^ -^ ^ Nau*<br />
Ch'ang}FuS Nanch'ang, 4.<br />
J;^ ff ^ lE Che^ Chiang^ Hsiin^<br />
Fu^, Governor <strong>of</strong> C-hekiang province, residing at ^ ji^ J^ Hano^<br />
Choui Fu^ Hangchow, 5. M ^MM Hu^ Nan^ Hsiin^ Fu',<br />
Governor <strong>of</strong> Hunan province, residing at ;^ J»^ ^ Ch'ang'' Sha^<br />
Fu^ Changsha, 6. M ^ 'MM Ho=^ Nan' Hsiin^ Fu', Governor<br />
<strong>of</strong> Honan province, residing at ^ ^ jf^ K'ai^ Feng^ Fu% 7.<br />
{]|<br />
MMM Shan^ Tnng^- Chiin^ Fu^ Governor <strong>of</strong><br />
Shantung<br />
province, residing at J^- |^ jj^ C hi* Nan^ Fu^ 8. ^MMM<br />
Shen^ Hsi^ Hsiin^ Fu^, Governor <strong>of</strong> Shensi province,<br />
m^J^<br />
i-esiding at<br />
Hsii An^ Fu3, 9. \\l M '^ M Shan^ Hsii Hsiin' Fu^<br />
Governor <strong>of</strong> Shansi province, residing ^t j^ J^ )^ T'ai* Yiian"<br />
Fu', 10. l/f iiJ^^ Hsin^ Chiang^ Hs'in' Fu^, Governor <strong>of</strong><br />
Hsinchiang province, residing at ^ ([j J^ Ti^ Hua* Fu^,<br />
Urumtsi, 11. i^ ® ^ 15 Kuang^ Hsi^ Hsiui^ Fu^ Governor <strong>of</strong><br />
Kaangsi province, residing at :|^ |^ /jJTp Kuei* Lin,^ Fu', 12« ^<br />
il'i'I ?^ ^ Kuei* Chou^ Hsiin"'^ Fa^ Governor <strong>of</strong> Kueichow<br />
province, residing at ^ J^- ^ Kuei* Yang^ Fu^, 13. "^ M' ^M.<br />
JM Chi^ Lin^ Hsiin^ Fu^, Governor <strong>of</strong> Kirin province, residing at<br />
^' # /^ C^hii Lia2 FuS Kirin, and 14. mmXimM Hei^<br />
Lung^ (Jhiang^ Hsiin* Fu', Governor <strong>of</strong> Heilungchiang province,<br />
residing at ^ '^ n^ ^ Ch'i^ Ch'i" Ha' Erh^ Tsitsihar hre No.<br />
804).<br />
The Governors <strong>of</strong> the provinces <strong>of</strong> Kiangsu, Anhui, Kiangsi,<br />
Chekiang, Hunan, Shensi, Hsinchiang, Kuangsi, Kueichow,<br />
Kirin and Heilungchiang are, to some extent, subordinated to the<br />
respective Governors-General {i.e. <strong>of</strong> Liang Kiang, Minche<br />
Hukuang, Shenkan, Liang Kuang, Yiin Kuei and Manchuria i;<br />
see No. 820a), for instance, the more important reports from these<br />
Governors, to the Throne, must pass through the hands <strong>of</strong> th-<br />
Governor-General concerned and the latter presents them as joii<br />
Memorials, ^ ^ Hui* Tsou*, from himself and the Governor.<br />
20<br />
[ 401 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
ggg The Governors <strong>of</strong> Shansi, Shantung and. Honan govern their<br />
respective provinces quite independent] a-.<br />
In the provinces <strong>of</strong> Fengtien, Chihh, Fukien, Hupeh, Kansu,<br />
KiiangtuDg, Szechwan and Yunnan, proviiices in Avhich the post<br />
<strong>of</strong> Governor is not found, the respective Governors-General<br />
(namely, <strong>of</strong> IManchuria, Chihli, ]\Iinche, Hukuang, Shenkan,<br />
Liang Kuang, Szechwan and Yiin Kuei), perform duties<br />
appertaining to a Governor and, in virtue <strong>of</strong> this, bear the<br />
title <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ ^ Jfe ^ Chieni Ivuan' Hsiin'' Fu^ Shih% Associate<br />
Governor {see No. 820c).<br />
The Governor-General and Go'\'ernor are jointly spoken <strong>of</strong><br />
as # li Tui Fu^ or |g ^ Liang^ YiiiUi^<br />
822. # Ji '^ P'3 ^ II Tu^ Fu^ Ya^ Men^ Mu^ Cliih',<br />
Chancery <strong>of</strong> tlie Governor-General (or Governor); directed by<br />
one (or two) |j^ '^ ^ Pi* Shu' Yiian^, Chief Secretaries, Avho<br />
superintend the more confidential affairs and the correspondence.<br />
The Chancery (compare also No. 805) is composed <strong>of</strong> 10<br />
Sections: 1. ^ -^ f4 Chiao'^ Sho^ K'o^ Section <strong>of</strong> Foreign<br />
Affairs, 2. % p^ Li* K'o^ Section <strong>of</strong> Personnel, 3.<br />
'<br />
^1^\ Min^<br />
K'o' (also ^WCPi Min' Cheng* K'o'), Section <strong>of</strong> Civil Affairs,<br />
4- )i jt f4 Tu* Chih' K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Finance, 5. m. #<br />
Li^ K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Ceremonies, 6. p f^ Hsfieh^ K'o\ Section<br />
<strong>of</strong> Education, 7. ^ i^ f| Chiin' Cheng* K'o' (in the province<br />
<strong>of</strong> Szechwan, [^ % p^ Lu* Chiin^ K'o'), Section <strong>of</strong> Military<br />
Affairs, 8. ^ ^jf Fa* K'o\ Judicial Section, 9. M X j^] P:<br />
Nung^ Kung^ Shangi K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Industry and<br />
Commerce, and 10. % % Pi Yu^ Ch'uan^ K'oS Section <strong>of</strong><br />
Posts and Communications (in Szechwan there is, in addition, a<br />
^^MPs Pien' Tsang* K'o', Section <strong>of</strong> Tibetan Frontier Affairs;<br />
at Moukden, a j^E f^ ^if Ch'i^ Wu* [i'oS Section <strong>of</strong> Banner<br />
Affairs, and a ^ ^ ^j[ Pien^ Wu* K'o^ Section <strong>of</strong> Frontier<br />
Affairs; and at' Tsitsihar, a ;^ ^ fjf Ch'i^' Meng^ K'o', Section<br />
[ 402 ]
niESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
<strong>of</strong> Banner and ]Monoolian Affairs, and a ^ ^ fJf Pien' Wn^ 822a<br />
K'o', Section <strong>of</strong> Frontier Affaii's).<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> one, or more, Sections (not more than<br />
three) there is a # ^ ^ Ts'ani Shih* Yiian^, Secretar}',<br />
to whom there are attached an indefinite number <strong>of</strong> ]|j^ 5^ ^<br />
Chu^ Li^ Yiian^ (in Knangtung province, g|j ^ Fu*<br />
Yiian-), Assistants, and |§ ^ ^ Shan* Hsieh^ Yiian*, Clerks (in<br />
Szechwan province called ^ §2 'g' '^1"^^
824<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
823 Supplement, No. 160), i.e. to arrange for the timely carrying out<br />
A- o£ the jjroposed constitutional reforms in the provinces concerned,<br />
and to present, twice a year, reports regarding the activit) in<br />
regard to these reforms to the ^ ^ ^ f4"<br />
K^ao* Ho^ C'huan^<br />
K'o^, Investigation Bureau <strong>of</strong> the Committee for Drawing up<br />
Kegulations for Constitutional Government {see No. 160).<br />
On the establishment <strong>of</strong> the Burtaux <strong>of</strong> Constitutional<br />
Reforms, other institutions, having the same' object, but<br />
differently designated, were abolished, for instance^ the ^ ^ ^<br />
ML"^ \U^ Ch'ou'^ Pei* Hsien* Cbeng^ Tu^ Ts'ui^ Ch'u*, <strong>of</strong><br />
Szechwan province, the ^ i^ ^- tlfl ^ M J^ Hsien^ Cheng*<br />
Ch'ou^ Pei* K'ao^ Ho' C h'u*, <strong>of</strong> Manchuria, the #: H ^ i^ ^<br />
i^^<br />
Shensi, etc.<br />
Ch'ou^ Pei* Ilsien* <<br />
'heng* K'ao^ Ho^ ChHiS <strong>of</strong> Honan and<br />
823. §• ^ ^ Hui* I" T'ing^ Council <strong>of</strong> the Governor-<br />
General (or Governor). These are established in all the<br />
provinces, in accordance with article six <strong>of</strong> the " regidationa<br />
regarding the reform <strong>of</strong> the <strong>of</strong>ficial system <strong>of</strong> the provinces" {see<br />
No. 819b), for the periodical discussion <strong>of</strong> the most important<br />
questions. At meetings <strong>of</strong> this Council,<br />
in addition to the<br />
provincial <strong>of</strong>ficials, there may be representatives <strong>of</strong> the people,<br />
chosen by the authorities.<br />
823a. fiWC^M^ Hsing2 Cheng* tlui'^ I" Ch'uS<br />
Administrative Council. Thug is designated the ( Wncil <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Governor <strong>of</strong> Kirin province (compare No, 823) which was<br />
foi-med in accordance with a Memorial from ^ fig f^' Ch'en*<br />
Chao'-ch'ang\ dated the 16th August, 1909. This is made up<br />
<strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong> two types, i.e. iE ^ M ^'^iPi^g* I* Yiian^, Active<br />
Members (drawn from local Commissioners and Taotais), and<br />
glj 1^ ^ Fu* I* Yiian^ Associate Members (drawn<br />
from the<br />
ranks <strong>of</strong> citizens experienced in judicial-administrative matters).<br />
824. % ff Jg Ying2 Wu* Ch'u-*, Military Secretariat <strong>of</strong><br />
the Gos^ernor-General (or Governor)—The Staff <strong>of</strong> the Old<br />
[ 404 ]<br />
\
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Troops. This is headed by a tft H Chung^ Chiin\ Adjutant, 824a<br />
who, being the Colonel (glj ^ ¥u* Chiang*; see No. 752), is in tO<br />
active command <strong>of</strong> the "M M. Tu^ Piao\ or ffitt M Fii^ Piao^<br />
brigade attached to the Governor-General or Governor {see Nos.<br />
749 and 752.j). Also, this <strong>of</strong>ficial is entitled to employ a staff<br />
<strong>of</strong> civil and military orderly <strong>of</strong>ficers, designated ^ J^ J^ Wen'<br />
Hsiin^ Pn^ (usually <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the rank <strong>of</strong> Expectant District<br />
Magistrate ; ^<br />
1^ Chih^ Hsien* ; see No. 856), and ^ J^ }§<br />
Wu^ Hstin^ Pu-^ (military <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> the rank <strong>of</strong> lieutenant, '^|§.<br />
Ch'ien^ Tsung^; see No. 75,2e).<br />
824a. l^^ M B^ Hsiin^ Fang' Ying' Wii* Ch'uS<br />
Staff <strong>of</strong> the Reserve Forces in Manchuria (i.e. forces <strong>of</strong> the<br />
category oi ^g ^ Jj^ Hsun' Fang= Tui*; see No. 706). For<br />
details see No. 805a.<br />
825. ;^i a^ \^ Pu* Cheng* Shih^ Lieutenant-Governor or<br />
Financial Cdmmissioner (commonly called Treasurer) ; 2b ;<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficial designation, j^ p\ Fan' Ssu^ ; colloquially called, ^ g<br />
Fan' T'ai' ; epistolary designation, ^^ fj^ Fang^ Po'^, :/c i^ M<br />
Ta* Fan' Hou^ i^ -jj ^ Ta* Fang^ Yneh", and :;^ ^ ^ Ta*<br />
HsiJn^ Hsiian^ For the dat"^ <strong>of</strong> origin <strong>of</strong> this post see No. 81 9a.<br />
Tlie Lieutenant-Governor is the head <strong>of</strong> the civil service <strong>of</strong><br />
the province and is also treasiu'er <strong>of</strong> the provincial exchequer and<br />
represents (^ tl ^ ?i Chan" Hsing' IW Li') the Chief <strong>of</strong> the<br />
provincial administration (Governor-General or Governor) should<br />
he be absent from his province. There is one Lieutenant-<br />
Governor for each <strong>of</strong> the 23rovinces, with the exception <strong>of</strong> the<br />
three Manohurian provinces, where this post is non-existent, and<br />
the pr^vijic" <strong>of</strong> Kiangsu, Avhere there are two : flC ^ ^ i|^ f^<br />
Chiang- Ning' Pu* Cheng* Shih^, residing at fl ^g /f Chiang'<br />
Ning' Fu3, Nanking, and ^M^^^ Chiang^<br />
Cheng* Shih', residing at -^ j\] )^ Su^ Chou^ Fu^ Soochow.<br />
826. ^ a^iM Pu* (^heng* Ssu^,<br />
Sii^ Pu*<br />
Office <strong>of</strong> the Lieutenant-<br />
Governor (see No. 825). This Office is administered by :<br />
[ 405 ]<br />
826
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
826a 1. I^J^: Ching' Li* (colloquially called, M ^ Cliing^ T'ing';<br />
+0 epistolary designation, ^ ^ Ts'an^ Chtin^; literary designation,<br />
Q07 :^\.^ M "^^^ Tsan*Fu^>, Commissaries <strong>of</strong> Records, or S.ecretaries<br />
(6b ; 17 for the Empire), 2. J5| f^ Li^ Wen^, Law Secretaries<br />
(6b ; seven for the Empire), 3. ^ ^ Tu'^ Shih** (collocpiially,<br />
M M- Tu^ Shih* T'ingi), Assistant ; Secretary (7b found<br />
only in the province <strong>of</strong> Eukien), 4. ^ ^ Chao* Mo^<br />
(colloquially, ^ ^ Chao* T'ing^), Commissaries <strong>of</strong> the ^^eal, or<br />
Correspondence Secretaries (8b ; seven for the Empire), 5<br />
J$ :k i^ K'u* Ta" Shih' (colloquial designation, jg ^ K'u*<br />
T'iuu^), Treasury Keepers (8a ; 20 for the Eijipire), and 6.<br />
;^ ;/(; -[^ Ts'angi Ta** Shih', Granary Keepers (9b ; two only,<br />
in the provinces <strong>of</strong> Kiangsu and Shensi).<br />
826a. Article No. 9 <strong>of</strong> the " regulations regarding the<br />
reform <strong>of</strong> the <strong>of</strong>ficial system <strong>of</strong> the provinces" (see No. 819b)<br />
calls for the futiue reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Office <strong>of</strong> the Lieutenant-<br />
Governor (see No. 826) and its administration by<br />
a staff similar<br />
to. that <strong>of</strong> the J| ^ Wj T'i- Hsiieh^- Ssu^ (see No. 828) and the<br />
ti '^ p] T'i^Fa^ Ssui (see No. 831a).<br />
827. Ji p f^ T'i" Hsiieh^ Shih», Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Educa-<br />
tion ; 3a. This <strong>of</strong>ficial superintends the educational afftiirs <strong>of</strong> the<br />
province to which he is accredited, including schools and literary<br />
societies. Though subordinated to the Governor- General (or<br />
Governor),<br />
at the same time he receives instructions from the<br />
there is one<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education. Kiangsu province excepted,<br />
Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Education for each province. For the province<br />
mentioned there are two (compare No. 825): one at yj^ ^ ^<br />
Chiang^ Ning^ Fu', Nanking, and the other at ^ i/fj<br />
Su^ Chou^ Fu^, Soochow.<br />
The post <strong>of</strong> Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Education was estal)lished to<br />
replace the former ipjt^ Hslieh'' Cheng^ (see No, 827a ), on a Memorial<br />
from the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education and the Committee <strong>of</strong> ^Ministers,<br />
dated the 25th April, 1906. Regulations regarding, ^ . f^^'^<br />
[ 40G ]
PKESENT DAY POJ.lTieAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
T'i* Hsfieli^ Shili^ and their Offices, and 2. The authority <strong>of</strong> the 827a<br />
J§ ^ f^ T'i^ Hsiieh- Shih^, Avere framed by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> iq<br />
Education and received Imperial sanction, the former on the<br />
13th May, 1906, and the latter on the 28th July, 1906.<br />
Under the reign <strong>of</strong> the Ming (Q^ Ming-; 1368-1644), as<br />
well as at the beginning <strong>of</strong> the reign <strong>of</strong> the present dynasty the<br />
superintendency o\er provincial educational affairs was vested in<br />
^ ^ ^ T'i^ Hsiielr Tao^, Taotais <strong>of</strong> Education, whose title was<br />
changed (in the reign <strong>of</strong> |g IE Yung^ Cheng'^j 1723-1735) to<br />
Ji # P gC "T'i^ Tui Hsiieh- Cheng^ {see No. 827a).<br />
827a. ^ i^ Hsiieh^ Cheng^, Provincial Director <strong>of</strong><br />
Education, 'or Literary Chancellor (<strong>of</strong>ficial designation, ^ ^<br />
Hsiieh' Yiian"*; colloquially called, ^ g Hsiielr T'ai^; literaxy<br />
designation, ^ ^ Wen" Tsung\ i^ ^ ':^ Ta^ Wen^ Tsuugi,<br />
:^ ^ ^ Ta* Wen^ Heng", and ^ ^ Tsung^ Shih^ ; sometimes<br />
styled ^ ^ ff|i<br />
^<br />
Tui Hsiieh" Shili' C^hc^). The full <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
title <strong>of</strong> this <strong>of</strong>ficial was t^ ^ jp P^ T'i" Tu^ Hsiieh" Yiian^ or<br />
ti ^ ^ ®C T'i" Tui Hsiielr Cheng^ For the date <strong>of</strong> origin <strong>of</strong><br />
the post <strong>of</strong> Literary Chancellor see No. 827.<br />
The appointment as Provincial Director <strong>of</strong> Education, or<br />
Literary Chancellor, was' a special one and was usually held by<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials with high literary degrees, who left Peking<br />
for three<br />
years to serve in this capacity. In addition to the duties <strong>of</strong>/<br />
general superintendency<br />
over the edvicational affiiirs <strong>of</strong> their!<br />
respective provinces they presided at prefectural examinations<br />
and bestowed the degree <strong>of</strong> 7^ ;;^ Hsiu^ Ts'ai" (see No. 629a).<br />
828. fl^ S] T'i" Hsiieh'^ Ssu\ Office <strong>of</strong> the Commissioner<br />
<strong>of</strong> Education (also ^ i% ^ ^ Hsueh" Wu^ Kung^ So=^). This<br />
was developed, simultaneously with the institution <strong>of</strong> the post <strong>of</strong><br />
Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Education {see No. 827), from the former<br />
^ Z% M Hsiieh" Wu"* Ch'u*, which was under the direction <strong>of</strong> a<br />
fi li Tsung^* Pan^ Chief. To this Office there are attached :<br />
1- ^ ;^ I* Chang^, Senior Councillor (appointed by the<br />
•<br />
[ +07 ]<br />
82a
828a<br />
to<br />
829<br />
I'KESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
]\Jinistry <strong>of</strong> Education, on tlie recommendation <strong>of</strong> the (Jovernor-<br />
General or Governor ;,_ and four ^ |,^ I^ Shen", or ^ f^ |^ |^<br />
Hsiieh'^ Wu* I"* Shen', Advisers (for educational affairs), chosen<br />
by<br />
the Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Education f)-om tlie ranks <strong>of</strong> the local<br />
gentry.<br />
The Office <strong>of</strong> the (Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Education is divided into<br />
six jfj|- K'o^, Sections (altered, from ^ K'o'' ;<br />
see instructions from<br />
the Ministry- <strong>of</strong> Education, dated the 14th Septemhei, 1908): 1.<br />
^W.P( Tsung' Wu* K'o', Section <strong>of</strong> General Affairs, 2.<br />
^ al ^4 P'u^ T'ung^ K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Common Schools, 3.<br />
M P5 P( ('li^ian^ Men- K'o^ Section <strong>of</strong> Special Schools, 4.<br />
ft 1^ f4 Shilr Yell"* K'o', Section <strong>of</strong> Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools, 5.<br />
^ ^ ^j[ T'u^ Shu^ K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Schoolbooks and Manuals,<br />
and 6. ^ f f f-j- Hui^ Chi" K'o\ Accounts Section.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> each Section there is a<br />
Section Chief; OA. He is" assisted by a<br />
f4 ^ K'o^ Chang',<br />
glj 5f?l- ^ Fu" K'o'<br />
Chang^; 6a. To the <strong>of</strong>ficials just mentioned there are attached<br />
an indefinite number <strong>of</strong> ^^ ^ K'o^ Yiian^, Chief Secretaries (not<br />
more than three to a Section), pj ^ Ssu^ Shih^^ Secretaries, and<br />
^ IE Shu' ChiS Clerks.<br />
To the Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Education there are attached six<br />
^MW^ Sheno3 Shih" Hsiieh^, Provincial Inspectors <strong>of</strong> Educa-<br />
tion ; 6 a. They are chnrged with the reorganization <strong>of</strong> educational<br />
affairs <strong>of</strong> prefectiu-es, siib-prefectm-es, departments and districts:<br />
828a. For the Jg ^ pj T'i' Hsiieh' Ssu' in Manchuria<br />
sec^o. 809.<br />
829. Under the control <strong>of</strong> the Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Education<br />
{sec No.' 827) there are also: 1. ||| ^ ^f Ch'iian" Hsiieh^ So^.<br />
Associations for the Fostei'hig <strong>of</strong>' Public Education {see No.<br />
829a), and 2. f^ ^ ^ Chiao" Yii* Hui^ Pubhc Education<br />
Societies {see No. 829b),<br />
the establishment <strong>of</strong> which was<br />
foreshadowed by the regulations referring to the f^ ^ f^ T'i-<br />
Hsiieh'' Shih.^ and to his Office {see No. 827).<br />
[ 408 ]
FKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA".<br />
829a. Wi ^ Fi
830<br />
to<br />
830n<br />
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
libraries, pedagogic museums, etc. Each Society consists <strong>of</strong> :<br />
1. One »ne ^ m Hui* Change, Pi-esident, 2.<br />
^<br />
glj ^ ^ Fu^ Hui*<br />
3<br />
Chan":<br />
1^ M Hiii* Yiian^, Members<br />
ft » Vice-President, 3.<br />
(nimiber indefinite), 4. ^ =[J Shii^ Chi^, Clerks (niimber<br />
indefinite), 5. '^ ff Hui* Chi', Accountants (ninnber indefinite),<br />
and 6. ^ '^ ^ M.'"^^"^&^ ^'^^ Iliii"* Yiian-, Honorary ^Members<br />
(number indefinite).<br />
830. ^^[^ An^ Ch'a^ Shih Provincial Judge, or<br />
Judicial Commissioner (more explicit, ^ Jfl] }^ ^ fllj ^<br />
T'i2 Hslno-2 An" Ch'a Shih^ &su^ <strong>of</strong>ficial desio-nation.<br />
'r.2<br />
^ WJ Nieh'* Ssu^; colloquially, ^ ^ IS^ieh' T'ai^; epistolary<br />
designation, ^ l;!^<br />
Lien^ Fang^ and -^^ /f{i- ^<br />
Ta" Lien^<br />
Hsien*); 3a. This <strong>of</strong>ficial is in charge <strong>of</strong> the judicial affairs <strong>of</strong><br />
the province and the military post stations (sec No. 754). Also,<br />
he considers questions <strong>of</strong> administrative and financial character<br />
with the Lieutenant-Governor (see No. 825).<br />
Each province has one Judicial Commissioner,<br />
with the<br />
exception <strong>of</strong> Manchiu-ia where, already, there is found the post<br />
<strong>of</strong> ^ fi f^ T'i2 Fa" Shihs (see Nos. 810 and 831b).<br />
For particulars as to the ^ ^ f^ An" Ch'a" Shih^, in<br />
Manchuria, und,er the old regime, see No. 830b.<br />
830a. ^^^ u\Wi Pg An" Ch'a' Ssu^ W Mcn^, Office<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Provincial Judge (see No. 830). The staff includes :<br />
MM Ching^ Li" (see No. 826); 7a, 2. ^Q ^ Chih^ Shih",,<br />
Archivists; 8a, 3. ^^ Chao" Mo" (see No. 826); 9a, and<br />
4.. pllJtSsu' YiiS Jail Wardens; 9b.<br />
830b. In Manchiu'ia, prior to the establishment <strong>of</strong> the<br />
post <strong>of</strong> Jg ^^ fl^lVFa" SJiih' (see Nos. 810 and 831b), the<br />
title <strong>of</strong> Judicial Commissioner, M ^^ ^ ^ %S Chien^ An" Ch'a^<br />
Shih^ Hsien^ (see No. 830), Avas borne: 1. Li the province <strong>of</strong><br />
Fengtien, by the ^ i| Uj ^ if Feng" Chin^ Shan' Hai^ Tao",.<br />
Taotai <strong>of</strong> the prefectures <strong>of</strong> Chin Chou Fu and Feng T'ien Fu,<br />
residing at -^ p ,^ Ying^ K'ou' T'ingS Ylngkow,<br />
[ 410 ]<br />
2. In the
, Lin'<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,<br />
province <strong>of</strong> Kirin, by the ^ :^ ^ ^ jg Ohi^ Lin^ Fen^ Hsun^ 830c<br />
Tao^ Taotai <strong>of</strong> the. Kirin Circuit, residing at ^ ^ ^ ('hi^ ^q<br />
Fu^ Kirin, and 3. In the province <strong>of</strong> Heihmgchiang, by qo-»<br />
the M fl JX 5^ ^ ii Hei' Lung^ Chiang^ Fen^ Hsun^ Tao%<br />
Taotai <strong>of</strong> the Heihmgchiang Circuit, residing at ^ ;jt ^ Hei^<br />
Shui^ T'ing\ Tsitsihar.<br />
830c. The Financial Commissioner (^see No. 825) and<br />
the Provincial Judge {sec No. 830) are frequently spoken <strong>of</strong><br />
a.s together the ^ ^M pI ^^^"^ Nieh* Liang^ Ssu\ Two —<br />
Chief Commissioners <strong>of</strong> the Provincial Government.<br />
«31. fl fii f^ T'i- Fa'' Shih^ Commissioner for Judicial<br />
Affairs ; 3a ; superintends the judicial affairs <strong>of</strong> the province and<br />
has control over Judicial Establishments, Prosecuting Attorneys*<br />
Offices and Prisons. He is subordinated to the Governor-<br />
General (or Governor).<br />
At the j)resent time the post <strong>of</strong> Commissioner for Judicial<br />
Affairs is found iii ^lanchuria alone {see Nos. 810, 830 and<br />
831b). a iNIemorial from the ^linistry <strong>of</strong> Justice, dated the<br />
17th April, 1909, called for the appointment in 1910 <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>iicial&<br />
bearing this title to all the provinces, replacing the existing<br />
Judicial Commissioners (see No. 830).<br />
Kegulations referring to the ^ fj^ f^<br />
T'i^ Fa'* Shih^ and<br />
his Office (sec No. 831a) were compiled by the Committee for<br />
Drawing u]i Regulations<br />
for Constitutional Government and<br />
received Imperial sancti.on on the 26th, November, 1909 (the<br />
original scheme in this connection was submitted by the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> Justice in a Memorial dated the 27th January, 1908).<br />
831a. |g '^ fl T'i^ Fa^ Ssu', Office <strong>of</strong> the Commissioner<br />
for Judicial Affairs. This is arranged in three Sections :<br />
^- 1^ ^ 14 Tsung^ Wu* K'o', Section <strong>of</strong> General Affairs ; in<br />
charge <strong>of</strong> the personnel <strong>of</strong> the <strong>of</strong>fice itself, and that <strong>of</strong> Judicial<br />
Establishments, Prosecuting Attorneys' Offices and Prisons,<br />
correspondence and matters <strong>of</strong> economy, 2. JflJ J^ 7^^ Hsing^<br />
[ 411 ]
882<br />
rUESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
831b Min'' K'o', Section <strong>of</strong> Criminal and Civil Cases, and 3. ^ ^ if^<br />
tQ<br />
Tien^ Yu* K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Prison Affairs.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> each Section there is a jf^ ^ K'o^ Chang',<br />
Section Chief ; 5a. This <strong>of</strong>ficial, nnder the general control <strong>of</strong><br />
the Commissioner (see No. 831), superintends<br />
the affairs <strong>of</strong> his<br />
Section. He has as his assistants : One — ^ f^ ^ I^ Teng'<br />
K'o' Yiian'', Secretary <strong>of</strong> the first rank ; 6a, and from pne to foiu-<br />
Il^ ^Jf ^ ErV Teng' K'o^ Yiian^ Secretaries <strong>of</strong> the second<br />
rank ; 7a. At each Section there are also a number (depending<br />
on the volume <strong>of</strong> affairs ; not more than five) ^ fQ Shu^ Chi*,<br />
Clerks (<strong>of</strong> the eighth and ninth ranks).<br />
831b. The organization <strong>of</strong> the Office <strong>of</strong> the Commissioner<br />
for Judicial Affairs in Manchuria (sec No. 810)<br />
is somewhat<br />
different from that given above (compare No. 831 a), namely, it<br />
has four Sections: 1. |^. :^ f4 Tsung^ Wu* K'o^ '(see No.<br />
831a), 2. Jf]] ^ ^i{ Hsing* Shih* K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Cri^ninal<br />
Cases, 3. Si^ P^ ^^i"' Shih* K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Civil Cases, and<br />
4. :^ It f4 Tien^ Yii* K'o^ (see No. 83 1 a).<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> each Section, as Section '^hief,<br />
^ ^ Ch'ieni Shih*, Chief Secretary, 5 a (see No. 815;<br />
there is a<br />
in the<br />
first Section this <strong>of</strong>ficial is styled ^ p\ -^ ^ Shou' K'o^ Ch'ien^<br />
— ^ f-^ A I' Teng^ K'o^ Yiian^, Secretary <strong>of</strong> the first rank,<br />
Shih"*, and his rank is 4b). To him there are subordinated one<br />
one Z: ^ 14 ^ ifcrh* Teng' K'o^ Yiian^, Secretaiy <strong>of</strong> the second<br />
rank, and two H ^ ^-4 M. ^'"^^ Teng^ K'o' Yiian^, Secretaries<br />
<strong>of</strong> the third rank. For each Section there ar also jE rI ^ ^.<br />
Cheng* Ssu^ Shu^ Kuani, Senior Clerks, glj g] § Fu* Ssu'<br />
'B*<br />
Shu^ Kuan\ Junior Clerks, and r] ^ ^ Ssu' Shu' Sheng',<br />
AVriters.<br />
832. ^ -^ f^ Chiao' She*'Shih^ Commissioner for Foreign<br />
Afi'airs ; 3a ; charged Avith dealing with affairs in which<br />
foreigners are interested. Following the inaixguration<br />
post in Manchuria (see No. 806)<br />
[412 ]<br />
<strong>of</strong> this<br />
it was instituted in Yiinnan
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
province (in August, 1909). Later this <strong>of</strong>ficial will be found in 333<br />
all the provinces.<br />
At present the duties appertaining to the Commissioner <strong>of</strong><br />
Foreign Affairs are perfonned by the ^ (% ^ Yang^ Wu* Chii*,<br />
Office <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs (see No. 859), attached to the<br />
Governor-General (or Governor). Heilungchiang<br />
province has<br />
a ^ V$ H ^ Chiao' She'^. Tsung* Chii^ (see No. 806a) for<br />
similar duties.<br />
833. ^ m ^ ^ Iiai=^ Kxiani Chien^ Tu\ Superintendent<br />
<strong>of</strong> Customs. The duties appertaining to this <strong>of</strong>ficial are usually<br />
associated "with tlioso <strong>of</strong> tlie Military Circuit Taotai {see No.<br />
844).<br />
833a. -f- -^^ if ^ Yiieh'* Hai^ Kuan' Pu"*, Superintendent<br />
<strong>of</strong> Customs for the Province <strong>of</strong> Kuangtung ; appointed from<br />
members <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Household. Europeans commonly<br />
styled this <strong>of</strong>ficial " IIoppo " and, so long as the entire foreign<br />
trf>de was concentrated at Canton, lie enjoyed immense power..<br />
Ihis <strong>of</strong>ficial no longer exists.<br />
833 b. MWM WM^'9- B ^'liieni Kuan^ Min"^ Hui^<br />
Kuan' Shui* iShih"* Wu'', Witii Associate Duties as Superintendent<br />
<strong>of</strong> Customs at FoochoAv. This title is borne by the Fukieu<br />
Viceroy.<br />
833c. For particulars as to the special ^ p] ^ llai^<br />
Kuan' Tao*, Customs Taotai, carrying<br />
v<br />
ou the functions <strong>of</strong><br />
Superintendent <strong>of</strong> Customs at Tientsin (formerly, likewise, at<br />
Harbin) see No. 842.<br />
834. \^ i^ fj ^ Ts'ao- Yun* Tsung- Tu', Director-<br />
General <strong>of</strong> Grain Transpoit (2 a ; literary designation, J0 ^<br />
Ts'ao-^Tu', Ut^M n '!'>'' (''"lan^ Yiin^ Shih^ and :J^ g) Jf<br />
Ta" Ssu' Ts'ao-). This <strong>of</strong>ficial had the honorary rank <strong>of</strong><br />
^ % ft M Pi"g' I*"' -^I'ili"* J^ang-, and resided at i^ yl ?S<br />
Ch'ingi Chiang' P'u' (in the y§ ^ Huai" An^, prefecture <strong>of</strong><br />
Kiangsu). He superiHton
JlESKNT DAY POJ.ITICaL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
835 tlie j^ J'pj Yiin* Ho', Grand Canal,<br />
which Avas constructed for<br />
the conveyance <strong>of</strong> rice from the Southern provinces to Peking.<br />
The post is now non-existent.<br />
Under ,the control <strong>of</strong> the Director-Cieneral <strong>of</strong> (iraiu<br />
Transport there was a special military organization styled Jp H^<br />
Ts'ao'^ Piao^ (see No. 749), detachments <strong>of</strong> which Avore stationed<br />
at the ^ Wei*, and 0f So^, First and Second (J]a.«i; Transport<br />
Stations, which Avere located along the Grand Canal, by which<br />
the grain transport was eflfected. At the head <strong>of</strong> these stations<br />
there were ^ ^^ Shon' Pei* (see No. 7o2i)), and ^ ,fj Ch'ien'<br />
Tsung' (.see No. 7.52e), designated, according to their duties, as<br />
^ ^ Shou^ Yii*, First Lieutenant on Garrison Duty .and pg j^<br />
Ling* Yiin*, Lieutenant Charged with tlie Conduct <strong>of</strong> CJrain<br />
Squadrons.<br />
Of late years the grain transport hy sea, '}^ ^ Hai^ Yiin*,<br />
carried on by steamefs <strong>of</strong> the Jg j^ ^ Chao^ iShang^ Chii'^ (see<br />
No. 789), is gradually putting an end to that by the Grand<br />
Canal.<br />
^ J 835. ^Mf^ Yen2 Yiin* Shih^ Salt Coutrollev (3b ;<br />
^^ , <strong>of</strong>ficial designation, jM p1 Yihi* Ssu^; epistolary designation,<br />
r^^-''^^ ^'H IV Chuan^ and ^p> jg Tu^ Yiin^ literary designation,<br />
:kBM 'la* Ts'o^ Hsien% ;'C H ^ Ta* Ts'o' Hon*, and ^ ^<br />
|j^ Ta** Ssu^ Fu^j. This <strong>of</strong>ficial is the Chief Commissioner <strong>of</strong><br />
the revenue derived from the provincial salt galielle, ,or salt<br />
monopoly. There are five for the whole Empire: L" MiW.^<br />
yM^M^'-^M. Ch'ang^ Lu^ Yen^ Yiin* Shih> (^hieni Yen^<br />
Fa* Tao"*, Ch'anglu Salt Controller with associate di\ties as Salt<br />
Intendant, residing at Tientsin, 2. Hi M WM iM M Mtk 'M<br />
Shani Tungi' Yen' Yiin* Shih^ Chien^ Yen' Fa^ Tao*, Shantung<br />
Salt Controller with associate duties as Salt Intendant, residing<br />
at <strong>China</strong>nfu, 3. M 'M ^ M M M ^ i^ fj ^^^'^^g' Huai"^<br />
Yen' Yiin" Shih' Chieni Pingi Pei* Hsien', Lianghuai .^alt<br />
Controller, with the rank <strong>of</strong> Military Circuit Taotai, residing at<br />
[ il4 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
m m M Yang= Clioui FuS Yan^chow, 4. ^ jf Jl ffi H JI f^' 835a<br />
Liang^ Che^ Chiang^ Nan^ Yen^ Yiin* ShIh^ Liangche<br />
(Ohekiang) Salt Controller, residing at Hangchow, and 5. ^<br />
"M ^M iM Kuang3 Tung^ Y^en^ Yiin* Shih', Kuangtung Salt<br />
Controller, residing at Canton.<br />
835a. Under the supervision o£ the Salt Controller (whose<br />
<strong>of</strong>fice is designated H il ^ 1|^ f^ H "^'en^ Yiiu* Shih^ Ssu' Ya"<br />
Men'') there are the following <strong>of</strong>ficials : 1. jM Ir] Yiin* T'ung^,<br />
Assistant Salt Controller (full designation, ^ j^ ^ 3^ [r] Yen'<br />
Yiin^ Ssu^ Yiin^ T'ung^ ; literary designation, [g] |^ T'ung^<br />
ChuanS and |g || Fu^ Chuan^ ^ ^ Ts'o' ErhS and ± ($ ^<br />
Ta* Tso^ Fu*, also ^ "^ Fen^ Ssu^) ; 4b ; one in Shantung,<br />
Chihli and Kuangtung provinces, 2. ^ .^ fn] ^U<br />
Chien^ Ch'e*<br />
T'ung-^ (Jhih' (also ^ ^ 'g' Chieu' Ch'c* Kuau^), Inspector <strong>of</strong><br />
Salt Distribution ; 5a ; two in Kiangsu province and one in<br />
Shansi, 3. M w'i ^ 'i^^* Fu^, Deputy<br />
Assistant Salt Controller<br />
(full designation, ^ Jl f^ g'J f^' ^'en' Y'un^ Shih^ Fu* Shih^; also<br />
styled ^ nj Feu' Ssu^; compare the above Y'iin'' T'ung^) ; oB :<br />
one in Chekiang province, 4, J§ ^ T'i' Chii^, Salt Inspector<br />
(also ^ fl §; Yen^ T'i^ Chii^; full designation, ^ ^ i^ ^ Yen'<br />
K'o* T'i- Chu^ or ^ ^ g] ^ H Yen'' K'o^ Ssu' Vi' Chu^); 5b;<br />
three in Yunnan province, 5. jM ^il Y"u)i* P'an*, Sub-Assistant<br />
Salt Controller (full designation, ^ jl rI M ^il<br />
Yen' Yiin* Ssu^<br />
Yiin* P'an^; also gij f^ Fu* Chuan^ and ^ 'gj Fen^ Ssu^ ; compare<br />
the above 5^ [^ Yiin^ T'ung', and jg glJ Y^tin^ Fu*) ; 6b ; one in<br />
Chihli, one in Chekiang and three in Kiangsu province, 6.<br />
)g Ching^ Li* (correctly, ^11 M Yen' Ching^ Li*); 7b (see<br />
No. 826), 7. ^M 'K iM Yen' K'o* Ta^ Shih^ (more explicit,<br />
WM ^^iM Yen' K'o* Ssu^ Ta* Shih^) or ^ ^ i^ i^ Yen'<br />
Ch'ang^ IV Shih^ (literary designation, ^ ^ Ts'o' Yin'), Salt<br />
Receiver ; 8a, 8.<br />
jf|^<br />
HI; |^ ± i^ P'ii Yen* IV Shih^ (more<br />
explicit, tt 1^ 9r -X f§^ P'i' Yen* So^ Ta* Shih^ or ^ ^j tt It<br />
gif ;fC f^ Yen2 yin' P'ii Yen* So^ Ta* Shih^), SaH Examiner ;<br />
[ 415 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
I<br />
885b 8a ; superintends the registration<br />
bf bags <strong>of</strong> salt issued, 9. ^<br />
:/c 1^' K'u^ Ta-* Shih'^ (properly, M ^ :k iM<br />
^'"^' ^^'^* '^'^*<br />
Shih'); 8a (see JS^o. 826), 10. ^U ^ Chih^ Shih* (r*roperly<br />
^ ^Q ^ Yen2 Chih^ Shih* 8b ; (sec No. 830a), and 11. ^%<br />
^ Yen" Hsiin- Chin^ Salt Watchers ; 9b.<br />
83ob. ^M^^i
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
There are noAv thirteen Departments producing salt. 835c<br />
Accordingl}-, from its place <strong>of</strong> origin, salt bears the following ^q<br />
designations : 1. ^ "^^ Sheng^ Ohing^ Yen^ (salt from Fengtien qqq<br />
province, where there are 20 ^ J^ Yen- Ch'ang^, Salt Works),<br />
-• .M M ^ Ch'ang'' Ln^ Yen- (salt from Chihli province, where<br />
there are ten Salt AYorks), 3. m l/^ W Meng^ Ku' Yen- (salt<br />
fron\ Mongolia), 4. U-l !^ ^ Shan^ Timg^ Yen^ (salt from<br />
Shantung), 5. f^?^^ Liang'* Huai^ Yen^ (salt from Kiangsu<br />
province), 6. ^ ^ ^ I^iang^ Che* Yen^- (salt from Chekiang<br />
province, where there are 32 Salt Works), 7. ^ ^ ^ Fn*<br />
Chien* Yen^ (salt f)-om Fukien province, where there are 14 Salt<br />
Works), 8. ^ ^ ^ Kuang^ Txing^ Yen- (salt from Kuangtuug<br />
province, where there are 12 Salt Works), 9. ^ ^ ^<br />
Ho^ Tung' Yen^ (salt fiom Shansi province, where there are<br />
three Salt Works), 10. f^ ® ^ Shen^ Hsi^ Yen^ (salt fi'om<br />
Shensi province), 11.<br />
'H* ;^ ^ Kan^ Sn* Yen- (salt from<br />
Kansu province), 12. gg j\\ ^ Ssu* Ch'uan^ Yen^ (salt from<br />
Szechwan provnice, where there are 8,832 Salt Wells), and<br />
13. ^ ^ ^ Yiur Nan- Yen^ (salt from Yunnan province,,<br />
where there are 10 Salt AA'ells).<br />
835 c. For particulars as to the Salt Intendant, whicli<br />
title is sometimes ujjplied to the Salt Controller,<br />
and 841.<br />
ser ISos. 835<br />
836. fj; ^ Liang- Tao^ Grahi Intendant (literary<br />
designation, || jg fc^ Chuair" Y'iin^ Shih^: 4a ; Chief Controller<br />
<strong>of</strong> the provincial revenue from the grain tax, whether collected<br />
in money or in kind. At present there are six Grain Intendants<br />
(later they will be retained only in the provmces <strong>of</strong> Kiangsu and<br />
Chekiang) : 1. JX ^ ff il jf
PKJCSEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGAKIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
837 Chenkiang- Fu and T'ai Ts'ant;' Cliih Li Chow, residing at<br />
Soochow, 3. mK'MBrS.
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CniNA.<br />
Tsmig^ Chii^, Supreme<br />
Military Board. It was tlie custom tu 838<br />
institute the committee after rehellioii.'?, warfare or physical to<br />
calamities, when the country needed ])aciHcation, or order had to 838a<br />
be restored.<br />
838. ^ g Tao^T'ai^ Taotai (Intendant); 4a ; placed in<br />
administrative control over A^arious sections ot" the provincial<br />
o-overnment] <strong>of</strong>ficial designation, j^ Tao^ ; epistolary designation,<br />
M ^ Kuan' (:^h^a\ nnd |^ ^ Chien^ Ssn^.<br />
There are the following categories <strong>of</strong> Taotais : 1. Wi ^^<br />
Ch'iian^ Yeh* Tao^ Industrial Taotai (see Nos. 839 and 83yA),<br />
^- ?^ ^ ii Hsiin' (^hing^' Tao% Police Taotai (see Nos. 840<br />
mid 840a), 3. W& M Yen" Fa^ TaoS Salt Taotai {see No.<br />
841), 4. ^11^ Hai' Kuan' Tao^ Customs Taotai {see No.<br />
842), o. jpj ^ Ho- Tao', Kiver Taotai (see No. 843), and<br />
6- ^^'^'»' ^MM Hsiin' Tao^ Intendant <strong>of</strong> a Circuit, or & ^<br />
:\rilitarY Taotai (see No. S44).<br />
5i Pingi Pei^ TaoS<br />
For particulars as to the f^ ^ Liang- Tao^ (irain<br />
Intendant, see No. 83G.<br />
S3Sa. b] ?! Ssu' Tao\ Taotai Holding<br />
Brevet Rank **<br />
<strong>of</strong> Judicial Commissionei- (•^'"^ No. 830). ^^f t'li^ type are the<br />
Taotais : at Tlhua and Clienhsi in Hsinchiang (fi^ ^^1 j[^' ^^<br />
%i i^- ^^
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
839 839. id ^ jI Cli'iian* Yeli^ Tao^<br />
Indiistnal Taotai<br />
*Q (nee No. 838); 4a. This <strong>of</strong>ficial is subovdinated directly to the<br />
Qoa Governor-General or Governor ot the ])rovince to which he is<br />
accredited but, in addition, receives instructions from the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Industry and Commerce (nee No. 768).<br />
He superintends, within his district, all questions concerning-<br />
agriculture, industry,<br />
commerce and ways and means <strong>of</strong><br />
communication. Also, on the establishment <strong>of</strong> the post <strong>of</strong> J§<br />
^i pj T'i^ Fa^ Shih' (replacing- the f;^ ^ iM ^"'
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Section Chief; 6 A. He is assisted Ly a glj ,f^ ^ i'lf* K'o^ 839b<br />
Chang^, Assistant Section Chief ; 7a. Also, there are a number ^q<br />
(from two to three in the Section <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications 040 a<br />
and from four ro five in the Section <strong>of</strong> Ceneral Affairs) <strong>of</strong> ^if ^<br />
K'o^ Yiian'', Secretaries ; 8a.<br />
In all sub-prcvectures, departments and districts there are<br />
found WJ ^ M, Ch'iian* Yeh* Yiian^ Tndusti-ial Deputies, who<br />
are under the control <strong>of</strong> tlie Taotai and local authorities (see No.<br />
80 1b).<br />
839b. For particulars as to the Industrial Taotais in<br />
!Nranchuria srr Xos. 813 to 813a.<br />
840. >{^ ^ ^ Hsiin^ Chino- Tao', Police Taotai (see No.<br />
838) ; 4a. Although directly<br />
subordinated to the Governor-<br />
(ieneral (or Governor) this <strong>of</strong>ficial receive instructions from the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Tnterio)' (sr'f No. ;148). He superintends the<br />
police affai)s <strong>of</strong> the pj-ovince<br />
to which he is accredited.<br />
By<br />
'•<br />
the regulations regarding the reform <strong>of</strong> the <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
system <strong>of</strong> the "<br />
])rovinces (articles Nos. 14 and 15; srr No.<br />
819b) it is arranged that Police Taotais be gradually appointed<br />
to all the provinces. At present they are foiuid in all ])rovinces,<br />
Fengtien. Kirin, Heilungchiang and the New Doininion<br />
-excepted.<br />
Regulations referring to the Polic(» Taotai were draAvn up,<br />
first by the ^Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Interior (sanctioned on the 3rd April,<br />
1908; in 15 articles), and, later, by the Committee for Drawing<br />
u]) Regulations for Constitutional Government (with sup[)lements<br />
and anienJmcnts : 15 articles ; sanctioned by the Emperoi
PKESENT DAY VOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CRINA<br />
840b Section <strong>of</strong> General Aiiaii:?, 2. ^7 gt ^- llsino'^ Clienj,^' K\}\<br />
to Section <strong>of</strong> Administration, 3, ^ ;^j; fif- Ssii^ Fa^ K'o^, Sectioni<br />
841<br />
^^ Judicial Affairs (superintending-, amongst other tilings, the<br />
Judicial Police ; .^ee Nos. 519 to 519a), and 4. ^ {|: ^ij- Wei"*<br />
Sheug^ K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Sanitary Affairs. Also, in many ])laces,<br />
the Section <strong>of</strong> (ieneral Affairs is sub-divided into : ^ at ^4<br />
Ilui^ Ghi^ K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Accomits, W^ ^^ Chiao' Lien'* K'o',<br />
Section <strong>of</strong> Instruction, and ^ ^ ^^ Wen^ Tu'^ K'o', Corres-<br />
pondence Section.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> each Section there is a ^^j- j^ K'o^ Chang^.<br />
Section Chief; 5a. He is assisted by a glj ^}\ ^ Vw^ K'o'<br />
Chang', Assistant Section Chief ; Ga. Also, there is a fixed<br />
number (three to four) oP 5f3|- ^ K'o^ \ iiau'. Secretaries : 7a.<br />
In all sub-prefectures, departments and districts there ha\ e<br />
)>eeu instituted posts as ^ f^ ^ Ching" W\v^ Cliang^,<br />
Chiefs <strong>of</strong><br />
Police, imder whose authority there are placed a number <strong>of</strong><br />
jiolice divisions, directed by Jg 'g' Ch'ii^ 'Kuan\ Police Captains<br />
(ayv> Nos. 851 1", and S57b).<br />
84()n. Foi- particulars as to the Police P'aotais <strong>of</strong><br />
AIanch\u-ia ser T\o. 814. .<br />
«-il- ^ ;^ ii "^'en- Fa^ Tao\ Salt Taotai ; 4a ; perform-<br />
ing duties similai- to those <strong>of</strong> the Sail Controller {see No. 835)<br />
who, in virtue <strong>of</strong> this, is sonictinies styled Salt Taotai {see No.<br />
8.3515).<br />
There are Salt Taotais in nine ])rovuices : 1. tllF^^?^jM<br />
Chiang' Nan'^ Yeiv Ilsiin"" Tao'*, Kiangnaii Salt Taotai, residing<br />
at Nanking, 2. 01 ® ^ ^- it Chiang' Hsi^ Yen= Fa* Tao%<br />
Kiangsi Salt Taotai, residing at Nanclrang, 3. M ^ ^ '/£ W,<br />
llo'^ Timg' Yen- Fa"* Tao\ Hotung Salt Taotai, residing at<br />
P'uchow Fu, 4. ^ ^ ?M |SJ fb ^ tli iM. ^''"'S'-' ( 'h-ing* Clung*<br />
Ku^ Hua' Yen' Fa' Tao', Salt Taotai <strong>of</strong> the Prefectnres <strong>of</strong> P'ing<br />
Liang Fn and ('h'ing Yen Fu and <strong>of</strong> the De))artments <strong>of</strong> Ching<br />
Chow Chih Li Chow, Ku Yuan Chili Li Chow and Ilua<br />
[ 422 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
F'ing C'hih Li Chow, residing at ^ ^ jj^ P-ing^ Liaug^ Fu', 842<br />
o. WiMWtliM Fir Chien^ Yen^ Fa* Taotai, residing<br />
Tao% Fukien Salt tO<br />
at Fooehow, 6. i^Q 4t ^ '^ ^M Ku' Pei^ Yen^<br />
s>^.j_<br />
Fa^ TaoS Hiipeh Salt Taotai, residing<br />
W^M^M ^'en'' Fa^ Ch'ang'^ Pao^ Tao*,<br />
at Wuch'ang, 7.<br />
Salt Taotai <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Prefectures <strong>of</strong> Ch'ang Sh'a Fu and Pao Ch'ing Fu, residing at<br />
Ch'angsha. 8. B }\\ ^ ^ ^M<br />
^su* Ch'uan^ Yen^ (Jh'a^ TaoS<br />
Salt and Tea Taotai <strong>of</strong> Szechwan, residing at C'h'cntc Fu, and<br />
9- S ^ ^ *^ 5l ^^"ii' ^^an2 Yen= Fa* Tao*, Yiinnan Sai.<br />
Taotai, residing at Yunnan Fu. Also, in the province <strong>of</strong> Shensi,<br />
the duties <strong>of</strong> Salt Taotai are performed by the Police Taoia;<br />
{see No. 840), who is styled M ^ W "^ Chien^ Kuan^ Yen" Fa'<br />
[formerly the Taotai <strong>of</strong> the Military Circuit performed these<br />
luties, 1. 5/5 ^mm ^^^^^' Pi'^' ^'e"' ^^^' Tao*).<br />
The majority <strong>of</strong> the Salt Taotais mentioned above act<br />
simultaneously as Military Circuit Taotais (see No. 844).<br />
^^-- MMM, Hai^ Kuan' Tao', Customs Taotai (literary<br />
designation, 4| f^ (ni'ueh* ShihS and |f ^ Kuan' Tu') ;<br />
performing the duties <strong>of</strong> Superintendent <strong>of</strong> Customs (see No.<br />
833). This is an independent post at Tientsin alone ('^ f^ ^ ^<br />
Chin^ Hai^ Kuan' Tao* ; see No. 833c. Formerly<br />
there was an<br />
independent Customs Taotai at Harbin (;^ '{j^ §^ j^ I'iu' Chiang'<br />
Kuan' Tao*).<br />
843. jpj ^ Ho- Tao*, Eiver Taotai; 4a. As an<br />
independent <strong>of</strong>hcial this Taotai is found in the province <strong>of</strong> Chihli<br />
alone and is styled 7j< ^ fSl ^ Yung^ Ting* Ho- Tao*. He<br />
resides at j^ ^ |^ Ku* An' Hsien'. The similar <strong>of</strong>ficial for<br />
Shantung (|1| ^ jM M M Shan' Tung' Yiin* Ho^ Tao*, residing<br />
at<br />
J^- ^ Chi* >;.H Ning^ Chou') and for Honan (^MM^^M<br />
K'ai' Kueii Ch'en- Hsii^ Ho^ Tao*, residing at |^ ^f /j^<br />
K'ai'<br />
Feng' Fxi') no longer exists.<br />
844. 5> ^«> 5l Fen' Hsiur Tao*, and ^ ^ it<br />
Fen' Shou*<br />
Tao*, Taotai (Tntendent) <strong>of</strong> a Circuit ; 4a ; literary designation,<br />
[ ^23 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITrCAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
844a f^ p\ Chien^ Ssu' <strong>of</strong>ficial ;• (leHiguatioii, ^^ ^ Kuan' Cli'a-, and<br />
"l^'-^o' to MM T'ai'. Also ^iMM l'i"g' Pei= Tao^ ISIIlitai-.v-<br />
844b Administrative Taotai ; 4 a (sometimes ^ y^ ^ ^^ IM.<br />
^"'''^^<br />
Hsiin^ Ping^ Pei* Tao\ Military Oircuit Taotai). This <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
,-s----'- is charg-ed with the administration <strong>of</strong> two, or moi;e^ prefecturos ,<br />
independent sub-prefectnres or dcjiartments,<br />
the names <strong>of</strong> which-<br />
are preiixed to his title (for instan-e, the Shanghai Taotai is<br />
designated H fe :*; al ^"^ ^^'"g' l^'"' TaoS Taotai <strong>of</strong> the<br />
prefectures <strong>of</strong> Soochow Fu and Sung Chiang Fu and <strong>of</strong> the<br />
sub-prefecture <strong>of</strong> T'ai Ts'ang" Chih Li Chow, the Taotai <strong>of</strong><br />
Chef00 is styled ^M^MM ^J^'^ng^ Lai^ Ch'ing^ Chiaoi Tao^<br />
Taotai <strong>of</strong> the prefectures <strong>of</strong> Tengchow Fxi, Laichow Fu, and<br />
Ch'ingcho'O' Fu and the sub-prefecture <strong>of</strong> Chiao Chow Chih Li<br />
Chow, etc). At ports open to foreign t^-ade he performs diplomatic<br />
functions, being intermediary in all intercourse with foreigners.<br />
"<br />
With very few exceptions (compare Nos. '833a and 833c) he<br />
is also the Superintendent <strong>of</strong> Customs (compare No. 833)<br />
At present there are the following Taotais : six in Chihli<br />
province, three in Shantung ])r()vince, two in Shansi ]irovince,<br />
four in Honan proNince, four in Kiangsu province, two in Anhui<br />
province, two in Kiangsi piovince, three in Fukien province,<br />
four in Chekiang province, four in Hupeh province, three in<br />
Hunan province, three in Shensi province, six in Kansu province,<br />
foxu- in Szechwan province, six in Kuangtung province, four in<br />
Kuangsi province, one in Kueichow province,<br />
four in Yunnan<br />
proA'ince and three in Hsinchiang province. 'J'hiis there are 68<br />
Taotais for <strong>China</strong> pro])er and, Avith INLmchuria (there are 1 1 Taotais<br />
here ;<br />
sec No. 816), there arc 79 for the Emijire as a whole.<br />
844a. The posts <strong>of</strong> ^ gj ^ Ch-a^ U^^ Tao^ Taotai <strong>of</strong><br />
the Tea and Horse lievemie, and T^ B3 ^ T'un=^ T'ien^ Tao*,<br />
Taotai <strong>of</strong> Agricultural Settlements, ai-e now abolished.<br />
844r.. The "regulations regarding the reform <strong>of</strong> the <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
System <strong>of</strong> the provinces'" (article No. 17 ; see No. 819b) call for<br />
[ 424 ]
NT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
the abolition <strong>of</strong> the post <strong>of</strong> Taotai <strong>of</strong> a Circuit (^ j^ jg<br />
Shou"' 844c<br />
Hsiin- Tao*). For each jHovince there will he retained the to<br />
^ iM M l^i'ig" Pei* Tao*, ^Military Circuit Taotais (from one to<br />
o^g<br />
three), who will be specially charg-od with the capt-aring <strong>of</strong><br />
criminals and the moA'in^ <strong>of</strong> militarv forces. Simultaneously<br />
there will he abolished the posts <strong>of</strong> ^ ;^ oj K'u* Ta^ Shih' (srr<br />
No. 826) and ^ i^ f^" Ts'ang^ IV Shili^ (sec No. 826) which<br />
are foiuid at the Taotai's Otiice. ^<br />
844c. For particulars as to the Ofiice <strong>of</strong> a Taotai iu<br />
Manchuria srr No. 816a.<br />
845. ^ 5^ Chih^ Tsao*, Superintendents <strong>of</strong> the Imperial<br />
^[anufactei'ies- (at Nanking, Soochow and Hangchow); appointed<br />
from the Manchu members <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Household ; literary<br />
designation, ^ ^ Shang' I^, p] §g Ssu^ Fu^ and ^^ || ^ Ta"*<br />
Fu^ Fu^). They superintend the manufactiu'e and despatch <strong>of</strong><br />
the silk textiles and other re
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
347 Independent Departments and Independent Sub-prefectnres<br />
differ from ordinary Departments and tSub-prefectures in that<br />
they enjoy a government independent <strong>of</strong> the Prefect (compare<br />
No. 8-48) and are subjected directly to the Taotai (compare No.<br />
84:4) and other <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> tiie higher provincial administration.<br />
Prefectures differ from Inde])endent Departments and<br />
Independent Snb-prefectiues (the mnn'ber <strong>of</strong> the latter, as<br />
compared with that <strong>of</strong> prefectures, is small) in that they are<br />
completely organized<br />
adniinistrative iniits and contain within<br />
their borders a number <strong>of</strong> departments, sub-prefectures and<br />
districts. Independent Departments,, by their form <strong>of</strong> govern-<br />
ment, approach prefectures (in the majority <strong>of</strong> cases they have<br />
been organized from ordinary, departments which ha\ e been,<br />
removed from the prefectural authority) in that they may include<br />
districts, though ordinary departments are never subordinated to<br />
them.<br />
Independent Sub-prefectures represent a loAver form <strong>of</strong> local<br />
government and are in themselves administrative de])artments<br />
\\ hich have been made independent <strong>of</strong> the prefectural government<br />
because <strong>of</strong> their importance or territorial magnitude.<br />
Independent Departments and Sub-prefectures represent<br />
intermediate stages in- the transformation <strong>of</strong> ordinary departments<br />
and sub-prefectures into prefectures. For this reason they are<br />
observed to l^e most numerous on the borders <strong>of</strong> the Empire.<br />
The whole Empire includes 214 Prefectures, 75 Independent<br />
Departments, 54 Independent Sub-prefectures, 139 Departments,<br />
57 Sub-prefectures and 1,381 Districts,<br />
847. The appointments <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials heading the administra-<br />
tion <strong>of</strong> Prefectures, Departments and Sub-prefectnres<br />
(independent or otherwise) and Districts,<br />
as well as <strong>of</strong> Taotais<br />
(see No. -844) are arranged, in dependence on their importance<br />
and volume <strong>of</strong> affairs, into fovu- categories: 1. ^ ^ Tsui^<br />
Yao'*, Most Important, 2. ^ ^ Yao' Ch'ueh', Important<br />
[ 420 J
PKESKNT DAY POLITICAI. OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
3. Ffi ^ Chung^ (Jh'iieli', Medium, and 4. p^ |^ Cli.ien^ 848<br />
C^h'iieh^ Ordinary. They are popularly callied " four-chai-acter, tO<br />
three character, two, character and one character posts," the first «4Q<br />
being distinguished by having the four characters ^ ^ ^ ^<br />
Ch'ung^ Fan^ Pi^ Nan", " Frequented, Troublesome, Wearisome<br />
and Difficult,'' attached to it, the second has any three <strong>of</strong> these,<br />
the third has any two and the fourth has any one.<br />
^^^' %W M ^l»il^^ Fu^, Prefect ; 4j{ ; <strong>of</strong>ficial designation,<br />
^ Shou' ; epistolary designation, ;jj^ ^<br />
T'ai^ Shou^ or ^ :gh<br />
T'ai* Tsun^ This post originated in the Han Dynasty. The<br />
l*refect styles himself, when enumerating his titles, JE ^ CJheng''<br />
T'ang^, or, in the literary style, '^ ^ Huang^ T'ang^, 5^ ^ Wu^<br />
Ma^^, or i: ^ ;g Erh^ VAi'ien' Tan-*.<br />
In principle the Prefect's authority extends to all branches<br />
<strong>of</strong> the administration <strong>of</strong> his prefecture but latterly the Government<br />
has endeavoured to remove certain sections <strong>of</strong> governmental<br />
activity from his control, for instance, police and judicial affiiirr<br />
education, etc., and leave to him merely the general guidance <strong>of</strong><br />
the administration.<br />
In the very early days the I'refect was styled 5|5 "^ Chiin*<br />
Shou^ (also ^J fj^ Chiin^ Po^ :^ gjj fj^ Ta^ Chiin^ Po", and<br />
:k M ^ Ta^ L'hiin* Hoii^j, from gj^ CHiun*, Prefecture,<br />
administrative vmit (during the time <strong>of</strong> ^ $n ^ "^<br />
Huang* Ti% ^,.C. 221).<br />
the then<br />
Ch'in'^ 8he^<br />
The Prefect <strong>of</strong> the prefectm-e in which the provincial capital<br />
is situated is designated "j^ jj^ Shou^ Fu^<br />
&-19. [^ ^[1 T'ung2 ChihS' First Class Sub-prefect (see No.<br />
848); 5a; collotiuially called, ^ J^ Erh* Fu^ and aC ^ Erh*<br />
Shou'; epistolary designation, p] ^ Ssu^ Ma^, and ^ /j^ Fen'<br />
Fu^; literary designation, gjS ^ Cliiin* Ch 'engS ;/c 1^ ^ Ta*<br />
Erh* Hou^ and :^^f^Tii' Tsan^ Chih^ during tiie T'ang<br />
Dynasty called 'J^ ^ Shao* Yin^<br />
L 427 ]
840a 15eing<br />
'<br />
/<br />
PRESENT DAY POJ.ITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
direct assistants <strong>of</strong> the Prefect it) the various bi-anches<br />
<strong>of</strong> the prefectux-al government, [^ ^ TMmg^ Chih^ {\re divided,<br />
depending on thei)- functions, into several classes, for Instance :<br />
1. Assistant Prefects charged<br />
with the control <strong>of</strong> certain<br />
classes <strong>of</strong>. <strong>of</strong>fenders are designated J4 }f Chi' Pu', fpj Jg Ho^<br />
l'u^ m ^* r^'' Tao^ m m Tsnng^ Vu\ # Jf Tu^ Pu^ ^ }f<br />
Yen^ Pii', 1^ }§ Chun' Pu^ and )g Jf Liang' Pu'; 2. Assistant<br />
"^refects with military jurisdiction are styled J^ ^ Ch'ingH"^hun',<br />
1^ )g Cniiin' Liang2, M ^ Ho^ OhiinS and Jf ^ Li^" Shih*,<br />
3. Assi.'^tant Prefects in chai'ge <strong>of</strong> naval (construction are called<br />
J|§ B^ Ch'uan^ Cheng^; 4. Assistant Prefects in charge <strong>of</strong> water<br />
commnnications are styled ^ ^ Ho" Wu'*, ^ j'pj Kuan^ Ho'-,<br />
and :^ ^\\ Shni^ Li''; 5. Assistant Pi-efects having control over<br />
.the coast and river defences are designated ^ j5§ Chiang^ Fang*,<br />
^ 15^ Fen^ Fang2, ^ ^Jj Hai^ Fang'^ and mW Ho^ Fang^;<br />
6. Assistant Prefects with jurisdiction over the population <strong>of</strong><br />
turbulent districts and savage tribes are styled ^ _g Fu' Miu^,<br />
M M ^^'i' I', m ^ T>i' Yao^ ^ ^ Li' Miao^ Jg ^ Li^ FanS<br />
The foregoing qualifying characters are prefixed to the title<br />
1^ ^D T'ung' ChihS for instance, || Jf PJ ^ Chi* Fu^ Chih^<br />
T'ung^<br />
For particulars as to Sub-prefects in charge <strong>of</strong> a sub-<br />
prefecture, whether independent oi- othei-wise, see Nos. 852 and<br />
849a. jg f\] T'uug^ P'anS Second Class Sub-prefect (see<br />
No. 848 ; compare also No. 849) ; 6a ; colloquially called, ^ f^<br />
San' Fu'; epistolary designation, ^|J ^ Pieh' Chia* ; literary<br />
designation, 5§ ^ T'uug^ Shou^ # Ts'ui*, |j5 ^ Chiin" IVui^<br />
•:k ^RB & Ta^ Tuan^ Tso^ or :A: ^ ?§ Ta^ Tsan^ Chih*.<br />
As is the case with |^ ^ T'ung^ Chih^ (see No. 849), jg fsjj<br />
T'uiig' P'an* are also distinguished, according to their functions,<br />
by \ arious : designations, namely 1 . |^<br />
|^ Chi* Pu^, 2. }g ^flj
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Pu^' Ho^ 3. li ^ Pu^ Tao\ 4. |g ff Tsiing^ tV, 5. ^ }| 85a<br />
Yen2 Pu^ 6. ^- ^ Ch'ing-i (jhv,ni^ 7. 3^ ^ LP 8iiihS 8.<br />
^ ||(; Fen^ FangS y. ^rj; ^|J 8lmi^ LiS 10. ^ ^ 7k M<br />
Tu' Li=* Shui^ Lis 11. ^11 Kuan3 LlangS 12. '^ ff Tu^<br />
Liang^ 13. ^ Jf Yen^ Ts'ao^, 14. §£ |^ Fu' Miir, 15.<br />
In p Fu3 12, and 16. ^ |5 LP Miao^<br />
For particulars as to Second Class Sub-prefects administer-<br />
ing the government <strong>of</strong> sub-prefectures, whether independent or<br />
otherwise,<br />
5e
PRKSENT DAY POLITICAI. ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
850a nnolassed, 16. I^ ^ T"* Cli'cng^, Postmaster (sec No. 754%<br />
nnclasped, 17. ^ ^ Clia-'Kuan^, Sluicekeeper, iinclassed,<br />
18. 1^ ^ Chien^ Hsiao*, Prefectural Police Inspector,<br />
imclassed, 19. ]£ fJf ("lieng* K'o^ (also ^ ^ I^ Hsueli'^<br />
•g'<br />
Kuan',' ^'C M t3 'i'^* ''.iuio--^ IlsiangS and ;fc i«I P '^^^ K^i^''<br />
I^), Prefectnral Physician : 9b, and 20. iE f^ (V'ng^ Sim'<br />
(also ^ 1^ P f Yin^ Yang- Hsueh^ KnanS aiid ;/^ ^ f^- Ta^<br />
Cliang^ Shu*), Prefectural Tnsj)ector <strong>of</strong> Petty Pr<strong>of</strong>essions (or<br />
Humble Pr<strong>of</strong>essions).<br />
(omhig into the category <strong>of</strong> followers <strong>of</strong> liumble pr<strong>of</strong>essions<br />
are the following: 1. ^. m Suan'* ^fing*. Fortune-tellers,<br />
2. 19 If Hsiang* Mien^ Physiognomists, .').<br />
v|l] ^ Ts'e* TzuS<br />
Chirographists, 4. rfj ^ (^lian' KV, Diviners, .'), |0 Mi 7Jt<br />
Hsiang* Fengi Shui^ (Jeomancers, 6. M ^^ Wu^ Vhi',<br />
Jugglers, 7. fl JSJ S S Chiang^ Bxr Mai^ I', Conjurers,<br />
8. 11 ^ HsiV Tzu3, Actoi's, 9. ^^ Mai* Hsi*, Jesters,<br />
10. ^^ Mai* Oh'vJanl Stret^t Wrestlers, 11. '^ ^ Shuo'<br />
Shu', Story-tellers,<br />
12. M M i^ M ^n^ ^^'^'ao' Sciig' Tao',<br />
and J^^ f^ ai! Yu^ Fan^^ Seng' Tao\ Wandering IJuddhist<br />
and Taoist Priests, 13. ^ ^ Ya- P'o', Women Dentists,<br />
14. 1%^ on*<br />
Wen^ P'o', Midwives, 15. ft; gf K'ai* T<br />
Beggar Chiefs and 16. ^ ^ Lin* Se*, or :^ ^ Liu' Ghii", ?\c.<br />
those belonging to the following six groups: A. Q^* ^ Ch'ui'<br />
Shou^ and ^ 3^ Ku' C'h'ni', Pipeis and Drummers (so-called<br />
M M Ts'u' Yiieh*, Oarse or Noisy :\Iusic), P. fn ^ Ch'hig'<br />
Yin', Flute players (so-called |0I |$| Hsi* Y'ueh*, S<strong>of</strong>t or<br />
Melodious ^lusic), C. 1^^ P'ao* Shou^,<br />
Fire-cracker Makers.<br />
t..2<br />
1^- ^ /fll C;hang' Li^ Managers <strong>of</strong> Cei-emonies, E. ^|® i-'h':<br />
Tan\ Tea P.earers, F. |f ^ T'ai^ P'an^, and ^I 1^ K'ang"-^<br />
Chiao*, Chair-bearers.<br />
8oOa. Althougli the "regulations regarding the reform <strong>of</strong><br />
the <strong>of</strong>ficial system <strong>of</strong> the provinces," articles Nos. 21 and 2 7<br />
(5^^ No. 819b), provide that the Prefects {sre No. S4S) be<br />
[ 430 ]
FKKSENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
subordinated to the Governor-General or Governor (see Nos. 851<br />
820 to 821), nevertheless, in addition, they are to receive tO<br />
instructions from the Lieutenant-Governor (see No. 825), the ggj<br />
Commissioner o^ Education (see No, 827), the Industrial Taotai<br />
(see No. 839), and the Police Taotai (see No. 840).<br />
As regards First and Second Class Sub -prefects (see Nos.<br />
849 to 849a), those who are placed in independent control <strong>of</strong> any<br />
district (see Nos. 852 and 854) -will be appointed as Department<br />
Magistrates (see No. 855) and District Magistrates (see No.<br />
856). The others, acting as Sub-prefects in various branches <strong>of</strong><br />
the administration (see Nos. 849 to 849a), will remain as before,<br />
\^'ith the exception that their desionation j§ ^]} T'ung^ r'an"*<br />
(see No. 849a), will become |gj ^0 T'ung' Chih^ (see No. 849).<br />
851. "if ^ #1 ^D #1 Chih2 Li* Chou^ Chih^ ChouS Magis-<br />
trate <strong>of</strong> an Independent Department (see No. 846); 5a; <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
designation, !^ MuS >j'[f^ Chou^ :\ru* and ;^ jfj ^ Ta* Ohoui<br />
Mu* ; epistolary designation, ^l] ^ Tz'u* Shih'. When design-<br />
ating himself the Magistrate uses the expression j£ ^^ Cheng*<br />
T'ang2.<br />
The duties and authority <strong>of</strong> a Magistrate <strong>of</strong> an Inde))endent<br />
Department are siniilar to those <strong>of</strong> a Prefect and 848).<br />
(compare Nos. 846<br />
851a. For the administration <strong>of</strong> an Independent Depart-<br />
ment, in addition to the Magistrate (see No. 851), there are the<br />
following:<br />
1.<br />
>Jj>\ fpj Chou^ T'ung^, First Class Assistant<br />
Department Magistrate; 6b (epistolary designation, ^Ij ^ Pieh^<br />
Ohia*, #1 fs] ^ Chou^ Ssu^ Ma', and >J.I.I ^ ^ Chou^ F.rh-*<br />
Shou^), 2,<br />
jjl Chou^ §']} P'an", Second Class Assistant<br />
Department Magistrate; 7b (epistolary designation, ifj'f ^Ij ^<br />
Choui Pieh^ ChiaS and ^ ^ Ts'an^ Ghiini), 3. ;^ g Li*<br />
Mu*, Departmental Police-master and Jail Warden; 9b (literary<br />
designation, ^^ J)} ^ Ta'' Kung^ Ts'ao^ and j^ ji
862<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OF.GANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
851b 5. ^ ^C H^ Ts'angi Ta^ Sliili' (5^^ No. 826); unclassed,<br />
^Q 6.<br />
^A,<br />
^ jE Hsueh^ Cheng*, Dei)artmental Director <strong>of</strong> Schools;<br />
7.<br />
gljj ^ Hsiiii* Tao*, Departmental Sub-director <strong>of</strong><br />
Schools; 8b (for details 5.^^ No. 857), 8. ;^ :^ (^hien^ Hsiao*<br />
(.>v
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
see No. 849a ; 6a). These <strong>of</strong>ficials are found in Independent. 853<br />
Sub-prefectures {see No. 84G) and have similar functions to ^O<br />
Prefects (sec No. 848) and Depa"tment Magistrates {see No.<br />
855-<br />
851).<br />
853. In addition to the Sub-prefect (see No. 852), the<br />
administration <strong>of</strong> an Independent Sub-prefecture is carried on by<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials almost similar to those <strong>of</strong> the prefectural administi'ation,<br />
namely: 1. MM ^'hing^ LiS 2. ^, ^ Cliao* Mo^ 3. J^<br />
:f^ i^ K'u* Ta* Shih% 4. ^D ^ C'hih^ ShihS 5. Mi
866b<br />
PKE8ENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
855a are under the authority <strong>of</strong> the Prefects <strong>of</strong> the respective<br />
^Q<br />
Prefectures.<br />
855a. For carrying on the govei'nment <strong>of</strong> a Department<br />
there are, in addition to the Department Magistrate (see No.<br />
855), ahnost similar <strong>of</strong>ficials as for an Independent Department<br />
(see No. 851a), namely<br />
: 1.<br />
>Jff jg] Chou^ T'ung^ ; 6b, 2. j^ f\}<br />
Ohou^ P'an''; 7b,<br />
4<br />
3. |^ @ Li* Mu*; 9b, 4. ^ IE Hsiieh''<br />
Cheng"; 8a, 5. f |j ^ Hsun* Tao* ; 8b, 6.<br />
./^ /^ Chien'<br />
Hsiao"; unclassed, 7. 5(1 i| ^ ;^ f^ Shui" K'o" Ssu^ Ta'<br />
Shih'; 9b (see ]
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
^ #1 M ^'"^ ^'lio"^ HsienS Prefects and Magistrates, <strong>of</strong> 857<br />
the A'arioiis classes<br />
•<br />
(colloquially spoken <strong>of</strong> and addressed as<br />
^ ^ ^ Ta^ Lao^ Yeh^), who, in the execution <strong>of</strong> their varied<br />
and very complicated duties, are the nearest to the people (they<br />
are in direct comnnuiication with them). The same <strong>of</strong>ficials are<br />
known under the general designation <strong>of</strong> ^ >^* 'B*<br />
Kufin^, Local (Territorial) Officials.<br />
"^<br />
i* i'ang'<br />
857. For cairying on the administration <strong>of</strong> a District<br />
there are, in addition to the District Magistrate (see ISo. 856 j,<br />
the following: 1. ^ ^ lisien^ Cli'eng-^,<br />
^Magistrate ;<br />
Assistant District<br />
8a (colloquially called, ^ ^ Tso' T'ang^; epistolary<br />
designation, ^ ^ Erh* Yin'; literary designation, ^ }^ Tsari'*<br />
Fu\ and ;fc ^ fe Ta^ Tsan^ Hou^), 2. ^ fg Chu^ Pu-',<br />
Registrar ; 9a (epistoiarj' designation, ^ ^ San' Y^in^ ; literary<br />
designation, {Ji § Ch'ou^ Hsiang'), 3. ^M Wl Hsihi^ Chien^<br />
Sub-di s t rict JSI agistrat e ; 9b (epistolary designation, ^ ff] Fen'<br />
•Ssu', a k?ub-district is called gj Ssu'; sec iSo. 857b, ^ ^ Shao'*<br />
Y'in^ ^ it ^> Hsiin'^ CJheng* T'ing\ ^ % Hsiin^ Ssu\ and<br />
ic ^ M Ta' Ssu' Hsihi^), 4. ^ ^ Tien^ Shih^<br />
Jail Warden<br />
(colloquially called, ^^ _^ Pu^ T'ing' ; literary designation, ^ ^<br />
Yu* T'ang" ; epistolary designation, ;^ i*)" Shao" Yii*, ^J} ^<br />
Shao* Yin^ ^ Ji Lien^ Pu^, /J> J^^. Shao'' Ful ~X 'J> M Ta^<br />
Shao^ Fu^ a i^ V Y'iiS and p'c K ®f ^a* Tsan^ Cheng*) ;<br />
unclassed, 5. ^^ (Uiiao* Y^ii*, District Director <strong>of</strong> Schools;<br />
8a (literary designation, ^ |f( Fu* Y"ti-; from the full <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
title ^W^Wi^i Fu^ She^ Chiao* Y^ii*, which indicates "the<br />
restoratijn <strong>of</strong> the <strong>of</strong>fice after its temporary abolition in the last<br />
centurj'"; epistolary designation, r] ^ Ssu^ Chiao^, and fp ^<br />
Hsun* Tao*, Sub-director <strong>of</strong> Schools ;<br />
Cheng* ChaiO, 6.<br />
|J|| ^<br />
8b (literary designation, ^ ^|| Fu* Hsiin*, from the full <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
title ^ ^ 111 ^ Fu* She* Hsun* Tao*, sec above ; epistolary<br />
-designation, ^ |j|{ Ssu^ Hsiin', and glj ^ Fu* C:hai'), 7. ^ :/c<br />
i^ Ts'ang' Ta* Shih^ (see No. 826); unclassed, 8. f^ f Cha^ .2<br />
[ 435 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CUINA.<br />
857a Kiian^ is&& No. 850); unckssed, 9. .<br />
to Keeper o£ a Customs Barrier; unclassed, 10.<br />
-^<br />
'g* Ch'ia" ICuan^,<br />
|j|j fj[ Hsiin'* K'o^,<br />
QgQ District Physician; unclassed, and 11.<br />
|||| ff^<br />
Hsiin^ Shu*,<br />
District Inspector <strong>of</strong> Petty Pr<strong>of</strong>essions (or Humble Pr<strong>of</strong>essions).<br />
85 7 A. For particulars as to the -^ '/§ ^ Tso* Ohih* Yiian',<br />
Auxiliary Hanks, which will later be found in the district<br />
administration, aee No. 851b.<br />
857b. The "regulations regarding' tlie reform <strong>of</strong> the<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficial system in the provinces" (article No. 31 ; see No. 819b)<br />
define that all Independent Departments and Sub-prefectures, as<br />
well as Departments and Districts, be later diA'ided into a certain<br />
number <strong>of</strong> |^ Ch'u\ Divisions, which will be under jg ^g* Ch'ii^<br />
Kuan\ Police Captains {see No. 840a), who will be in full<br />
control <strong>of</strong> all police affairs in their resjjective divisions.<br />
Simultaneously, the post <strong>of</strong> j^ ;^ Hsiui^ Chien^,' Sub-district<br />
Magistrate {see No. 857) will be abolished.<br />
858. ^ J^ Tso^ Erh*, Assistant Magistrate; <strong>of</strong> Prefectiu-es,.<br />
Departments and Districts; literary designation, ^ -^ Cli'eng'^<br />
Ts'ui^<br />
858a. j^ H Tso^ Tsa^ Petty Ofl^icials. In this category<br />
come Assistant Magistrates, Secretaries to the Prefect, etc., <strong>of</strong><br />
the eighth rank, who are styled ^ Tso', and minor <strong>of</strong>ficials, <strong>of</strong><br />
the ninth rank and <strong>of</strong> unclassed rank, who are styled ^^ Tsa^.<br />
Later the ^ % Tso=^ Erh'' {see No. &58) and the ^ |§<br />
Tso^ Tsa^ are to be abolished, being replaced b}' "J^ ^ ^ Tso^<br />
Chill* Yiian^, Auxiliary Ranks (for details see No. 851b).<br />
859. To the number <strong>of</strong> government establishments common<br />
to nearly all the provinces, and performing special functions,<br />
there may be added the following: 1. ?^ f^ ^ Yang^ Wu*<br />
Chu-, Office <strong>of</strong> Foreign AfFairs (^ 'S
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,<br />
T'ung^ Cluian^ Chii^, Office for the Collection <strong>of</strong> Consolidated 860<br />
Duties (under ^ f^ T'mig^ Chiiaii^, Consolidated Duties, is<br />
meant the simultaneous collection <strong>of</strong> ^ f|^ Ch'i^ Shui*, Import<br />
Duty, and ^ |^ Lo"* Shui*, Duty at the Place <strong>of</strong> Sale—<br />
^ ^ M $E Ch'i^ Lo^ Ping* ChengO, 3. ^ f§ ^ Li^ ChUan'<br />
Chu%Likin Station, 4. '^^^ Ivuan^ Pao* ChiiS Government<br />
Newspaper Office (found in provinces<br />
where a Government<br />
Newspaper is, published, for instance, at Tientsin, where the<br />
^Wl^Wt Pei^ Yang2 Kuan' Pao* is published), 5. ^* ^ ^<br />
Kuan' I' Yfian*, Public Dispensary (see No. 517); supplying<br />
free medical advice and having a '^f^ ^ ^ Niu^ Tou* Chii^,<br />
Vaccination Office, 6. ^ /M ^ Chih^ Ying* Chii', Treasury ;<br />
for the issue <strong>of</strong> money for public use, 7. '^ Mi ^ Wei* Sheng^<br />
Chi'i^, Sanitary Office ; superintending sanitary<br />
cities, 8. X5g^ Kung^ Ch'eng^ Ohu^ Building<br />
conditions <strong>of</strong><br />
Offica ;<br />
superintending the construction <strong>of</strong> pavements and roads, the<br />
macadamizing <strong>of</strong> roads and their maintenance in<br />
repair,<br />
^' li ^ ^ Pien^ I' Chii^, Book Compilation and Translation<br />
Office ; charged with the translation- <strong>of</strong> foreign<br />
books and the<br />
compilation <strong>of</strong> Chinese books, 10. ^^ tC M ^'^^^ I'^iian" Chii^,<br />
and dll X ^ T'nng^ Y^'iian^ Chii*, ]Mint ; formerly minting silver<br />
(IS 7t) ^"1^ Ylian'O and copper (Ipj jQ T'ung^ Yiian'^) coins;<br />
noAv being gradually replaced by the 'M- ^ ^ M. Tsao* Pi* Fen^<br />
Ch'ang' (see No. ooIb), 11, ^ 11 J^ Ch'ou^ Chen* CVn*,<br />
Relief Committee ; established at those places where the people<br />
need relief because <strong>of</strong> natural calamities, and 12. ^ ^ ^<br />
Kuan' Slui* Chii^, Provincial Government Printing-Office ; fouiiu<br />
in the majority <strong>of</strong> the provinces.<br />
860. ^ ^ ^ ,^n 1* ^^"en' Miao* Feng* Ssu* Kuan^<br />
Priest at the Temple <strong>of</strong> Confucius (7a to 8b; compare No. 572),<br />
This <strong>of</strong>ficial supervises the sacrificial attributes and maintains the<br />
temple in good condition. The "regulations regarding the<br />
reform <strong>of</strong> the <strong>of</strong>ficial system in the provinces "<br />
(article No, 32 ;<br />
[ 437 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
861 see No. 819b) call for the appointment<br />
<strong>of</strong> this <strong>of</strong>ficial to all<br />
4-Q prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments and districts to replace<br />
^Q^^<br />
the so-called ^ ^ Chiao* Chih^ {i.e. ^ :jf Chiao* Shou*, ^ J£<br />
Hsiieh^ Cheng^ ^ f^ Chiao* YiV, and |J|1 ^ Hsiin^ Tao^ 5^i?<br />
Nos. 850, 85lA, 853, 855a and 857).<br />
Districts.<br />
ADMINISTRATION OF "NATIVE" DISTRICTS.<br />
861. ± 'ir T'u^ Kuan', Administrators <strong>of</strong> "Native"<br />
The sections <strong>of</strong> the provinces <strong>of</strong> Kuangsi, Kueichow^<br />
Yunnan and Szechwan which are inhabited exclusively bj the<br />
pa ^ Miao^ Tzu^, and other aboriginal tribes, are, in some<br />
cases, organized into prefectures, departments or districts ruled<br />
by hereditary Prefect?, Department Magistrates<br />
or District<br />
Magistrates, who bear the ordinary Chinese <strong>of</strong>fi^cial titles with<br />
the character ^t T'u', prefixed, for instance, i, }^ T'u^ Fu^,<br />
± ji'l T'u^ ChouS and ± jj^ T'u^ Hsien^<br />
The process <strong>of</strong> changing the status <strong>of</strong> a tribe, i.e. introducing<br />
the ordinary system <strong>of</strong> government in place <strong>of</strong> the direct<br />
government by an hereditary chieftain, is denoted by the phrase<br />
^±n'M Kai^ T^u^ Wei^ Liu^ (or ^±Mm Kai^ T'u^<br />
Kuei' Liu^).<br />
861 A. ±^ Tn' Ssu', The Native Tribes: and their<br />
Chieftains. This is the designation applied to the j§ ^ Miao^<br />
Tzu^ <strong>of</strong> Kuangsi, Kueichow an(l Szechwan, to the ^ ^ !<br />
i| ^<br />
Lo^ Lo', <strong>of</strong> Szechwan and Yiinnan, and to the Shans occupying<br />
the Southern and Western parts <strong>of</strong> Yunnan. The last-named<br />
are the descendants <strong>of</strong> the people <strong>of</strong> |^ ^ Yiieh* Shang*, and<br />
are styled in Chinese literature ^ f^ Lao^ Chua^. The Shans<br />
<strong>of</strong> the borderland <strong>of</strong> Yunnan and Burmah style themselves, and<br />
are commonly known as, J|| ^ Pai^ I^.<br />
[ 438 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
The chieftains <strong>of</strong> the above-mentioned and other tribes are 86S<br />
invested with ranks <strong>of</strong> different grades, as ^hown in the following ^q<br />
schedule: 1. ^ M ff ^ Hsiian^ Wei* Shih^ Ssu^ ; 3b,<br />
MMi^m Hsiian^ Fu* Shih^ Ssu^ ; 4b, 3. Jg M iM ^<br />
Chao^ T'ao^ Shih' Ssu^ ; 5b, 4. ^ ||a fg ^ An^" Fii^ Shih^<br />
Ssu\; 5b, 5.<br />
fgj ^Q T'nng^ Chih'; with rank varying from 3b to<br />
6 A, 6. glj f^ Fu* Shih?; with rank varying from 4b to 6 b, and<br />
7. "^ ^ Ch'ien^ Shih'*; with rank varying from 4a to 7a.<br />
Another type <strong>of</strong> tribal, government shows the following<br />
ranks: 1. ^ f^ Ch'ien'^ Hu"* (chieftain <strong>of</strong> one thousand; 5a),<br />
2. S!l "T ^ ^^^ Ch'ien^ Hu* (assistant chieftain <strong>of</strong> one<br />
thousand; 5b), 3. "g" p Po^ Hu* (centurion; 6a), 4. ^ "^ %<br />
^ 'g* Chang' Kuan^ Ssu^ Chang^ Kuan'; 6a, 5.<br />
glj g 'g Fu*<br />
Chang-' Kuan^; 7a, and 6. M 'M pI M B Chang^ Kuan' Ssu^<br />
Li^ Mu*; unclassed.<br />
EASTERN TURKESTAN<br />
862. The province <strong>of</strong> ^ U Hsin^ Chiang^ (full designation,<br />
"M* 1; if M W ^'^^^ Su* Hsin' Chiang' Sheng'), New<br />
Dominion <strong>of</strong> Kansu (see Nos. 819 to 819a ; also called Eastern<br />
or Chinese Turkestan), formerly called ^ j^ Hsi' Yii*, Western<br />
Border, was formed in 1884 from the territory situated on the<br />
two slopes <strong>of</strong> the T'ien Shan (^ Ul ^ 4fc ^ S& T'ieni Shan^<br />
Nan^ Pei^ Liang' Lu*) and is governed<br />
<strong>of</strong> the remaining 18 provinces <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong> proper,<br />
on lines similar to those<br />
and those <strong>of</strong><br />
Manchuria, in that the administrative head is the Governor (see<br />
No. 821 a). Some peculiarities, however, exist in its governmental<br />
system, which are explained by its population by Turkish,<br />
Mongolian and Manchurian races (see Nos. 863 to 865).<br />
863. The Mussulman population <strong>of</strong> Hsinchiang (in Chinese,<br />
[g] ^ ihn* Min^ ; also ^f M U IH Ch'an^ T'ou^ Hui? Hui^<br />
Tvu'ban-wearing Mussulmen) is nded by its generic chieftains,,<br />
[ ^39 ]<br />
863
864<br />
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
868a<br />
to<br />
the so-called Begs (in Chinese fj^ ^ Po'' K'o*), who are graded<br />
according to their '<br />
importance in six classes : 1. ^ ^ /tC f^ ]^<br />
A" Ch'i' Mu* Po^ K'o^ Ak'im Beg; Local Governor, 2.<br />
^ ft ^ fj^ ^ I^ Shih^ Han^ Po^ K'o*,<br />
'<br />
Ishhan Beg ; Assistant<br />
Governor, 3. |^ f|5 ^ Shang*<br />
Po' K'o*, Shang Beg ;<br />
Collector <strong>of</strong> Revenues, 4. Hi Hl^ .^ fl^ ^ Ka^ Tsa^' Na^_<br />
Ch'i^ Po2 KV, Katsonatch'i Beg (as above), 5. P^J^fj^;^ Ha*<br />
•Tzu^' Po^ K'o*, Hatsze Beg ; Judge, and 6. ^ i!| :^ f|^^ Mi*<br />
La' Pu* Po"^ K'o'*, Mirabu Beg ; Superintendent <strong>of</strong> Agriculture.<br />
The Mussulrtian tribes in the depailments <strong>of</strong> Hami (Up- ^<br />
i^ Ha" Mi* T'iugS Hamul) and T'urfan {n± # W ^T'u^ Lu»<br />
Fan^ T'ingS or ^ ^ J^ Kuang^ An^ Ch'eng'^ Kqnia-T'urfan)<br />
have a type <strong>of</strong> administration approaching the Mongolian, Le.<br />
they are arranged in Princedoms (Banners) ruled hy generic<br />
chieftains—Dzassaks—who <strong>of</strong>ten receive Princely titles (^<br />
Wang2, J. IJfj Pei^ Lo*, etc.).<br />
863a. The Kirghis (P^ ^ ^ Ha' Sa^ KV), nomadizing<br />
in the T'arbagatai region, and under the control <strong>of</strong> the local<br />
Amban, (see No. 867), are ruled by their generic chieftains,<br />
^ )5 ^ Ch'ien^ Hu* Chang', Chiefs <strong>of</strong> One Thousand, and<br />
g" ^ ;^ Po^ Hu* Chang', Centujions (compare No. 87 7a).<br />
There are no bearers <strong>of</strong> Princely titles (Sultan ; 3E Wang^)<br />
amongst them ; the only title found is that <strong>of</strong> ^ nk "a ^<br />
Hsien^ San^ T'ai^ Chi-, Daidji with no definite rank (see No.<br />
873).<br />
864. The Mongolian, or properly, Oelot (in (liinese<br />
^ ^ !^ E* Lu^ T'e*;, tribes <strong>of</strong> the old Tourgouth (in Chinese<br />
'M±Wjd i|# Chiu* T'u' Erh' Hu* T'e*) ana Khoshoit (in<br />
Chinese |P ig^ ^ Ho'' Sho* T'e*) divisions, residing in the Hi<br />
district (in the valleys <strong>of</strong> the Yuldoos, K'obuk and K^ur-K'ara-<br />
usu rivers, and about Kuldja), are divided, as are all Mongols,<br />
into Khoshuns under generic Prince-chieftains, and form two<br />
leagues : 1. Unen-Sutzukt'u (in Chinese ,^ ^ M ^ J| ^ © ^<br />
[ 440 ]
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. -<br />
Wu^ Na^ En^ Su^ Chu^ K«o^ T'u^ Meng^), <strong>of</strong> 10 Khoshuas, and 865<br />
2. Pat'u-Set'kliilt'u (in Chinese EH^^-^iUliM tO<br />
Pa'T'u' Se" T'6* Ch'i^ Le* T'U^ Meng^), <strong>of</strong> three Khoshuns.<br />
They are under the control <strong>of</strong> the Military Governor <strong>of</strong> Hi {see<br />
No. 866).<br />
865. M 1^ :^ B Ling3 Tui* Ta* Ch'en^ Commandant <strong>of</strong><br />
the Forces. Thus are styled the <strong>of</strong>ficials at the head <strong>of</strong> the<br />
military colonists, found in the Hi and T'arbagatai regions, drawn<br />
from .<br />
the<br />
^ f|^<br />
Si^ Be^, Mongols, from the neighbourhood <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> Jehol, ^ •^ So^ Lun^, Manchus, from the region <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Amur, Ch'akhars, and Oelots. There are four in the Hi region<br />
and one for the Tarbagatai region.<br />
866. -^ ^^ ^ 1g I' Li' Chiangi Chun\ The Tartar<br />
General and Military Governor <strong>of</strong> Hi {see No. 744c), residing<br />
at ^ ^ Sui' Ting*, Suitun. He is in command <strong>of</strong> the military<br />
forces <strong>of</strong> Hsinchiang province in general and, to some extent, is<br />
the head <strong>of</strong> the Manchu Garrison and the two Mongolian leagues<br />
(see No. 864). The first <strong>of</strong>ficial <strong>of</strong> .this category was appointed<br />
in 1764.<br />
867. As assistants to the Military Governor <strong>of</strong> Hi {see No.<br />
866), for military affairs; there are two §(1 H^ ^ Fu^ Tu^ T'ung^<br />
Brigade-Generals or Assistant Military Governors, {see No.<br />
745b), residing, respectively, at Kuldja and Ch'ukuch'ak (in<br />
'^hinese ^ |^ Ta' Ch'eng^). His assistants for civil affairs are<br />
two ^^;^£ Ts'ar,! Tsan'' .IV Ch'en^ Councillors, or Ambans,<br />
residing, respectively, at Kuldja and Ch'ukuch'ak. To the<br />
latter there is given a great amount <strong>of</strong> independence in the<br />
government <strong>of</strong> the T'arbagatai region.<br />
THE DEPENDENCIES OF THE EMPIRE.<br />
868. Included in the Dependencies- <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong> governed oh<br />
peculiar lines—with a government differing fi-om that <strong>of</strong> the 19<br />
[ 441 ]<br />
868
I'KESKNT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
869 provinces o£ <strong>China</strong> proper, and the provinces <strong>of</strong> Manchuria— are :<br />
to I- ^ IS ^I^'ng^ Ku', Mongoha, 2. ^ -^ Ch'ing^ Hai%<br />
870a K'uk'unor, and ^ ^ Hsi^ Tsang*, Tibet.<br />
The Ucntral Government Estabhshment invested with the<br />
superintende'iicy over the Dependencies is the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Dependencies at Peking (see ^o. 491 a ; formerly<br />
Colonial AiFairs, see No. 491).<br />
into: 1.<br />
A'. Mongolia :<br />
the Court o£<br />
869. ^ -^ Meng' Ku^ Mongolia (see No. 868) is divided<br />
^\> ^ -^ Wai'' Meng^ Kti', Outer, or Northern,<br />
Mongolia, and 2. pj ^ "ji,' Nei* Meng^ Ku^ Inner, or<br />
Southern, Mongolia.<br />
869a. Outer, or Northern, Mongolia (see No. 869) comprise^ -<br />
1. Khalkha (in Chinese D^ fg ]$. K'a^ Erh^ K'a^), 2. The<br />
region <strong>of</strong> K'obdo (in Chinese -|^ ;j^ ^ K'o^ Pu* To^), 3. The<br />
region <strong>of</strong> Altai (in Chinese IW M ^ A* ^^rh^ T'ai^) and 4.<br />
"The territory <strong>of</strong> T'annu-Urianghai (in Chinese f^ ^ ,% '^ ^<br />
T'ang^ Nu^ Wu^ Liang^ Hai^).<br />
870. The Khalkhas {see No. 86!)a) consist <strong>of</strong> four %<br />
Pu^, Tribes (Mongolian, Aimak) (formerly administrative units):<br />
1. The T'ushet'u-Khanate (in Chinese ± 1^ H vf p|5 T'u'<br />
Hsieh'' T'u'^ Han* Pu^), 2. The Tsetsen-Khanate (in Chinese<br />
^ E if §B ^'^i'^^'
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
During the lapse <strong>of</strong> time the Aimaks have been divided into 8^1<br />
independent Banners, but the ties <strong>of</strong> relationship have never been to<br />
forgotten and the eldest Prince is still considered<br />
his respective Aimak.<br />
as the chief <strong>of</strong><br />
872-<br />
After the submission <strong>of</strong> Mongolia to the Manchu Dynasty<br />
now reigning in <strong>China</strong> the significance <strong>of</strong> Aimaks and their<br />
rulers declined. The Aimaks <strong>of</strong> Khalkha,<br />
as administrative<br />
units, are replaced by the Leagues {see No. 872) and the power<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Khans {see No. 873) by the authority <strong>of</strong> the Captains-<br />
General <strong>of</strong> the Leagues {see Ko. 872). Throughout the<br />
remainder <strong>of</strong> Mongolia the appurtenance <strong>of</strong> various Banners to<br />
one Aimak is shown by their common designation.<br />
87 L Each Aimak, for military purposes, is a division,<br />
composed <strong>of</strong> |^ Ch'i^, Khoshun, or Banners, .which are divided<br />
into ^ ^ Tso^ Ling^, Sumung, or Squadrons,<br />
<strong>of</strong> 150 horsemen<br />
each. Six Squadrons form one ^ ^|) Chia^ La^, Tsalang, or<br />
Kegiment (compare No. 874).<br />
871 A. In the Khalkhas there are 86 Khoshun (Banners),<br />
i.e. 20 in the T'usHet'u-Khanate Aimak, 23 in the Tsetsen-<br />
Khanate, 24 in the Sain-noin and 19 in the Dzassakt'u, supplying<br />
169 Squadrons {see No. 871).<br />
872. The general administration <strong>of</strong> Mongolia, and the<br />
dispensing <strong>of</strong> justice, appertains, as will be described below<br />
(Nos. 879 to 880), to specially appointed Chinese <strong>of</strong>ficials. In<br />
Khalkha these <strong>of</strong>ficials are invested, also, with a pecidiar supreme<br />
authoritv.<br />
As regards local government, this is carried on by the<br />
Mongols themselves with almost no interference from the Chinese<br />
higher authorities.<br />
The higher judicial-administrative<br />
institution <strong>of</strong> the Aimak<br />
{see No. 870 ; ^M'% -^i' ^^^^ ^^'o') ^^ the fg Meng^ League<br />
(Mongolian, Chogolgan), which meets once in three years, and<br />
is attended by all the Prince-rulers <strong>of</strong> the Banners {see No.<br />
[ 443 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
872a 873), for the discussion <strong>of</strong>: 1. Judicial affairs in ^\liicli<br />
members <strong>of</strong> the various Banners are implicated, 2. Affairs <strong>of</strong><br />
economy affecting the Aimak aS a whole,<br />
3. Administrative<br />
questions concerning the Aimak as a whole, and 4. Questions<br />
relating to the taking <strong>of</strong> the census.<br />
The C'hinese <strong>of</strong>ficials do not interfere with the deliberations<br />
<strong>of</strong> the League.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> a League there is a ^ ^ Meng'^ Chang*,<br />
League Captain-General (^Mongolian, Chogolganu Tarnga ; at<br />
the same time Commander <strong>of</strong> a Division). He is assisted by a<br />
g!j ^ ^ Fu* Meng^ Chang^, League Deputy Captain-General<br />
(Mongolian, TCd Chogolganu Tarnga).<br />
Formerly the Captain-General <strong>of</strong> a League<br />
Avas the Khan<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Aimak ; the ]\Ianchus, after their conquest, made this post<br />
elective. At the present time the League Captain-General is<br />
elected from the ranks <strong>of</strong> Pi-ince-rulers <strong>of</strong> the Banners <strong>of</strong> the<br />
respective Aimak and must be a])proved l)y the Emperor.<br />
As Commander <strong>of</strong> a Division the League (^aptain-^General<br />
has as his assistant, for military affairs, one g|] J}|f ^<br />
Fu* Chiang^<br />
Chiin', Assistant Commander <strong>of</strong> a Division (Mongolian,<br />
T'usalakch'ih (<br />
'hiang Chiin), to whom there is attached a Hopei<br />
Amban, Adviser. The two last-mentioned posts are elective<br />
(members <strong>of</strong> the League being eligible) and subject to Imperial<br />
approval. The Chinese authorities <strong>of</strong>ten exert strong pressure<br />
to ensure the election <strong>of</strong> this, or that, person.<br />
872a. The first Khalkha Division (the T'ushet'u-Khanate<br />
Aimak ; sec No. 870) is styled Han-nla (in Chinese ff M M ^<br />
Han* A* Ijin^ Meng^), fi-om the name <strong>of</strong> the mountain, near<br />
Urga, Avhere the Prince-riders <strong>of</strong> this Division meet.<br />
The second Khalkha Division (the Tsetsen-Khanate Aimak)<br />
is styled Kerulen-bars-hoto (in Chinese ^ # fm Q ^ ftl "^E Jl<br />
K'o* Ln^ Lun^ Pa^ Erh^ Ho^ T'lm^ Meng^), from the name <strong>of</strong> the<br />
place where its Prince-rulers meet.<br />
[ 444 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
The third Khalkha Division (the Saiu-noin Aimak)<br />
Ts'ets'erlikh (in Chinese ^^WM'^W ^\\ -^ f( Cha^ K'o*<br />
Pi* La^ Se^ Ch'in^, or Pinduriya-nor (in Chinese ^ |fj ^ M<br />
^ M ^ Pi* Tn^ Li'^ Ya^ No' Erh^ Meng*), from the name <strong>of</strong> a<br />
tributary river <strong>of</strong> the Paidarik,<br />
division gather.<br />
"where the Prince-rulers <strong>of</strong> this<br />
S73. i^l i^ "^ Cha^ Sa^ K'o^ Dzassak, or Chieftain (in<br />
Chinese j^ ^ Ch'i- Chang^). This <strong>of</strong>ficial is at the head-<br />
<strong>of</strong> a Banner {sec No. 871) and must be approved by the<br />
Emperor.<br />
The Dzassak are arranged in the following hereditary ranks:<br />
1- ^n^gllBE Ho^ She* Ch'in^ Wang^<br />
Prince <strong>of</strong> the First<br />
Degree, 2. ^ ^ ||$ ^ To^ Lo* Chiin* Wang^, Prince <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Second Degree, 3. ^ M M. Wl ^o' Lo^ Pei' Lc*, Prince <strong>of</strong><br />
the Third Degree, 4. ^ ll\ M. 1- Ku^ Shan^ Pei^ Tzii^, Prince<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Fourth Degree, 5. ^ H ^ HI ^^ F^^ng*<br />
En^ Chen*<br />
Kuo'"^ Kung\ Prince <strong>of</strong> the Fifth Degree (Mongolian, Ulusung<br />
T'ushe Kung), 6. '^ B Wi M
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
873b that <strong>of</strong> -^ ^ T'ai^ Chi'' (sec No. 873) in distinguibhing the<br />
to Hereditary<br />
Q^^<br />
Nohles <strong>of</strong> the Oelot tribes.<br />
873b. |g ^ No" i'en^, Noyen, or Noiu ; lluling Pi-ince.<br />
This is an old Mongolian Princely title and was heret<strong>of</strong>ore in use<br />
*<br />
for speaking <strong>of</strong>, or addressing, Princes. !<br />
873c. i^ ^ ^ TV Pit" Nang-', Tabnnang (the Mongolian<br />
word i^ieans "husband <strong>of</strong> an Imperial, or Royal, Princess.")<br />
This title corresponds to the Chinese 0, .Hf ]>/ Fu* (sec No. 15).<br />
8731). ^M^f ^^^ J^'l'^ M:m\ Tarkhan (the ^Mongolian<br />
word means " master.") This is an old ]Mongolian title Avhich is<br />
appended to the name <strong>of</strong> Princes who have distinguished them-<br />
selves in some Avay. It has been left by the ^Janclni Dynasty<br />
uncharged and conferred as a hereditary<br />
(for instance on one <strong>of</strong> the Khorch'in Princes).<br />
title on certain Princes<br />
It carries with it<br />
an increased alloAvance as compared Avith the other Pi'inces.<br />
873k. $i ^f pf] fi ^ Ch'ien^ Ch'\ng' Men* Hsing^ Tsou%<br />
Attache to the Palace Gate, |^ Jg- f^ lli^ien^ Ch^ing^ Men2<br />
(compare Nos. 99 and 104c),: a title bestoAved on ^Nhmgolian<br />
Princes.<br />
For ])articulars as to the ^p gy ^7 ^ YiH Ch'ien^ Hsing-<br />
Tsou^, sec No. 101a.<br />
874. Tine Chieftain <strong>of</strong> a Banner (Dzassak; sec No. 873) is the<br />
absolute master <strong>of</strong> all its affairs. He may present to the Gegens<br />
(Living Buddahs) persons belonging to him or he may gi\e them<br />
as part <strong>of</strong> his daughters' AA'^edding jwi'tions. He examines into<br />
all laAvsuits, allots duties, etc.<br />
The system <strong>of</strong> inheritance <strong>of</strong> the post <strong>of</strong> Dzassak, thanks to<br />
Avhich men <strong>of</strong> no capacity have been, and are, appointed as Banner<br />
Chieftains as well as the multitude and complexity <strong>of</strong> Banner affairs,<br />
haAe called into existence the Banner posts <strong>of</strong> : 1. t^ ^ "a* S<br />
Hsieh'-^ Li^ T'ai^ Chi', Administrator (Mongolian, T'ussalakch'ih-<br />
Taidji),<br />
assistant to the Dzassak in the administration <strong>of</strong> the<br />
affairs <strong>of</strong> his Banner, and 2. ^ ^ m^ Kuan^ Ch'i^ Chang^<br />
[ 44(; ]
I'KBSENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
itBChing^, Adjutant (Mongolian, Tzahurukch'ih-Changguin). As<br />
practice shows, practically the whole <strong>of</strong> the management <strong>of</strong> the<br />
%l affairs <strong>of</strong> the Banners falls on the shoulders <strong>of</strong> these assistants,<br />
is» owing to the incapacity <strong>of</strong> the Dzassak or because <strong>of</strong> his absence,<br />
either at Peking (on duty) or at meetings <strong>of</strong> the League.<br />
As a general rule all questions discussed at a League<br />
meeting are reported direct to the Administrator (it may be<br />
naentioned here that this post and that <strong>of</strong> Adjutant are not<br />
on the will <strong>of</strong> the<br />
hereditary ; appointment to them is dependent<br />
Banner Chieftain). For this reason his post is practically that <strong>of</strong><br />
the first importance in the Banner.<br />
The Adjutant plays a secondary<br />
role to the Administrator.<br />
He reviews the forces <strong>of</strong> the Banner to which he is attached,<br />
superintends education, arranges<br />
order, appoints men for various services, etc.<br />
that the. horses and arms are in<br />
To the Adjutant <strong>of</strong> a Banner Chieftain there are attached<br />
one (two when there are more than 10 squadrons to the Banner ;<br />
see No. 871) ^ Ig gij ^ ^ Kuan^ (^.h'i^ Fu* Changi Ching\<br />
Deputy Adjutant (Mongolian, Meirenu Changguing).<br />
In command <strong>of</strong> a regiment (Tsa-lang ; see No. 871) there is<br />
a ^ ^ Ts'an^ Ling^, Colonel (Mongolian, Tsalangu Changguing.<br />
A squadron (Sumung ; see No. 871) is commanded by a<br />
^ ^ Tso^ Ling^, Lieutenant-Colonel (Mongolian, Sumungu<br />
Changguing), to whom there are subordinated four ^ ^ ?^<br />
Hsiao^ Ch'i^ Hsiao*, Subalterns (Mongolian, Huntui or Kuntui),<br />
and six ^ \% Ling' Ts'ui^ Sergeants (Mongolian, Hukekch'ih,<br />
Poshk'o ; Manchu, Poshok'u).<br />
Under the command <strong>of</strong> a -[£ ^ Tso' Ling^ there are six<br />
^ fi Ling^ Ts'ui', 50 ^ ^ Ma^ ChiaS Cavalrymen, and 100<br />
^ |j5j Hsien^ San^, Miscellaneous (compare No. 871).<br />
In time <strong>of</strong> peace the <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the military organization<br />
perform, as a rule, police-administrative duties, being occupied<br />
[ 447 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
875 with the collection <strong>of</strong> revenues, apprehension<br />
deserters, etc.<br />
Appointment to the Banner posts<br />
<strong>of</strong> criminals and<br />
above-mentioned is not<br />
dependent on heredit}'. They are filled by persons chosen by<br />
the Banner Chieftain.<br />
The bulk <strong>of</strong> the Mongolian population is styled §ii M G ®<br />
Ao* Erh^ Pa^ T'u^ (Mongolian, Alba, meaning "tribute;"<br />
"requisition in kind.") The vai'ious families- are arranged in<br />
groups <strong>of</strong> ten, under ff ^ Shih^ Chang^, Decurions.<br />
875. i^ -^ # S ^ P"] Shangi Oho' T'e* Pa^ Ya=^ Men\<br />
Office <strong>of</strong> the Shabis. To this <strong>of</strong>fice belong those who have been<br />
given as presents at various times, by the Mongol Princes, to the<br />
Cheptsum Damba Hut'ukht'a (in Chinese t§ ^ © :l^ E If 11<br />
•^ ^ ChCr Pu* Tsun^ Tan' Pa^ HuVT'u^ K'o* T'u^; see No. 9 16 a),<br />
the Gegen <strong>of</strong> Urga. These people, designated J'^Jj i^\ Sha^ Pi^,<br />
or '0 ^MW Sha^ Pi* Na^ Erh^ Shabinar,<br />
or Novice <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Prelate (Gegen), make up a very large portion <strong>of</strong> the population.<br />
They number 100,000 and, having no land <strong>of</strong> their own, wander<br />
over the lands <strong>of</strong> the various Khalkha Banners.<br />
' At the head <strong>of</strong> the Office <strong>of</strong> the Shabis there is the ^ ^<br />
l^ Q Shang^ Cho^ T'e* Pa\ Shang Chodba, or Treasurer, whose<br />
rank was made equal to that <strong>of</strong> a League Captain-Cjeneral in<br />
1822 (see No. 872). To him there are attached two ^ PjlJ R^<br />
Ta^ La* ]\LV\ Da Lamas—<br />
Assistants, whose rank has been made<br />
e((ual to that <strong>of</strong> (Councillors (see No. 872). From the two latter<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials the Shang Chodba is usually chosen, the appointment<br />
being subject to Imperial approval. The full title <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Treasurer is Erdeni-setsen-dalai-chindamani-t'oin-shang Chodba.<br />
As a controller over the actions <strong>of</strong> *^he Shang Chodba and<br />
his Assistants' there is selected one <strong>of</strong> the generic Khalkha<br />
Princes, who serves for three years.<br />
The Shabis are exempt from military service and are<br />
arranged in clans (IVIongolian, Ot'ok) headed by Darugui,
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
or Dargiii — Generic Elders—who must be approved by the 870<br />
Emperor (12 in all). To these Elders there are subordinated ^q<br />
9 to 10 Junior Darugui, Assistant Generic Elders, who receive Q^yA*<br />
their appointments from the Shang Chodba.<br />
At the <strong>of</strong>fice o£ the Shang Chodba there are found ^ ^<br />
Tsai' Sang', Captains (20 to 30 in number), performing police<br />
duties, to whom there are subordinated Hia, Sergeants, (numbering<br />
about 100), who perform duty as rimners.<br />
876. The region <strong>of</strong> K'obdo (in Chinese f^ ^^1 ^ K'o' Pu*<br />
To^; see No. 86 9a) is occupied by +he Mongol, properly Oelot<br />
(in Chinese H # # E^ Lu^ T'e*, and ^ Uj H # ^ Chini Shan^<br />
E* Lu3 T'c^ Altai Oeir)ts) clans <strong>of</strong> Durbets (in Chinese t± M fidf<br />
i^ Tu* Erh^ Po2 T'e*), and Khoits (in Chinese ^ ^ Hui^ T'c^),<br />
imder the control <strong>of</strong> the K'obdo Hebei-Amban (see No. 880).<br />
Divided, as are all ^Mongols,<br />
into various Banners under the<br />
direction <strong>of</strong> the generic Princes, the K'obdo Oelots make up one<br />
League (there were two Leagues formerly; compare No. 876a),<br />
the Sain-Tsayagat'u (in Chinese ^ ^ '^^ M^aMiM. Sai^ Ym^<br />
Chi* Ya^ Ha^ T'u^ Meng-), comprising sixteen Banners, i.e.<br />
tAvo Banners <strong>of</strong> Khoits and 14 Banners <strong>of</strong> Turbets— 11 <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Right Wing and three <strong>of</strong> the Left Wing.<br />
The K'obdo Hebei-Amban, in addition to the above, has<br />
authority over : 1. The Dzakhach'in Aimak (in Chinese ;i»L ''a*<br />
ftjj, §[5 Cha- Ha' Ch'in'' Pu*), <strong>of</strong> one Banner, which foratierly was<br />
affiliated with the Ch'ing Setkhilt'u League (see No.. 876a),<br />
2. The Mingat Aimak (in Chinese g|§ M ^ oB ^^i"g' ^' T'e*<br />
Pu*, or gg Eg ^ ^[J Ming2 K'a' T'e* Pu*), <strong>of</strong> one Banner with<br />
no generic Prmce—<br />
Dzassak, and 3. One Banner <strong>of</strong> the Oelots<br />
(in Chinese W, M ^ M ^* ^^"^ T'e* Ch'i^), having no generic<br />
Prince— Dzassak.<br />
876a. Prior to 1907 (compare No. 877) the following<br />
were under the jurisdiction <strong>of</strong> the K'obdo Heb6i-Amban' {see<br />
No. 880): 1. One Aimak <strong>of</strong> the New Tourgouths (in Chinese<br />
29<br />
[ 449 ]
,<br />
877<br />
to<br />
U77A<br />
I'KESEXT DAY POLITJICAL OJtG AX IZ A I'lON OF CHINA.<br />
fr ± M M ^ o!5 ii«'"' '^'"' ^"^I'l'" ^^"' '^^'""^ ^''''')'<br />
'^'-'^'^'^ 'jp '•^'<br />
two Biuuicrs, 2. One Aimak <strong>of</strong> the Xcw Klior^holts (hi Chhiese<br />
ffW^I^^^iB ^I*^'"' ^I^^' ^'^l^^'' 'r'^' ^''^')' "^ •"" Kaniiei',<br />
3. One Aiiiiak ot the Altai (Jriaiii^hais (in ('hiiiese RjJ ^ ^<br />
M ^ M a\i -^"' ^^^'''^ '^''=^i' ^"^^'^^ Liaiio^' llai'' Pu'), <strong>of</strong> seven<br />
Banners, 4. The Militai'v-Agi-icnltui'ai Settlements (in Chinese<br />
T^ 09 |£) at Pulunt'o-Khoi (in Chinoe ^^^'' ^^""'''<br />
'y(ri im H M<br />
T'o^ Hai'), and 5. The lands o£ Kii-i;-his (In (Tiinese ^a ^ ^<br />
U'd' Sa^ K'o^).<br />
Two Banners <strong>of</strong> the Xew Toin'ooiiths form the ('h'nig'<br />
Setkhilt'u League (in C'liin-se W fi ^ ^^ '1^ H .^ ChMng' Se:'<br />
T'e* Ch'l'^ Le* T'n^ Meng^). This League foinierlj- i)Kduded one<br />
Banner <strong>of</strong> Ivlioshoits and one Banner <strong>of</strong> Djakeh'in.s also {^rc<br />
No. 876).<br />
877. The district <strong>of</strong> Altai (in Chinese [Ipf |g ^ A^ Ei'h^<br />
T'ai*, or ^ [i|<br />
Chini Shan': ^ee Xn. 8()!)a) was made distinct<br />
from that <strong>of</strong> K'obdo (see So. 876) in l'J07 (sec an rmpei'Ial<br />
Decree <strong>of</strong> the 20th Januarv, 1907. issued in consequence <strong>of</strong><br />
representations by ^ ^ Lieu^ ivMiei", the Hebei-Amhan <strong>of</strong><br />
K'obdo, and his Assistant, §^ 'jg Ilsi^ Heng") and wa> allotted to<br />
two Banners <strong>of</strong> the Xew Tourii'ouths. one Banner <strong>of</strong> the Xew<br />
Khoshoits, seven Banners <strong>of</strong> the Altai Urianghais, the Military-<br />
rAgricuItural<br />
Settlements at Bulr.nt'okhoi and a section <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Kirghis (sec Men^iOrials frcjm the Ministries <strong>of</strong> Dependencies and<br />
<strong>of</strong> Finance, dated the 7th Fel^ruary, 1907, and from the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> War, dated the 9th March <strong>of</strong> the same year). Foi- details as<br />
to its administration sec Xo. S77a.<br />
877a. n^ [^ is Ha' Sa^ K'o*, Kirghis. Inhabiting Altai,<br />
they consist <strong>of</strong> 12 fjj ^ ;^ Ao^ T'o^ K'o^. Qt'oks, Clans(li,516<br />
families in ^ all). In addition to a Knng', Prince, and three;<br />
^ ^ T'ai^' (;hi^ Daidjis, their rulers include 12 jt M ^p S<br />
^ ^ Pi' A* Ila' La' Kv/ Ch'i^ (J;b Pi' is identified as the<br />
eej^uiA'alent o£ fj^ ^ Po" K'o'; compare Xo. 8G3) Pihahalakhch'ih,
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.<br />
Generic Chieftains, or Kulei'S (in Mongolian, Ukherid ; among 878<br />
the Kirgliis, Ukurdai ;<br />
formerly ||i ^ Tsung^ Kuan', or ^^ f^<br />
An* Pan\ in Chinese), .or ^ p ^ (.'h'ien' Hu* Chang^ CJhiefs<br />
<strong>of</strong> One Thousand ; 3a. Attached to them there are: 1.<br />
glj {J|f<br />
^atfL^^ Fu* A* Ha^ Lai ^'o* Ch'i^, Fu-Ahalakhch'ih,<br />
Assistant Generic Chieftains, or gl] ^ p ^ Fu* Ch'ien- Hn*<br />
Chang'\ Assistant Chiefs <strong>of</strong> One Thousand (5 in all), 2. ^\j ^<br />
C^ha^ Lan^ Chiefs <strong>of</strong> a C^olamn, or 3S.'^ P M ^^ Po' Hxi*<br />
Change Chiefs <strong>of</strong> 500 (4a; 28 in all), 3. ^ m Chang^ Kai*,<br />
oi* 15" ^ ;^ Po^ Hu* Chang', Centurions (5a ; 78 in all), and<br />
4- M IK K'uni Tui (Kundui), or ^ -f ^ M:<br />
^^'^'^ ^liil^' Hu^<br />
(•hang', C'hiefs <strong>of</strong> 50 (78 in all). For details as to the last-<br />
mentioned ranks gee a memorial from ^ 'Jg Hsi- Heng'', dated<br />
the 22nd October, 1909.<br />
878. The territory <strong>of</strong> Tannu-Urianghai (in Chinese<br />
^^ M ^M T'ang2 Nu^ Wu^ Liang^ Hai')<br />
is situated on the<br />
slojies <strong>of</strong> the Tannu-nla Mountains (in Chinese IM ^ §^ ilL ^<br />
T'ang^/Nu^ Ao* La^ X/ing'). Five squadrons <strong>of</strong> the Tannu-<br />
Urianghais are under the supervision<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Dzassakt'u-Khannte<br />
Aimak (aee No. 872a), 13 are imder the Sain-Noin Aimak<br />
(see No. 872a) and three are under the control <strong>of</strong> the Cheptsun-<br />
Damba-Hut'ukht'u, a Lama dignitary at Urga (see No. 916).<br />
The remainder (26 squadrons) are subordinated to the<br />
administration <strong>of</strong> the Military Governor <strong>of</strong> Uliasut'ai (see No.<br />
879) and are divided into fi-ve sections (similar to Banners),<br />
under special rulers— Ukherids (in Chinese ||| ^ Tsung' Kuan'),<br />
Tvho enjoy the authority <strong>of</strong> Dzassaks but Avliose posts are not<br />
liereditary. They are elected subject to the Military Governor's<br />
approval. Each section, in its turn,<br />
is divided into a mnuber<br />
'<strong>of</strong> Sumung, Squadrons: 1. Kossogol (fom- Sumuiig), 2.<br />
Khemch'ihk (10 Sumung), 3. T'uchih (found along the<br />
river T'ersek ; four Sumung), 4. Salchihk (four Sumnng),<br />
and 5. T'annu (four Sumung).<br />
[ 451 ]
PKESENT DAT POLITICAJL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
879 879- a M fl ^ ^ ^ ^ Wu^ LP Ya' Su^ T'ai^ Chiang'<br />
Chiin', Military Governor <strong>of</strong> Uliasut'ai (compare No. 744d);<br />
invested with the title <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ ^ glj )^ 1^ Ting*<br />
Pien^ Tso=*<br />
Fn* Chiang* Chun\ Representative «£ Chinese Authority in<br />
Northern Mongolia over the Civil and Military Administration.<br />
This post vfKS instituted in the 18th century, while the wars<br />
against the Dzumgars were in progress, and originally bore<br />
exclusively a military character. For this reason, up<br />
to the<br />
present, the Military Governor <strong>of</strong> Uliasut'ai, as Commander <strong>of</strong><br />
the Forces in Northern Mongolia, has subordinated to him<br />
SU 'J^ 1$ Fu* Chiang* Chun*, Deputy ^Military Governors<br />
(Mongolian, T'usalakch'ih Chiang Chiin ; see No. 872),<br />
in the<br />
persons <strong>of</strong> a Prince <strong>of</strong> each <strong>of</strong> the Khalkha tribes.<br />
On the completion <strong>of</strong> the wars mentioned the Chinese<br />
Government not only considered it necessary to maintain the post<br />
but, in addition, directed that the occupant <strong>of</strong> this position,,<br />
besides directing military affairs, should also have control over<br />
the civil affairs <strong>of</strong> Mongolia.<br />
In the lapse <strong>of</strong> time the authority <strong>of</strong> the Military Governor<br />
<strong>of</strong> Uliasut'ai, Avhich once extended over the four tribes <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Khalkhas greatly declined and, on the appointment <strong>of</strong> Imperial<br />
Agents at Urga (see No. 879a), K'obdo and Altai {see No. 880)<br />
and, more especially, when their authority was extended, nothing<br />
was left to him but the control over two Khalkha tribes— the<br />
Sain-noin and the Dzassakt'u-Khanate (see No. 872a)—and 26<br />
squadrons <strong>of</strong> the Tannu-Urianghais {see No. 878)<br />
The Military Governor <strong>of</strong> Uliasut'ai is assisted by two<br />
subordinates styled ^ ^ ;/c E Ts'an* Tsan* IV Ch'en-, Assistant<br />
^Military Governors, or Councillors (one <strong>of</strong> them is designated<br />
21 ^ Ting* Pien*, Warden <strong>of</strong> the Marches ; see aboveV<br />
•<br />
As proposed in a Memorial from the Chiang Chihi, ^' jl]^<br />
K'un* Hsiu*, dated the 15th February, 1910, at the Chancery<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Military Governor there has been instituted a ^ ^ ^<br />
[ 452 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
^ M Hsi)i^ Cheng* Liiig^ Pan-* Cli'u', Bureau <strong>of</strong> (Constitutional 879a<br />
Kefoims (compare No. 822a and the Supplement to No. 160). *q<br />
879a. mi^mm:J^^ I^'"' I^"^^' Pan^ Shih* Ta^ Ch'6n^<br />
^^^<br />
Imperial Agent at K'urun (Urga) ; also Hebei-Amban. ji^ -j^<br />
^ p :/c S K'u* Lun^ Pangi Pan* Ta* Ch'en^, Assistant<br />
Imperial Agent at K'urun (Urga). These two <strong>of</strong>ficials, in<br />
Mongolian, are called Dzarlikh-yierh-dzarukhsang Hurieng-dur-<br />
saghuohu-herekh-shitkhekch'ih-sait, i.e. " <strong>of</strong>ficials deputed by<br />
Impei'ial Avill and directing affiiirs at Urga."<br />
The Imperial Agent at Urga and his assistant are charged<br />
with the control <strong>of</strong> two Khalkha tribes, i.e. the T'ushet'u-Khanate<br />
and the Tsetsen-Khanate (see No. 872a), and the Office <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Shabis (see No. 87a).<br />
Originally the Imperial Agent at Urga acted a^ the<br />
Assistant Military Governor <strong>of</strong> Uliasut'ai, whose authority, as<br />
has been mentioned above (see No. 879), once extended over all<br />
four tribes <strong>of</strong> the Khalkhas. Later he i-eceived the privilege <strong>of</strong><br />
direct re^wrts to the Throve and his dependence on the said<br />
Governor became nominal (it consists mereh' in supplying him<br />
with copies <strong>of</strong> reports to Peking).<br />
Lately there has been attached to the Imperial Agent an<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficial styled 3|| ^ij "^ j^ Li^ Using'' Ssu^ Yiian^, Judicial<br />
Connuissioner (compare No. 495), whose duties consist in<br />
assisting in the settlement <strong>of</strong> affiiirs in which foreigners are<br />
interested find in the administration <strong>of</strong> justice (see a report from<br />
the Imperial Agent at Ui-ga, Ji jjij|; Yen"^ Chih^,<br />
dated the 29th<br />
INIarch, 1909 ; com})are also No. 897).<br />
880. %^ Al ^ ^ W :k £ K'o^ Pu' To^ Ts'an^ Tsan*<br />
Ta^ Ch'en^, Assistant ^Military Governor (to the Military Governor<br />
<strong>of</strong> Uliasut'ai) lesiding at K'oIkIo. This post was established<br />
in 1731, wluMi one <strong>of</strong> the Assistant ]Military Governors <strong>of</strong><br />
Uliasut'ai (see No. 879) was deputed to K'obdo. In 1834 tins<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficial was ordered to reside permanently<br />
[<br />
45:] 1<br />
at K'o1)do. -Under<br />
•
882<br />
PKE8BNT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
881 1^^^ jurisdiction are the iSIongol and Oelot tribes occupying the<br />
4.Q<br />
so-called K'obdo region {see No. '876).<br />
After the removal (in 1907 ; see No. 876a)<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Altai<br />
region {see No. 877) from the jurisdiction <strong>of</strong> the Hebei-Amban<br />
<strong>of</strong> K'obdo, for the administration <strong>of</strong> the former, there was appointed<br />
a special ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ :K ^ ^'^'o' P^^* To^ Pan* Shih^<br />
Ta* Ch'en^ Imperial Agent at K'obdo (also JW M ^ il ^ ic E<br />
A* Erh^ T'ai* Pan* Shih* Ta* Ch'en^ Imperial Agent at Altai),<br />
who resided at first at K'obdo, later removing to Shara-sume (in<br />
Chinese ;^ fh ^ Ch'eng-^ Hua* Ssu*), near the BJack Irtish<br />
river.<br />
The Imperial Agent, like the Assistant Military Governor,<br />
was originally subordinated to the Military Governor <strong>of</strong><br />
Uliasut'ai {see No. 879). Since these <strong>of</strong>ficials received the<br />
privilege <strong>of</strong> direct reports to the Throne they have enjoyed a<br />
great measure <strong>of</strong> independence, the Amban at Shara-simie being<br />
considered as the senior.<br />
881. The Hebei-Ambans (the Assistant Military Governors<br />
and Imperial Agents ; see Nos. 879, 879a and 880) represent<br />
the High Government authority o^ er Mongolia, according to<br />
which the most complex affairs are decided and to which all<br />
subjects <strong>of</strong> the Bogdokhan residing in Mongolia, i.e. Chinese,<br />
Manchus and Mongols, must conform.<br />
For the consideration <strong>of</strong> affairs <strong>of</strong> a arious types there are<br />
found at the <strong>of</strong>fice <strong>of</strong> each Hebei-Amban two inferior establish-<br />
ments : 1. Office <strong>of</strong> the Dzarglmch'ih, presided over hj a<br />
Dzarghuch'ih {see No. 882), and 2. Chihsa, or Office <strong>of</strong> Appeal,<br />
for the discussion <strong>of</strong> purely Mongolian affairs {see No. 883).<br />
882. ^ ^ Ssu' Yiian^ (also ^ # BJ M Pan* Shih* Ssu^<br />
Yiian^ and p] *§• Ssu^ Kuan^ ; designated in treaties, *^ j^ Pu*<br />
Yiian-; also jg ^]| T'ung^ P'an*)-^Dzarghuch'ih (in Mongolian),<br />
or Judicial Commissioner for Chinese Affairs. All Chinese and<br />
Manchus in Mongolia come under the jurisdiction <strong>of</strong> this <strong>of</strong>ficial.<br />
[ i54 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
There are four Dzarghuch'ihs in- the Khalklia region, i.e. 883<br />
two attached to the Hebei-Ambans at Urga {see No. 879a ; one<br />
^q<br />
at Urga and one at Kiakhta), one attached to the Hebei-Amban 004<br />
at UHasut'ai {see No. 879), residing at UUasiit'ai, and one<br />
attached to the Hebei-Amban at K'obdo {see No. 880), residing<br />
at K'obdo.<br />
Any Chinese workman or trader coming<br />
into the Khalkha<br />
region must present his passport to the Dzarghuch'ili o£ the town<br />
in which h^ wishes to settle ; he then receives authority to do so.<br />
Should he wish to journey to any <strong>of</strong> the various Khalkha<br />
Banners it is necessary that he apply to the Dzarghuch'ih, and<br />
the latter, simultaneously with the granting <strong>of</strong> permission,<br />
notifies the <strong>of</strong>fice <strong>of</strong> the 'Banners concerned <strong>of</strong> his contemplated<br />
All qiiestions raised by, or against, Chrnese in the Khalkha<br />
district are examined into by the Dzarghuch'ih and, conforming<br />
to their importance, are either settled by him or referred to the<br />
Hebei-Amban.<br />
883. Chihsa, or Office <strong>of</strong> Appeal (the Mongolian word<br />
Chihshiyang, or C/hihsang, means "turn").<br />
This <strong>of</strong>fice examines<br />
into questions raised by, or against, Mongols exclusiveh\ For<br />
attendance at, and the discussion <strong>of</strong> affairs <strong>of</strong>, the Chihsang there<br />
is yearly appointed one Dzassak {see No, 873) from each <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Khalkha tribes. Thus ench Chihsang is made up<br />
<strong>of</strong> four<br />
members and any Mongol may there find his Prince, or. tribal<br />
representative, at Avhose hands he is sure <strong>of</strong> protection and<br />
justice. In small matters the Chihsang delivei's judgment ; in<br />
more important affairs it sends the Mongol concerned to his<br />
Banner, at the same time forAvarding particulars <strong>of</strong> the matter,<br />
and the inquiries made, for the judgment <strong>of</strong> the rulers <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Banner.<br />
884. To Inner, or Southern, ]Mongolia {see No. 869) there<br />
appertain: 1. Six Leagues <strong>of</strong> the Inner Mongols (in Chinese<br />
[ 455 ]<br />
.
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
885 pqMI^^^^ Nei' Meng-3 Ku' Liu^ ^leng^), 2. The Ch'akliars<br />
to and T'umets <strong>of</strong> Kuei Hua Ch'cng (in Chinese '^ H^ ^ ^<br />
887 Mihm± M ^ Ch'a-^ Ha^ ifcrk^ Chi^ Kuei' Hul^ C-h'eng'<br />
T'u* Mo^ T'e^\ 3. The Mongols <strong>of</strong> Akishan (properly Oelot<br />
tribes; in Chinese MMlUM'M-^M^ Ho' Lan^ Shan^ E*<br />
Lii=^ T'e* Meng^ Ku'), and 4. The Old Tourgouths <strong>of</strong> the river<br />
Edsine, or Edshiei (hi Chinese t| ^' f5 ^ ± M M '¥r ^* Chi*<br />
Na* Chiu* T'u^ Erh^ Hu* T'e*).<br />
885. The Southern, or Inner, Mongols are, in administrative<br />
and military reference, divided into six divisions, Avith six<br />
separate Princely Leagues :<br />
Meng^),<br />
1. Cherim League (in Chinese ^ M tJC ^<br />
2. Chosot'u League (in Chinese -^ ^ ^ ^<br />
T'u2 Meng^),<br />
3. Chao Uda League (in Chinese ^ BiM^<br />
Chc^ Li^ ^Slu*<br />
Cho^ So^<br />
'-hao' Wu-<br />
Ta' Meng^'),<br />
4. Silinghol League (in Chinese ^^$1^^}^ Hsi^ Lin^<br />
Kuoi LG* Meng'),<br />
5. Ulan Ch'ap League (in Chinese ,^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Wu^<br />
Lan2 Ch'a- Pu* Meng^), and<br />
6. Ikh Chao League (in Chinese -^ % jig ^ I^ K'o*<br />
Chao^ Meno2;.<br />
886.<br />
tribes: 1.<br />
The Cherim is League composed <strong>of</strong> the following-<br />
Khorch'in tribe (in Chinese f^ ^ K'o^ Erh^<br />
v'^liv fjj<br />
Ch'in* Pu*), <strong>of</strong> six Banners, 2. Djalait ti'ibe (in Chinese<br />
^L®^ol5 Cha^ Lai" T'e* Pu"), <strong>of</strong> one Banner, 3. Durbet<br />
tribe (in Chinese ^i if fj^ ^J *f5 Tu^ Erh' Po^ T'e* Pu"), <strong>of</strong> one<br />
Banner, and 4. Ghorlos tribe (in Chinese #[5 M ^ ^ oR Kuo^<br />
Erh^ Lo^ Ssu^ V\\^)^<br />
Banners, supplying 204 squadrons.<br />
<strong>of</strong> two Banners. Thus it includes ten<br />
887. The Chosot'u League {see No. 885) consists <strong>of</strong> the<br />
following tribes: 1. Kharach'in tribe (in Chinese B§ 5|!l J'^'li^ n|5<br />
[ 45G ]
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,<br />
K'a^ La=' Ch'in* Pii*), <strong>of</strong> three Banneis, 2. T*nmet tribe (in 888<br />
Chinese ± MJi ^. ^^ T'u' Mo^ T'e* Pu^), <strong>of</strong> two Banners. As a tO<br />
whole, it lias five Banners, giving 223 scpiadrons. 890<br />
888. The Chao Uda League (see No. 885'> is made up <strong>of</strong> :<br />
1. The Ao-Khan tribe (in Chinese %( -{g ^[J Ao' Han" Pu*), <strong>of</strong><br />
one Banner, 2. The Naiman tribe i^in
JfKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
891 <strong>of</strong> one Banner. In all il includes six Banners, supplying 62<br />
to squadi'ons.<br />
392 891. The Ikh C'hao League (see No. 885) is made ap <strong>of</strong><br />
seven Banners <strong>of</strong> the Ordos tribe (in Chinese fI^ M ^ ^ n!J<br />
Ac' Erh^ To^ Ssu^ P"^)? which sup])ly 274 squadrons<br />
892. V'AiB, has been seen above, Nos. 886 to 891, the .^<br />
Leagues <strong>of</strong> Southern Mongolia are not '<br />
arranged to include<br />
people <strong>of</strong> one ?tock alone, as is the case with the Khalkhas<br />
(compare No. 870), but are composite organizations <strong>of</strong> various<br />
Mongol' tribes (Mongolian, Aimak ; Chinese, ^l^ ^ Pu* Lo*), <strong>of</strong><br />
which there are 24 in Southern Mongolia. ]']ach tribe consists<br />
<strong>of</strong> one, or more, Banners (Khoshuns). There are 49 Banners in<br />
the Six Leagues, and they supply 1,172 squadrons.<br />
The government <strong>of</strong> Southemi Mongolia differs from that <strong>of</strong><br />
Khalkha in that the (Jhieftains <strong>of</strong> the Banners—Dzassaks (see<br />
No. 873)— are subject to much more control on the part <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Chinese Government. The Captains-General, being deprived <strong>of</strong><br />
personal initiative, simply supervise<br />
the execution <strong>of</strong> resolutions<br />
<strong>of</strong> the League meetings. These meetings are called at the will<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Peking authorities and for opening them there are<br />
appointed Chinese <strong>of</strong>ficials, Avho, in fact, act as their Presidents.<br />
The expedition <strong>of</strong> affairs is in the hands <strong>of</strong> Chinese Secretaries.<br />
It appears that Southern Mongolia is destined to be<br />
gradually converted into an ordinary Chinese province,<br />
under a<br />
government common to <strong>China</strong> proper. The three Eastern<br />
Leagues have already been almost subordinated to the provincial<br />
administration <strong>of</strong> Chihli (the Chosot'u League, part <strong>of</strong> the Chao<br />
Uda League, the prefecture <strong>of</strong> j^^ f^ /fj" Ch'eng^ Te' Fu", and<br />
that <strong>of</strong> ^ I^- /j^ (Jh'ao"^ Yang= Fu^) and Fengtien (the Cheiim<br />
League, part <strong>of</strong> the Chao Uda League, the prefecture <strong>of</strong> fj^ ^ }^<br />
T'ao^ Nan^ ,Fu^, entirely, and the Western parts <strong>of</strong> the<br />
prefectures oi ^^ f(^ Ch'ang^ Ch'un^ Fu\ ^ ^ y*]^ Ch'ang^<br />
T'u2 Fu^ and ff .R if Hsin^ Min^ Fu^).<br />
[ 458 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
The colonization <strong>of</strong> the lands <strong>of</strong> the Leagues mentioned, by 893<br />
Chinese emigrants, is going forwaixl ve.iy rapidly {see Nos. 777<br />
and 782) and the Chinese are more and more extending their<br />
authority over the Mongol Princes, previously rather independent,<br />
and their subjects. At places where the Chinese influence<br />
becomes predominant, but which are not annexed to one o£ the<br />
adjacent provinces, there is first established the post <strong>of</strong> ^ ^^<br />
T'ung-^ P'an^ (sec Xo. 849a). This <strong>of</strong>ficial not only takes over<br />
control <strong>of</strong> judicial • affairs and collection <strong>of</strong> revenue from the<br />
Banner popidation but also has authority to supervise the<br />
transaction <strong>of</strong> business at the <strong>of</strong>fice <strong>of</strong> the Banner (.'hieftain.<br />
893. ^ ng- ^ (^h'a- Ha- Erh^ The Ch'ahar Mongols (see<br />
iVo. 884). These are distinguished from the other Mongol tribes<br />
in that they have lost their generic government. Their camps<br />
(in Chinese )^ f^ Yu" Mu*) lie in immediate proximity<br />
to the<br />
Great Wall {-^ j^ Cli'ang^ Ch'cng-), beyond the borders <strong>of</strong> th6<br />
prefectures <strong>of</strong> ^ -fj^ /j^ Hsiian' Hua' Fu'^ <strong>of</strong> Chihli, and i^ ^ f§<br />
Ta* T'ung^ Fu^, <strong>of</strong> Shansi. For administrative and military<br />
purposes thev are organized uniler eight Banners (on the same<br />
footino- as the ^lanchu militarv forces) which, in tarn, are<br />
arranged in two Wings, ^ ^. Tso^ I^, Left, or Eastern, Wing,<br />
and ;^ ^ Yu' I'', Kiglit, or Western, Wing.<br />
Pxu-clj- Banner affairs <strong>of</strong> the Ch'ahars are discussed by the<br />
Militarv Lieutenant-Gorernoi- <strong>of</strong> Ch'ahar {see Nos. 719^ and<br />
898). In civil ([iiestions -relating to Chinese aftaii-s within the<br />
Lieutenant-Ciovernorship the (iovernor-General - <strong>of</strong> Chihli<br />
exercises a superior jurisdiction, through an Intendant ])earing<br />
the title <strong>of</strong> p 4t aM K'ou^ Per* Tao^ residing at llsiian-lma Fu.<br />
For assisting the latter with regard to control <strong>of</strong> Government<br />
lands, the examination <strong>of</strong> questions concerning commerc''<br />
relations betAveen the Ch'-ahars and Chinese, and the administration<br />
<strong>of</strong> civil and criminal affairs, there are three (Jivil Commissioners,<br />
styled jm ^ [^ ^Q Fu^ Min-^ T'ung- Chih^ (compare No. 849),<br />
[ 459 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OT CHINA.<br />
894 stationed,, respectively, at ^ ^ ^ ^_]^<br />
To^ Liin'^ No* Erh'<br />
T'ing^, Dolon-nor (also I^ama-miao), 5M ^ P M Change Chia^<br />
K'ou^ T'ingS Kalgan, and 5^ ;g p ^ Tu^ Shili^ ly'ou^ T'ing^<br />
Within the Ch'ahar territory there are situated the Imperial<br />
pastiu-ages, or^ ^ Mu* Ch'ang^, the superintendence over<br />
which has lately been invested in a special <strong>of</strong>ficial {see No. 755).<br />
Formerly they were under the control <strong>of</strong> the Military Lieutenant-<br />
Governor <strong>of</strong> Ch'ahar (see No. 8 §8).<br />
^94. Mi\:Wi±W.^ K^eil Hua* Ch'eng^ T'u^ Mo*<br />
T'e*, The T'umet Tribe <strong>of</strong> Kuei Hua Ch'eng (K'u K'u Ho T'o ;<br />
see No. 884).<br />
The T'umet are divided into two Banners which, in turn,<br />
are arranged in two Wings, ^ ^ Tso^ I*, Left, or Eastern,<br />
W^ing, and '^^ Yu* I*, Right, or Western, Wing. Their<br />
camps lie to the North <strong>of</strong> Kuei Hua Ch'eng, or K'u K'u Ho<br />
T'o, <strong>of</strong> Shansi province.<br />
The Banner affairs <strong>of</strong> the T'umet tribe are attended to by<br />
the Manchu General-in-Chief <strong>of</strong> Sui-yiian-ch'eng {see Nos. 744a<br />
and 899) and the Manchu Brigade-General <strong>of</strong> Kuei Hua Ch'eng<br />
{see Nos. 745b and 899).<br />
For the examination <strong>of</strong> lawsuits and judicial affairs, as well<br />
as questions concerning taxes collected from Chinese and Mongols<br />
in the camps <strong>of</strong> the T'umet tribe, there is an Intendant bearing<br />
the title M^^^M. K"ei^ Sui^ Ping^ Pei* Tao\ residing at<br />
^^ 3^ "^ Sui^ Yiian^ Ch'eng^. He has as his assistant Civil<br />
Commissioners styled Ji ^ fql ^jj Li^ Shih^ T'ung^ Chih^<br />
M^^%^ Fu^ Min2 T'ung^' ChihS or M^MH F"' Min'<br />
T'ung' P'an* {sec Nos. 849 and ^<br />
849a), who are stationed at<br />
fh ^ Jvuei' Hua* ( T'ing\ Kuei Hua Ch'eng— K'u K'u<br />
Ho T'o), fQ # -^ ^ ;^ Ho=^ Lin^' Ko* Erh' T'ingS Harin-kor-<br />
t'i"g, it^rtm ^ o^ K'o* T'o^ T'ingi, }f 7k M M Ch'ingi<br />
Shui^ Ho^ T'iog^ Mik^^ Sal L^i CM-^2 Ting^— Sarach'ih-<br />
t'ing, m'MB Ning^ Yiian=* T'ingS ^ Jl j^ Sui^ Yiian' T'ingS<br />
. [ 460 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
^^m<br />
897<br />
Wu^ i'"an=' T'ingS ^ ^ ^ TW Lin^ T'ingS i^lj^ 895<br />
Wn' Ch'uau^ T'ingS and ^ fO ^ Hsingi Ho' T'ingi.<br />
^^<br />
895. MM lhW,^^M-^^o' Lan^ Shani E* Lu' T'e*<br />
Meng^ Kii', The ^Mongols <strong>of</strong> Alashan (belonging properly to the<br />
Oirad or OeliJt tribes see ; No. 884) ; deriving<br />
the region <strong>of</strong> JIrJ ^ # A* La^ Shan^ (also ^ K {Ij Ho* Lan^<br />
their name from<br />
Shan^'; compare above), lying North <strong>of</strong> Ninghia, in the province<br />
<strong>of</strong> ICansu, where they have settled. 'They foi'm one Banner<br />
n-hich Is ruled by generic Princes (tracing their genealogy from<br />
Khabiit'u Khasar, brother <strong>of</strong> Kinghis Khan), entitled ^^ ^<br />
Ch'in^ Wang^ {sec No. 873), who reside at the small town <strong>of</strong><br />
!S jS ^ Ting* Yi'ian^ Ying'. They are divided into eight<br />
squadrons.<br />
The higher sujaervision over the affairs <strong>of</strong> the Alashan<br />
Banner is invested in the Manchu General-in-Chief at ^ ^<br />
Ning^ Hsia^, in the province <strong>of</strong> Kansu (see Nos. 746 b and 900),<br />
for which reason the Alongols <strong>of</strong> Alashan are also designated as<br />
the " Mongols <strong>of</strong> the Ninghia Department."<br />
896. H ii ^ ^ ± M M 5|# ^' Chl^ Na* Chiu* T'u^<br />
Erh» Hu* T'e*, The Old Tourgouths <strong>of</strong> the Edsine, or Edsinei,<br />
River (see No. 884). They consist <strong>of</strong> one Banner, occupying<br />
land lying to the West <strong>of</strong> the camps <strong>of</strong> the Alashan Mongols<br />
{see No. 895), and arc subject to the superior jurisdiction <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Manchu General-in-Chief at Ninghia (compare No. 895 ; see<br />
also Nos. 744b and 900).<br />
896a. i'pj MM% ^ Ho- Rs? E* Lu» T'c^ Oirad to the<br />
West <strong>of</strong> the River (i.e. the ^ j'pj Huang* Ho", Yellow River).<br />
This is the general designation <strong>of</strong> the Mongols <strong>of</strong> Alashan and<br />
the Old Tourgouths <strong>of</strong> the Edsine (see Nos. 895 to 896).<br />
897. 'T*^'' WiMMU Ho^ Tui T'ung^ Manchu General-in-<br />
Chief, or Military Lieutenant-Governor <strong>of</strong> Jehol (see No. 719a),<br />
residing at ^ j-pj Je^ Ho* (Jehol; also called 1^ ^ }^ Ch'eng^<br />
Te* Fu'; see No. 104e) ; in charge <strong>of</strong> the Chosot'u (sec No. 887)<br />
[ 461 J<br />
.
899<br />
PRESENT DAY POJ.ITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
898 and Chao Uda (see No. 088) Leagues and the g ^ Wei^<br />
to Cli'ang', Imperial Hunting Preserves (also called tJc ^ Mu*<br />
Lan^, or Muran ; see No. 748).<br />
The civil administration <strong>of</strong> the Jehol tenitory is carried on,<br />
mider the supervision o£ the ^Military Lieutenant-Governor, by<br />
Commissioners styled i^ ^ "rJ ^ Li^ Shih* Ssu^ YiJan^, Civil<br />
(/ommissioners, and Jj If'*] ctI M. ^-'^^ Hsing-^ Ssu^ Yiian^, Judicial<br />
Commissioners (compare No. 879a).<br />
The tract in which the Imperial Hunting Pi-eser^es {see<br />
above) are situated forms a separate Sub-prefectin-e, the so-called<br />
M^M Wei^ Ch^ang^ T'ing', headed by a ^tt |^ f^ -^D Fu^<br />
Min^i T'ung^ Chih^ (compare No. 849).<br />
898. ^ n*- m tP U Cli'a^ Hal ^,.1,3 ^u^ T'ung3, Manchu<br />
Oeneral-in-Chief <strong>of</strong> Ch'ahar, or Military Lieutenant-Governor <strong>of</strong><br />
(yh'ahar (see No. 71 9a). Tliis <strong>of</strong>ficial, residing at 5M ^ P<br />
Changi Chia^ K'ou^, Kalgau, conducts the government<br />
<strong>of</strong> tlie<br />
Mongols <strong>of</strong> Ch'ahar (see No. 893) and also supervises the actions<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Silingliol League (see No. 889). He is assisted by the<br />
^ J^n ^ SO M M Ch'a^ Ha^ Erh^ Fu* Tu^ T'ung% Dei)uty<br />
Lieutenant-Governoi' (see No. 745 e), i-esiding at Kalgan.<br />
Formerly tlie ^ ^ Mu' Cli'ang^, Imperial Pasturages (''ee<br />
No. 893), were under tlie su.]-)Grvisiou <strong>of</strong> the ]\Iilitary I^ieutenant-<br />
Governor <strong>of</strong> Ch'ahar; since 1908 they have been managed by a<br />
special Superintendent (see No. 755).<br />
The Military Lieutenant-(TOvernor <strong>of</strong> Ch'ahar is, ex <strong>of</strong>ficio,<br />
Controller <strong>of</strong> the so-called M Wl M W- -^<br />
^^' I^^' 'l''=ii'
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Also, be bears tbe title \<strong>of</strong> # ft ^ ^ :/c E Tii^ Pan* K'en^ 900<br />
Wu* Ta* C'b'cn^, Siiperintentlent <strong>of</strong> Colonization Affairs {see No. to<br />
778). As his assistant there is the Bf fh 'j^ glj |[i S^^ Kuei^<br />
Hua* Ch'eng-2 Fu^ Tu* T'ung% Deputy Lieutenant-Governor,<br />
residing at Bf fb i^ K^iei^ Hua* Ch'eng'^ (K'u K'u Ho T'o).<br />
900. ^ M /iF i: Ning- Hsia-* Chiang^ Ch^n^ Mancliu<br />
Genei-al-in-Chief <strong>of</strong> Ninghia. or Military Lieutenant-Governor <strong>of</strong><br />
Ninghia (ysee No. 744b) ; superintending tlie afFaii's <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Mongols <strong>of</strong> Alashan [see Xo. 895) and the Old Tourgouths <strong>of</strong><br />
the Edsine {see N'o. 89(j). He is assisted by the ^ g glj ^[^ ^<br />
Ning^ Hsia* Fu* Tu^ T'ung^, Deputy Lieutenant-Governor {see<br />
No. 74dD), residing at Ninghia.<br />
901. W. f^ li ^ ^-'^'"g' Wu^ Tsung^ Chip, Head Bureau<br />
<strong>of</strong> Mongolian Affairs, headed by a |§ ^ Tsimg"^ Pan*, Chief.<br />
This- Bureau is foimd at the Governor-General's <strong>of</strong>fice at<br />
Moukden and superintends the affairs ol the ^fongols <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Cherira League {see No. 886) "which, as has been mentioned {see<br />
No. 892), is subordinated to Fengtien province.<br />
For the detailed oroanization <strong>of</strong> the Head Bureau <strong>of</strong><br />
Mongolkn<br />
Affliirs sec No: 812a.<br />
For particulars as to the post <strong>of</strong> ^ f^ ^ f^ Meng^ VVu*<br />
Ssu^ 8hih^, Commissioner <strong>of</strong> ^Mongolian Affairs (abolished in<br />
1909), see No. 812.<br />
B. K''ii¥unor ( Kohonor ) :<br />
902. ^ ^^ Ch'ingi Hai^ K'uk'unor (^see No. 868). Its<br />
population consists <strong>of</strong> various ^loiigolian tribes (see No. 903) and<br />
Tangouths (designated by the Chinese as ^ ^ Hsi^ Fan',<br />
Western Triljesmen ; see No. 904), ruled by generic chieftains<br />
who are under the sway <strong>of</strong> the Chinese Amban at Si-ning<br />
{see No. 905).<br />
903. §1 % !}^ E* I^u^ T'e', Oeluts. i'liose are under<br />
the control <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Controller-General (Amban) at<br />
Si-ning {see No. 905). Their local government is invested in the<br />
t -^63 ]<br />
gQg
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
904 hands <strong>of</strong> their generic Princes, as with the Khalkhas {see No.<br />
to 870) and the Inner Mongols (see No. 884).<br />
The jVlongols <strong>of</strong> K'uk'unoi', as is the case Avith tlie Mongols<br />
QQg<br />
<strong>of</strong> Khalkha and Inner Mongolia, are divided into 29 Banners,<br />
the chieftains <strong>of</strong> which meet yearly at the ('h'aghang-T'ologhoi<br />
(one <strong>of</strong> the islands in Lake K'uk'unor) for a League meetina;<br />
(see No. 872), at which affairs concerning the internal public<br />
administration are discussed.<br />
Since the time <strong>of</strong> the mutiny' <strong>of</strong> Lubsang Tan-ching (in<br />
1723) the President <strong>of</strong> the League meeting is not an elected<br />
Prince (compare No. 872) but, at the ruling <strong>of</strong> the Peking<br />
Government, is either the Tm])erial Controller-General at Si-ning<br />
or an <strong>of</strong>ficial chosen by him (compare No. 892).<br />
The following are tlio tribes <strong>of</strong> K'uk'unor :<br />
L Khoshoit (in Chinese fO Jf ^^ % Ho' Slio* T'c* Pu''),<br />
21 Banners,<br />
2. Khalkha (in Chinese<br />
P^ ^ P|: % K'a^ Erh' K'a^ Pu^),<br />
1 Banner.<br />
3. Ch'oros (In Chinese |^. ^ %f^ *[?<br />
Cli'o^ W Ssu^ Pu^),<br />
2 Banners,<br />
4. Khoit (in Chinese )^' l[$ % Hui^ T'e* Pu^), 1 Banner, and<br />
0. Tourgouth (in Chinese ± M M # a\\<br />
T'e^ Pu4), 4 Banners.<br />
'^''"^ ^'"'^^ H^^*<br />
904. ^ -^ l^ T'ang' Kii^ Te*, Tangouth ; also ® '^ Hsi'<br />
Fan^ Western Tribesmen {see No. 902).<br />
The Tangouths number 40 j^ Tsu^, Tribes, riileci by ^ ^<br />
T'u^ Ssu\ Generic Chieftains, avIio are, in turn, placed under the<br />
control <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Controller-General at Si-ning {sec No.<br />
905). In addition to these there are 39 Tangouth tribes under<br />
the Dalai Lama {see Nos. 906 and 914).<br />
905. ® ^ p ^ ;/; £ Hsl^ Ning' Pan* Shih;' Ta'' Ch'en'^<br />
The Imperial Controller-General at Si-ning, or Amban (full title<br />
11 ^M n '^ ^ S :^ £ Tsung^ Li^ Ch'ing'<br />
[ +04 J<br />
Hai^ Shih^ Wu^<br />
i
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Ta* Cli'en") ; representative <strong>of</strong> the higher Chinese authority and 906<br />
invested with the control <strong>of</strong> the 29 Mongol (properly Oelot)<br />
and the 40 Tangouth tribes mentioned above (see Nos. 903<br />
and 904).<br />
C. Tibet and the Lamaist Hierarchy :<br />
906. ^ 1^ Hsi^ Tsang*, Tibet; known during the ]\Iing<br />
Dynasty as ,^ 1)? gj Wu^ Ssu^ Kxxo\ or ,1§ Sf? ^ Wu^ Ssu^<br />
Tsang*. The Mongol designation is Parung-t'ala (i.e. Western<br />
Country), or T'udbod (^ f|^ {[f T'u^ Po* Te*). By the Tibetans<br />
themselves ( Pf ^ T'u^^ Fan^ or [^ ^ Hsi^ Fan^ ; also jg ^ ijvJQ<br />
T'ang2 Ku^ T'e^ or ^ -^ '\^ T'ang"^ Ku' T'e*) it is called Bot,<br />
or Bod, and Bod-jul (the land <strong>of</strong> Bod).<br />
The last-mentioned term<br />
corresponds, so it seems, to the old Chinese designation \% jgj<br />
Fo2 Kuo^, the Land <strong>of</strong> Buddha.<br />
There arc two main divisions <strong>of</strong> Tibet, i.e. Large Tibet and<br />
Small Tibet, the first <strong>of</strong> which, called by the Chinese j^ij ^<br />
(3h'ien'- Tsang*, Anterior, or Eastern, Ti])et, consists <strong>of</strong> the<br />
provinces (§|^ Pu^) ^ Wei* (Yi or Yii in Tibetan ; also called<br />
F|4 ^ Chung^ Tsang^, Central Tibet), and ^ K'ang^ (in Tibetan<br />
Kham ; also called ^ TfC ^ Ch'a^ Mu* To\ Chamdo), while the<br />
second, called by the Chinese fjj^ ^ Hon* Tsang'*, Ulterior, or<br />
Western, Tibet, embraces the provinces <strong>of</strong> |^ Tsang*, and jJpf |^<br />
A^ Li', Nari (Ngari), or Nari-Kliorsung.<br />
As regards political status, Tibet, in olden times, was as a<br />
large indejjendent iState including the whole <strong>of</strong> K'uk'unor and a<br />
great portion <strong>of</strong> the present provinces <strong>of</strong> Szechwan and Yunnan.<br />
Its relations with <strong>China</strong> began in the 7th century A.D. when<br />
(in &^l)M^Wi^ ^ Su^ Lung- Tsang"* Kan^ Pu*, Strongtsan<br />
Gambo, became allied with the Emperor ;(i^ ^ T'ai* Tsung^, <strong>of</strong><br />
the T'ang Dynasty, through taking as his wife the Princess<br />
X ^ Wen Ch'eng, daughter <strong>of</strong> the latter. For many centuries<br />
his descendants, under the title <strong>of</strong> Gialbo (in (Jhinese ^ ^ Tsan*<br />
Pu^), continued to rule over Tibet although, as time passed, the<br />
30<br />
[ -^65 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA..<br />
temporal authority to a gi-eat extent was encroaclied upon by<br />
the superiors <strong>of</strong> a religious association— the Sakya, (Chinese<br />
^ ]jlU<br />
written in Chinese ^fh* #^<br />
S<br />
Sa' Chia^) known at that period by the name <strong>of</strong> Brugba^<br />
P"* ^u^ K'e* Pa^<br />
Based on the doctrines <strong>of</strong> Buddhism, which penetrated Tibet<br />
already largely corrupted by Hindoo, and especially Sivaitic,<br />
forms <strong>of</strong> worship, the doctrine <strong>of</strong> the Sakya (also called ^X. W^<br />
Hung^ Chiao*, Red Doctrine, from the colour <strong>of</strong> the vestments<br />
and head-dress <strong>of</strong> the Sakya priesthood) became in the course <strong>of</strong><br />
time so perverted from the original dogmas <strong>of</strong> Buddhism that it<br />
brought upon itself a strong revolt, under the leadership <strong>of</strong> a<br />
reformer named Tsongkhab'a (1857-1420), in Chinese 9^ ll§ S<br />
Tsung^ K'a^ Pa\ who founded a new doctrine (^ ^ Huang'<br />
Chiao*, Yellow Doctrine). His nephev>', Gegen-Dub, succeeded<br />
in 1439 in attaining the predominant position in the Hierarchy <strong>of</strong><br />
Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism) and from him there started a line<br />
<strong>of</strong> clerical rulers <strong>of</strong> Tibet (Dalai Lamas ;<br />
sec No. 914).<br />
In the 13th century (during the 5C Yiian Dynasty) Tibet<br />
became a vassal <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong> and in 1260 A.D. the Emperor ^ jjigj<br />
Shih* Tsu^ (Khubilai) bestowed on the famous Paghba Lama<br />
(A .^> G Pa^ Ssu^ Pa^) the title mM±^i^^ ^^"o' Shil i^<br />
Ta* Pao^ Fa* Wang^, State Teacher and Prince <strong>of</strong> the Precious<br />
Doctrine, giving him, conjointly with the secular authorities,<br />
authority over Tibet. The dependence was again<br />
confirmed at<br />
the beginning <strong>of</strong> the reign <strong>of</strong> the Manchu Dynasty when, in<br />
1642 A.D., the Emperor, known from his reign as ^ ffi^, Ch'ung^<br />
Te^, received at Moukden envoys carrying presents from the<br />
Tibetan rulers. At the same period (1643) the Dalai Lama,<br />
oppressed by the temporal authorities, applied to Ciushi Khan, in<br />
Chinese styled |S $^ ?f Ku* Shih' Han^, the reigning Prince <strong>of</strong><br />
the Khoshoit Mongols,<br />
for assistance. For his assistance the<br />
latter annexed the district <strong>of</strong> K'uk'unor to his dominions and<br />
levied taxes on the Kham province. The Dalai Lama rewarded<br />
[ 466 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
him for his fidehty with the title <strong>of</strong> ^ f^ -^f No'^ MCn^ HanS 907<br />
Nomen Han, or Prince (Khan) <strong>of</strong> the C'hurch, the equivalent <strong>of</strong><br />
the Sanskrit "Dharma Raja."<br />
In the reign <strong>of</strong> the Emperor J| ^^ K'^ng^ Hsi^, in 1694<br />
A.D., the temporal administrator who. as Regent for the Dalai<br />
Lama, had, long conducted the government<br />
<strong>of</strong> Tibet under the<br />
title <strong>of</strong> ^ E Ti* Pa', or ,1^ Q Tieh-* Pa^ (compare No. 912),<br />
was invested with the title <strong>of</strong> ^ {^ .'|f g] I T'u^ Po'^ T'e" Kuo'^<br />
Wang^, King <strong>of</strong> Tibet. Not long after, however, the continual<br />
intrigues <strong>of</strong> the temporal authorities against the secular powers,<br />
and also their inclination to throw <strong>of</strong>f the Chinese yoke, incited<br />
the C'hinese Government to take steps to strengthen its hold over<br />
Tibet. Accordingly, in 1727, a large part <strong>of</strong> the border<br />
territory <strong>of</strong> the' Kham province<br />
was annexed to the interior<br />
dominions <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong>. At about the same time two Residents {see<br />
No. 907) were appointed for the supervision <strong>of</strong> actions <strong>of</strong> the<br />
temporal administrators.<br />
In 1751 A.D. the temporal sovereignty in Tibet was<br />
entirely suppressed, the rule <strong>of</strong> that region being placed in the<br />
hands <strong>of</strong> the Dalai Lama, aided by a council <strong>of</strong> four laymen,<br />
called Kalon, or Kablon, i.e. Ministers <strong>of</strong> State (see No. 910),<br />
under the superior direction <strong>of</strong> the two Chinese Residents. The<br />
last-mentioned have, since 1792 A.D., been authorized to take<br />
a direct part in the government <strong>of</strong> Tibet, conjointly<br />
Dalai Lama.<br />
with the<br />
907. IJ H ic S ^'hu* Tsang* Ta* Ch'en^, Imperial<br />
Resident <strong>of</strong> Tibet ; aided by a colleague, or Assistant Resident,<br />
styled f^ if •;/c S ^ang^ ^ar> TV Ch'en=* (this post was<br />
instituted in 1727 ; sec No. 906).<br />
Both the Resident and Assistant Resident <strong>of</strong> Tibet are<br />
usually chosen from the ranks <strong>of</strong> higher Chinese <strong>of</strong>ficials and are<br />
under the direction ot the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Dependencies (see No. 491 a);<br />
charged, however, with memorializing<br />
[ 4G7 ]<br />
the Throne direct on all
909<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATt OF CHINA.<br />
908 important questions. Among<br />
to<br />
other duties, they act as the medium<br />
<strong>of</strong> communication between the Chinese Government and the<br />
Covirt <strong>of</strong> Nepal, which is known in Chinese as ^ f|^ I^ ^ Kuo^<br />
Erh^ K'a^ Kuo% or Q ;j^ Pai^ Vu\ and g ^ 1*^' ^'^\<br />
Parbuttiya. They have a stafF <strong>of</strong> H f^ ^ :^ I' Ch'ing' Changi<br />
Ching^,<br />
Secretaries for Native Aifairs.<br />
The Imperial Resident and Assistant Kesident ai*e invested<br />
with the svipreme command <strong>of</strong> both the Chinese garrison troops<br />
and the Tibetan soldiery (^ .^ Fan^ Ping') and, through the<br />
PB S ^^^ Hsia^, Council Chamber (see No. 910),<br />
affairs <strong>of</strong> the entire Tibetan civil administration.<br />
control the<br />
Since 1909, to the Imperial Residents there has been<br />
attached a |i ^ ^ ^ Chu* Tsang* Ts'an^ Tsan^ Councillor<br />
{see the Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the 18th August, 1909).<br />
908. )^ ^ Liang^ T'ai^ Commissary. Of this rank are<br />
three Chinese <strong>of</strong>ficials, stationed at ^ ^ La' Sa', Lhaspa,<br />
^\i ft '^ ^ Chai 8hih'^ Lun^ Pu*, Tashilumbo, and Ngari, who<br />
act as paymasters to the Chinese forces and as deputies <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Imperial Residents in all matters concerning<br />
Tibet.<br />
Chinese interests in<br />
909. By the Tibetan-Indian Commercial Convention,<br />
concluded between <strong>China</strong> and England on the 21st October, 1908,<br />
in Tibet, in addition to f§ J^ Ya^ Tmig\ Yatung, opened to<br />
foreign trade in 1895, the following are to be opened : JX $^<br />
Chiangi Tzu', Gyantze Chung, and Rg :^ :^ Ka^ Ta" K'e*,<br />
Gartok At Yatung there is a ^^ §| Shui' Kuan', Custom<br />
House, now under the direction <strong>of</strong> the first Commissionei- <strong>of</strong><br />
Customs <strong>of</strong> Chinese nationality. At the other places mentioned<br />
there have been established ^. -^ Kuan' Ch'ia^ Customs<br />
Barriers.<br />
For the three townis mentioned there have been organized :<br />
n: iS(5 ^ Kung' Pu* Chii^, Municipal Council, MWM Hsiin*<br />
Ching3 Chu2, Department <strong>of</strong> Police, XMM I^'»ig' Ch'eng^<br />
[ 468 J
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION . OF CHINA.<br />
C'hii^ Public Works Department, ^ ^- ^ Ts'ai' Pan* Chii^, 910<br />
Court <strong>of</strong> Justice, etc. The British Government has the right<br />
<strong>of</strong> tO<br />
appointing ^ ^ ^ ^ Shang^ Wu"* Wei* Yiian^, Commercial 913<br />
Agents, at these places.<br />
910. ^ ^ IW HsiaS The Council. This is coi. r»osed <strong>of</strong><br />
four Il§ ^ fi^ Ka^ Pu^ Lun^, Members <strong>of</strong> the Council. Kalons,<br />
or Ministers ; see Nos. 906 to 907), appointed by Imperial<br />
Decree, on the nomination <strong>of</strong> the Residents, and, ex <strong>of</strong>ficio,<br />
invested with the third degree <strong>of</strong> Chinese <strong>of</strong>ficial rank.<br />
911- ii^ J; Shang^ Shang^, The Treasury. This depart-<br />
ment is presided over by the Kalons and has supreme control<br />
over all questions relating to the collection <strong>of</strong> revenue.<br />
The staff <strong>of</strong> the Treasury includes three fj^ 3^ Tsai^ Peng*,<br />
Councillors <strong>of</strong> the Treasury <strong>of</strong> the 1st Class (invested with<br />
Chinese <strong>of</strong>ficial rank <strong>of</strong> the 4th Class), Two ^ -^ # Q Shang^<br />
Cho^ T'e* PaS Councillors <strong>of</strong> the Treasury <strong>of</strong> the 2nd Class<br />
(invested with rank <strong>of</strong> the 4th Class), and tAvo ^W ^ ^ Yeh*<br />
Erh^ Ts'ang^ Pa^ (Yerts'angba), Controllers <strong>of</strong> Revenue (with<br />
the 5th Class <strong>of</strong> Chinese <strong>of</strong>ficial rank). -^<br />
912. The remaining <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the secular administration<br />
<strong>of</strong> Tibet are : 1. Tavo 1$ ff H Lang^ Tsai^ Hsia^ Controllers<br />
<strong>of</strong> Streets and Roads ; fifth rank, 2. Two ^^^ Hsich^ Erh^<br />
Pang^ (Hierbang), Commissioners <strong>of</strong> Justice ; fifth rank, 3.<br />
Tavo 1^ ^ ^ Sho* Ti'' Pa^ (Shediba), Superintendents <strong>of</strong><br />
Police ; fifth rank, 4. Two g| ^ Ta* Peng*,<br />
%<br />
Controllers <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Stud ; sixth rank, 5. Two rfl ^ Chung^ I*, Secretaries <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Council (<strong>of</strong> two ranks ; distinguished by having the character<br />
^ Ta*, Great, or /}'» Hsiao^, Lesser, prefixed to the title ; <strong>of</strong> the<br />
sLxth and seventh rank), 6. ^ /g M Cho^ Ni' Krh=^ (Chonir),<br />
Second Class Secretaries <strong>of</strong> the Council ; sixth rank, and 7. 13.<br />
^ Q Ti* Pa^ or || g Tielr PaS Commissioners (divided into,<br />
six classes ; compare No. 906).<br />
[<br />
i9<br />
]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
913 913. In the military organization <strong>of</strong> Tibet the following<br />
tQ<br />
ranks are found :<br />
Qi^^ 1. ^^ Tai^ Peng* (the sound was formerly denoted by<br />
the characters f^ ^ Tai'^ Pen^), (Commandant; six in all;<br />
invested with the fourth degree <strong>of</strong> Chinese <strong>of</strong>ficial rank.<br />
2.<br />
12 in all,<br />
and<br />
^[] 3^ Ju^ Peng*, Assistant Comrrtandant ; fifth rank ;<br />
3. ^3^ Chia' Peng*, Centurion ; sixth rank ; 24 in all.<br />
4- ^3^ Ting* Peng*, Subaltern; seventh rank; 120 in all.<br />
913a. ^ @ Fan^ Mu*, A generic designation for Tibetan<br />
Officers <strong>of</strong> all ranks, both civil and military. Officers are<br />
appointed by selection from the ranks <strong>of</strong> scions <strong>of</strong> the ancient<br />
aristocracy (-fH;^ Shih^ Chia^), known as Tongkhor (^ fif ^<br />
Tung^ K'o^ Erh3).<br />
914. g|j{ ^ La^ Ma\ Lama. This designation, applied<br />
to all members <strong>of</strong> the Buddhist priesthood, is derived from a<br />
Tibetan woi'd which, according to the C'hinese, has the meaning<br />
<strong>of</strong> ^ J^ ^^^^1^ Shang*, " Unsurpassed."<br />
914a. ^ ^ Pjl] HM Ta^ Lai* La^ Ma^ Dalai Lama.<br />
The word Dalai, or Tale, in Mongolian, signifies "Ocean"<br />
and .corresponds to the Tibetan word Djamts'o, or Chamts'o,<br />
which is found in the full title <strong>of</strong> Dalai Lama, i.e. Cheptsun<br />
Djamts'o Rinboch'e, " Venerable Ocean Treasure."<br />
The Dalai Lama, regarded as a re-embocjiment (in<br />
Mongolian Kubil'han ; in Chinese D^ § |?J ^ Hu^ Pi* Le* Han%<br />
01' "fh ^ Hua* Shen') <strong>of</strong> the famous refo}-mer <strong>of</strong> Buddhism,<br />
Tscngkhaba [see Ko. 9U6), and, at the same time, as an<br />
incarnation, or Avatar (Sanskrit), <strong>of</strong> the Bodhisattwa<br />
Avalokiteswara (in Chinese H rf # ^ Kuan^ Yin^ P'u^ .^^a^; in<br />
Mongalian AriyabahO, is recognized by the Chinese (government<br />
•as the supreme Pontiff <strong>of</strong> the Yellow Church (^ M ^ "1^' M<br />
[ 470 J
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.<br />
Chang^ Huang^ Chiao* Shou' Ling^) and, as such,<br />
ecclesiastical ruler <strong>of</strong> Tibet (see No. 906).<br />
is the<br />
Gegen-Dvib (see No. 906), and his nearest successors, were<br />
called only Great, or Superior, Lamas. The title <strong>of</strong> ^ ^<br />
Ta*' Lai^ was bestowed in 1640 A.D. upon the fifth Superior<br />
Lama (Narang-Lobtsang) by the Gushi Khan, the reigning<br />
Prince <strong>of</strong> the Khoshoit Mongols, and was sanctioned in 1652<br />
A.D. by the Emperor jl^ f^ 8hun'* Chih^ who, during a visit <strong>of</strong><br />
the said Dalai Lama to Peking, bestowed upon him a golden<br />
seal and a brevet for the title <strong>of</strong> ^^ ;[(; @ S iSt i^t Hsi^<br />
T'ieni Ta^ IShani Tzu^ Tsai* Fo^ "Great, Eighteous and<br />
Complacent Buddha <strong>of</strong> the Western Heavens." In 1908,<br />
during the visit to Peking<br />
<strong>of</strong> the 13th Dalai Lama, to this<br />
title the Emperor ^ |§ Kuang^ Hsii^, and the late Empress<br />
Dowager ^ || Tz'u"-^ Hsi^ added the characters t^ M M i^<br />
Ch'eng^ Shun* Tsau"* Hua"^, " Sincere and Loyal Spreader <strong>of</strong><br />
Civilization''<br />
1908).<br />
(see Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the 3rd November,<br />
On the death ([gj ^ Yiian^ Chi*) <strong>of</strong> the Dalai Lama steps<br />
are at once taken for the selection <strong>of</strong> his successor. With this<br />
object in view inquiries ai'e made by the priesthood as to<br />
miraculous manifestations (Q ^ Ling^ I*) having been observed<br />
attendant upon the bli'th <strong>of</strong> children at about the same time.<br />
The names <strong>of</strong> the children chosen are deposited in a golden urn<br />
(# ^[^M
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
914n As has been stated, there are three mountains sacred to the<br />
Buddhists bearing one designation. The original is situated in<br />
India, another forms the well-known "island <strong>of</strong> monasteries " <strong>of</strong>f<br />
the . coast <strong>of</strong> Chekiang, called in Chinese ^ 1?^ UJ P'u' T'o*<br />
Shan^, while the third has already been spoken <strong>of</strong>.<br />
914b. mWm'M il TB ill m P^n^ Ch'an^ E^ Erh^ Te^<br />
Ni' La^. Ma^, Panchen Erdeni Lama, or Panchen Binpioche<br />
(Pearl <strong>of</strong> Intellect).<br />
The -Panchen Erdeni Lama is believed by the Buddhists<br />
to be a regeneration <strong>of</strong> tne second <strong>of</strong> the eminent disciples <strong>of</strong><br />
Tsongkhab'a {see No. 906) and, at the same time, a<br />
re-embodiment <strong>of</strong> the Buddha-Amitaba (one <strong>of</strong> the Five<br />
Buddhas in Meditation ; in Chinese M M fE ^ ^' ^^i' T'o*<br />
Fo^). He resides at the Jashilumbo, or Serasiar, Monastery,<br />
situated a,bout one mile from the city <strong>of</strong> Q |^ ^Ij Ji* K'a^ Tze^,<br />
Shighatze, or Jighatze (also Digharch'ih). This monastery was<br />
built by Gegen-Dub (see No. 906) in 1445 A.D.<br />
The selection <strong>of</strong> the Panchen Erdeni Lama is made exactly<br />
as is the Dalai Lama (compare No^ 914a).<br />
The first Panchen Lama was Lobtsang Choichih Chaltsang,<br />
the confessor <strong>of</strong> the fifth Dalai Lama, declared as such by the<br />
latter about 1650 A.D.<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the Panchen Lamas (namely, the sixth in succession<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Panchen Lamas, Lobtsang Tanishi by name) undertook<br />
the journey to Peking to take part in the festivities in connection<br />
with the Emperor |g |^ Ch'ien^ Lung's', 70th birthday (in 1780<br />
A.D.) At Peking he siiccumbed to small-pox and a marble<br />
obelisk was erected at his place <strong>of</strong> sepvdture in the i^C (^ fb ftS<br />
^ Ch'in^ Ching* Hua* Ch'eng' Miao\ which was built in 1783<br />
and is also styled the ® ^ ^ Hsi^ Huang'^ Ssn\<br />
following :<br />
To the Panchen Erdeni Lama there are attached the
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.<br />
Second Degree, 3. M ^ W\ M ^^en' Pen^ La' Ma^ Lama <strong>of</strong> 915<br />
the Third Degree, and 4. ^J^MWIM ^^^^ ^'^^ ^^^^^ La' ^q<br />
Ma*, Lama <strong>of</strong> the Fourth Degree. These positions are all<br />
filled by appointment <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Resident, on the nomination<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Panchcn Erdeni Lama.<br />
915. ^ fFI ^ No* Men^ -Han', Nomen Han (the<br />
IMongolian is equivalent to the Sanskrit Dharaia Raja), "Prince<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Church," or " Prince <strong>of</strong> the True Faith " (in Chinese<br />
;^ ^ Fa* Wang^). This title has, for a long time past, been<br />
bestowed upon eminent supporters <strong>of</strong> the Lamaist Ilierarchy ;<br />
the first recorded instance <strong>of</strong> its bestowal was, as we have seen<br />
aboA^e, in the case <strong>of</strong> Gushi Khan (compare No, 906). It w^as<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten conferred upon ecclesiastical dignitaries<br />
under whose<br />
direction, as Regent, the Tibetan Council (see No. 910) was<br />
placed during the repeated minorities <strong>of</strong> the Dalai Lama. For<br />
this reason these dignitaries were sometimes colloquially called<br />
j^ ^ Tsang'* Wang'', Princes <strong>of</strong> Tibet. In addition to the title<br />
<strong>of</strong> Nomen Han they bore also a "Ming Hao" (:g ^) or "title<br />
<strong>of</strong> honour," such as that <strong>of</strong> Galdan Shiretu (fi^ ^ ^ ^ Hf^ H<br />
Ka^ Erh' Tan^ Hsi^ L^* T'u^) together with the <strong>of</strong>fice <strong>of</strong> Bakhshi,<br />
GiSft Pa' K'e* Shih^, in Mongolian "Teacher," or<br />
"Preceptor," the Chinese ^ Shihi.<br />
The last <strong>of</strong> the Nomen Han was degraded in 1844 and<br />
died in exile in 1854 (compare No. 915a).<br />
915a. ^'M^ffl^ (-'li'a' Han* No* Men^ Han',<br />
White Prince <strong>of</strong> the Church ; rendered in Chinese as Q ^ Pai^<br />
Fo^, in Mongolian as Ts'aghang Nomen Han. This title is<br />
borne by the hiereditary chieftain <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> the Banners <strong>of</strong> the<br />
T'umets {see No. 894). The first bearer was Manchusri<br />
Hut'ukht'u, a spiritual counsellor sent by the Dalai Lama,<br />
about 1580 A.D., to Altan Khan <strong>of</strong> the T'umets and who was<br />
established at Hoku Hotu.<br />
r 473 ]<br />
915a^
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.<br />
Q16b On the accession <strong>of</strong> the Throne by the Manchu Dynasty<br />
to the successors <strong>of</strong> Manchusri Hut'ukht'u were compelled to<br />
9^6 remove to thft region South <strong>of</strong> the Yellow River, where they<br />
have remained up to 'the present wielding great influence over<br />
all the Mongol and Tibetan Buddhists (compare No. 915).<br />
915b. i^ ^ K'an^ Pu*, Abbot (Hambo Lama). By a<br />
Decree <strong>of</strong> 1792 A.D. it was ordained that all K'an Pu<br />
enthroned (§^ ^ Tso^ Ch'uang^) in the larger monasteries<br />
should be appointed by the Dalai Lanm and the Imperial<br />
Resident jointly. In the case <strong>of</strong> smaller monasteries the power<br />
<strong>of</strong> appointment rests with the Dalai Lama alone.<br />
The envoy despatched yearly to Peking with presents—<br />
tribute—from the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama is selected<br />
from the ranks <strong>of</strong> Harabo Lamas <strong>of</strong> Tibetan monasteries. He is<br />
designated in Chinese by the title Elch'in, ^M^^.E* Erh'<br />
Ch'in^, a transliteration <strong>of</strong> the Manchu word meaning "Envoy."<br />
916. Bf H ;^ m flui T'u* K'e* T'u2, Hut'ukht'u,<br />
Pontiff (the Mongolian word is interpreted by the Chinese as<br />
meaning ^ ^ A Tsai* Lai^ Jen', "one who returns again").<br />
The colloquial designation is v§^ Huo^ Fo^, Living Buddha.<br />
Al large class in the Buddhist Hierarchy are considered as<br />
re-embodiments (gj Bf ^ |ll '^ Ch'u* Hu^ Pi* Le* Han^) <strong>of</strong><br />
Bodhisattwas and eminent promoters <strong>of</strong> Buddhism.<br />
The Hut'ukht'us recognized by the Chinese Government<br />
and registered at the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Dependencies munber 160,<br />
i.e. 30 in Tibet, including 12 bearing the distinctive appellation<br />
<strong>of</strong> Shaburung (^;§J ^ ^ Sha^ Pu* Lung^), 19 in Northern<br />
Mongolia, 57 in Southern Mongolia, 35 in K'uk'unor, five in<br />
Chamdo and 14 in, or'ttear, Peking. For particulars as to the<br />
last-mentioned see No. 917.<br />
When a Hut'ukht'u dies his successor is chosen in the same<br />
manner as is the successor <strong>of</strong> the Dalai Lama (see No. 914a;.<br />
The names <strong>of</strong> the candidates are deposited in, the golden urn<br />
[ 474 ]<br />
«
PRESENT DAT POf,ITICAL OEGANIZJLTION OF CHINA.<br />
(^ )^ Chin^ P'ing^^ and the lot drawn determines the successor, 916a<br />
who, howev^er, must be approved by the Emperor. Imperial ^q<br />
Edicts ai-e issued whenever a Hut'ukht'u dies (compare the<br />
Decree <strong>of</strong> the 26th Optober, 1909,<br />
issued on the death <strong>of</strong><br />
•Tungkhor Hut'ukht'u ; see No. 917).<br />
Many Hut'ukht'us receive from the Chinese Government,<br />
for merit shown, the honorary title <strong>of</strong> Gegen, a Mongolian word<br />
meaning " Light."<br />
916a. ^;^it:^Gllf^:^lJ Che2 Pu^ Tsun^ Tan^<br />
Pal Hu^ T'u^ Ke* T'u^ Cheptsun-damba Hut'ukht'u, the<br />
Mongolian Hut'ukht'u, or PontiflP, residing at Urga and ranking<br />
third among the dignitaries <strong>of</strong> the Lamaist church, i.e. after the ,<br />
Dalai Lama and the Pauchen Erdeni Lama.<br />
The Mongols freqiiently refer to the Cheptsun-damba<br />
Hut'ukht'u as the Maidari Hut'ukht'u (from Maitr^ya, the<br />
Messiah <strong>of</strong> Buddhism; in C] Inese §i fj ^ Mi* Le* Fo^). He<br />
is also described as Gegen, thei^itle bestowed by Tsetsen Gegen<br />
Khan in 1637 A.D. on Ghombo-Dardj-i, the son <strong>of</strong> T'ushet'u<br />
Khan. This title was afterwards recognized by the Dalai Lama<br />
as appertaining to the Kubil Han <strong>of</strong> Cheptsun-damba.<br />
The <strong>of</strong>ficial designation <strong>of</strong> the Cheptsun-damba Hut'ukht'u<br />
is T'aranatha Lama, he being considered the re-embodiment <strong>of</strong><br />
T'aranatha, the famous historian <strong>of</strong> Buddhism.<br />
For particulars as to the Shabinors, Serfs <strong>of</strong> Underlings <strong>of</strong><br />
the Urga Pontiff, see No. 875.<br />
917. S :^ ill 5^ Chu* Chingi La^ MaS Lamaist<br />
<strong>Organization</strong> in and about Peking.<br />
Thanks to the large patronage extended to the " Yellow<br />
Church" by the Emperors <strong>of</strong> the Manchu Dynasty (beginning<br />
frOm K'ang Hsi, 1662-1722), the Lamas have succeeded in<br />
gradually establishing t^ast and rich monasteries at Jehol (12 ^<br />
Ssu^, Monasteries), Dolon-nor (also H|!l 5^ ^ La^ Ma^ Miao'*;<br />
there are two monasteries here— Shara-sume, the Yellow, and<br />
[ 475 ]<br />
g^y
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Hoho-sume, the Blue), and, especially, at 3£ S LU ^^^^^ T'ai'<br />
Shan^, in Shansi province, where there is a famous temple<br />
# ^ H P'li^ Sa^ Ting3 (<strong>of</strong>ficial designation, i^^i^^^ Ta*<br />
Wen2 Shui Ssu^, Large Temple <strong>of</strong> Wen Shu, or ^ ^ |^ Chen^<br />
Jimg' Yiian^, Court <strong>of</strong> the True Image), built by the monk<br />
^ TlJc<br />
Fa* Yung', during the time <strong>of</strong> the T'ang Dynasty and<br />
dedicated to the Bcdhisattwa Manchusri (^C ^ ^ 1^ Wen' Shu^<br />
P'u* Sa^), which is annually visited by crowds <strong>of</strong> pilgrims from<br />
all parts <strong>of</strong> Mongolia.<br />
In and about Peking, as well as at the Iniperial Mausolea,<br />
there are found lamaseries in which services are daily perfonned<br />
in honour <strong>of</strong> deceased sovereigns.<br />
Among the Metropolitan Hut'ukht'us the first place<br />
(liia^ Hu^ T'u^ Ke^<br />
appertains to the ^ ^- Uf ^ :^ M Chang^<br />
T'u^, Changcha Hut'ukht'u (also designated ^ ^ Chang^<br />
Chiao"*). He is acknowledged<br />
as the re-embodiment <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Hut'vikht'u despatched by the Dalai Lama, under the same title,<br />
to represent him at the Chinese Court (towards the close <strong>of</strong> the<br />
I7th century). The latter was received with great respect by<br />
the Emperor K'ang Hsi and was assigned a residence at the<br />
Shara-siune monastery (compare above),<br />
built in the Jehol<br />
district about 1691. The successor <strong>of</strong> the original ('hangcha<br />
Hut'ukht'u, during the reign <strong>of</strong> the Emperor |^ |^ Ch'ien^<br />
Lung^ (1736-1796), removed his residence to Peking, where he<br />
was allotted the monastery ^ |p ^ Yung^ Ho^ Kung^ (where<br />
the Emperor ^ JE Yung"^ Cheng% 1723-1735, lived Avhile Heir<br />
Apparent; compare No. 104a).<br />
The principal Metropolitan Hut'ukht'u are enumerated<br />
a Decree <strong>of</strong> 1786 :<br />
below, in order <strong>of</strong> rank assigned them by<br />
1. Minchur Hut'ukht'u {Wi^M^'M'^ M Min' Chu^ I^rh^-<br />
Hui T'u2 Ke* T'u^), residing at the monastery ;^ ^ ^ Tung^<br />
Huang^ SsuS built in 1691, lying three g Li^ ISorth <strong>of</strong> the<br />
^ ^ P5 Ani Ting-^ Men', 2. GaWnn Siret'u Hut'ukht'u<br />
[ 476 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Mfi-^HM^M^M^^^'<br />
Lc^ Tan^ Hsi^ Le" T'n'^ Hu^ T'u^ 918<br />
Ke^T'M^), 3. Chilung- Hut'uklifu {fM^^^fM'^M ^'^'i* Lung^<br />
Hu^ T'-ii2 Ke^ T'u^). These all have precedence <strong>of</strong> the || i|^ ^<br />
Tsung^ K'an^ Pu'', Ahbots-in-C/hief <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Lamaseries.<br />
There are eight otlier dignitaries <strong>of</strong> class mentioned, headed<br />
by the Tungkhor Hut'iikht'u (M $4 W nf Ji :^ H Tung-* K'qI<br />
Erh^ Hii^ T'u^ Ke* T'u-), dAvelling at, or near, Peking, and two<br />
at Dolon-nor.<br />
918 The remaining ranks <strong>of</strong> the Lamaist Hierarchy are<br />
as follows: 1. ^ I^B ^L ^ ^ ;^C ill 5f# Chang'<br />
Yin^ Oha^ Sa'<br />
Ke* Ta^ La^ Ma', Dzassak Da-Lama, Grand Chancellor <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Lamaseries, having a seal <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>fice, 2.<br />
glj ^ pf] ^L ^ ^ ic M M<br />
Fu^ Chang' Yin* Cha' Sa' Ke^ Ta* La' Ma', Vice-Chancellor,<br />
^- ^<br />
^L ^ ^ ill M li^^ Sa' Ke"* La' Ma^ Dzassak Lama,<br />
Elder <strong>of</strong> Lamaseries, 4. ^ ^i] 5^ T^''^'^ La^ Ma\ Prior <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Lamasery ; charged with the management<br />
and control <strong>of</strong> services<br />
<strong>of</strong> the monastery to which he is attached, as well as with<br />
supervision <strong>of</strong> the Lamas, to ensure that the}^ perform their<br />
duties properly, 5. |(J ^ glj 0^ Fu* Ta'' La' MaS Vice-Prior,<br />
6. ^1 nk iO M Hsien^ San' La^ Ma^ Lamas with no fixed<br />
post (compare No. 9.14), 7. ^, 7[C ^ Te^ Mu* Ch'i=* (also<br />
^^ ^ ^ Te- Mu* Ch'i^; in Mcngolian Demch'i), Demch'i Lama,<br />
or Steward <strong>of</strong> a Lamasery, 8 . |§ iW> IS I^^* *^s^^ Kuei' (in<br />
Tibetan Gisk-hui ; in Mongolian Gebhui, or Gebghei), Gebhui,<br />
or Provost ; in charge <strong>of</strong> the mamtenance <strong>of</strong> good order during<br />
services, for which reason he is authorized to carry a sceptre<br />
while services are in progress (in lai'ge monasteries, where there<br />
are many Gebhuis, the senior is designated as Ta Gebhui).<br />
There are three degrees <strong>of</strong> consecration in the Lamaist<br />
Hierarchy: 1. !§• |^ Ke* Limg^, Geleng (Gylong), Higher,<br />
2. 1^ ^ M Ke* Ts'ui firh', Gets'ul, Middle, and 3.<br />
Ij^ f<br />
Pan' Ti*, Bandi (in Tibetan Gheneng; in Kalmuk Manchih),<br />
Lower. In addition there are j'^ Jg^ ^^^^^ l*i*j Novices.<br />
[ 477 ]
I<br />
PART lY.<br />
APPENDIX
SPECIALLY DEPUTED OFFICIALS.<br />
919. ^ M M iM T'e* P'ai* Cli'ai^ Shih^, Specially 919<br />
Deputed Officials.<br />
In <strong>China</strong> the custom <strong>of</strong> charging <strong>of</strong>ficials with special qp-i<br />
missions is very widespread, for instance, for conducting negotia-<br />
tions with Foreign Powers in connection with the conclusion <strong>of</strong><br />
commercial treaties or for Investigating the sitviation <strong>of</strong> various<br />
questions abroad, such as Education, Finance, etc.<br />
920. ^ ^ ii^ -;§ ic E K'ao^' Ch'a^ Cheng*<br />
Chih* Ta*<br />
Ch'en^, Commissioner for Studying the <strong>Political</strong> <strong>Organization</strong><br />
(<strong>of</strong> Foreign States). Under this designation <strong>of</strong>ficials<br />
(||^ ^<br />
Tsai^ TseS ^ :^ Tuan^ Fang^ ^ fS| ^ Tai* Hung^-tz'u', and<br />
'Others) were deputed to Europe and America in 1905.<br />
920a. ^MM^:k^ K'ao' Ch'a^ Hslen* Cheng* Ta*<br />
Ch'en^, Commissioner for Studying Constitutional Government<br />
(in Foreign Countries). This titles was given to <strong>of</strong>ficials deputed,<br />
In August, 1907, to England (^ j/^; ^ Wangi TaMisieh*),<br />
Germany (=f-i^^ Yu^ Shlh*-mei^) and Japan (first ^ ^ Ta*<br />
Shou% later ^ ^ Ifij Li^ Chla^-chii').<br />
920b. MMM'^:^^^ Tsuan^ iS^I^ (I^) Hsien* Fa* Ta*<br />
"Ch'en^, Commissioner for Compiling Constitutional Laws. An<br />
Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 5th November, 1910, appointed Princes<br />
P'u Lun and Tsai Tse, with this title, to draw up a schedule <strong>of</strong><br />
essential constitutional laws.<br />
921. J^ P^ ij If :^ g Ao* Men' Hua* Chleh* Ta* Ch'en',<br />
Commissioner for Defining the Macao Boundaries. An <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
bearing this title, ^ jfn ^ Kao^ Erh'-ch'ien\ took part<br />
in the<br />
(deliberations <strong>of</strong> a mixed Sino-Portuguese Commission convened<br />
31<br />
[ 481 ]<br />
^^q
924<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
922 f*5^' tl^6 purpose <strong>of</strong> defining tlie boundaries <strong>of</strong> Macao (iu<br />
to<br />
1909).<br />
922. ^ ^ It "^ A^ 15 K''^o' Ch'a' Ts'ai^ Cheng^ Ta*<br />
Cli'en', Commissioner for Studying- the Financial <strong>Organization</strong><br />
(in Foreign Countries). Invested with this title, j§ |g f^ T'ang''^<br />
"-'hao^-i-, studied the iinancial situation <strong>of</strong> America and the<br />
ccntinental Powers during 1908-1909.<br />
922a. a similar ciiarge to the above, namelv, the studvino-<br />
<strong>of</strong> the financial organization (^ '^ ^j g^ K'ao-' Ch'a^ Ts'al^<br />
Cheng*) <strong>of</strong> Japan, America and Europe, was laid upon ^ ^<br />
Lien^ Chia^, the Inte Lieutenant-Governor <strong>of</strong> Anhul province, in<br />
1909. He was, at the same time, directed to study the mea^sures<br />
taken towards spreading education (^ ^ ^ ^ |^ ;^ ^k W<br />
P ^ Chien^ Ch'a- Ko* Kuo^ T'ui^ Kuang' Chiac* Yii^ Pan*<br />
Fa^), extending the postal and telegraph<br />
services and the<br />
institution <strong>of</strong> Postal Savings Banks.<br />
923. # ^ ^ l| ic E K'ao^' Ch'a2 Hai^ Chiini Ta*<br />
Ch'en^, Commissioner for Studying Naval Affairs. Bearing this<br />
title, Prince |g }^ Tsai^ Hsun\ and Admiral ^ || 7K<br />
pingS left, in the Autumn <strong>of</strong> 1909, to study<br />
Sa' ChOn*-<br />
the situation <strong>of</strong><br />
naval affairs in England, France, Italy, Germany and Russia.<br />
They visited the United States <strong>of</strong> America and Japan for a<br />
similar purpose in the Autumn <strong>of</strong> 1910.<br />
923a. ^^^^ ^^ K'ao^ Ch-a* Lu- Chiin^ Ta*<br />
Ch'en^, Commissioner for Studying ^lilitary Affair:^. Invested<br />
with this title, Prince ^ ^ Tsai^ T'ao^ was despatched, in 1910,<br />
to Japan, America, England, France, Germany, Italy, Austria<br />
and Russia, with the object <strong>of</strong> studying the military situation in<br />
these countries.<br />
Li^ Shangi Yiieh* Shilr Wu'* Ta^ Ch'en', Imperial Commissioner<br />
for Negotiating Commercial Treaties. This title was liorne by<br />
^MM Sheng* Hsuan'-huai^ g ?i ^ Lii'' HaiMulan^ and<br />
[ *^? ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CIIINA.<br />
l2 ^ ^ Wu^ T'ing^-fang^, who concluded commercial treaties 924*<br />
Avith England (in 1902) and with America and Japan (in 1903 j. ^q<br />
924a. ^ il [^ I^ ic E H"i* Pan* Shangi<br />
Yueh' Ta*<br />
Ch'en^, Associate Imperial Commissioner for Negotiating<br />
Commercial Treaties. This title is borne by Sheng Hsiian-huai, •<br />
although at present no commercial treaties with Foreign Powers<br />
are being negotiated.<br />
925. ^ fl^ Chuan^ Shru^, Ambassador Extraordinary ; the<br />
title <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials deputed for extraordinary missions to Foreign<br />
Sovereigns. It was borne by ^ ^ 3E ^3c is ^.'h'un' Ch'in^<br />
Wang^ Tsai' Feng^, Ch'un, Prince <strong>of</strong> the First Rank, personal<br />
name ^ j^ Tsai Feng, who was deputed to Germany in 1901 to<br />
express regret for thfe killing <strong>of</strong> Baron von Kettler, and by ^^ ^<br />
Na^ T'ung^, who was deputed to Japan at the same time to<br />
express similar regrets for the killing <strong>of</strong> Mr. Sugiyama. For<br />
tendering <strong>China</strong>'s thanks to America for waiving part <strong>of</strong> the<br />
indemnity <strong>of</strong> 1900, ^ |H 1^ T'aug^ Shao-'-i^ as Ambassador<br />
Extraordinary, visited that coimtry in 1908 and, similarly. Prince<br />
^ |g Tsai^ ( 1ien^ and ^ ^| ^, Tai^ Ilung^-tz'u^, were deputed<br />
to Japan and Russia respectively to express <strong>China</strong>'s gratitude<br />
for the despatch <strong>of</strong> Special Ambassadors from these countries to<br />
the funeral <strong>of</strong> the Emperor Kuang Hsii.<br />
926. ^ li ^ fi ic S Kungi Pan* San^ Li^ Ta* Ch'en^,<br />
Superintendent <strong>of</strong> Funeral Rites. This title wa; borne by<br />
various Princes <strong>of</strong> the Blood- and High Officials o:^' the Empire<br />
who were deputed in November, 1908, for the supe: vision <strong>of</strong> the<br />
funeral ceremonies <strong>of</strong> the Emperor Kuang Hsii and the Empress<br />
Dowager T'zu Hsi (20 <strong>of</strong>ficials in all).<br />
927. .it ^^ ;/c E Yen* Fang* Ta* Ch'en^, Controller <strong>of</strong><br />
Examination <strong>of</strong> Officials. Thus are designated Metropolitan<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials who are deputed, in accordance with the law, to receive<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials who have obtained appointments to posts x^ot higher than<br />
the fourth rank, the Imperial Audience being Vjlved,<br />
[ 483 ]<br />
with the<br />
937
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL 9RGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
028 object <strong>of</strong> ascertaining whether there is any<br />
obstacle to their<br />
^Q taking up appointments (for instance, physical defects, bad<br />
QOft <strong>of</strong>ficial record, etc.). The examination <strong>of</strong> these <strong>of</strong>ficials is made<br />
in groups, periodically) several times a month), Imperial sanction<br />
being obtained for each examination.<br />
ESTABLISHMENTS ABOLISHED OR REORGANIZED.<br />
928, ii i^ ^ T'ung^ Cheng^ Ssw^ Transmission Office ;<br />
literary designation, ^ ^ Yin^ T'ai''. This <strong>of</strong>fice was<br />
charged with the reception, recording<br />
and transmission to the<br />
Council <strong>of</strong> all Memorials received from the p'-ovinces. Also,<br />
it was the depot for the receipt <strong>of</strong> all<br />
petitions addressed to the<br />
Emperor direct. The staff included : 1 . M "^ ^ "^ ^ 1^ i^<br />
T'ungf^ Cheng* iShih' Ssu^ T'ung^ Cheng* Shih', Commissioners<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Transmission Office (literary designation, |^ ^ Yin^ Tai*,<br />
:^ H ^ Ta* Yin' T'ai^ ^ ^ Na* Yen^ ;/^ ^ ^ Ta* Na*<br />
Yen^, i)^ ^ f^ Hsien* Na* iShih', ;/c Wt M Ta* Hsien* Na*, and<br />
^ fl^ Kusi^ v
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Apparent during their lifetime, it was, up to the date <strong>of</strong> its 930<br />
abolition in 1902,. an absolute sinecure for a personnel made up,<br />
in view <strong>of</strong> the important object <strong>of</strong> its institution, <strong>of</strong> Members <strong>of</strong><br />
the National Academy*, holding<br />
<strong>of</strong>fice also in the latter. The<br />
staff was made up <strong>of</strong> : 1. Two "M ^ M JE^ ^ ('han^ Shih*<br />
Fu' Cheng^ Chan^ Shih*, Chief Supervisors <strong>of</strong> Instruction;<br />
literary designation, ^ j£ Kung^ Cheng*, ^ ^' Kung^ Yin',<br />
^ ^ Ch'u» Tuan', i^ ^ Tuan^ Yin^ ;^ ^ j^ Ta* Kung^ Tuan\<br />
:kM^ Ta" Ch'u^ Tuan\ and ^ -^ Kung^ Chan^; 3a, 2. Two<br />
^ ^ f^ ^J^ -^ -^ Chan^ Shih* Fu^ Shao* Chan^ ShihS<br />
Supervisors <strong>of</strong> Instruction ; literary designation, ^ ^ Shao*<br />
Yin3, ;@ ^ ^ Chan^ Shih* Ch'eng^, /J? j^ Shao* TuanS and'<br />
Sg§^ Tuani Ch'eng^; 4a, 3. Four #ij^^.^ Ch'un^ Fang=^ Shu*<br />
Tzu*, Deputy Supervisors <strong>of</strong> Instruction, two ^ Tso^, Senior,<br />
and two /^ Yu*, Junior ; literary designation, ^ }&^ Kung^ Shu*,<br />
»|t ^ Chung^ Hu*, and J^ t\t ii Ta* Chung^ Hu*; 5a, 4. Four<br />
^ W ^ it Ch'un^ Fang^ Cliung^ Yiin', Secretaries <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Supervisorate <strong>of</strong> Imperial Instruction, two ^ Tso^, Senior,<br />
and two /^ Yu*, Junior ; literary designation, ^ ^ Kung^ Yiin^,<br />
and ::^ ^ ;/[^ Ta* Kimg^ Yiin^; 6a, 5. Four ^ t^ ^ ^ Ch^un*<br />
Fang* Tsan* Shan*, Assistant Secretaries <strong>of</strong> the Supervisorate<br />
<strong>of</strong> Imperial Instruction ; literary designation, ^ ^ Kung^<br />
Tsan*, and :;^: ^^ Ta* Kung^ Tsan*; 6b, 6. Two ^ |S ^<br />
^ Ml Ssu^ Ching^ Chii" Hsien^ Ma^, Librarians; literary<br />
designation, i[^ f^ :^ it ^^ei* Fang^ Ta* Fu^ wl M<br />
i^ ^ Ssu^ Chingi Ta* FuS and j^ ^ M Ta* Chang^ Ching^;<br />
5Ji, and 7. j^ ^ Chu^ Pu*, Archivist; 7b.<br />
930. m M^m~^B^^^ Tsung3 Li^ Ko* Kuo^ Shih*<br />
Wu* Ya2 Men^, or, more explicit, jg ^^^MMM^B^^^<br />
-Tsung^ Li' Ko* Kuo^ T'ung' Shang^ Shih* Wu* Ya'-^ Men',<br />
Office <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs; established in 1861 and administered<br />
by m JI # ^ ^ B ic E Tsung^ Li» Ko* Kuo' Shih* Wu*<br />
Ta* Ch'en^ Members (for details see No. 305).<br />
[ 485 J
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,<br />
OSOa In 1901 this institution was reorganized as the ^h ^ oU<br />
to Wai* Wu* Pu*, Ministry o£ Foreign Affairs {.see No. 305a).<br />
933 930a. I^ ^ It T'lnig^ Wen^ Kuan^ College <strong>of</strong> Foreign<br />
Languages; established in 1862 (seo No. 311)<br />
at the Office<br />
<strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs {see Nos. 305 and 930); abolished in 1900.<br />
931. ^^§15 Hsiin^ Ching^ Pu^ Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong><br />
Police; established in 1905 (see details in No. 339); reorganized<br />
in 1906 as the ^WC"^^ Min^ Cheng* Pu^ Ministry <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Interior (sec No. 339a).<br />
932. p ^15 Hu4 Pu^ Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong> Revenue (see<br />
No. 349). This Ministry was also designated j^ ^ Ti' Ts'ao',<br />
A U Jen' PuS fl ^ Ssu^ T'uS and ^ jg Ssu^ Nung^ while<br />
its -President was called i^ ^ Ti* Ch'ing\ ;/«; ^ ^ Ta* Ssu'<br />
Nung^, or ::^ "r^I %<br />
^^^ ^^u^ Yiian^, and its Yice-President<br />
^ pI M Shao* Ssu^ Nung^. It Avas reorganized in 1906 as the<br />
M^a^ Tu* Chih^ Pu* (see No. 349b).<br />
932a. H^ ^ g Ts'ai^ Cheng* Ch'u*, Committee <strong>of</strong><br />
Finance : formed in 1903 (see No. 349a); amalgamated<br />
in 1906<br />
with the ^ ^ §15 Tu* Chih^ Pu*, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance (see No.<br />
349b).<br />
933. :*: ^ ^ T'ai* Ch'ang'' Ssu*, Court <strong>of</strong> Sacrificial<br />
Woi-ship ; literary designation, ^ ^ ^ Feng* Ch'ang^ Ssu*,<br />
pj If # Ssui Li^ Ssu*, and ® g Ch'ii^ T'ai^ (see No. 376b);<br />
was in charge <strong>of</strong> all sacrifices performed by the Emperor in<br />
person, or by his deputies, and supervised temples and Imperial<br />
]\[ausolea. Its personnel was made up <strong>of</strong>: 1. Two j^ '^ ^<br />
jE W T'ai* Ch'ang2 Ssu* Cheng* Ch'ingS Directors <strong>of</strong> the Cour<br />
<strong>of</strong> Sacrificial Worship ; literary designation, p\ Ji§: ^ W ^^^<br />
U^ Ssu* Ch'ing', :;^ ^ Ta* T, ^ ^ ^' P Feng* Gh'ang^<br />
Ssu* Ch'ingS ;/; 11 ft 'Ta* Tien' Li^ and ^ fj^ Tsung^ Pc^-<br />
3a, and 2. Two X "^ ^ 'P W T'ai* Ch'ang^<br />
Ssu* Shao*<br />
Ch'ing^ Sub-Directors <strong>of</strong> the Court <strong>of</strong> Sacrificial Worship;<br />
literary designation, H /it 5^ 0P Ssu' Li^ Shao* Cli'ing^ an*<br />
[ 486 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
mi^^ Feng* Ch'ang=^ Ta^ Fii\ These Officials were 934<br />
generically described as ^ ^ Ching^ T'ang^.<br />
For <strong>of</strong>ficials additional to the above-mentioned see Nos.<br />
382b and 391.<br />
The Court <strong>of</strong> Sacrificial Worship was amalgamated in 1 906<br />
Tvith the ^ ^{5 Li^ Fu\ Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong> Eites (see No.<br />
376b), i.e. Avith the Department <strong>of</strong> Sacrificial Worship (see<br />
No. 382a).<br />
934. yt M ^ Kuang^ Lu* Ssti^ Banqueting Court ;<br />
literary designation, '^ ^ "o] Ssu^ Tsai' Ssu^, and ^ ^ ^<br />
Hsiian^ Hui^ Yiian* (see No. 376b). This department supervised<br />
the food supplies for banquets given in honour <strong>of</strong> Envoys from<br />
vassal states, as well as in honour <strong>of</strong> new Metropolitan Graduates<br />
and Provincial Graduates or, in the case <strong>of</strong> very worthy <strong>of</strong>ficials,<br />
on the 60th anniversary <strong>of</strong> the attainment <strong>of</strong> their literary<br />
degrees, by Imperial direction,<br />
at the Court or at the Board <strong>of</strong><br />
('Cremonies. Its personnel was : 1. Two j^ f^ ^ IP. fpP<br />
Kuang^ Lu'* Ssu'^ Cheng* Ch'ing^, Directors <strong>of</strong> the Banqueting<br />
Court ; literary designation, ^ ^ ^ T'ai* Kuan^ Ling*,<br />
m^^M Ssu' Tsai^ Ch'ingS 7^ ^ Lcng^ Ch'ingi, :k n B ^^a*<br />
;Ssui Shan*, and i; fi ^9 Ta* Ting^ Hsiang*; 3b, and<br />
2. Two ^ H ^ ^ iP Kuang^ Lu* Ssu^ Shao* Ch'iugS Sub-<br />
Directors <strong>of</strong> the Banqueting Court ; literary designation, ^ nl j^<br />
Shao* Ssu^ Shan*, and ^^M Ta* Ho' Keng^;<br />
5 a.<br />
The Banqueting Court was amalgamated with the jjl^ §[J<br />
Li' Pu*, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Rites (see No. 376b), i.e. the Banqueting<br />
Department (see No. 383a) in 1906.<br />
935. t^ Sit ^ Hung^ Lu'^ Ssu*, Court <strong>of</strong> State Ceremonial ;<br />
literary designation, ^ ^ I^ T'ai'^ (see No. 376b). The duty <strong>of</strong><br />
informing guests at banquets as to the ceremonies reqidred<br />
by etiquette devolved upon this Court. Its personnel<br />
included :<br />
1. Two ^1 M ^ jE P Hung^ Lu^ Ssu* Cheng* Ch'ingS<br />
Directors <strong>of</strong> the Court <strong>of</strong> State Ceremonial ; literary designation,<br />
[ 487 ]<br />
to<br />
935
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
936 :J^^M '^^' ^s^' I'' ^^^ :^C ^ A Ta* Hsiiig'^ Jen" ; 4a, and<br />
to<br />
Q'^ft<br />
2. Tavo ^^M^'J^W Hiing^ Lu2 Ssxi* Shao* Cli'ing\ Sub-<br />
Directors <strong>of</strong> the Court o£ State Ceremonial ; literary designation,<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Sub-Directors <strong>of</strong> the Court <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Stud ; literary 937<br />
designation, ^ pI ^ Shao* Ssu^ P'u^;4a. tO<br />
The Court <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Stud was amalgamated with the qqo<br />
m%^\l Lu-* Chiin^ Vn\ Ministry <strong>of</strong> War {see Nos. 417 and<br />
420), i.e. with the Department <strong>of</strong> the ^Military Stud {see No.<br />
433a), in 1906.<br />
937. TflJ % Hsing^ Pu*, Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong> Punishments<br />
(see No. 438). Reorganized in 1906 as the f^ ^jj Fa* Pu"*,<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Justice {see No. 440).<br />
Other designations <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Punishments were<br />
^ ^ Oh'iu^ Ts'ao^ ^ ^ Ssu^ Iv'ou*, ^ ^ Hsien* Ts'ao^<br />
^ gn Hsien* Pu*, and @g g Hsi' T'ai^ Its President was<br />
called ;^ m Oh'iu^ Ch'ing\ ^ M ««"^ HsienS :f^ ^ ^ Ta*<br />
Ping- Hsien^ and -^^fiM Ta" Oh'iu^ T'ail<br />
937a. :/(; Jf ^ Ta' Li^* Ssu\ Court <strong>of</strong> Judicature<br />
and Revision {sec No. 215) ; reorganized<br />
in 190G as the<br />
:^ SI P% Ta* Li^ Yiian^ Supreme Court <strong>of</strong> Justice {see No.<br />
215a).<br />
The Court <strong>of</strong> Judicature and Revision was also called § gj<br />
Yiiu^ Ssu\ and |^ ^ Chi* Ssu*. Its President was called @ j^'J<br />
T'ing2 Yii*, i^ Q iJ Ta* T'ing^ Yu*, ^ Jfl] {TlP Ssu^ Hsing-<br />
Ch'ing', II p Chi* Ch'ingS :A: j^ Ta* Chi*, ^ m ^^I^'i"' Ch'ingS<br />
and :J^ p] ;^ Ta* Ssu^ Yiin"\ while the Vice-President was<br />
styled ^ zp Ts'an^ P'ing', and @ Jlif ^ ^ T'ing^ Yil* Shao*.<br />
Ch'inff 4;v.„.i<br />
938. i^" ^15 Shangi Pu*, Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong> Trade;<br />
established in 1903 (see Nos. 461 and 461a) ; amalgamated in<br />
1906 with the M X f^ ^!5 Nung^ Kung^ Shang^ Pu', Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Industry and Commerce (see No. 462), i.e. witli'<br />
the Department <strong>of</strong> (Jommerce (see No. 465 ).<br />
939. X pB Kungi Pu*, Ministry (Board) <strong>of</strong> Works (see<br />
Nos. 460 and 4G0a). Amalgamated in 1906 with the ^ X [Sj <strong>of</strong>j<br />
Nung^ Kung' Shang^ Pu*, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Industry<br />
[ 481) 1
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
940 and Commerce {see No. 462), i.e. with the Department <strong>of</strong><br />
to Industry (^ce No. 464).<br />
043 The Ministry <strong>of</strong> Works was also styled ^ ^ Tung^ Ts'ao^,<br />
^ ^ Ssu^ K'ung\ ^ % Ch'i» Pu^ ^ !"• Ch'i' Ts'ao', while<br />
its President was called ^ "^ Timg^ Kuan^, ^ ^p Tung^ Ch'ing^<br />
and :;c pI ^ Ta* Ssu^ P'mg^.<br />
940. Jl '^ ^ Li' Fan' Yiian^, Court <strong>of</strong> Colonial AfFairs<br />
{see No. 491) ; reorganized in 1906 as the Ji ^ ^ji'Li^ Fan*<br />
Pu^, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Dependencies {see No. 491 a).<br />
The Court <strong>of</strong> Colonial AfFairs was also known as [p] ^ ^<br />
its President<br />
T'ung"^ Wen' Ssu*, and ^ ^ t^ Ssu^ Pin^ Ssu*;<br />
was called m ^ Tien' K'o^ ^ ^ # fP T'ung^' Wen' Ssu*<br />
Ch'ingS and p]^ # P Ssu^ Pin^ Ssu'^ Ch'ing\ and its Vice-<br />
President W^ ^ 'P M T'ung2 Wen' Ssu* Shao* Ch'ing\<br />
and ^ ^ 4 -i^ !/PP Ssu^ Piu^ Ssu^ Shao* Ch'ingi.<br />
941. ^ ^ j^ Hsueh' Wu^ Gh'u*, Committee <strong>of</strong> Educa-<br />
tional AfFairs ; established in 1903 {see No. 574) ; reorganized<br />
in 1906 as the ^ ^[J Hsiieh' Pu*, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education {see<br />
No. 395).<br />
942. ^ ^ ^ Luan' I' Wei% The Imperial Equipage<br />
Department {see No. 109); transformed in 1909 into the ^ ^^<br />
Luan' Yu2 Wei* {see Decree <strong>of</strong> 13th April, 1909).<br />
HONORARY TITLES.<br />
943; The folloAving honorary titles are bestowed (j^ J^^<br />
^ ifa • • .<br />
^'i Chia^ En^ Shang' Chia^ . . . Hsien')<br />
on <strong>of</strong>ficials, either during their lifetime or after their death, for<br />
distinguished service rendered the State: 1. >!c IP T'ai* Shih^,<br />
Grand Preceptor ; 1a, 2. -^^ T'ai* Fu*, Grand Tutor; 1a,<br />
3. :*: iJi^<br />
T'ai-* PaoS Grand Guardian ; 1a, 4. ip gp Shao<<br />
Shih^, Junior Preceptor; 1b, 5. ^ f^ Shao* Fu*, Junior<br />
Tutor; iB, and 6. *]? f^ Shao'' Pao', Junior Guardian; iB.<br />
[ 4&0 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZAtlON OF CHINA.<br />
These correspond to the titles <strong>of</strong> the six highest Ministers <strong>of</strong><br />
State <strong>of</strong> olden times, designated under the general names <strong>of</strong><br />
San^ Ku\<br />
^ ^ San^ Kung^ and H M<br />
To the above-mentioned there may<br />
»<br />
be added six similar<br />
titles, referring to the Heir Apparent (see No. 12), which are,<br />
much more <strong>of</strong>ten, conferred for eminent service : 1. ^ -jF !^ ^IP<br />
T'ai* Tzu' T'ai^ Shih^, Grand Preceptor <strong>of</strong> the Heir Apparent ;<br />
IB, 2. ^ ^ ^ ff T'ai'' Tzu^ T'ai^ Fu^ Grand Tutor <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Heir Apparent; 1b, 3. :k J- i^ i^ T'ai* Tzil' T'ai* PaoS<br />
Grand Guardian <strong>of</strong> the Heir Apparent; 1b, 4. ^-f"^^<br />
T'ai* Tzu^ Shao^ Shih\ Junior Preceptor <strong>of</strong> the Heir Apparent ;<br />
2a, 5. 5^ ^ >J? ff T*ai* Tzu» Shao* Fu^ Junior Tutor <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Heir Apparent; 2a, and 6. :k 1^ ^P i^<br />
T'ai* Tzu' Shao*<br />
Pao', Junior Guardian <strong>of</strong> the Heir Apparent ; 2a. The<br />
last-mentioned is <strong>of</strong>ten granted to <strong>of</strong>ficials holding <strong>of</strong>fice and it<br />
entitles them to be addressed as ^ f^ Kung^ Pao^, this phrase<br />
being added to their family name (for instance,<br />
^ ifi:<br />
in the case <strong>of</strong><br />
ill Yiian^ Shih4-k'al^ ^ g f J^ Yuan' Kung^ Pao^).<br />
As regards Europeans, the title <strong>of</strong> Junior Guardian <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Heir Apparent has been bestowed upon Sir Robert Hart<br />
iW-^i^ Ho* -<br />
Kung^ Pao^), the Inspector<br />
Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs.<br />
bestowing<br />
General <strong>of</strong> the<br />
In the Peking Gazette there may <strong>of</strong>ten be noticed Decrees<br />
on this or that <strong>of</strong>ficial one <strong>of</strong> the titles mentioned on<br />
the occasion <strong>of</strong> the 60th anniversary <strong>of</strong> their attainment <strong>of</strong> a<br />
degree (M ^ t. ^ M ^ ^ ^ Hsiang^ Chii' Chih^ Nien'<br />
\Shih* Chou^ Hua^ Chia^), for instance, |§ ^ Ming^ AnS<br />
€x-Tartar General <strong>of</strong> Kirin, was granted the honorary title <strong>of</strong><br />
junior Guardian <strong>of</strong> the Heir Apparent (see Decree <strong>of</strong> the 25th<br />
^February, 1908).<br />
As has been stated, honorary titles are also bestowed on<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials after their death. The late Grand Secretary ^, ^ ^<br />
Tai* Hung'-tz'u'' was invested, after his death, with the title <strong>of</strong><br />
[ 491 ]
I'KESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
944 riaiiior Guardian <strong>of</strong> the Heir Apparent (see Decree <strong>of</strong> the 27th<br />
February, 1910).<br />
HEREDITARY RANKS AND TITLES OF HONOUR;<br />
POSTHUMOUS TITLES.<br />
944, H jg Chueh^ Yin*, or -{I ^ Shih* Chiieh^ Hereditary<br />
Ranks; arranged in nine grades: 1. ^ Kung^,^Duke, 2. Hou^ Marc^wis,<br />
-^<br />
3.<br />
f(J Po^ Earl, 4. ^ Tzii^ Viscount, 5. H<br />
Nan^ Baron, 6. |I Ig^.^t ^'l^'ing^ Oh'c^ Tu^ YiiS 7. .^|f,i^<br />
Ch'i^ Tu^ YiiS 8. ^ „^ iJ Yiin^ Ch'i^ Yii*, and 9. ^ i| j^<br />
En'^ Ch'i^ Yi'i'^. There are three chisses (^ Teng^)<br />
the firs+ five ranks.<br />
<strong>of</strong> each <strong>of</strong><br />
The three senior ranks, called ^ ^ Ch'ao^ P'in^, "Eminent<br />
Ranks," are qualified by laudatory epithets (so-called ^- ^<br />
Chia^ Ming^), for instance, the Earl ^ 'Jt| ^ Li* Hung^-chang^<br />
and the Marquis '^ ^[1 ^ Chcng^ Chi^-tsc^, are styled, re-<br />
spectively, 1: ^ fl^ Su' I* Po2, and ^ M ^' I* ^^i*) Y^mg^<br />
Hou^, etc.<br />
All the vanks mentioned, the ninth excepted, are herital)le<br />
within certain limits (^ gM Shih* Hsi^)— for a specified number<br />
<strong>of</strong> generations, ranging from 26 for a J^ Kung^ <strong>of</strong> the first class<br />
to on 3 for a s-i SSflJ «I>J Yiin'^ Ch'i^ Yii^—or heritable forever<br />
("t ® ^ W Shih* Hsi2 Wang^ T'i*).<br />
Among the Manchus the cases <strong>of</strong> "peri^etual inheritance"<br />
<strong>of</strong> titles (colloquially called ^ ^^ Pei* Pei*) are very frequent.<br />
Possessors <strong>of</strong> such- titles (for instance, that <strong>of</strong> ^ Kung^) are<br />
distinguished as: I. ^^^ Tsung^ Siiih* Kung^ (see No.<br />
39), 2. MMS Chiiehi Lo' Kungi (see No. 40), and<br />
3. AM^ Pal Ch'i^' Kungi (5^^ No. 718).<br />
Among the Chinese there are also found cases <strong>of</strong> " perpetual<br />
inheritance" (Dukes, for instance, being designated ^ -^.Min^<br />
[ 492 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Kung^) but these, especially with reference to the titles <strong>of</strong> ^ 944a.<br />
Kung^ and ^ Hou' {see Nos. 914A and 944b), are rather rare.<br />
Those holding junior titles— commencing with the sixth<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten attain the privilege <strong>of</strong> annexing (^ Chien^) to their titles<br />
those <strong>of</strong> one degree higher.<br />
Any <strong>of</strong> the titles above-mentioned may<br />
be confeiTcd<br />
posthumously (^ H Chin^ Tseng*, or if ft Chui^ Tseng*) for<br />
distinguished service rendered the State.<br />
944a. Among the Chinese, the posterity <strong>of</strong> Confucius<br />
alone have the right <strong>of</strong> "perpetual inheritance" <strong>of</strong> the Princely<br />
title<br />
lif ^^ Yen^ Sheng* KungS Sacred Prince (1a). This<br />
was bestowed in 1055 A.D., by the Emperor {^ ^ Jen*<br />
Tsung\ <strong>of</strong> the ^ Sung* Dynasty, on ?L ^ M K'ung'<br />
Tsung^-yiian*,<br />
the 47th in line <strong>of</strong> descent from Confucius. It<br />
carries with it an allowance <strong>of</strong> 360 taels a year, issued from the<br />
public treasury. Also, imder the present Dynasty, a piece <strong>of</strong><br />
laud has been granted, "for eternal possession," to the posterity<br />
<strong>of</strong> Confucius which, being free <strong>of</strong> all taxes and dues, brings in a<br />
good pr<strong>of</strong>it. Those residing on this land are also exempt from<br />
all taxes and dues.<br />
The holder <strong>of</strong> the title under consideration is responsible for<br />
the maintenance in good order <strong>of</strong> the grave <strong>of</strong> Confucius, situated<br />
in ® ^ ,^ Ch'a^ Fu^ Hsien*, Shantung province.<br />
The second son <strong>of</strong> the Yen Sheng Kung bears the title (also<br />
heritable forever) <strong>of</strong> 3£ jjs^ tS ± ^u^ Chingi Po'^ Shih*, Doctor<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Classics ; 8a. His duties consist in <strong>of</strong>fering sacrifices to<br />
the grandson <strong>of</strong> Confucius, ^ ,^> Tzu' Ssu'.<br />
The title <strong>of</strong> i M 1f ± Wu' Ching^ Po^ Shih*, or simply<br />
If ± Po' Shih* (literary designation, ~X M W- Ta* Han* Po'),<br />
is also transmitted to the eldest, in a direct line, <strong>of</strong> the<br />
descendants <strong>of</strong> the following famous men <strong>of</strong><br />
antiquity :<br />
1. ^ ^ Chou^ KungS 2. ^ ^ Yen^ Yuan', 3. ^t T H<br />
Tseng^ Tzu^-yu*, 4. ^^f-M Min^ Tzu'-ch'ien^, 5. fift ^<br />
[ 493 ]<br />
gg
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
044b Chung* Chi*-lu*, 6. :t ^ ^ Yu' Tzu»-yu^ 7. 1l^ :^ J ^<br />
to Tuan^ Mu* Tzu^ Knng\ 8. h ^ M Pu^ Tza'-hsia*, 9. m^W^<br />
944d<br />
•<br />
Yen^ Tzu'-yu2, 10. f^ fj^ ^i Jan^ Po'-niu^, 1 1 . -^ frfi ^ Jan'<br />
Chung*-kungS 12. g| J^ dp ^ Chuan^ Sun^ Tzu* Chang\ 13.<br />
^ ^ M^ng* Tzu^ 14 f/t ^ Fu2 ShengS 15.' H ,^ Han*<br />
Yu*, 16. ;jj ^ H Ghoul 'f:^n'-[\ 17. Sn ^ Shao* YungS 18. .{<br />
^ M Ch'eng'^ HaoS 19. ^m Ch'eng' P, 20. ?j| g^ Chang^<br />
tsai^, 21. ^ ^ Chu^ Hsi^ and 22. ^ ^^<br />
Kuan^ Yu^<br />
944b. The descendants <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> the relatives <strong>of</strong> the last<br />
Emperor <strong>of</strong> the Ming Dynasty (1868-1644), # || Ch'ung*<br />
Cheni (1628-1644), bear the title, "heritable forever," <strong>of</strong> ^ ^<br />
(/hu^ Hou^, Marquis Chu, and the descendants <strong>of</strong> J^ ig Shih^<br />
Lang^, a native <strong>of</strong> Fukien province who distinguished himself in<br />
the struggle against ^ )^ Jjj Cheng* C/h'eng'-kung\ Coxinga,<br />
the Chinese pirate chief, and rendered great servjc.e to the<br />
Government in the conquest <strong>of</strong> Formosa (1621-1696), also bear<br />
the title, "<strong>of</strong> perpetual inheritance," <strong>of</strong> J^ ^ Shih^ Hou^,<br />
Marquis Shih.<br />
944c. JE — iilfe R A
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHINA.<br />
944e. Regulations sanctioned by the Emperor on the 22nd 944e<br />
September, 1910, define rewards and honours to be bestowed on ^q<br />
those who fall in battle, or succumb from wounds received, and qak<br />
on those woVinded in action. The table annexed to these<br />
regulations provides<br />
for three classes <strong>of</strong> rewards for those who<br />
are killed, or wounded, and a fourth for the wounded alone.<br />
These rewards are graded as follows : 1. The titles <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ j^t<br />
Ch^^' Tu^ Yu% m H i'J i^^n' Ch'i^ YiiS and ^^ ^ if ^^n^ Oh'i^<br />
Yii* (see No, 944 ; <strong>of</strong> perpetual, or qualified, inheritance),<br />
2. The rank <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ Chien* Sheng^ (see No. 959), <strong>of</strong> the<br />
seventh, eighth and ninth grades, 3. A yearly pension (^^ ^ ^<br />
En^ Fu^ Chin^) <strong>of</strong> from 12 to 1,200 taels, and 4. A reward<br />
(M ^ ^ ^^^ Hsii* C'hin^), bestowed but once, <strong>of</strong> from 35 to<br />
2,000 taels.<br />
945. |if It Feng^ Tseng*, Titles <strong>of</strong> Honour ; conferred for<br />
services rendered, because <strong>of</strong> merit, or by Imperial bounty on<br />
the occasion <strong>of</strong> great rejoicing (through the mediimi <strong>of</strong> j^» |3<br />
These may<br />
En^ Chao"*, " Gracious Proclamations.")<br />
be conferred<br />
(^ Shou^) upon <strong>of</strong>ficials themselves or (^ Feng^) upon their<br />
Avives, or granted as posthumous distinctions (^ Tseng*) upon<br />
then- deceased progenitors. The patents by which these titles<br />
are conferred are designated f^ -^ Kao* Ming*,<br />
for all ranks<br />
from the first to the fifth inclusive, and ^J -p^ Ch'ih* Ming*, for<br />
all inferior to these.<br />
Titles <strong>of</strong> honour are divided into nine ranks, each <strong>of</strong> which,<br />
in turn, is divided into two classes : 1 . 3^1^:/^:^<br />
Kuang'<br />
Lu* Ta* Fu^ ; lA, and i| jf^ ;^ ^ Yung^ Lu* Ta* Fu^ ; 1b,<br />
2- M^'X^ Tzu^ Cheng* Ta* Fu^ ; 2a, and M ^ X it<br />
T'ungi Feng* Ta* Fu^; 2b, 3. M M X it '^'"^""S' I' '^^^ Fu^;<br />
3a, and t\t ^ -f^ ^ Chung^ I* Ta* Fu^; 3b, 4. ffl M i^ it<br />
Chung^ Hsien*Ta* Fu^j 4a, and ^ M i^ it ^^'h'ao^ I* Ta* Fu^ ;<br />
4b, 5. ^^i\it Feng*. Cheng* Ta* Fu'; 5a, and ^ it i^[it .<br />
Feng* Chih^ Ta* Fu^; 5b, 6. ^ '^, M Ch'eng^ Te^ Lang^; 6a,<br />
[ 495 ]<br />
•
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
946 andfU^HS JV Lin^ Lang2; 6b, 7. -^^^Wi^<br />
Wen^ Lin-<br />
Lang'^; 7a, and i^ ffc ^IS CW'iig^ Shih* Lang^; 7b, 8.<br />
f|j| ^^ |1$<br />
Hsm^ Chih'' Lang^ 8a, and j^M^i^-M Hsiu^ Chili^ Tso^ Lang'';<br />
8b, and 9. ^ ft HI5 Teng^ Shih* Lang^; 9a, and ^ ffc ^ HB<br />
Tengi Shih* Tso' Lang^; 9b.<br />
Officials <strong>of</strong> the class o£ ^ ^ Li^ Yiian^, i.e. those who have<br />
entered the public service from the ranks <strong>of</strong> ^ |5| Shu^ Pan*,<br />
may attain the following titles <strong>of</strong> honour: ^ ^i HI5 Hsiian^ Te'^<br />
Lang^; 6a, and ^ ^ 1I> Hsiian^ I* Laug^; 7a (compare No.<br />
962).<br />
Titles <strong>of</strong> honour conferred upon the wives <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials are<br />
also divided into nine ranks: 1. "" no ^ A ^^ P'in^ Fu'<br />
.Jen^ 2. H 5?, ^ A Erh^ P'm^ Fu' Jen^, 3. ^ A ShuMen^,<br />
4. ^ A Kungi Jen^ 5. ^AP JcnS 6. ^ A An^ Jen^,<br />
7. ii A J«' 'Ten2, 8. A p^ fi A Pa^ P'in^ Ju^ J^n2, and<br />
^ :^ 0^ M A Chiu^ P'in' Ju» Jen^<br />
Upon military <strong>of</strong>ficials there are conferred nine ranks <strong>of</strong><br />
titles <strong>of</strong> honour, each rank being <strong>of</strong> two classes : 1. ^ MI2 ^ ^<br />
Chien* Weil ChiangV Chuni; lA, and ^^11^*$. Chen* Wei'<br />
Chiangi Chun^ 1b, 2.<br />
je^ .^ ){§ ^ Wu^ Hsien^ Chiang^ Chiin';<br />
2a, and II Jfy ^ % Wu' Kung^ Chiang^ Chiin^; 2b, 3. ^^^M<br />
1} Wu^ r Tu^ Yu\ 3a, and ^^ M ^ Wi Wu^ 1* Tu^ Yii*; 3b,<br />
4. m^U Wi Chaoi Wu^ Tn^ Yii*; 4a, and M^U WH<br />
Hsliani Wu^ Tu^ Yu*; 4b, 5. ^^ ^ ^ IM<br />
^m Wii^ Liieh* Ch'i^ YiV; 6a, and j^ |ll§ ^<br />
5a, and fl'^,i^^ iJ Wu^ Te^ Tso^ Ch'i^ Yii*;<br />
Wu'l Tc^ C'h'i' Yii*;<br />
'<br />
ob, 6. ^ )j^<br />
H i^ Wu^ Liieh*<br />
Tsd^* Ch'i* YLi*; 6b, 7. ^l ff ^ lij Wu^ Hsin* Ch'i^ Yii*; 7a<br />
and i^fti^HM Wu3 Hsin* Tso'<br />
i^ tt<br />
Ch'i^ Yu*; 7b, 8. ^ i?<br />
Ft^n' Wu=^ Hsiaoi Yii*; 8a, aiid ^fli^l^WH Fen* Wu<br />
Tso3 Hsiaoi Yii*; 8b, and 9.<br />
Hsiu^ Wu^ Hsiao<br />
f]^ JE^ i^ ii<br />
Yi\*; 9a, and ff ^ ^ |^ |1 Hsiu^ WulTso' Hsiao^ Yu*;-9b.<br />
946. ^ |g Shih* Hao*, Posthumous Laudatory Epithets<br />
These are conferred (jjn }§^ ^ || Chia^ En^ Yii^ Shih*)<br />
[ 49G ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
posthvunously, by Decree, upon, very worthy <strong>of</strong>ficials and are 947<br />
indicative <strong>of</strong> the activity for which bestowed or the praiseworthy ^q<br />
character <strong>of</strong> the one honoured, for instance, ^ ^^ Wen^ Chung\ q^o<br />
^ g Wen2 Hsiangi, ^ jE Wen^ Cheng% ^ j^r Wen^ Min^ ^<br />
^ Wen^ Chen^ ^\ ^ Wgn-^ Ch'in^, ^ fjgj Wen^ Ch'eng^, ^ ^<br />
Wen2 TingS ^ fQ Wen» Ho^ ^ j!g Wen^* Tuan\ ^ ^ Wen*<br />
Kung',- * ?JI. Chungi Lieh*, * ^ Chiingi Ting% ,£• .^ Chung^<br />
I' (N-i^). J^ ¥ Wu^ LiiehS fl ,^ Wu3 Chung^ etc.<br />
To the foregoing epithets the character ^ Kung^ is usually<br />
added (not, however, in this case meaning Duke ; compare No.<br />
'944). Thus, the full posthumous laudatory epithet <strong>of</strong> ^ ^| ^<br />
Li Hung-changis ^ ^^ ^ Wen' "Jhung^ Kung\<br />
In Decrees bf stowing posthumous laudatory epithets on<br />
deceased functionaries it is frequently commanded that sacrifices<br />
be <strong>of</strong>fered in their memory (,\ jjiQ Ju^ Ssu^) in the ^ M ffil<br />
Hsien^ Liang2 Tz'u^ (see No. 572;.<br />
DISTINCTIONS FOR MERIT.<br />
947. ^^ %\ Hsing^ Kua'*, or (the more generally known)<br />
^ .H ^I' Huang^ Ma^ Kua^, Yellow Riding Jacket, and ^ ^<br />
tS ^I^ Tai* Su* Tiao^ Kua^, Jacket Avith Sable Tails. These are<br />
the two rewards for the greatest merit ; the first is <strong>of</strong>ten confei*red<br />
(^ .^ Shang^ Ch'uan^) for military services.<br />
948. MM ^^^^ Chiang^ and ^-^ Huang'' Chiang^<br />
Purple Bridle Reins, and Yellow Bridle Reins.<br />
The privilege <strong>of</strong> employing purple or yellow bridle reins,<br />
appertaining to Princes (^ee No. 2 7 a), is bestowed (^* ^ Shang^<br />
Yung') upon distinguished <strong>of</strong>ficials.<br />
949. M^^P^^JIi Tzu^ Chin* Ch'eng^ Nei* Ch'i^ Ma'<br />
V<br />
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL 0RGANI2AT10N OF CHINA.<br />
^60 ^n honorary distinction conferred upon old <strong>of</strong>ficials who- are verj<br />
"^Q frequently suntunoned to Audiences.<br />
951 A similar distinction is the ^ ^ ^ Hsing^ Huang^ Chiao*,<br />
Apricot-yellow Sedan-chair.<br />
^^^- ^ tt Ling^ Chih^, The Feather, or Plume ; <strong>of</strong> two<br />
kinds, namely, JL =^ ^ K'ung^ (^h'iieh* (Ch'iao^) Ling^, The-<br />
Peacock Feather {see No. 950a), and ^^ Lan^ Ling% The-<br />
Blue Plume {see No. 950b).<br />
950a. JL ^ ffi K'ung'' Ch'ueh^ (C:h'iao^) Ling^, The<br />
_--::^JPeacock Feather {see No. 950).<br />
the following three classes : 1.<br />
This decoration is arranged in<br />
H! ^ t^ ^ San^ Yen^ Hua^<br />
Ling^, The Three-eyed Peacock Feather ; conferred only on<br />
Imperial Princes <strong>of</strong> the first six degrees {see No. 27a) or very<br />
distinguished <strong>of</strong>ficials, not unusually for signal military achieve^<br />
ments, 2. ^ 0^ :?b ^ Shuang^Yen^ Hua^ Ling\ The Double-<br />
eyed Peacock Feather, and- 3. U M '{^ ^ Tan^ Yen' Huai<br />
Lirig', The Single-eyed Peacock Feather (commonly called i^f^<br />
Hua^ Ling-) ;<br />
conferred as an ordinary form <strong>of</strong> reward for public<br />
service (compare the expression ^" ^ ^ f|| Shang^ Tai^ Eua^<br />
Ling''), and <strong>of</strong>ten obtained by purchase.<br />
950b. ^ ^ Lan^ Ling^ The Blue Plume {see No. 950;<br />
colloquially termed ^ ^ f^ Lao' Kua^ LMg'j<br />
or The Crow<br />
Feather). This distinction is attributed to the rank and file <strong>of</strong><br />
the Imperial Guards {see No. 99) and is conferred, as a<br />
rewai"d for services rendered, upon<br />
rank.<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials below the sixth;<br />
951. G ® ^ Pa^ T'u^ Lu', A representation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Manchu word '<br />
B'at^iu-u," and <strong>of</strong> the Morigol word " Baghadur,"<br />
meaning "Biave"; conferred solely for active service in the<br />
field and .qualified by laudatory epithets, for instance, ^ ^ K<br />
^^I*-(Ni^) Yung' Pa^ TV Lu' (compare No. 944). This<br />
distinction cjdrries with it the right to wear the Peacock Feather<br />
[ 4^8. ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,<br />
(see No. 950a) should the recipient not ali;eady have attained 963;<br />
this privilege. ^ ^<br />
952. Sj]^ Kungi P'ai^, The Soldier's Medal ; an oblong<br />
thin plate o£ silver having the character ^ Shang', " Reward,"<br />
embossed upon it ; bestowed on meritorious soldiers at reviews<br />
and inspections.<br />
DECORATIONS.<br />
953. H fI ft M Shuangi Lung^ Pao^ Hsingi, The Order<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Dov^ble Dragon. Until lately this was the sole Order<br />
found in <strong>China</strong>, being instituted in response to a Memorial from<br />
the Office <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs, dated the 16th October, 1881.<br />
The original purpose was to create a distinction which might be<br />
bestowed upon the Ministers <strong>of</strong> Foreign Powers at Peking,<br />
Sir Thomas Wade being designated as the first intended<br />
recipient.<br />
Its scope was, however, enla,rged lo Include foreigners<br />
<strong>of</strong> all classes who distinguish themselves and, because <strong>of</strong> this. It<br />
became necessary to arrange the Order in ^ Teng^, Divisions,<br />
and the latter in ^ Ti*, Classes.<br />
Dependent upon the <strong>of</strong>ficial status <strong>of</strong> the person<br />
to be<br />
honoured, the Order <strong>of</strong> the Double Dragon is conferred according<br />
to the folloM'ing schedule :<br />
First Division :<br />
1st Class : Reigning Sovereigns,<br />
2nd Class : Heirs Apparent and members <strong>of</strong> Royal Families.<br />
3rd Class : Ministers <strong>of</strong> State and Ambassadors.<br />
Second Division :<br />
1st Class : ]\Iinisters Plenipotentiary.<br />
2n(i Class : Ministers Resident, Charges<br />
Inspector General <strong>of</strong> Customs.<br />
d'Affaires and the<br />
3rd Class : First Secretaries <strong>of</strong> Embassies and Legations,<br />
Generals, Consuls-General and Heads <strong>of</strong> Educational Establish-<br />
ments.<br />
[ 499 ]<br />
953
958a<br />
PBE8ENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Third Division :<br />
1st Class : Second Secretaries <strong>of</strong> Embassies and Legations,<br />
onsnls, Attaches, Colonels, Pr<strong>of</strong>essors, etc.,<br />
2rid Class : Vice-Consuls, Commanders in the Navy,<br />
Lieutenant-Colonels, etc.<br />
3rd Class : Consular Interpreters, Majors, (Captains, etc.<br />
Fourth Division : Soldiers and Sailors <strong>of</strong> the rank and file.<br />
Fifth Division : Artisans, Tradespeople, etc.<br />
Lately there has been noticed a tendency to confer Orders<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Double Dragon <strong>of</strong> a degree higher than that prescribed<br />
by the regulations (for instance, it has become customary to<br />
confer upon Ministers Plenipotentiary at Peking the 3rd Class <strong>of</strong><br />
the First Division).<br />
Since 1908 the Government has<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Double Dragon upon Chinese<br />
been conferring the Order<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials ; ^ f^ 1^ T'ang^<br />
Shao*-i^ (see No. 925), .the Extraordinary Ambassador to the<br />
United States <strong>of</strong> America, was the first Chinese thus honoured.<br />
It is now conferred upon : the higher <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Foreign Affairs, Chinese Ministers abroad, <strong>of</strong>ficials deputed for<br />
special missions abroad, the higher <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Wat, the General Staff and the Army, the Naval Council, the<br />
Commission for the Reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Navy and the higher<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> the New Palace Guard (among these there are many<br />
Princes <strong>of</strong> the Blood who receive the Order <strong>of</strong> the Double<br />
Dragon <strong>of</strong> the First Division, 2nd Class, for instance, ^ ^^<br />
Tsai' Hsiin^ g^ ^ Tsai^ T'ao^, H gg Yu^ Lang^ and g^ ^<br />
Tsai^ Fu^).<br />
953 A. In consequence <strong>of</strong> a Memorial from ^^ ^ ^<br />
Pei^ Le* Tsai^ T'aoS Prince <strong>of</strong> the Third Degree, Tsai T'ao, and<br />
others, in which it was requested that Imperial<br />
instructions be<br />
issvied for the drawing up <strong>of</strong> regulations for Chinese De/^orations<br />
iWi M Hsiin^ Chang^), a Decree was issued on the 2nd April,<br />
1909, charging the Ministries <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs and<br />
[ 500 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
War, and the Committee <strong>of</strong> Ministers, to investigate this<br />
([uestion.<br />
On the 20th March, 1911, the estaWishments mentioned,<br />
in accordance with the Imperial instructions, presented their<br />
reply, with an enclosure in which was elaborated a scheme for<br />
the bestowal <strong>of</strong> New Chinese Orders (M ^ Wi"^ &^ i^<br />
I^an^ ,<br />
('hi^ Hsiin^ Chang^ Pan* Fa"*). The recommendations <strong>of</strong> this<br />
leply received Imperial sanction the same day. Accord-<br />
ingly, there have now been Instituted in <strong>China</strong> the following<br />
Orders :<br />
1. Special Order for Reigning Sovereigns (^ Jb HI ^<br />
Huang2 Shang* P'ei* Chang^), namely, :J^ g ^ Ta"* Pao^<br />
('hang\ Order <strong>of</strong> the Great Treasure (the Imperial Throne),<br />
with the ribbon <strong>of</strong> light yellow colour (^ |g Tai* Shou"*).<br />
2. Two Orders for members <strong>of</strong> Eoyal Families (^ ^ IJIl ^<br />
Huang2 Tsu' Hsiin^ Chang^), namely, the ^ f| Ij] $ Huang^<br />
Lung- Hsiin'^ Chang\ Order <strong>of</strong> the Yellow Dragon, and the<br />
^ flifi^ Chnh* Lung2 Hsiin^ ChangS Order <strong>of</strong> the Red<br />
Dragon.<br />
3. Two Orders for zealous service (g X III ^ Ch'Cn^<br />
Kung^ Hsiin^ Chang^), namely, the W fl III ^ Ch'ing^ Lung^<br />
Hsiin^ Change Order <strong>of</strong> the Blue Dragon, and the ^ f| ^ DJ<br />
Hei^ Lung^ Hsiin^ Chang^, Order <strong>of</strong> the Black Dragon. These<br />
two are divided into eight ^ Teng', Classes, each.<br />
The Order <strong>of</strong> the YelloAv. Dragon is bestowed upon Princes<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Blood alone, for merit shown.<br />
The Order <strong>of</strong> the Red Dragon if bestowed upon Princes<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Second and Third Degrees and, for very<br />
and by a special Edict, upon<br />
Degrees or <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the first I'ank.<br />
eminent merit<br />
Princes <strong>of</strong> the Fourth and Fifth<br />
Tlie First Class <strong>of</strong> the Order <strong>of</strong> the Blue Dragon is con-<br />
ferred upon Princes <strong>of</strong> the Fourth and Fifth Degrees and, for<br />
special merit, upon <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the first rank.<br />
[ 501 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
The First Class <strong>of</strong> the Order <strong>of</strong> the Black Dragon is<br />
bestowed upon Princes <strong>of</strong> the Fourth and Fifth Degrees and<br />
upon <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the first rank. Also, it may be granted, for<br />
special merit and as an act <strong>of</strong> Imperial favour,<br />
second rank.<br />
to <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the<br />
The Second („^lass <strong>of</strong> the Order <strong>of</strong> the Blue Dragon is<br />
bestowed upon <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the second rank, for special merit.<br />
The Second Class <strong>of</strong> the Order <strong>of</strong> the Black Dragon is<br />
intended for <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the second rank but, for special merit<br />
shown, may be conferred upon <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the Third rank,<br />
act <strong>of</strong> Imperial grace.<br />
as an<br />
The Third Class <strong>of</strong> the Order <strong>of</strong> the Blue Dragon is given,<br />
for distinguished service, to <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the third rank.<br />
The Third Class <strong>of</strong> the Order <strong>of</strong> the Black Dragon is<br />
bestowed upon <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the third rank and, should the Throne<br />
be memorialized with regard to their eminent merit, upon<br />
substantive <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the fourth rank.<br />
The Fourth Class <strong>of</strong> the Order <strong>of</strong> the Blue Dragon is-<br />
granted to <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the fourth rank, for special merit.<br />
The Fourth Class <strong>of</strong> the Order <strong>of</strong> the Black Dragon is<br />
conferred upon <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the fourth rank and, should tbeir merit<br />
be brought to the Emperor's notice in a special Memorial, upon<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials holding substantive posts <strong>of</strong> the fifth and sixth ranks.<br />
The Fifth Class <strong>of</strong> the Order <strong>of</strong> the Blue Di-ag m is<br />
bestowed, for special merit, upon <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the fifth rank.<br />
The Fifth Class <strong>of</strong> the Order <strong>of</strong> the Black Dragon is<br />
destined for <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the' fifth rank but may, also, be given to<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials holding substantive posts <strong>of</strong> the sixth and seventh ranks,<br />
provided they<br />
are '<br />
brought ,to the Imperial notice, because <strong>of</strong><br />
superior merit, in a special Memorial.<br />
The Sixth Class <strong>of</strong> the Order <strong>of</strong> the Blue Dragon is<br />
conferred upon <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the sixth rank, because <strong>of</strong> special<br />
merit.<br />
[ 502 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
The Sixth Class <strong>of</strong> the Order <strong>of</strong> the Black Dragon is<br />
intended for <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> th€ sixth rank but may be bestowed upon<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials holdmg substantive posts <strong>of</strong> the seventh and eighth<br />
ranks, should their pre-eminent ability be brought to the Imperial<br />
notice by a special Memorial.<br />
The Seventh Class <strong>of</strong> the Order <strong>of</strong> the Blue Dragon<br />
is bestowed upon <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the seventh rank, for merit<br />
shown.<br />
The Seventh Class <strong>of</strong> the Order <strong>of</strong> the Black Dragon is<br />
destined for bestowal upon <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the seventh rank and upon<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials holding substantive posts <strong>of</strong> the eighth and ninth ranks,<br />
whose marked worthiness<br />
special<br />
is brought to the Emperor's notice by<br />
Memorials.<br />
The Eighth Class <strong>of</strong> the Order <strong>of</strong> the Blue Dragon is<br />
conferred upon <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the eighth and ninth ranks, because <strong>of</strong><br />
special merit.<br />
The Eighth Class <strong>of</strong> the Order <strong>of</strong> the Black Dragon is<br />
bestowed upon <strong>of</strong>ficials holding posts lower than the eighth and<br />
ninth ranks in Civil, Marine and Military Establishments. Also,<br />
it may be conferred upon persons, not in the Government<br />
Service, whose efforts have aided the spread <strong>of</strong> education, or<br />
whose initiative has served to develop industries, and upon those<br />
<strong>of</strong> the most lowly birth, whose worthy character calls for<br />
recognition.<br />
As regards foreigners, <strong>of</strong>ficials and others, the regulations<br />
regarding the new Orders provide that they mg.y be bestowed<br />
upon such persons, the grade being determined by the status <strong>of</strong><br />
the individual honoured.<br />
Evervthing in connection with the bestowal <strong>of</strong> Chinese<br />
Decorations is to be attended to by a special <strong>of</strong>fice, the fUj ^ ^<br />
Hsiin^ Chang^ Chu*^, Office <strong>of</strong> Decorations. This <strong>of</strong>fice is. to be<br />
under the supervision <strong>of</strong> the Committee <strong>of</strong> Ministers; at present<br />
it is at the INIinistry <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affiiirs.<br />
[ 503 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
954 In addition to the foregoing, th^ Ministries <strong>of</strong> War and the<br />
to Navy have been commanded to arrange for a special Order to<br />
957 ^6 bestowed upon <strong>of</strong>ficers and men <strong>of</strong> the Army and Na-\'}' whose<br />
courage and self-sacrifice in action prove instrumental in<br />
attaining victory. The said Ministries are to present a detailed<br />
report <strong>of</strong> what they recommend, for Imperial sanction.<br />
THE GOVERNMENT 5ERVi^c.<br />
954. i± li Shih* Chin4 (also ji: ig Shili'* T'u^), The<br />
Government Service. The privilege <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ Ch'u^ Shen^,<br />
"advancement," or entry into the public service, is open to those<br />
belonging to the following (see Nos. 955 to 962) eight<br />
categories :<br />
955. |§ ±; Chin* Shih'' (literary designation, 1^ f^J Chia'<br />
Pang^, and ^ ^ Liang^ Pang^), Metropolitan Graduate<br />
(Doctor) ; those having attained the third, or highest, literary<br />
degree (see No. 629c).<br />
956. ^ \ Chil^ Jen^ (literary designation, ^j? i§ i<br />
Hsiangi Chin' Shih^ ZL W I' P^ng'. '^n
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
JEn^ Pu^ Kung* Sheng^ Licentiates by Imperial Favour (granted<br />
Ithe degree o£ Licentiate by Imperial favour in a jiibilee year, ^q<br />
jafter 20, or more, years' tenure <strong>of</strong> the grade ,<br />
<strong>of</strong> Salaried<br />
[Licentiate; see No. 629a).<br />
To this category also belong those who have obtained the<br />
degree <strong>of</strong> Senior Licentiate by purchase, namely: 1.<br />
]^. 'm, ^,<br />
Lin^ Kung* Sheng^ (from the ranks <strong>of</strong> Salaried Licentiates),<br />
2. ^ M ^ Tseng^ Kung* Shong' (from the ranks <strong>of</strong> Supple-<br />
^ ^u* Kung* Sheng' (from the<br />
mentary Licentiates), 3.<br />
P|»t ^<br />
ranks <strong>of</strong> Accessory Licentiates), and 4. '1^/^ ^ Li* Kung*<br />
Sheng^ (from the ranks <strong>of</strong> Collegians <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Academy<br />
<strong>of</strong> Xearning; compare No. 959).<br />
958. /^ ^ Yin'' Sheng^ Honorary<br />
Licentiate. This is<br />
granted on the occasion <strong>of</strong> national rejoicing (through the<br />
medium <strong>of</strong> an ,^» |^ En^ Chao'*, "Gracious Proclamation," or is<br />
bestowed in consideration <strong>of</strong> services rendered by a progenitor<br />
<strong>of</strong> the person honoured. Accordingly, Honorary Licentiates are<br />
distinguished as ^, ji^ ^ En^ Yin* Sheng', or li ^ ^ Nan*<br />
Yin* Sheng^ (for details see No. 944c).<br />
The Yin Sheng are arranged in j^ P'in^, Grades (four in<br />
all, corresponding to the fifth to the eighth <strong>of</strong>ficial ranks), eacli<br />
<strong>of</strong> which is sub-divided into four ^ Teng^, Classes, which<br />
.distinguish the type <strong>of</strong> service : 1 . ^ ^ Shih* Wei* (see No.<br />
99), 2. Wen^ ^^ Chih^ ;5.<br />
^\> ^ Wai* Y'ung*, and<br />
4-~ i§ M
PRESENT DAT P01.ITICAI. ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
960 No. 957 "l; the descendants oL well-known persons ; granted this<br />
to title by the Emperor at the Pi Yung Hall, 2. }§,'S^^ ^ En^<br />
Ch'ii^ QQo Chien^ Sheng^; these receive their degree after a special<br />
examination (compare No. 628), 3. ^^ JM ^ ^ ^n^ Yin^<br />
Chien^ Sheng^ (compare No. 958); conferred on occasions <strong>of</strong><br />
rejoicing upon<br />
one <strong>of</strong> the sons <strong>of</strong> : A. Civil Court Officials <strong>of</strong><br />
not lower than the fourth rank,^ B. Civil Provincial Officials <strong>of</strong><br />
not lower than the third rank, and C . Military<br />
Officials (Court and<br />
provincial) <strong>of</strong> not lower than the third rank, 4. ^ IM ^ ^<br />
Nan* Yin" Chien" Sheng^ (compare No. 958); bestowed upon<br />
one <strong>of</strong> the sons <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials who lose their lives while at sea or<br />
during a campaign, 5. @ ^ ^ Yu^ Chien" Sheng^;<br />
thus are<br />
styled Licentiates <strong>of</strong> the 1st Class (see No. 629a) and Military<br />
Licentiates (^^ ;*|£ Wu' Sheng^; compare No. 629d) chosen<br />
by lot by the Provincial Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Education, and<br />
^'<br />
'^J ^ ^ Li" Chien" Sheng'; those obtaining their degree<br />
by pm-chase, four classes in all : A. ^ Ss ^ Lin' Chien"<br />
Sheng^ (from the ranks <strong>of</strong> Salaried Licentiates), B. i§ ^<br />
^ Tseng^ Chien* Sheng^ (from the ranks <strong>of</strong> Supplementary<br />
Licentiates <strong>of</strong> the 2nd Class), C. M ^ ^ Fu" (^hien" Shehg'<br />
(from the ranks <strong>of</strong> Licentiates <strong>of</strong> the 1st C'lass), and D. ^ ^<br />
Chien'' Sheng^ (from the ranks <strong>of</strong> j^ H Chun" Hsiu", or ^ ^<br />
Min^ Sheng^; see No. 6^9); compare<br />
No. 957.<br />
960. ^ ^ Sheng^ Yiian*^, (literary designation, ^ "^<br />
Mao" Ts'ai^, W ± fH ^ ^ Po^ Shih" Ti^ Tzu' Yiian^, and<br />
^ Hp ^ Ti" Tzu' Yiian''), Licentiate ; those who have attained<br />
the third, or lowest, literary degree (see No. 629a).<br />
961. 'g'iP^. Kuan^ Hsiieh^ Sheng^ Pupil <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Banner Schools ; those who have completed -the course <strong>of</strong> study<br />
<strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> the Government Banner Schools (see Nos. 87<br />
and 717).<br />
9G2. 1^ Li", Government Clerk (from the ranks <strong>of</strong><br />
Writers; compare No. 945).<br />
[ 506 ]<br />
i
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
962a. Those entering public life belonging to one <strong>of</strong> the 96^a.<br />
four categories mentioned {see Nos. 959 to 962) are said to have tO<br />
obtained employment through the system <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ Pao^ Chu^, ^ok<br />
" Recommendation " (Influence),<br />
963. 1^ Hi Chiian^ Shu\ Obtaining rank and <strong>of</strong>fice by<br />
purchase. This system, resorted to on a small scale since the —<br />
days <strong>of</strong> the Ming Dynasty,<br />
owes its enormous increase to the<br />
necessities imposed on the Government by the first war with<br />
Great Britain, and by the T'ai P'ing Rebellion, a few years<br />
later. A Decree <strong>of</strong> the 13th December, 1850, finally sanctioned<br />
this system.<br />
964. ^ ^ j^ jE Hsiao^ Lien^ Fang^ Cheng^ "Filial,<br />
Disinterested, Straightforward and Upright." This honorary<br />
title is bestowed by Imperial bounty, through the medium <strong>of</strong><br />
a "Gracious Proclamation," upon persons recommended by the<br />
local authorities for their extensive capacity and irreproachable<br />
moral character, giving them the right to join the public service<br />
somewhat similarly to 1^ \ Chii' Jen" (see No. 956). At the<br />
same time they are awarded the >^ po 1M ^ Liu* P'in^ Ting^<br />
Tai* (button <strong>of</strong> the sixth rank : see No. 966). After an Imperial<br />
audience they receive appointments corresponding to their rank.<br />
965. The existing system regarding <strong>of</strong>ficial posts in<br />
<strong>China</strong> classifies all civil and military <strong>of</strong>fices under nine degrees<br />
P'in'. Each rank is sub-divided into two |jj<br />
<strong>of</strong> rank, ^ .<br />
^<br />
hi", Classes, i.e. jE (/heng^, Principal (designated<br />
in this<br />
book by the letter A placed after the numeral indicating<br />
the rank <strong>of</strong> the post), and ^ Tsung^, Second (des'gnated in<br />
this volume by the letter b). Mention must also be made <strong>of</strong> a<br />
lai'ge class, embracing the lowest posts, which is styled ^ A. J5lt<br />
_^ Wei* Ju* Liu^, Unclassed.<br />
" As regards exterior distinctions, for each <strong>of</strong> the ranks<br />
there is a button^ worn^on the head dress (J^ ^ Ting' Tai*, or<br />
f^ ^ Ting^ Tzu^; see No. 966), embroidered plaques for the<br />
. [ 507 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OF.GANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
966 <strong>of</strong>ficial dresses (for civilj<strong>of</strong>ficials depicting birds and for military<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials depicting animals; see. Nos. 967 and 968), called ^ ^<br />
Pu' Tzu^ or H H^ Pu^ Fu^ and, for the first five ranks, a<br />
rosary (IfJ 3^ Ch'ao^' Chu^).<br />
follows :<br />
966. ]g 1^ Ting^ TaiS Buttons {see No. '965).<br />
The Buttons <strong>of</strong> the various ranks ar^ distinguished as<br />
1st Rank: J^ ® ;0 Hung^ Pao' Shih^ Ruby (in<br />
daily life <strong>of</strong>ficials entitled to this button usually<br />
<strong>of</strong> coral),<br />
2nd Rank '-MM^ Shan^ Hu^ Ting', Red Coral,<br />
wear one<br />
3rd Rank: ^g^ Lan* Pao^ Sliih^ Transparent Blue<br />
(the sapphire),<br />
4th Rank ; W<br />
(azure coloured),<br />
# S Ch'ing^ ChinV Shih^ Dead Blue<br />
5th Rank : /^ ^ TI Shui^' Cliingi Ting% Crystal (<strong>of</strong><br />
•transparent white colour),<br />
6th Rank : 5f ?i| 7l<br />
Ch'ei '<br />
(milk colour; made <strong>of</strong> adularia— fluor-spar);<br />
7th Rank :<br />
^<br />
Ch'tl^ Ting^ Opaque White<br />
^ Tl Su* Chin^ Ting', Golden ;<br />
8th Rank : |f ^ H Lou^ Chin^ Ting', Gilded ;<br />
9th Rank : ^ ^i II Lou^ Yin^ Ting', Silvered.<br />
The Button <strong>of</strong> the 1st Rank (if .^ H ^ T'ou- P'in'<br />
Ting' Tai*) is <strong>of</strong>ten bestowed upon meritorious<br />
irrespective<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials<br />
<strong>of</strong> their ^ Chih^, Rank, or '<br />
^ Jen*, Post.<br />
Princes,<strong>of</strong> the Blood <strong>of</strong> the first feight degrees {see No&. 16<br />
to 23), as well as persons bearing the hereditary titles <strong>of</strong> ^<br />
KungS ^^ Hou^, and fg Po^ {see No. 944j, wear<br />
Button (no class being defined— ^ ^ Ch'u^ P'in').<br />
tiie Ruby<br />
* "^ Imperial Clansmen {see No. 39) wear the Button <strong>of</strong> the<br />
fourth rank.<br />
Buttons <strong>of</strong> the lower ranks are <strong>of</strong>ten bestowe(^ in recognition<br />
<strong>of</strong> contributions for public needs and are <strong>of</strong>ten sol 1 outright.<br />
[<br />
508 .<br />
]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
967. ^ 'g* ^ -f Wgn^ Kuan^ Pu^ Tzu^ Plaques <strong>of</strong><br />
embroidery<br />
sewn oh the breast and back <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficial dress <strong>of</strong> civil<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials {see No. 965). These are differentiated as follows :<br />
1st Rank<br />
2nd Rank<br />
3rd Rank<br />
4th Rank<br />
5th Rank<br />
6 th Rank<br />
7th Rank<br />
8th Rank<br />
9th Raak<br />
^M' Unclassed Rank : ^<br />
fll] ti Hsien^ Hao", Crane (white) ;<br />
i% P Chin' ChiS Golden Pheasant ;<br />
?L H K'ung^ Ch'ueh^ (^h'iao'j, Peacock ;<br />
Yiin^ YenS Wild Goose ;<br />
Pai^ Hsien-, Silver Pheasant ;<br />
Lu* Ssu^, Egret ;<br />
Ch'i' Chih*, Mandarin Duck ;<br />
An^ Ch'un^, Quail ;<br />
Lien* Ch'tiey (Ch'iao^), White-tailed<br />
J^ Huang^ Li^, Oriole.<br />
Officials holding substanti^'e posts wear the insignia corres-<br />
ponding to the rank <strong>of</strong> the post ; those holding supernumerary<br />
or unclassed posts wear the insignia <strong>of</strong> their personal rank.<br />
968. ^^ 'g' ^ ^ Wu^ Kuani Pu^ Tzu^, Plaques <strong>of</strong><br />
embroidery sewn on the breast and back <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficial dress <strong>of</strong><br />
militar y <strong>of</strong>ficials {see No. 965). These are distinguished as<br />
follows :<br />
- 2nd<br />
1st Rank : |^ |^ Ch'i- Lin^, Unicorn ;<br />
Rank : if J^ Shih^ Tzu^, Lion ;<br />
3rd Rank : f^ P'ao^ Leopard ;<br />
^ Hy, Tiger ;<br />
^^ Hsiun^'^, Black Bear ;<br />
^ Piao', Tiger-cat, or f| P'i^, Spotted Bear ;<br />
4th Rank<br />
5 th Rank<br />
6th Rank<br />
7 th Rank<br />
J^ Piao', Tiger-cat ;<br />
8th Rank : % ^ Hai' Ma^ Seal ;<br />
9th Rank : JP ^ Hsi^ Niu^, Rhinoceros.<br />
The foregoing distinctions do not concern the so-called<br />
" New^Troops," for whom there are special uniforms modelled<br />
on those found in foreign armies.<br />
[ 509 ]<br />
to<br />
968
970<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OB^ CHINA.<br />
969 Foi" particulars<br />
^Q<br />
as to the eventual abolition o£ all<br />
differentiation between civil and military <strong>of</strong>ficials see No. 657.<br />
969. Princes <strong>of</strong> the Blood <strong>of</strong> the first two degrees {see Nos.<br />
16 and 17) wear four plaques, ^ ^ Pu^ Tzu^ {see No. 965),<br />
embroidered with a dragon (H Lung^) having five claws.<br />
Princes <strong>of</strong> the Blood <strong>of</strong> the next six degrees, as well as<br />
persons bearing the hereditary titles <strong>of</strong> ^ Kung', ^ Hou^, and'<br />
fj^ Po^ {see No. 944), wear two plaques, H ^ Pu' Tzu',<br />
embroidered with a dragon (^ Mang^) having four claws.<br />
Nobles <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Lineage, <strong>of</strong> the 9th-to 12th degrees<br />
{see Nos. 24 to 27), wear embroidered plaques similar to those<br />
<strong>of</strong> military <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the first four ranks {s •
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
971. Expectants (sec No. 970) bear various designations, 971<br />
for instance, ^ j^ Hdu' Hsuan^ (or fi^ ^ Hon* Pu^), Candidate, tO<br />
M^^^ Chin^ Hsieni Pn^ YungS First Candidate, ii^ ^ 976.<br />
^ Yii* Ch'iieh^ Chi^ Pu', Candidate for the First Vacancy, etc.<br />
972. There are three types <strong>of</strong> salary received by <strong>of</strong>ficials :<br />
1. '^ i^ Feng^ Yin^, Salary received by all <strong>of</strong>ficial^ <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Empire (<strong>of</strong>ficials at Court and in the provinces), 2. ^ ^ ^<br />
Yang^ Lien^ Yin^, "Money Nourishing Honesty"; received only^<br />
by provincial <strong>of</strong>ficials, and 3. •^ ^ Feng"* Mi^, Salary in Rice;<br />
received only by Court <strong>of</strong>ficials.<br />
973. Although ^ P'in', Ranks, are divided mto ^ Chi%<br />
Classes (see No. 965), when meting out punishment for so-called<br />
M^ ¥^ Ssu^ Tsui'' (private <strong>of</strong>fences) the former alone are taken<br />
into consideration when degradation (p^ D^ Chiang^ Chi^) is<br />
ordered, being called ^ ^ Shih' Chi^. Thus, an <strong>of</strong>ficial being<br />
condemned to forfeiture <strong>of</strong> four steps in rank, should he be<br />
originally <strong>of</strong> the OA rank, becomes <strong>of</strong> the 9a, not 7a, rank.<br />
The suspension <strong>of</strong> salary and lowering <strong>of</strong> rank, as punish-<br />
ment for ^ ^ Kxmg^ Tsui*, " crimes committed while on duty,"<br />
may be changed to tlie forfeiture <strong>of</strong> jjljj |^ Chia^ Chi^, or ^^ ||^<br />
Chi* Lu-t (see No. 974).<br />
^"'*- iM ^ ^l^^a^ Chi^, Additional Grades (also ^ ^<br />
Hsii'^ Chi^ Empty Grades), and |e ^^; ^^^i* Lu^ Honourable<br />
Records, are <strong>of</strong> two kinds, namely, ^ Jj] C^hiin^ I^ung^, for<br />
military merits, and ^ ^ Hsiin^ Ch'ang^, ordinary. The latter<br />
are <strong>of</strong>ten granted in " Gracious Proclamations."<br />
975. WM ^ a Chiang* Chi^ Liu^ Jdn^ Lowering <strong>of</strong><br />
Rank but Detention in Office (to lose rank but retain <strong>of</strong>fice).<br />
Rehabilitation takes place after three years' irreproachable<br />
conduct.<br />
976. ^ ^[^ f£ Ko- Chih^ Liu^ Jen*, Deprivation <strong>of</strong><br />
Rank but Detention in Office. Rehabilitation takes place (p|<br />
[ 511 ]
f<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
977 /^ 'g' K'ai^ Fu* Yiian^ Kuan^) after four years' irreproachable<br />
to<br />
behavior.<br />
980 ^n . Officials holding substantive posts (so-called ^ ^\\ fj^<br />
^ Shen^ Lieh^ Shih* Pan^ and ^ :^ ^ || Hsieh* Shih^ Feng*<br />
Lu*) may obtain by zealous service, or by certain monetary<br />
<strong>of</strong>fering^ l/p §j C'hia^ Hsien'', Nominal Rank. Thus a ^fl j^<br />
Chih^ Fu^, Prefect, may obtain by purchase the rank <strong>of</strong> ^ j§ f^<br />
Yen^ Ylin* Shih^, Salt Controller, and thus have the privilege <strong>of</strong><br />
wearing the button <strong>of</strong> the secondary class <strong>of</strong> the third rank.<br />
978. Those who contribute funds to the Government, or<br />
distinguish themselves by useful public actions, may be granted<br />
Jl^ f|j Hsu^ Hsien'', Brevet Rank, entitling them to wear the<br />
button <strong>of</strong> the rank concerned (TH ^ ^ ^ Ting-^ Tai* Jung'^<br />
Shen^).<br />
979. Conforming to the old regulations, regardmg mourn-<br />
ing, <strong>of</strong>ficials who lost one <strong>of</strong> their parents<br />
for the observance <strong>of</strong> mourning (^ ^ H ([fl]<br />
were forced to retire<br />
Li^ Jen^ Chung'<br />
Chih*) for a period <strong>of</strong> 27 months, should they be <strong>of</strong> Chinese<br />
origin. Manchu pfficials, under similar condit'ons, retired for<br />
mourning for 100 days (^ ^ "g" B Ch'uan' Hsiao* Po^ Jih*).<br />
By Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 25th March, 1909, issued in reply<br />
to a Memorial from the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Rites, it has been commanded<br />
that in future all <strong>of</strong>ficials, Manchu or Chinese!' (^f^ :^ §g f{i'] Man^<br />
Han* Fu^ (Jhih*) are to vacate <strong>of</strong>fice on the death <strong>of</strong> a parent<br />
and enter into mourning for a period <strong>of</strong> 27 months. An<br />
exception is made for <strong>of</strong>ficials holding verj' important and<br />
responsible posts ; with special Imperial sanction they enter into<br />
mourning for 100 days only, on the expiry <strong>of</strong> which they return<br />
to their duties under the designation <strong>of</strong> ^ Jg Shu* Li^,<br />
Acting.<br />
980. With few exceptions, persons bound together by ties<br />
<strong>of</strong> relationship may not hold <strong>of</strong>fice in the same province. The<br />
junior must vacate <strong>of</strong>fice (^ ^ Hui^ Pi*), being customarily<br />
[512 3<br />
.
PRESENT DAY iPOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
transferred to an .equivalent post in the adjoining province ruled 981<br />
by the same Governor-General. tO<br />
98 1-. It is the duty <strong>of</strong> the higher provincial authorities ggS<br />
to scrutinize the doings <strong>of</strong> their subordinates. In virtue <strong>of</strong> this,<br />
reports are periodically submitted to the Emperor with regard to<br />
.the latter (|J ^Ij ^ ^ Chen^ Pieh^ Shu' ^uan'j, rewards being<br />
.recommended for the worthy and punishments for the others<br />
(^ ^IJ ^ j^ Fen^ Pieh2 Chiang' Ch'eng').<br />
982. The surveillance over the actions <strong>of</strong> the higher<br />
metropolitan and provincial authorities appertains to the Censors<br />
{see Nos. 210 and 213) who, should any irregularities, or defects<br />
in general, be detected, present Memorials <strong>of</strong> impeachment<br />
(^ ^ Tsou* Ts'anS or ^ ^ Ts'ani ufi^). The Emperor then<br />
deputes high <strong>of</strong>ficials to investigate the case {^ ^ Ch'a^ Pan*).<br />
Should it be proven that the indictment was Avithout<br />
sufficient foundation, it is left without further discussion<br />
(li ^ ^ ^ ^^'"'^ Yimgi Chill* I*, or ^ jf ^ |g Wu2 Yungi<br />
Tsai* I*), the Censor concei-ned being sometimes reprimanded by<br />
the Emperor (^ if I^ ^ Ch'uan^ Chih' Shen^ Ch'ih*) or, in<br />
very exceptional cases, ordered to return to his original post for<br />
service (|5IJg ^ P5 ^ ^ Hui^ Yuan^ Ya** Men^ Hsing'' Tsou^).<br />
Should the impeachment, however, be found to be correct, the h<br />
guilty <strong>of</strong>ficial is handed over to the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Civil Appointments |<br />
^%MMM ^^'^°' ^''^ ^' ^^'"*' ^^ ^ pfBJ^^ Chiao^ Pu* Ch'u'<br />
i<br />
Fen^) for the definition j<strong>of</strong>^ a penalty, which may be more severe<br />
than those mentioned in Nos. 975 and 976, possibly including<br />
summary dismissal from <strong>of</strong>fice (Mp ^7^^ Chi^ Hsing^ Ko^ Chih^).<br />
983. Since the accession <strong>of</strong> the Throne by the T'ai Ch'ing<br />
Dynasty the i^jy^^jgj^<strong>of</strong>ficials have gradually developed a custom <strong>of</strong><br />
styling themselves, in Memorials to the Emperor, as ^ ;^ Nu* Ts'ai^,<br />
Slaves, the Chinese continuing the old title |U <strong>of</strong> Ch'en^, Ministers.<br />
A Decree <strong>of</strong> the 10th March, 1910, commands that<br />
hereafter all <strong>of</strong>ficials, civil and military, in the Capital and in the<br />
.33<br />
[ 513 ]
J»RESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
984 pr-ovinces, Manchu or Chmese, re£er to themselves laniformly a»<br />
g Ch'en^, Ministers.<br />
984. All persons in axitliority in <strong>China</strong>, from the Emperor<br />
to the lowest <strong>of</strong>ficials, employ their own special seals. These are<br />
variously designated, dependent on tiie functionary to whom appro-<br />
priated, namely : 1. ^ Pao^ (formerly g Hsi'), Seals used by<br />
the Emperor, Empress, Heir Apparent, Imperial Concubines <strong>of</strong><br />
the first and second ranks and Princes <strong>of</strong> the first degree,<br />
2. $\l Yin^, Seals <strong>of</strong> Imperial Concubines <strong>of</strong> the third rank. Princes-<br />
<strong>of</strong> the second degree. Ministries "and other High Government<br />
Establishments at the Capital and some provincial <strong>of</strong>ficials,<br />
2- ii 55 ^^^^an' Faug^, Seals employed by Governors-General,<br />
Governors and the majority <strong>of</strong> provincial <strong>of</strong>ficials, 4. ^ |2. T'u^<br />
Chi*, Seals <strong>of</strong> the Manchu General-in-Chief <strong>of</strong> Hi and Colonels<br />
<strong>of</strong> provincial garrisons, 5. '^ |2 T'iao- Chi*, Seals <strong>of</strong> petty<br />
provincial <strong>of</strong>ficials (<strong>of</strong> the eighth rank), and 6. ^ m_ Ch'ien' Chi*,<br />
Seals <strong>of</strong> petty provincial <strong>of</strong>ficials (<strong>of</strong> the ninth and unclassed ranks).<br />
The duty <strong>of</strong> casting seals rests, as has been seen above (No. 386),<br />
Avith the Office <strong>of</strong> Seal^-casting, attaclied to the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Rites.<br />
The dye-stuff used -im sealing documents is <strong>of</strong> three colours :<br />
^- ^ fe Tzu' Se*, Violet (employed by the Ministries and<br />
Higher Government Establishments at the Capital and by<br />
Governors-General), 2. ^ ^ Hung^ Se*, Red (used by the<br />
remaining civil <strong>of</strong>ficials and by all military <strong>of</strong>ficials), and 3.<br />
^ -^ Lan^ Se*, Blue (u^ed during mourning — 27 days for an<br />
Emperor and 13 days for an Empress).<br />
Yearly, on the 19th-21st <strong>of</strong> the 12th Mogn, there is<br />
performed the §if fp Fong'^ Yin*, th(3.<br />
"Closing Seals." These<br />
are opened again only on the 19th-21st <strong>of</strong> the l§t Moon<br />
following (|§ $\] K'ai^ Yin*). During the period during which;<br />
the seals are "closed" all despatches are written on blanks<br />
that have been previously sealed (^ ffl ^ & Yii* Y'ung^ K'nug*<br />
Pai^ or ^ ^ ^ a Tsun^ Yung* K'un^* Pai^).<br />
[<br />
514 ]
i<br />
V<br />
SUPPLEMENT
SUPPLEMENT.<br />
No. 1. The Emperor is also designated ^ ^ T'ien^ Waug'-^,<br />
X jp Yiian^ Hon*, and ^g g Chih* Tsim\<br />
No. 2. The Empress is also designated ^ ^ Ti* P'i', and<br />
T'ien^ Hsia'^ Mu^<br />
^ T ^<br />
No. 11. Female attendants <strong>of</strong> the Emperor are also called<br />
^ ^ Kungi Nu^<br />
No. 12. The Heir Apparent may be styled ^ ^ Tangi<br />
Ch'u^<br />
Ch'iui.<br />
No. 55. Emiuchs are also styled :J^ ^ ^ Ta^ Ch'angs<br />
No. 56. Other designations o£ the Imperial Clan Court<br />
are f; IE ^ Tsung^ Cheng^ Ssu" and H Jl S'f<br />
Yii^ Tieh^ So^<br />
No. 57. The Presiding Controller <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Clan<br />
Courr is also styled ^ fj^f Tsung^ Po^<br />
Nos. 58 and 59. Assistant Controllers <strong>of</strong> the Imperial<br />
Clau Court are also designated ^ IE ^ ^P Tsung^ Cheng* Shao*<br />
Ch'ingi and ;A: al ^ Ta* Ssu^ Tsung'.<br />
No. 62. Another designation <strong>of</strong> the Vice-Director <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Imperial Clan Court is ^ ^ Tsimg^ Ch'eng'.<br />
No. 75. The Imperial Household is also designated ^ j^ ^<br />
T'ai* Fu^' Ssu* and ^ Pjl ^ Tien* Chung^ Chien*.<br />
No. 88. Another designation <strong>of</strong> the Director <strong>of</strong> the Palace<br />
Stud is ^ II f^ Fei^ Lung' Shih3.<br />
No. 89. The Director <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Armoury is also<br />
styled j^ |g ^ Wu3 K'u* Ling*.<br />
No. 90. Another designation <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Gardens and<br />
Hunting Parks is J-i^^^ Shang*<br />
[ 517 ]<br />
Lin' Yilan*. The Director
e*<br />
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
is also called ^ ^£ H ^ Kungi Yiian^ ±M^ Shang^ Lin^ Chien^<br />
Tsung' Chien^ and<br />
No. 97. At the head <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Household<br />
Bondservants, making up the three Superior Banners,<br />
H E- ^ ^ ^ fS S^^'
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGAXIZATION OF CliJXA.<br />
^^ sf ^ T'luig^ ('hi^ Ch'u*, Statistical Bureavix (^see No.<br />
162). In addition to the Imperial Household, found at the<br />
Palace Stud (sec No. 88), the Imperial Ai-moury (see No. 89),<br />
the Bureau <strong>of</strong> Imperial Gardens and Hunting Parks {see No.<br />
90), the Buddhist (Jhapel {see No. 1()4p,) and the JSummer<br />
Palace <strong>of</strong> the Emperor (see No. 104e).<br />
No. 109. The literary designation <strong>of</strong> the Imperial<br />
Equipage Department is ^ ^ ^ f^ Tien^ Chang^<br />
I"^ Wei'*.<br />
No. 127. i^ ^ I'* Yiian% Parliament (commonly styledj^<br />
•^ Kuo^ Hui"*). An Edict <strong>of</strong> the Emperor Kuang Hsu<br />
decreed the opening <strong>of</strong> this assembly in 1917. In consequence<br />
<strong>of</strong> the insistence <strong>of</strong>, and repeated requests from, the population,<br />
however, the date <strong>of</strong> its opening has been advanced to 1913 by<br />
an Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the 4th November, 1910. liegulations<br />
for the Parliament and electoral laws are to be promulgated one<br />
year previous to the opening.<br />
In connection with the advancement <strong>of</strong> the date <strong>of</strong> conven-<br />
ing a Parliament, the Scheme <strong>of</strong> State Laws and the Programme<br />
<strong>of</strong> Constitutional Reforms have been subjected to I'evision, the<br />
most important measures (organization <strong>of</strong> new Courts <strong>of</strong> Justice,<br />
Self-government, introduction <strong>of</strong> a new Civil and Criminal Code,<br />
institution <strong>of</strong> a State Budget, reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Customs and<br />
Tribute Systems, the taking <strong>of</strong> tlie (Census, reform <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Bannermen, the promulgation <strong>of</strong> laws regarding Parliament and<br />
the election <strong>of</strong> its members, the reorganization <strong>of</strong> Govei'nment<br />
Establishments and the organization <strong>of</strong> : A. ^ ^ Nei* Ko?,<br />
the Cabinet, B. 1^ f* p^ Pi* Te^ YiianS the Privy Council,<br />
^- ^iWCW ^i] P^ Hsing2 Cheng* Shen^ P'an* Yiian*, Courts<br />
<strong>of</strong> Administrative Justice, and D. ^ ft ^ Shen'' Chi* Yiian*,<br />
the Audit Pepartment) are to be completed by 1913.<br />
Nos. 128 to 129c. By an Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the 8th May,<br />
1911, the Council <strong>of</strong> State has been abolished and the |^ ^ ^<br />
Fan^ Shu^ Fang'^, Translation Bureau, attached to it, has, by<br />
[ 519 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOiy OF CHINA.<br />
Edict <strong>of</strong> th'e 23rd June, 1911, been removed to the National!<br />
Academy (see Nos. 191 to 205a).<br />
Nos. 130 to 140. The Grand Secretairiat has been<br />
abolished (by an Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the 8th May, 1911), and the<br />
four Grand Secretaries {see No. 131) and the two Assistant<br />
Grand Secretaries (see No. 132) have been commanded to take<br />
places in the National Academy (see No. 191) conforming to<br />
their seniority.<br />
No. 131. Grand Secretaries are also designated "g" ^<br />
To' K'uei^, i^&^^ Ta* Chu* KuoS :;^ ;S 5 Ta* Chu* Shih^<br />
;^ X m Ta^ Yiian^ Fu^ and ± %^ Ta* Yiian'' Tsai'.<br />
No. 132. Another designation <strong>of</strong> Assistant Grand Secre-<br />
taries is 3£ 19 Ya^ Hsiang*.<br />
No. 137. Other designations <strong>of</strong> Secretaries <strong>of</strong> the Grand<br />
Secretariat are pq "^ Nei^ Han*, pq ^ Nei* Shih', ^ ^ W<br />
T7Ai^ Weil LangS ± ^ -^ Ta* Chang^ Han*, and ^^ ^ Ta*<br />
Nei* Shih^<br />
Nos. 137a and 137b. The Imperial Patent Office was<br />
also styled ^ ^ Hsi^ I*, and ^ f^ ^ Tzu^ Wei^ Ko^. It was<br />
abolished by an Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 23rd June, 1911, and. its<br />
functions transferred to the f^lj |§ ^ Chih* Kao"* Chii'', Bureau<br />
<strong>of</strong> Imperial Rewards.<br />
No. 138. The Office for copying the Emperor's endorse-<br />
ments <strong>of</strong> documents was abolished by an Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the<br />
23rd June, 1911, and its functions transferred to the ;fc^^<br />
Ch'eng^ Hsiian^ T'ing', Chancery <strong>of</strong> the. Cabinet.<br />
Nos. 141 to 149. An Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the 8th May,<br />
1911, abolished the Committee <strong>of</strong> Ministers.<br />
Nos. 128 to 149. The Cabinet. pg ^ Nei* Ko^ tlie<br />
Cabinet (also ft ^ ft ^ Tse^ Jeh^ Nei"* Ko^); established by an<br />
Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 8th May, 1911, which, at the same time,<br />
sanctioned the ft ^ 1* f ij Nei* Ko^ Kuan^ Chili*, Regulations<br />
regarding the Cabinet (19 articles), and the ft ^ i| ^ ^ fif<br />
[ 520 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
^?g Nei* Ko'' Pan* Shih* Chan* Hsing-^ Changi Ch'eng^,<br />
Provisional Rules for Cabinet Procedure, both <strong>of</strong> which were<br />
framed by the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for-<br />
Constitutional Government.<br />
The Cabinet is made up <strong>of</strong> ^ i^ :^ E<br />
Kuo" Wii* Ta*<br />
Ch'en^, Members <strong>of</strong> the Cabinet, who are the Emperor's nearest<br />
assistants in the government <strong>of</strong> the Empire. In addition to the<br />
P3 ^ li a :^ S Nei* Ko2 Tsung« Li^ Ta* Ch'en^, President <strong>of</strong><br />
the Cabinet, and one or two ^ ^ ^ JJI ;^ S Nei* Ko' Hsieh^<br />
Li' Ta* Ch'en^, Vice-Presidents <strong>of</strong> the Cabinet, appointed by<br />
special Imperial Edic(.s,<br />
the Cabinet Members are as follows:<br />
1- M* S :^ S Wai^ \Vu* Ta* Ch'en^ Minister <strong>of</strong> Foreign.<br />
Affairs, 2. ^ ^ :k ^ ^^in' Cheng* Ta* Ch'en^, Minister <strong>of</strong><br />
the Interior, 3. ^^ ^^^.Tvi' Chih^ Ta* Ch'en^,<br />
Finance, 4. ^^ ±^ Hsiieh^ Wii* Ta* Ch'en^<br />
xMinister <strong>of</strong><br />
Minister <strong>of</strong><br />
Education, 5. f^ ^ :/c E Lu* Chiin' Ta* Ch'en^, Minister <strong>of</strong><br />
War, 6. ^ H ;^ E Hai' Chiin^ Ta* Ch'en^ Minister <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Navy, 7. "^ ^ :;^ E Ssu^ Fa^ Ta* Ch'en^ Minister <strong>of</strong> Justice,<br />
8. MXM :^^^ N"ng' K"ng' Shang^ Ta* Ch'en^ Minister<br />
<strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, 9. ^ i^ ;/c E ^^^^<br />
Ch'uan^ Ta* Ch'eu^, Minister <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications<br />
and 10. Ji ^ ic E Li' Fan* Ta* Ch'en", ^Minister <strong>of</strong><br />
Dependencies.<br />
The President <strong>of</strong> the Cabinet takes precedence <strong>of</strong> all other<br />
members and, in carrying out the Emperor's wishes, decides<br />
political questions, supervises the administration <strong>of</strong> the government<br />
and encourages the various branches <strong>of</strong> governmental<br />
activity to mutual assistance. Should he perceive that any<br />
order or decision given by a Minister, or Ministers, meets with<br />
difficulty in its execution, he may rescind the same, reporting<br />
the matter to the Emperor for final action.<br />
Among other duties, the President <strong>of</strong> the Cabinet guides<br />
the aciions <strong>of</strong> the high provincial authorities and <strong>of</strong>ficials<br />
[ 'o21 ]
TRESEXT DAY rOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
governing dependencies.<br />
He may, v,\th the Emperor's sanction,<br />
issue regulations i-eferring to questionssubjected to his competence<br />
or concerning affairs specially delegated to his<br />
authority.<br />
Personal access to the Throne, when occasion demands, is also<br />
granted him.<br />
All ^lemorials bearing on matters <strong>of</strong> a general State<br />
character are submitted to the Emperor in the name <strong>of</strong> the<br />
entire ('abinet ; those referring to the affairs <strong>of</strong> a particular<br />
Ministry are submitted by the President <strong>of</strong> the<br />
head <strong>of</strong> the Ministry concerned.<br />
Cabinet and the<br />
Other <strong>of</strong>ficials, outside the Cabinet, may submit reports to<br />
the Emperor — in certain instances they are bound by law to<br />
express their opinions to the Emperor — but these must pass<br />
through the hands <strong>of</strong> the Cabinet.<br />
All Edicts concerning branches <strong>of</strong> the State legislation, the<br />
Higher Government, State policy and measures <strong>of</strong> general<br />
importance are signed (^ ^ Shu^ Ming^) by the President <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Cabinet and the Cabinet Members. Edicts refei'ring to questions<br />
affecting a certain Ministry, or ]\linistries, are signed by the President<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Cabinet and the Minister, or ]Ministers, concerned.<br />
scope<br />
The follov^^ing is a schedule <strong>of</strong> questions coming w^ithin the<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Cabinet :<br />
1. Codes ui laws, <strong>of</strong>ficial systems, Edicts and Imperial<br />
commands.<br />
2. Estimates and the Budget.<br />
3. Extraordinary expenditiire.<br />
4. Treaties and important diplomatic negotiations.<br />
5. The promotion or .degradation <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials holding<br />
posts to which appointment is made by Imperial Edict.<br />
6. Disputes betw^een Ministries with regard to authority.<br />
7. Matters referred to the Cabinet by Edicts and requests<br />
iind petitions from the people, submitted tlrrough the National<br />
Assembly.<br />
L 522 ]
PPvESEXT DAY POLlTiCAL ORGANIZATION^ OF CHIXA.<br />
8. Important administrative affairs <strong>of</strong> the various<br />
Ministries.<br />
Cabinet.<br />
9. Affairs which liy law nnist be transmitted to the<br />
10. Matters which the President <strong>of</strong> the Cabinet or the<br />
Minister <strong>of</strong> the Ministry concerned consider should be discussed<br />
by<br />
the Cabinet.<br />
Affairs brought before the Cabinet are decided by the<br />
opinion <strong>of</strong> a majority.<br />
Questions relating to the Army or Navy, except when<br />
Imperial ]']dict commands their discussion by the Cabinet, are<br />
to be placed before the Emperor by the Minister <strong>of</strong> War or<br />
Minister <strong>of</strong> the Navy, direct. The latter will, however, report<br />
his action to the President <strong>of</strong> the Cabinet.<br />
Wlien questions <strong>of</strong> great importance are being considered,<br />
by special Imperial Edictthere may be appointed ^ i£ ^ ^<br />
^^ E T'e* Jen* Kuo^ Wu* Ta* Ch'en^, Special Members <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Cabinet. These, however, are not classed as belonging to the<br />
Cabinet.<br />
The Cabinet meets at the i^ ^ ^ Clieng* Shih^ T'ang^,<br />
Cabinet Hall.<br />
An Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the 23rd June, 1911, sanctioned<br />
the ^fMM'^^ M Nei* Ko^ Shu^ Ivuan^ Kuan^ Chili*,<br />
Regulations regarding Subordinate Officials <strong>of</strong> the Cabinet, and<br />
the ptj f^ m M P^ 't iii'J Nei* Ko2 Fa* (Jhih* Yiian* Kuan^<br />
Chih*, Regulations regarding the Legislative<br />
Cabinet, which had been submitted by the Cabinet.<br />
Board <strong>of</strong> the<br />
To the Cabinet there are attached: 1. A |^ j^ Ko^ Ch'eng^,<br />
Councillor, who,<br />
under the direction <strong>of</strong> the President <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Cabinet, supervises the various bureaux attached to the Cabinet,<br />
2. A ^ jl T'ing^ Chang^ Chief <strong>of</strong> the Chancery, 3. ^^<br />
Chii^ Chang^, Directors <strong>of</strong> the various Bureaux and Manager <strong>of</strong><br />
the Bureau <strong>of</strong> Printing and Casting (see infra), 4. glj ^ ^<br />
[ 523 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Fu* T'ingi Chang^ Deput- Chief <strong>of</strong> the Chancery, 5 .<br />
glj j^ ;g Fu*<br />
Chii^ Chang', Deputy Directors <strong>of</strong> the various Bureaux and<br />
Sub-Manager <strong>of</strong> the Bureau <strong>of</strong> Printing and Casting, 6. ;^ ^<br />
Ch'ieni ShihS Secretaries, 7. f^U ^ M M M Yin' Chu* Chu^ I*<br />
Shih^, Chief Engineer <strong>of</strong> the Bureau <strong>of</strong> Printing and ('asting^<br />
8. ^n ^ ^ ^ ± Yin* Chu* Chu^ I* ShihS Engineers<br />
<strong>of</strong> the<br />
Bureau <strong>of</strong> Printing and Casting, and 9. ^^ Lu* iShih*, Writers,<br />
Of the <strong>of</strong>ficials mentioned above, Nos. 1 to 5 are appointed<br />
by the Emperor, Nos. 6 and 7 are appointed by the Emperor oa<br />
the recommendation <strong>of</strong> the Cabinet, while Nos. 8 and 9 are<br />
appointed by their superiors.<br />
At the Cabinet there are found : 1. ^mM Ch'eng-^<br />
Hsiian^ T'ing^, the Chancery, which controls all matters in<br />
connection with the promulgation <strong>of</strong> Imperial Decrees, Bescripts,<br />
commands and instructions, files Imperial Decrees and Rescripts^<br />
receives and transmits Memorials or documents intended for<br />
Cabinet discussion, seals documents with the Imperial seal or<br />
Cabhiet seal, has the custody <strong>of</strong> these seals, etc., 2. ^Ij f^ ^<br />
Chih* Kao* Chli^, the Bureau <strong>of</strong> Imperial Rewards, which deals<br />
with the compilation <strong>of</strong> honorary titles, posthumous names and<br />
posthumous titles for reigning Emperors, frames Imperial<br />
Rescripts in connection with the bf^«towal <strong>of</strong> hereditary titles and<br />
posts, Chinese Orders, etc., 3. ^ ^ ^ Hsii'^ Kuan^ Chii^, the<br />
Bureau <strong>of</strong> Official Appoiltments, which is in charge <strong>of</strong> everything<br />
in connection with the appomtment <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials in Peking and in<br />
the provinces, scrutinizes the records <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials, recommends<br />
promotions and transfers, arranges salaries, proposes punishments<br />
for guilty civil <strong>of</strong>ficials, etc., 4.<br />
,fc |t ^ T'ung^ Chi* Chu%<br />
the Central Bureau <strong>of</strong> Statistics, which compiles statistics with<br />
reference to all branches <strong>of</strong> the Government, published yearly<br />
statistical reports, exchanges statistical information with Foreign<br />
Powers, etc., and 5. f ^ /^ Yin* Chu* Chii^, the Bureau <strong>of</strong><br />
Printing a^nd Casting, which is in charge <strong>of</strong> the printing <strong>of</strong><br />
[ 524 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficial gazettes, legal codes, regulations and all types <strong>of</strong> govern-<br />
ment publications, casts seals, stamps, etc.<br />
Under the direct guidance <strong>of</strong> the President <strong>of</strong> the Cabinet<br />
the ^ ^Ij ^ Fa"* Chih* Yiian^, Legislative Board <strong>of</strong> the Cabinet,<br />
attends to the following : 1 . The drafting <strong>of</strong> laws and<br />
Oovemment instructions, 2. The examination <strong>of</strong> draft laws<br />
proposed by the various Ministries and the reportii g on same,<br />
and 3. The interpretation <strong>of</strong> laws and Government commands<br />
now in force.<br />
The Legislative Board is composed <strong>of</strong> the following :<br />
1- 1^ f^ Y'ian^ Shih^ President, 2. glj f^ Fu* Shih^ Vice-<br />
President, and 3. ^ ^ Ts'an^ I"*, Councillors, appointed by the<br />
Emperor, 4. ^ ^ Ts'an^ Shih*, Secretaries, and 5. '^ ^<br />
Ch'ien^ Shih*, Assistant Secretaries, appointed by the Throne<br />
on the recommendation <strong>of</strong> the Board, and 6. ^^ Lu* Shih*,<br />
Writers, appointed by the Board.<br />
Until the essential laws shall have been promulgated, imder<br />
the supervision <strong>of</strong> the Legislative Board there will be placed all<br />
affairs which, by the Scheme <strong>of</strong> Measures Preparatory<br />
to the<br />
Introduction <strong>of</strong> Constitutional Government, sanctioned by the<br />
Throne, were %vithin the competence <strong>of</strong> the Committee for<br />
Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government (now<br />
abolished; see Supplement Nos. 150-163d).<br />
The ^ ^, p^ Pi* Te' Yi,an^ 1 rivy (Council, (also ^ ^ ^<br />
Shu^ Mi* Yiian*), to which the Emperor turns for advice on<br />
various affairs <strong>of</strong> government, was called into being by an<br />
Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the 8th May, 1911, the same Decree<br />
sanctioning the ^ ^g 1^ "^ M Pi* Te^ Yiian* Kuan^ Chih%<br />
Regulations regarding the Privy Council, which were framed by<br />
the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional<br />
Government, in conjunction with the Committee <strong>of</strong> Ministers.<br />
The Privy Coimcil consists <strong>of</strong>: A.. One |i^ ^ Yiian*<br />
ChangS, President, B. One glj ^^ ^ Fu* Yiian* Chang^,<br />
[ 52r) ]
PRESENT DAY rOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Vice-President, and C. .32 || [«] ± g Ku* Wen< Ta* Ch'en^,<br />
Members <strong>of</strong> the Privy Council. Only eminent <strong>of</strong>ficials, with<br />
special qualifications as regards political affairs, are made<br />
members <strong>of</strong> the Privy Council.<br />
Cabinet Ministers, the Presiding Controller <strong>of</strong> the Imperial<br />
Clan Court and Ministers <strong>of</strong> the Household may, with the<br />
Emperor's sanction, be appointed to the Privy Council.<br />
Attached to the Privy Council there are ten ^ |^ 'g' Ts'an*-<br />
I* Kuan^, Councillors.<br />
To the Privy Council are referred :<br />
1. Questions which according to the Statutes <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Imperial Pamily (^ ^ ^ .-/^ Huang^ Shih* Ta* Tien^) are to<br />
be considered by the Privy Council.<br />
2. The investigation and interpretation <strong>of</strong> constitutional<br />
laws (^ J'^ Hsien* Fa^), as well as laws and commands attendant<br />
thereon .<br />
3. Until the promulgation <strong>of</strong> essential constitutional laws,,<br />
all matters enumerated in the "General Principles <strong>of</strong> Constitu-<br />
tional Laws (^ -^ :/c M Hsien* Fa' Ta* Kang'),<br />
Part I :<br />
Prerogatives <strong>of</strong> the Sovereign (^ Ai ~X,^ Chiin^ Shang'' Ta*<br />
Ch'iian^), paragraphs 8,<br />
II and 12.<br />
4. Treaties and diplomatic negotiations.<br />
5. The revision <strong>of</strong> regulations referring to itself.<br />
At the Privy Council there is a ^> ^ j^ Pi'' Shu^ T'ing^<br />
Secretariat, for dealing with correspondence, accoimting, drawing<br />
up <strong>of</strong> reports <strong>of</strong> council meetings and managing affairs generally.<br />
The general supervision <strong>of</strong> this establishment is in the hands <strong>of</strong><br />
^ ^' ^ ;^ I*i* ^hu^ Chang^ Chief Secretary, to whom there are<br />
attached a number <strong>of</strong><br />
j^ig; ^ 'g' Pi* Shu^ Kuan', Secretaries.<br />
Nos. 150 to 151. By Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 8th May,.<br />
1911, the Presidents and Vice-Presidents <strong>of</strong> the Cabinet were<br />
placed at the head <strong>of</strong> the Committee for Drawing up Eegulations.<br />
for Constitutional Government, as M^WiM.it ^^^^ Hsien*<br />
: .r)2G ]
iJESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
nheng^ Pien^ Cli'a'^ Kuan^ Ta^ Ch'en^ Presidents o£ the<br />
l^ommittee for Drawing- up Kegulations for Constitutional<br />
rJovernment (noAv abolished; see below Nos. 150-163d),<br />
Nos. 150 to 163d. The Committee for Drawing up<br />
Regulations for Constitutional Government was abolished by an<br />
Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the 23rd June, 1911, and its functions<br />
transferred to the fi^ ([jlj (J^: Fa^ Chih'^ Yiian% Legislative Board<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Cabinet.<br />
No. 155. In the text the post <strong>of</strong> |f| f^ ^ ^ |§ §1 Tsung^<br />
Wu^ Ch'u* Pangi Tsung^ Pan"*, Senior Assistant Chief <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Chancery, has been omitted.<br />
No. 160. Conforming to a Memorial from the Committee<br />
for Drawing tip Regulations for Constitutional Goveri:iment,<br />
sanctioned by the Emperor on the 30th "January, 1910, there<br />
have been established, at the Ministries and principal Govern-<br />
ment Establishments at the Capital, as well as at the<br />
(Tovernors-General's and Governors' Yamen, Constitutional<br />
Reforms Offices, ,^ i& w If ^ Hsien* Cheng* Oh'ou'' Pel*<br />
Ch'u*, which have been commanded to twice a, year present<br />
reports, to the Investigation Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Committee for<br />
Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government, con-<br />
cerning the progress <strong>of</strong> reforms.<br />
No. 165 A. On a Memorial from the National Assembly,<br />
sanctioned by the Emperor on the 14th November, 1910, the<br />
temporary administrative personnel <strong>of</strong> the National Assembly,<br />
having arranged for the convening <strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong> that body, has<br />
been abolished.<br />
No. 167b. 5i IB i^ ^ Su^ Chi* Hsiieh^ T'angS<br />
School <strong>of</strong><br />
Stenography (see No. 621a) ; organized at the National<br />
Assembly (see a ^Memorial from the Assembly<br />
February, 1910, enclosing regulations in 19 ai-ticles)<br />
dated the 4th<br />
witli the<br />
object <strong>of</strong> training J^ |g ^ Su^ Chi'' Sheng\ Stenographers, for<br />
service at the National Assemblv, Provincial Assemblies {see No,<br />
[ r>27 1
TRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
168) and at popular establishments in general. There are<br />
accepted for this school those who have, at least, completed the<br />
com'se <strong>of</strong> a Middle School (see No. 580),<br />
or a school <strong>of</strong> similar<br />
rating. The enrollment is 100— 12 scholars chosen by the<br />
Assembly and 88 students from the provinces,<br />
each province. The course <strong>of</strong> study extends over two trimesters.<br />
The subjects <strong>of</strong> instruction at the School <strong>of</strong> Stenograph}^ are<br />
i.e. four from<br />
j^ IB ^ S^^' ^^^* Shu\ Stenography, Chinese Language Cg* ^<br />
Kuani Hua^), Chinese Literature (^ ^ Kuo^ Wcn^) and the<br />
general princij^les <strong>of</strong> law. Its administrative personnel<br />
includes :<br />
1. A ^ ;^ T'ang^ Chang^, Director (compare No. 63ob),<br />
2. A $)i W M. Chiao'* Wu'* Yiian^, Preceptor (compare No.<br />
636), 3. A ^. f^ ^ Shu* AVu" Yiian^, Steward {see No. 641),<br />
and 4. ^ M. Chiao* Yiian*, Teachers (not exceeding 5 ; see No.<br />
637). All the posts mentioned, with the exception <strong>of</strong> that <strong>of</strong><br />
Teacher, are held by <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the Secrvitariat <strong>of</strong> the Assembly \<br />
[see No. 167b).<br />
On eom.pletion <strong>of</strong> the course <strong>of</strong> the School <strong>of</strong> Stenography<br />
a number <strong>of</strong> the students are retained for service at the Assembl} ,<br />
as Stenograpiiers, while the rest disperse for similar service in<br />
the provinces.<br />
Nos. 184 to 184c. The text <strong>of</strong> these should read as follows :<br />
184. The General Staff <strong>of</strong> the Army.<br />
Tn an Edict <strong>of</strong> the 6th November, 1906, commanding the<br />
reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War, it was directed that, as<br />
no G eneral Staff <strong>of</strong> the Army (General Stafl' Office; see No.<br />
184b) was in being, all matters appertaining to such an institution<br />
were to be attended to, temporarily, by the % f§ ^ Chiin^ Tzu^<br />
Ch'u*, General Staff Council, attached to the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War<br />
(compare Nos. 184a, 417 and 418).<br />
By an Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the loth July, 1909, the General<br />
Staff Council was made independent <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War<br />
imder the designation following.<br />
r 528 ]
PEESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
184a. '^M M Chuii" Tzii^ ChHi\<br />
%%^^ Chiin^ Tzu^ Cll«u^ General IStaiF <strong>of</strong> the Army, or<br />
General Staff Office. This is an independent establishment,<br />
which assists the Emperor, as Commander-in-Chief <strong>of</strong> the Army<br />
and Navy, headed by two '^ JM ^ f^ i^ ^ 5# Kuan^ Li^ Chuni<br />
Tzui Ch'u^ Shih-^ WiiS Chiefs <strong>of</strong> the General Staff <strong>of</strong> the Army.<br />
184b. :^|^;1^<br />
Chmi' Tzu^ Fu^.<br />
By an Imperial Edict, dated the 8th May, 1911, the<br />
General Staff <strong>of</strong> the Army was reorganized into the |^ i^ jj^<br />
ChiJn^ Tzu^ Fu^, General Staff Headquarters, imder which have<br />
been placed :<br />
1. The Military Academy {see No. 712) and, prior to the<br />
establishment <strong>of</strong> this institution, the ^ ^ ^ '^ ;;:^ jp ^ Lu*<br />
Chiini Yii* Pei* Ta^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^, The Military Preparatory<br />
Academy (previous to 1911 styled the Military<br />
Staff Officers<br />
College at Paotingfu ; see No. 712a), 2. Schools for Military<br />
Draftsmen (see No. 715d), 3. Military Attaches at Legations<br />
abroad {see No. 329), Line Officers <strong>of</strong> the Army and Navy, etc.<br />
Until the personnel <strong>of</strong> the General Staff Headquarters has<br />
been definitely fixed {^-W M 'U M Chiin^ Tzu^ Fu^ Kuan^<br />
Chih*), it will be administered by a provisional staff, sanctioned<br />
by the Emperor on the 22nd September, 1909.<br />
184c. !^ 1^ :^ g Chiin'' Tzii} Ta'' Ch'en\<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the provisional staff <strong>of</strong> the Genera^ Staff<br />
Headquarters there are two W-Wi^.^<br />
To them there are subordinated : Compare text.<br />
Chiini Tzu^ Ta* Ch'en^<br />
No. 185. At present naval affairs are under the supervision<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Navy {see Supplement Nos. 420 to 437 ;<br />
particularly No. 434), which was called into existence by an<br />
Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the 3rd November, 1910, and which is a<br />
development <strong>of</strong> tlie Commission for the Reorganization<br />
Navy.<br />
34<br />
^<br />
[ 529 J<br />
<strong>of</strong> the
PRESENT DAY FOLlTiCAl. OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
No. 185a. As proposed by the Presidents <strong>of</strong> the Commis-<br />
sion for the Reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Navy, to that body there were<br />
attached BB'M^^BMMf^'U ^'^'ou^ Pan* Hai' Chun^<br />
Shih* Wu* Ch'u* Ku^ Wen-* Kuan^, Naval Advisers (compare<br />
No. 184k), an Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 19th February, 1910,<br />
designating J^ ^ i'en^ Fu*, jS ^ ^ Wu^ Kiiang'-chien^ |^ ^<br />
Wei'^ Han* and ff^ yf '^ Cheng* Ch'ing^-lien^, to act as such.<br />
No. 186. On the recommendation <strong>of</strong> a Reader <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Grand Secretariat, J^ ^ Yen^ Ch'ang^, there have been<br />
established posts for ^ ^ 'g* Tzu^ I* Kuan^, Advisers,<br />
to the<br />
Commission for the Revision <strong>of</strong> the Banner <strong>Organization</strong> {see<br />
a Memorial from the Commission, sanctioned by the Emperor on<br />
the 27 th January, 1910).<br />
No. 191. Literary designations <strong>of</strong> the National Academy<br />
are tJc 1^ Mu* T'ien^ ^ i]^ Luan^ P'o\ ^ ^ Lan^ T'ai^, |^<br />
^ Lin^ T'ai^ ^ g YLin^ T'ai^, ^ ^ Yu* T'ang^ and |)g; ^<br />
Pi* Ko2<br />
No. 192. Literary designations <strong>of</strong> the Chancellor <strong>of</strong> the<br />
f^ Ta* Cho' Tso*, f\}'^Mf$9-<br />
National Academy are :/s; ^<br />
P'an* Wen^ Lin^ Kuan^ Sliih*, ^ |g Nei* Hsiang*, and :X ^ ^<br />
T'ai* Shih^ Ling*.<br />
Nos. 193c to 200c. Literary designa.tions <strong>of</strong> the personnel<br />
<strong>of</strong> the National Academy (so-called ^ ^ Han* Lin^) are -J^ ^<br />
T'ai* Shih^ pg ^ Nei* Han*, p # Tz'u^ Lin^, ^ ^ Han<br />
Yiian*, :fc :;itC ^ Ta* T'ai* 4<br />
Shih^, and ±Wl ^ Ta* Tz'u== Han*.<br />
No. 206. Other designations <strong>of</strong> the C^ensorate are /j=^ f^<br />
Po2 Fu^ MM^ Lan2 T'ai"^ Ssn^ j^ ^ Nan^ Ssu*, ^ g Nan-'i<br />
T'ai', and i(^ ^ Po^ T'ai^.<br />
No. 207a. Other designations <strong>of</strong> -the senior President <strong>of</strong><br />
the Censorate are ^ ^ Wu^ T'ai^ ^ ,^ Chang^ Hsien*, ^f,; %<br />
^ Ta* 'Tui Hsien*, and ;/
I<br />
FKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
No. 213. Other designations <strong>of</strong> the Provincial Censor are<br />
S Hsi^ T'ai-, ^ g Chu* Shih^ and ;^ ^ ^ Ta^ Ssu^<br />
H sien 4<br />
No. 215a. The new resfnlations res'ardino- Judicia]<br />
Establishments (section 5th, articles 33 to 45 ; see No. 758)<br />
define the Supreme Conrt <strong>of</strong> Justice as the highest Judicial<br />
Establishment <strong>of</strong> the Empire, being subordinated to the ^Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> Justice only as regards administration. Accordingly, its<br />
decisions are not submitted tOs the latter for approval. Also, tlic<br />
Supreme<br />
Court <strong>of</strong> Justice has functions similar to the Russian<br />
'Senate as regards interpretation <strong>of</strong> laws.<br />
For particulars as to the ^^c M ^ Im '^^* ^^^^ F
PRESENT DxVY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
No, 223. Literary designations <strong>of</strong> tl
I<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
At the Imperial Medical Department there are : '^<br />
^ I^<br />
ytian' (literary designation, ^M^W^ Shana^^ Yao* Ohii^ I^ Tso^)<br />
Assistant Physicians, and ^ ^ I^ Sheng\ Medical Assistants,<br />
Physicians are arranged according to nine ^ij- K'6^, Specialities :<br />
1-<br />
:/c :i^ M f4 Ta* Fangi Mo" K'oS Diseases o£ Adults,<br />
2- *]> v^ BI 'M ^ ^ Hsiao^ Fangi Mo* Tou^ Chen^ K'o',<br />
Diseases <strong>of</strong> Children, and Smallpox, 3. ^ ^ ^^ Shang^ Han^<br />
K'o\ Fevers, 4. J§ A f4 ^u" Jen^ K'o\ Diseases <strong>of</strong> Females,<br />
5- ^ ^ ^-4 Oh'iiang' Yang2 K'o^, Cutaneous Diseases, G.<br />
M % P^ Chen^ Chih^ K'o^ Eheumatic Diseases, 7. gg fij<br />
Yen^ K'o', Ophthalmic Diseases, 8. P ® P® U^ f4 K'on'<br />
Ch'ih^ Yen' Houl K'o\ Dental and Throat Diseases, and y.<br />
3E # f-'4 Cheng^ Ku^ K'o', Surgery (literally " setting .bones.")<br />
No. 242. The second <strong>of</strong> the Superintendents <strong>of</strong> the Board<br />
<strong>of</strong> Customs Control is also designated |^ ^ j^ ^ ^ :^ S<br />
Shui* Wu* Ch'u* Hui* Pan* Ta* Ch'en^<br />
Xo. 273. The organization <strong>of</strong> a modern Postal System in<br />
<strong>China</strong> was begun in the period 1896-1898, during which a<br />
series <strong>of</strong> Imperial Edicts were promulgated with reference to the<br />
opening <strong>of</strong> Postal Establishments <strong>of</strong> a new type throughout the<br />
Empire, to be styled i^ 'M' ^ WC Ta* Ch'ing^ Yu^ (Jh^ng*, or<br />
Chinese Imperial Post Offices. The Office <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs<br />
received Imperial commands to entrust the general control <strong>of</strong><br />
Postal affairs to the Inspector General <strong>of</strong> Customs,<br />
Sir Robert<br />
Hart (H ^ Ho* Te'^), as ^ |U gf fj Tsung^ Yu^ Cheng* Ssu^,<br />
Inspector General <strong>of</strong> Posts. The latter, in turn, appointed<br />
Mr. Th. Pir}^ (^ ^ Po* Li^)? (/Ommissioner <strong>of</strong> Customs, with<br />
the title <strong>of</strong> ^ gf ^ il Yu2 Ch-jng* Tsung' Pan*, Postal<br />
Secretary, to supervise the organization <strong>of</strong> a Postal System for<br />
the Empire and there are now more than 600 Post Offices and<br />
4,200, or more, Postal Sub-Offices.<br />
The question <strong>of</strong> the transfer <strong>of</strong> the Postal System to the<br />
control <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and Uommunications was first<br />
[ 583 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
raised, by the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for<br />
Constitutional Government, Avhen general regulations defining the<br />
fnnctions <strong>of</strong> the several State Offices were being framed (^^ j^<br />
^ g Hsing* Cheng^ Kang^ Mu*).. Further, the said Committee^<br />
in the autumn <strong>of</strong> 1909, when submitting its report concerning<br />
preparatory measures to be accomplished by provincial (government<br />
Offices during the nine years preceding the granting <strong>of</strong> a<br />
constitution, expressed the opinion that "the Postal System<br />
should remain under the control <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Maritime<br />
Customs only so long as there was no special Ministry for its<br />
administration, and until the ChinSse populace became acquainted<br />
with Its<br />
<strong>of</strong> Posts and<br />
utility ; now, there being a Ministry<br />
Communications in existence,<br />
it slionld be handed over to the<br />
supervision cf this ^Ministry." This report received Imperial<br />
sanction, and, in the list <strong>of</strong> measures to be carried oiit by the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications during the period already<br />
spoken <strong>of</strong>, submitted to the Emperor on the 4th- October, 1910y<br />
there appeared a provision for the transfer <strong>of</strong> the Postal System<br />
as recommended.<br />
The Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications definitely<br />
assimied control <strong>of</strong> the Postal System on the 28th May, 191 ly<br />
by virtue <strong>of</strong> an Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the 26th May, .promulgated<br />
in repl}' to a jMemorial from the President <strong>of</strong> the Ministry<br />
concerned, ^m.^ Sheng* Hslian'-huai'^ (for further details see<br />
v'^upplement Nos. 479 and 479a).<br />
A detailed scheme concerning the reform <strong>of</strong> Postal<br />
Establishments appeared in the Peking Gazette <strong>of</strong> the 17tb<br />
October, 1910.<br />
No. 278. Other designations <strong>of</strong> the President <strong>of</strong> a ^Ministry<br />
arerjlS Chungs T'ai^, |fj J Tu^ T'ai^ and i
PEESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
No. 312. By regulations framed by the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Foreign Atfairs, in June, 1909, certain changes have been<br />
effected with regard to the <strong>of</strong>ficial rank <strong>of</strong> Chinese <strong>of</strong>ficials abroad<br />
{see Nos. 317 to 320 and 322 to 323), namely :<br />
No. 317. The rank <strong>of</strong> a Consul-General is now 4b.<br />
No. 318. The rank <strong>of</strong> a Second Councillor is now 4b.<br />
No 319. The rank <strong>of</strong> a First Interpreter is now 5a.<br />
No 320. The rank <strong>of</strong> a Consul is now 5a.<br />
No. 322. The rank <strong>of</strong> a Third Councillor is now oa.<br />
No. 323. The rank <strong>of</strong> a Second Interpreter is now 5b.<br />
No. 324. The. rank <strong>of</strong> a Vice-Consul is now 5b.<br />
No. 325. The rank <strong>of</strong> a First Secretary is now 5 j.<br />
No. 326. The rank <strong>of</strong> a Third Interpreter is now 6 b.<br />
No. 327. The rank <strong>of</strong> a Second Secretary is now 6b.<br />
No. 328. The rank <strong>of</strong> a Third Secretary is now 7b.<br />
No. 332. There is now a Consulate-Oeneral at g 3/1^ ^<br />
Pa' Na^ Ma^, Panama {see a Memorial from the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Foreign Affairs, dated the 16th January, 1910).<br />
In accordance with the terms <strong>of</strong> a Consular Convention<br />
(fS ^ t^ ^J Ling^ Shih* T'iao- Yiieh') concluded between<br />
<strong>China</strong> and the Netherlands (signed at Peking on the 8th<br />
May, 1911), the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs submitted a<br />
Memorial to the Throne, the same being sanctioned on the<br />
21st July, 1911, concerning the establishment,<br />
in the Dutch<br />
Indies (fll ii m en jg II ^ Ho2 Lan^ Timg^ Yin\Tu^ Shu^'<br />
Ti*), <strong>of</strong> the following<br />
Consulates in the islands <strong>of</strong> the Sunda<br />
Archipelago (^ fill ^ ^ Hsiin^ T'a' Ch'iin^ Tao^) :<br />
A. A Coiisulate-General at S ^ l^t 5£<br />
Pa^ Ta^. Wei^<br />
Ya^, Batavia, in the island <strong>of</strong> /j^ D^ ^ Chua^ Wa^ Tao', Java,<br />
with a Consula'r District (^ |^ H. J^.^ Kuau^ Hsia^ Ch'ii^ Yii*)<br />
including the island <strong>of</strong> Java to the East <strong>of</strong> H .^ 11 San^ Pao'-<br />
Lung2, all Dutch Borneo (^MM^WM^^M P'"' ^o' Chou^<br />
Ho=^ Shu' (ni'iian' Ching^), the island <strong>of</strong> Billiton (H M M ^ l^j.<br />
[ 585 1
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Wan^ Li^ Tung* Ch'iian'^ Tao'), as well as adjacent small<br />
islands.<br />
This Consulate-General will be administered by a Consul-<br />
General, one Second Interpreter and one Second Secretary.<br />
B. A Consulate at "/jIEf -^ Ssu* Shui^, Sourabaya, Java,<br />
"with a Consular District including the island o£ Java to the West<br />
<strong>of</strong> H ^ H San^ Pao' Lung^, the Dutch Celebes (M M fl^ ffl<br />
li ^ ^ Hsi^ Li' Po» Ho'^ Shu^ Ch'iian^ Ching*), Madura Island<br />
(•'^ yj^ S Ma^ Tu* La^), the island <strong>of</strong> Karimon Java (^ ^<br />
fl Q K'a^ Li^ Lung^ Mu*; and adjacent small islands.<br />
This Consulate .will have a personnel made up <strong>of</strong> a Consul,<br />
one Third Interpreter and one Third Secretary.<br />
C, A Consulate at Q ^ Pa^ Tung\ Padang, in the island<br />
with a Consular<br />
<strong>of</strong> M P5 ^ it Su^ Men^ Ta^ La^ Sumatra, •<br />
District including Sumatra, the island <strong>of</strong> ^ j]\[<br />
Banka and adjacent small.,islands.<br />
Pang^ Chia\<br />
The personnel <strong>of</strong> this Consulate will include a Consul, one<br />
Third Interpreter and one Third Secretary.<br />
Nos. 333 to 338. The Ministry <strong>of</strong> Civil Appointments was<br />
abolished hj an Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 23rd June, 1911, its<br />
functions being transferred to the >^ 'g' ^ Hsii* Kuan^ Chii',<br />
Bureau <strong>of</strong> Official Appointments.<br />
No. 333a. Other designations <strong>of</strong> the President <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Civil Appointments are ^ 'g* T'ien^ Kuan\ ^ ^,<br />
Chung3 Tsai^ and X ^ f,^ Ta* CJh'iian^ Hengl<br />
Nos. 335 to 338. M^%^^ Hsien* Cheng* Cli'ou2<br />
Pei* Ch'u*, Office <strong>of</strong> Constitutional Peforms (^sce Suj)plement<br />
No. 160) ; established at the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Civil Appointments (on<br />
a Memorial from this Ministry, dated the 12th March, 1910), to<br />
replace the ^ jgr ^- ^ ^ Hsien* Cheng*<br />
Yen^ Chiu^ So'. At<br />
the head <strong>of</strong> this <strong>of</strong>fice there was a |f |j| Tsung' Pan*, Chief,<br />
who had subordinated to him : ^ |/f Hui* Pan*, Senior<br />
Assistants, ^ ^ Pang' Pan*, Junior Assistants,<br />
[ 53G ]<br />
etc. •<br />
It is
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
composed <strong>of</strong> four ^^ K'o', Sections, namely, 1. ^ 'g' fif I^sil*<br />
Kuan^ K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Personnel, 2. ^ ;^ fi} K'ao^ Chi^ KV,<br />
Section for Investigation <strong>of</strong> Merits, 3, f^ ^ ^ Tiao"* Ch'a^<br />
K'oS Intelligence Section, and 4. H f^lj ^ Plen^ Cliih'' K'o',<br />
Revising Section.<br />
^ '?a it Hsiieh^ Cliih^ Kuan^<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Civil Appointments (for preparing<br />
Instruction Office at the<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials for<br />
service at this Ministry) ; directed by a |,^ ^ Tsung^ Pan^,<br />
Chief.<br />
No. 344. ® ]S If T'u' Chih* Kuan^ Commission for<br />
Preparing a Descriptive Work <strong>of</strong> the Empire ;<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Interior,<br />
this Ministry, dated the 13th March, 1910.<br />
established at the<br />
in accordance with a Memorial from<br />
This Commission is composed <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
the Interior and will compile its "— ^ ^ j^ 1^ T'ung' Hsin^<br />
Chih'*, New C/Omplete Statistical Description <strong>of</strong> the Chinese<br />
Empire, from detailed documents supplied by the provinces.<br />
Mil^W^^ Hsien* Cheng^ Ch'ou'' Pei* Ch'u^ Office <strong>of</strong><br />
Constitutional Reforms ; established at the Ministry <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Interior in accordance with a Memorial emanating thence, dated<br />
the 2nd April, 1910.<br />
No. 368a. it IK i^ Tsao^ Chih^ Ch'ang', Government<br />
Paper Mill ; operated under regulations framed by the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> Finance and sanctioned by the Emperor on the .27th January,<br />
1911, It is under the supervision <strong>of</strong> the jSfinistry <strong>of</strong> Finance<br />
and has been established for the production <strong>of</strong> all kinds <strong>of</strong><br />
Government books, and papers and forms for the numerous<br />
Government Establishments.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Paper Mill there is a j^ ^ Tsung^ Pan^,<br />
Superintendent. He is assisted by : 1. A ^ ^ Pang' Pan*,<br />
Senior Assistant Superintendent, and 2. A ^ U| Tso* Pan*,<br />
Junior Assistant Superintendent,<br />
[ ^3" ]
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
For the management <strong>of</strong> the Paper<br />
Mill there are five<br />
Sections : 1. # M f-^ ^^"ig^ ^^un'^ K'o', Section o£ Transport<br />
and Supplies (in charge <strong>of</strong> the provision <strong>of</strong> materials and their<br />
transport), 2. 1^ }a f3f Chien* Tsao* K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Operation<br />
(supervises the execution <strong>of</strong> orders), 3. ^ ^ f^ Wen'' An^<br />
K'oS Chancery, 4. i|^ j^ fi|. Shou^ Chihi K'oS Section <strong>of</strong><br />
Finance, and 5. ^. f§ ^Ij- Shu"* Wu"" K'o^ Section <strong>of</strong> General<br />
Affairs, Each <strong>of</strong> these Sections is directed by a Jfij- ;^ K'o'<br />
Chang-^, Section Chief, and is divided into Sub-sections (^ So^j.<br />
No, 369Ar. As recommended in a Memorial from the<br />
Controller-General <strong>of</strong> the Salt Gabelle (sanctioned by the<br />
Emperor on the 2oth February, 1910), there have been<br />
established posts for the following <strong>of</strong>ficials at the Office <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Controller-General <strong>of</strong> the Salt Gabelle : 1. One {^ ^ T'i-<br />
Tiao*, Proctor, 2. Two ^ f^ p Pang' T'i^ TiaoS Assistant<br />
Proctors, 3. One |!{^v ^ 'g* Pi* Shu^ Kuan^, Senior Secretary,<br />
and 4. Nine ^ ^ ^ Ts'an^ Shih* Kuan', Secretaries.<br />
The Office <strong>of</strong> the Controller-General <strong>of</strong> the' Salt Gabelle is<br />
made up <strong>of</strong> eight ]^. T'ing', Sections : 1. ^ i^ H ^ Xen'^<br />
Wu* Tsimg' T'ing\ Chief Section <strong>of</strong> Salt Affairs ; supervising<br />
the framing <strong>of</strong> rules and regulations regarding- the salt<br />
administration, the most important correspondence and the<br />
personnel <strong>of</strong> the <strong>of</strong>fice, 2, ^]K^f^M l^'n^<br />
[ ^33H ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Yiieh* Yen^ Wu^ T'ing-i, Section for Salt Affairs <strong>of</strong> Fukien and<br />
Kuangtung (and <strong>of</strong> Kiangsi, Kuangsi, Hunan and Kueichow),<br />
7.<br />
jll MMB B ChS.ani Tien^ Yen' Wu* T'ing', Section for<br />
Salt Affairs <strong>of</strong> Szechwan and Yunnan (and <strong>of</strong> Hupeh, Hunan and<br />
Kueichow), and 8. B,B M Slui^ Wu^ T'ing', Section <strong>of</strong><br />
General Affairs ; receiving and despatching correspondence,<br />
sealing documents, keeping the accounts, etc.<br />
The Chief Section <strong>of</strong> Salt Aifairs is directed by a Proctor<br />
and his assistants. To them there are attached : a Senior<br />
Secretary (supervising the most important correspondence), two<br />
Secretaries, two ^ fjj1} Tso* Pan^, Assistant Secretai-ies, and an<br />
indefinite number <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ Wei' Y^iian^, Deputies (<strong>of</strong> the first,<br />
second and third ranks, ^ Teng^).<br />
A Secretary is at the head <strong>of</strong> each <strong>of</strong> the remaining seven<br />
Sections. He has one Assistant Secretary and an indefinite<br />
number <strong>of</strong> Deputies (<strong>of</strong> the three ranks mentioned)<br />
under hi&<br />
orders..<br />
At the Section <strong>of</strong> General Affairs there has been inaugurated!<br />
^ ^ ^ J^ ^^ Tien* So^ Sub-Section for the Ciphering <strong>of</strong><br />
Telegrams, and a |^ ^ ^- Shan* Hsieh^ Fang', Copying Sub-<br />
Section, manned by § bB '^ S^^^i^ Chi* Kuan^, Clerks, and<br />
^ IB ^ Shu^' Chi* Shengi, Writers.<br />
There is found at the Office <strong>of</strong> the Controller-General <strong>of</strong><br />
the Salt Gabelle an indefinite number <strong>of</strong> §^ ^ *§* Tzu^ I*<br />
Kuan^, Advisers. A ^ ^ J^ Hui* I* So', Council, composed<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Proctor, as ^ ^ I* ( Ihang', President, and Assistant<br />
Proctors, Senior Secretary, Secretaries and Advisers, as '^ |^ ^<br />
Hui* I* Yiian^, Members <strong>of</strong> the Council, has also been organized<br />
at this <strong>of</strong>fice.<br />
No. 373. ^ fliij<br />
^ Pi' Chih* Cniii', Currency Office;<br />
established in accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> Finance, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 20th September,<br />
1910, to replace the Commission for the Study <strong>of</strong> the Currency<br />
[ 5^1^ ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
System, ^MMMM Pi* ^^"1^" Tiao'* Ch'a^ Chu^ abolished by<br />
the same Memorial. The main object <strong>of</strong> this <strong>of</strong>fice is to keep<br />
a control over the, mints and banks, with regard to issue o£ the<br />
new type <strong>of</strong> currency, and to supervise the gradual transition<br />
to a new currency system. The Minister <strong>of</strong> Finance is at the<br />
head <strong>of</strong> the <strong>of</strong>fice and exerts his authority therein through the<br />
Currency Department (see No. 3o6j. An Imperial" Edict<br />
oi the 13th day <strong>of</strong> the 7th moon appointed {f|f "^ ^<br />
Sheng Hsiian-huai as ^ ^ Pang^ Pan*, to assist the<br />
IMinister.<br />
At the Currency Office there are: 1. One f^ |lf|<br />
T'i^<br />
TiaoS Proctor, and 2. Two ^ }^ 0J Pang* T'i2 Tiao% Assistant<br />
Proctors. The Proctor and Assistant Proctors are in charge <strong>of</strong><br />
the four S^ Ku^ Sections -A. fi ^ |^ Tiao* Ch'a" Ku',<br />
Intelligence Section ; charged with the study <strong>of</strong> the currency<br />
question in <strong>China</strong> and Europe and the completion <strong>of</strong> all business<br />
left unfinished by the Commission for the Study <strong>of</strong> the Currency<br />
System, B. ^ PS^ Ch'ou' Pan* Ku^ Section <strong>of</strong> <strong>Organization</strong>;<br />
superintends the introduction <strong>of</strong> the new currency, provides<br />
funds for minting purposes, fixes the currency reserve, checks<br />
the quantity <strong>of</strong> coins minted, arranges for the exchange <strong>of</strong> old<br />
coins for the new currency and manages the correspondence<br />
regarding currency matters generally, C. ^^ ^ |J Chi^ Ho^<br />
Ku', Section <strong>of</strong> Supervision ; superintends mniting operations,<br />
pxu'chases silver for coining pm-poses, arranges for the re-minting<br />
<strong>of</strong> old currency, defines standard and weight <strong>of</strong> corns, controls<br />
the issue <strong>of</strong> ncAv coins for circulation through<br />
banks or other<br />
institutions, the issue <strong>of</strong> bank-notes and the revenue derived<br />
from the same, supervises the printing <strong>of</strong> bank-notes, etc., and<br />
-B- Is ^ IS! Pieu^ I* Ku^ Compiling and Translatmg Section ;<br />
compiles and translates works appertaining to currency<br />
questions, on its own initiative or at the request<br />
foregoing Sections.<br />
[ i>W ]<br />
<strong>of</strong> the three
I<br />
I<br />
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> each Section there is a ^, ^ Tsung^ Pan*,,<br />
who has subordinated to him: A. ^ ^ Pang' Pan*, Assistants,<br />
and B. ^ M. Wei^ Yiian"'^, Deputies.<br />
For superintending affairs o£ economy there is a ^^ ^ ^<br />
Shu* Wu* Ch'u*, Section <strong>of</strong> Economical Affairs, at the Currency<br />
Office.<br />
No. 376. Other designations <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Rites-<br />
are |gj *[J Tz'u" PuS ^ A|J I'^ PaS and i^ ^ Ta* TsungS and,,<br />
<strong>of</strong> its President, # '^ Ch'uni Kuan^ ^M Ch'ixn^ ±^^<br />
Ch'ing^<br />
Ta* Chih^ Tsung\ and ± m Ta* jjif Tien=^ Li^<br />
Nos. 376-394. :^ |^ ^ Tien=* Li* Yiian*, (^ourt <strong>of</strong><br />
Eites; established by an Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the 20th Jul}-,<br />
1911, to replace the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Rites, abolished by the same<br />
Decree. At the same time Imperial sanction <strong>of</strong> the |^ ^ ^"<br />
-g 3il] Tien^ Li' Yiian* Kuan^ Chih*, Regulations<br />
for the Coiirt<br />
<strong>of</strong> Rites, drawn up by the Cabinet <strong>of</strong> Ministers, in 24 articles,,<br />
was also signified.<br />
To the Court <strong>of</strong> Rites have been transferred all functions<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Cabinet <strong>of</strong> Ministers and the old Ministry <strong>of</strong> Rites, as<br />
regards ritual observances, and under its control has been placed<br />
the Music Office (see No. 388) and the Office <strong>of</strong> Sacred ]\Iusic<br />
{sec No. 390), which were formerly under the supervision <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Board <strong>of</strong> Music (5^^ No. 387).<br />
The casting <strong>of</strong> seals {see No. 386) has been placed under<br />
the control <strong>of</strong> the Bureau <strong>of</strong> Printing and Casting attached to<br />
the Cabinet <strong>of</strong> Ministers.<br />
The issue <strong>of</strong> the calendar, control over rites and ceremonies<br />
performed by the populace, sacrifices at temples in the provinces<br />
and exercises <strong>of</strong> divination performed in these temples is now<br />
the duty <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Interior. Ceremonies enacted<br />
in schools and sacrifices in the temple <strong>of</strong> Confucius are controlled<br />
by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education.<br />
[ 541 J
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
The issue <strong>of</strong> supplies , and allowances to vassal Princes and<br />
to Lamas is now invested in the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Dependencies.<br />
The Court <strong>of</strong> Kites is responsible for the performance <strong>of</strong><br />
rites and musical ceremonies at Imperial Temples and Altars and<br />
at the Imperial Mausolea, as well as for the construction and<br />
safeguarding <strong>of</strong> buildings <strong>of</strong> this type. It is composed <strong>of</strong> a<br />
I,® Wi i^ Tsung' Wu* T'ing^ Chancery <strong>of</strong> General Affairs, and<br />
four Offices, i.e. 1. 11 ffiij W Li^ Chih* Shu*, Office <strong>of</strong><br />
Ceremonies, 2.<br />
|g| ^ ^ Tz'u^ Chi* Shu*, Office <strong>of</strong> Saci'ifices,<br />
3. ^ 1^ W Feng* Ch'ang^ Shu*, Office <strong>of</strong> Sacrificial Worship,<br />
and 4. Im i^ ^ Ching^ Shan* Shu*, Banqueting Office.<br />
The staff <strong>of</strong> the Coiu-t <strong>of</strong> Kites includes : A. One ^ p^<br />
•X^± Change Yiian* Ta* Hsiieh^ Shih*, Chancellor, B. One<br />
-SlJ i P^ ^ ± Fu* Change Yiian* Hsueh^ Shih*, Sub-Chancellor,<br />
C. Eiglit ^ -^ Hsiieh^ Shih*, Senior Members <strong>of</strong> the Court,<br />
D. Eight {i: ^ ± Chih-' Hsiieh^ Shih*, .funior Members <strong>of</strong> the<br />
"Court, E. One ^ ^ T'ing^ Chang^ Chief <strong>of</strong> the Chancery,<br />
F. Four ^ ^ Shu* Cliang^ Office Chiefs, G. -^ ^ Ch'ien^<br />
Shih*, Secretaries, <strong>of</strong> the 1st, 2nd and 3rd (^ Teng^) Classes,<br />
performing duty in the Chancery and the four Offices, H. ^ JE<br />
Pu* Cheng*, Overseers, performing duty<br />
-'-• ^ ^<br />
at the Chancery,<br />
Tien^ Pu*, Assistant Overseers, performing duty at<br />
the Chancery, J. p] j$ Ssu^ K'u*, Inspectors, attached to the<br />
(^hancery, K. ^ If gl> Tsan* Li^ Lang^ Ceremonial Ushers,<br />
attached to the Office <strong>of</strong> Sacrificial Worship, L. ^ i% ^ Tu^<br />
Chu* KuanS Keciters <strong>of</strong> Prayers, attached to the Office <strong>of</strong><br />
Sacrificial Worship, M\ ^% ^ Ming^ Tsan*, Heralds, attached<br />
to the Office <strong>of</strong> Ceremonies, N. )^ l^ Hsii* Pau^ Ushers,<br />
-attached to the Office <strong>of</strong> Ceremonies, O. J^ ^ K'u* Shih^<br />
Assistant Inspectors, attached to the (Chancery, and P. ||^ ^<br />
Lu* Shih*, Writers.<br />
Of the <strong>of</strong>ficials mentioned above, A and B are selected<br />
-and appointed by the Emperor himself (^ ^ T'e* Chien^), C to<br />
[ 542 ]<br />
/-.
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA<br />
E are appointed by the Emperor (^ ^ Chien^ Jen*), F to M<br />
are appointed on the strength <strong>of</strong> Memorials to the Emperor<br />
(^ ^ Tsou* Jen*), while N to P are appointed by the<br />
Chancellor (^ ^ We? Jen*).<br />
Nos. 398 to 402. M'i^W Hm ^ Hsien* Cheng* Ch'ou^<br />
Pei* Ch'u*, Office <strong>of</strong> Constitutional Reforms (see Supplement<br />
No. 180); established at the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education, in accordance<br />
with a Memorial emanating thence, dated the 25th March, 1910,<br />
to replace the M)^^ ^M Hsien* (Jheng* Yen^ Chiu^ So^ <strong>of</strong><br />
that Ministry.<br />
No. 41 2 A. The literary designation <strong>of</strong> the Libationer and<br />
Tutor is<br />
;/d Senior and Junior Secretary (see Nos. 283 to<br />
284)j institutfHi in 1906, have been abolished.<br />
[ 543 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
No. 420 b. ^MMW-'^^B<br />
K"a»^ I-i' Lii* •Cliiin^<br />
Fn* Shih* Wu\ Controller <strong>of</strong> the ^Ministry <strong>of</strong> War (see<br />
No. 276).<br />
No. 421. To tlie Minister <strong>of</strong> War and his Assistant (see<br />
Supplement, No. 420a) there are attached: 1. ^ ^ 'g' Ts'an^<br />
Shih^ KuanS Secretaries, 2. |t ^* 1* Chien' Ch'a* Kuani,<br />
Inspector <strong>of</strong> Military Affairs, and 3. ^ ^ 'g* Tiao^ Ch'a=*<br />
Kuan', Intelligence Officers (stationed in the provinces to supply<br />
necessary information and reports to the Minister).<br />
No. 422. ^ ifJCWl Ch'eng2 Cheng* Ssu', Chancery;<br />
attends to the most important aflPairs, controls the finances,<br />
correspondence, personnel, etc. This is composed <strong>of</strong> four ^<br />
K'oS Sections, namely, 1.<br />
7^. ^ ^^ Pi' Shu^ K'o', Section <strong>of</strong><br />
Confidential Affairs, 2. ^ "^ ^ Tien^ Chang^ K'oS Section <strong>of</strong><br />
Army Regulations, 3. ^. f^ f'[ Shu* Wu* General Affairs, and 4. ij^J ^ f^<br />
iW, Sectior <strong>of</strong><br />
Shou^ Chih^ Finance.<br />
K'oS Section <strong>of</strong><br />
No. 423. H :^ i] Chiin^ Heng^ Ssu^, Department <strong>of</strong> Selec-<br />
tion; supervises the appointment and transfer <strong>of</strong> military <strong>of</strong>ficials-<br />
This has four Sections: 1. ^ ^^ K'ao' Chi' K'oS Section<br />
for the Investigation <strong>of</strong> ^Merits, 2. f£ "^ f4 Jen* Kuan^ K'o^<br />
Section cf Distribution <strong>of</strong> Posts, 3. ^ ^ fif Shang^ Lai*<br />
K'oS Section <strong>of</strong> Rewards, and 4. ^ f^ fjf Ch'i^ Wu* K'o^<br />
Section <strong>of</strong> Banner Affairs.<br />
No. 424. ^ ^ ^ Chiin' vShih^ Ssu', Department <strong>of</strong> Arms<br />
Supply; having two Sections: 1. M m. ^^ Chih" Tsao* K'o^<br />
Section <strong>of</strong> Manufacture, and 2. f^ JH fl|- Fao^ Ch'u^ K'oS<br />
Section <strong>of</strong> Storage.<br />
No. 425. ^ fiflj ^<br />
Chnn'<br />
Department (further see No. 428).<br />
Chih* Ssu', Army Inspection<br />
Previous to their being handed over to the Ministr}' <strong>of</strong><br />
Posts and Communications, all questions<br />
in connection with the<br />
Alilitary Posts, former!} mider the supervision <strong>of</strong> the Department<br />
[ 544 ]<br />
Mi
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
<strong>of</strong> Military Posts (now abolished), are to be attended to by the<br />
Army Inspection Department.<br />
No. 426. !^ f^ p] Chun^ Hsu^ Ssu^, Commissariat<br />
Department (further see No. 429).<br />
No. 427. 1^ ^ ^ Chiin^ I^ Ssu', Araiy Medical and<br />
Sanitary Department; consisting <strong>of</strong> two Sections: 1. ^^ ^<br />
Wei* Bhengi K'o\ Sanitary Section, and 2. ^ B^ I^ Wu*<br />
K'o\ Medical Section.<br />
No. 428. ^ ;^ ^ ChUn^ Fa* Ssu', Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Military Law (further 5^^ No. 4.32).<br />
No. 429. !5 ^ gj Chiin^ Mii* Ssu\ Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> the<br />
Military Stud (further see No. 433). This Department is noAv<br />
in charge <strong>of</strong> all veterinary affairs formerly under the supervision<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Army Medical and Sanitary Department {see Supplement<br />
No. 427).<br />
No. 430. ^ ^ ^ Chiini Hsiieh^ Ch'u^ Bureau <strong>of</strong><br />
Military Education. This is provisionally under the supervision<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War but there is a suggestion to make it an<br />
independent <strong>of</strong>fice under the designation ^ ^ )^<br />
( hiin^ Hsiieh'<br />
Yiian*, Department <strong>of</strong> Military Education. Its personnel will<br />
be determined later.<br />
No. 431. ^ If ^ Shen" Chi* Cli'u*, Office <strong>of</strong> Control.<br />
To this <strong>of</strong>fice there have been transferred all affiiirs formerly<br />
under the supervision <strong>of</strong> the ^ i|Sf ^ T oJ Cheng* C'h'u*, Office<br />
<strong>of</strong> Finance, and the Me\^ T'ung^ ('hi* Ch'u*, Statistical<br />
Bureau, both <strong>of</strong> which have been abolished. Also, the auditing<br />
<strong>of</strong> accounts and bills has been transferred to its supervision from<br />
the Department <strong>of</strong> Military Posts (see Supplement No. 432b),<br />
the Department <strong>of</strong> Arms Supply (see Supplement No. 424) and<br />
the Commissaiiat Department (see Supplement No. 426).<br />
The Office <strong>of</strong> Control has two Sections : 1. -^^ ^ ^^ Tsung^<br />
Ch'a2 K'oS General Revising Section, and 2. ^ f| f4 Ho^<br />
Hsiao.^ K'o', Auditing Section.<br />
3.^<br />
[ 545 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
No. 432. Each Department oi the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War,<br />
as a<br />
rule, furnishes employment for : a ^ ^ Ssu^ Chang^ Controller,<br />
a ^ ^ -g Ssu^ Shih* Kuan^ Department Secretary,, f^ ^ K'o^<br />
Chang', Section Chiefs (one to each Section), ^ ^ K'o^ Yiian^,<br />
Secretaries (<strong>of</strong> the first, second and third ranks) ; and ^ ^ Lu*<br />
8hih% Writers (in an indefinite number).<br />
No. 43 2 A. The personnel <strong>of</strong> various Departments and<br />
Offices differs from that mentioned above (No. 432)<br />
following respects :<br />
in the<br />
1. At the Chancery <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War (see Supple-<br />
ment No. 422) there are a number <strong>of</strong> ^ ^ I* Yiian^,<br />
Interpreters.<br />
2. The Department <strong>of</strong> Military Law {see Supplement No.<br />
428), having no Sections, furnishes employment for ^, f^ ^ Ssu^<br />
Fa^. KuanS Officers <strong>of</strong> Justice (<strong>of</strong> the first,<br />
second and third<br />
ranks), who take the place <strong>of</strong> Section Chiefs and Secretaries (see<br />
Supplement No. 432).<br />
3. At the Department <strong>of</strong> Arms Supply (see Supplement<br />
No. 424) and at the Army Inspection Department (see Supplement<br />
No. 425) there are found |t ^ ft Hui^ T'u^ Yuan^, Draughts-<br />
men, @ m I* ShihS Chief Engineers, and ^ ± I* ShihS<br />
Engineers.<br />
4. In place <strong>of</strong> the customary p] ^ Sipu^ Chang', at the<br />
head <strong>of</strong> the Office <strong>of</strong> Control there is a ff g Chi* Changl<br />
No. 432b. The Department <strong>of</strong> Military Posts (^ ^ H<br />
Chun^ Ch'eng2 Ssu^), the Discipline Department (^ ft ol Chiin^<br />
Chi* Ssu') and the Department <strong>of</strong> Military Education (^ ^ ^<br />
Chiin^ Hsiieh^ Ssu^), organized in accordance with regulations<br />
framed in 1906, have been abolished. In place <strong>of</strong> last-mentioned<br />
there has been inaugurated a " "<br />
Bureau, <strong>of</strong> Military Education<br />
(see Supplement No. 430).<br />
No. 433. Under the authority <strong>of</strong> the Ministry<br />
1. The Military Forces <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong>:<br />
[ 546 ]<br />
<strong>of</strong> War are :
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
A. Lu Chiin, Regular Troops, and<br />
B. Hsiin Fang Tui, Reserves {see Nos. 655 to 707).<br />
2. Military Schools {see Nos. 708 to 717b).<br />
3. Banner Troops {see Nos. 718 to 748).<br />
4. Old Chinese Troops (^ee Nos. 749 to 753).<br />
5. Office <strong>of</strong> the Government Stud {see No. 755).<br />
THE MINISTRY OF THE NAVY.<br />
No. 434. Idem. No. 185.<br />
No. 435. The Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Navy was called into being<br />
lay an Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 4th December, 1910, and its<br />
personnel includes the following <strong>of</strong>ficials.<br />
Navy,<br />
1. f# ^ ic E Hai' Chiini Ta* Ch'cn^ Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> the<br />
2. ?§ Ip: glj :;^ E Hai^ Chiin'- Fu^ Ta^ Ch'en^ Assistant<br />
Minister <strong>of</strong> tlie Navy,<br />
'3. 3^*^ Ts'an^' Mou^ KoanS Councillors,<br />
4. ^ ^ 'g* Ts'an^ Shih* Kuan\ Secretaries, and<br />
5. ^> § 'g* r*i* Shu' Kuan', Junior Secretaries.<br />
No. 436. The Ministry <strong>of</strong> War is divided into Departments<br />
;as follows :<br />
No. 436a. ^ ^jlj fj Chiin' Chih* SsuS Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Naval Administration ; composed <strong>of</strong> five Sections : 1.<br />
^ij ]^ f4<br />
Chill'* Tn* K'oS Section <strong>of</strong> Naval Codes and Regulations, 2. ^<br />
^ p^ K'ao=* Ho2 K'o\ Revising Section, 3. || ;^ fif Ch'i*<br />
Hsieh* K'o', Arms Section, 4. ^ |^ ^ Chia* Shih' KV,<br />
Section <strong>of</strong> Navigation, and 5.<br />
<strong>of</strong> Marine Engineering.<br />
fj^ ^ f^f Lun- Chi^ K'o', Section<br />
No. 436b. ^ jgj ^ Chiini Cheng* Ssu^ Construction<br />
Department ; having two Sections : 1. 1^^^^ Cliih-* Tsao* K'o\<br />
•Section <strong>of</strong> Manufacture, and 2. ^ ^ f3j<br />
Building 'O<br />
Section.<br />
[ 047 ]<br />
(-hien-* Chu^ K'o\
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
:No. 436c. ^ ^ p\ Chun^ Hsueh' Ssu^, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Naval Education ; with five Sections : 1 . ^ ^ Chiao* Yii*<br />
$i|-<br />
K'oS Section <strong>of</strong> InstnictijDn, 2.<br />
|j|| ^ p^ Hsiin* Lien* K'o^<br />
Section <strong>of</strong> Training, 3. ^ |ll§ f?j- Mou« Liieh* K'o^<br />
Section <strong>of</strong><br />
Strategy, 4. |i ^ ^ Tiao* Ch'a^ K'o\ Intelligence Section,<br />
and 5. j^ ^ ^ Pien^ I* K'o\ Translation Section,<br />
No. 436d. ^^ p\ Cbiin^ Shu^ Ssu\ Department, <strong>of</strong><br />
Important Affairs (Chancery)<br />
^ ^ f4 Tsou^ Tzu^ K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong> Memorials and Corres-<br />
; composed <strong>of</strong> three Sections : 1.<br />
pondence, 2. H ^ fif Tien^ Chang^ K'o^ Section <strong>of</strong> Naval<br />
Regulations, and 3. ^ ^ 5f4 Ch'eng^ Fa} K
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Department Controller, fij- ^ K'o' (/hang', Section Chiefs (one<br />
for each Section), ^^ ^ K'o^ Yiian-, Secretaries, and ^ ^ Lu<br />
Shih^ Writers.<br />
No» 436k. The personnel <strong>of</strong> various Departments and<br />
f<br />
Offices differs from that shown above (see No. 436j) as shown<br />
below :<br />
1. At the (Construction Department {sec Supplement No.<br />
436b) there are ^ ^ I'' Shih', Chief Engineers, and ^ ± P<br />
Shih*, Engineers.<br />
2. The Department <strong>of</strong> Naval Law (sec Supplement No.<br />
43 6 g) having no Sections, BJ ;^ 'g* Ssu^ Fa* Kuan^, Officers <strong>of</strong><br />
Justice, take the place <strong>of</strong> Section Chiefs and Secretaries.<br />
3. Ai: the Accounts Office (see Supplement No. 436i) the<br />
ft ^ Chi* Chang', Office Chief, and glj fj- ^ Fu* Chi^ Chang'^<br />
Assistant Office ('hief, take the place <strong>of</strong> a Controller and an<br />
Assistant Controller.<br />
No. 437. Idem. No. 185p.<br />
Nos. 424 to 434. M^^^M Hsien* Cheng* Ch'ou'<br />
Pei* Ch'u*, .Office <strong>of</strong> Constitutional Reforms (see Supplement<br />
No. 160) ; established at the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War (see an Imperial<br />
Decree <strong>of</strong> the 27th February, 1910, pi'omulgated in reply to a<br />
Memorial from the Ministry <strong>of</strong> the same date).<br />
No. 440. According<br />
to the rules for new Judicial<br />
Establishments (^ee No. 758), the functions <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Justice are now <strong>of</strong> a purely administrative character, namely, the<br />
appointment <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials to the judicial service, the appointment<br />
and transfer <strong>of</strong> judicial <strong>of</strong>ficials, the definition <strong>of</strong> the competence<br />
<strong>of</strong> Judicial Establishments (in territorial respect), the framing<br />
<strong>of</strong> regulations, codes, rules, etc. Furthermore, the MinisLy ol<br />
Justice no longer passes final judgment on death sentences<br />
imposed by the Supreme Court <strong>of</strong> Justice (see No. 205a ; also<br />
compare Supplement No. 215a).<br />
[ 549 1
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
No. 458. MilkWi^M Hsien* Cheng* Ch'ou=^ Pei* Ch'u%<br />
Office <strong>of</strong> Constitutional Eeforms (see Supplement No. 160) ;<br />
established at the Ministry o£ Justice, as proposed in a Memorial<br />
from the Ministry dated the 27th February, 1910, to replace<br />
tlie ^ ^ i^ Pien^ Ch'a" Ch'u*, Compiling Office, organized at<br />
that Ministry in 1907. The Senior Councillor <strong>of</strong> the Ministry<br />
is at the head <strong>of</strong> this <strong>of</strong>fice and his staff is the same as that <strong>of</strong> the<br />
former Compiling Office, namely, one ^ |^ T'i^ Tiao*, Proctor,<br />
one H ^ Tsung^ Tsuan^, Chief Reviser, six ^ f^ Tsuan^ Hsiu%<br />
Pro<strong>of</strong>-readers, one /^, ^ ft Shu* Wu* Yiian^, Steward, and fire<br />
fj ^ Hsing^ Tsou\ Attaches,<br />
Nos. 463 to 466. M^%i§^ Hsien* Ch^ng* Ch'ou*<br />
Pei* Ch'u*, Office <strong>of</strong> Constitutional Reforms (see Su2:)piement<br />
No. 160) ; established at the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agricultiu'e, Industry<br />
and Commerce, as recommended in a Memorial ema*nating<br />
thence, dated the 18th March, 1910, to replace the ^ i^ ff ^ ^<br />
Hsien* Cheng* Yen^ Chiu^ So^ instituted in October, 1907.<br />
No. 464a. ih^^W^ Hua* Fen^ Kung^ Chili* Chii%<br />
Chemical Laboratory for -<br />
Analysis <strong>of</strong> Mining Products ;<br />
organized in accordance with regulations drawn up by the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, sanctioned<br />
by the Emperor on the 23rd January, 1911,<br />
at the Offices o£<br />
Industrial Taotais (see No. 839a) or Mining Committees (see<br />
No, 775). At these Laboratories there may be organized<br />
5i M fp ^ ff i^"»g' Chlh* Yen^ Chiu^ So', Courses in Mining,<br />
and ^ ^ ^ f\] If Kung^ Chih* Ch'en'' Lieh* Kuan', Museums<br />
<strong>of</strong> Mining Products.<br />
The personnel <strong>of</strong> a Laboratory for the Analysis <strong>of</strong> Mining<br />
Products includes : 1. A j^ ^ -hu^ Chang^, Director <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Laboratory (a post held by the industrial Taotai or the President<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Mining Committee), 2. One f^ Jl Ching^ Li^, Chemist,<br />
3. ifc iHf Chi* Shih\ Assistant (_~!hemists (1 or 2), and 4.<br />
§ IB Shui ci,i4^ Clerk.<br />
[ 550 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Nos. 476 'to 480. ^ igt # H ^ Hsien* Cheng* Ch'oir<br />
Pei* Ch'u'*, Office <strong>of</strong> Constitutional Reforms (see Supplement,<br />
No. 160), instituted at the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications,<br />
on a Memorial from the Ministry dated the 28th March, 1910.<br />
No. 479. The text should read as follows :<br />
^J i|J[ "pj Yu^ Cheng^ Ssu\ Department <strong>of</strong> Posts ; superin-<br />
tending all postal affairs <strong>of</strong> the Empire (since the 28th May,<br />
1911, when the postal administration was transferred to the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications ; see Supplement No.<br />
273), the improvement <strong>of</strong> postal communications, the sale <strong>of</strong><br />
money orders and stamps and the transmission <strong>of</strong> parcels. It is<br />
composed <strong>of</strong> four K'o\ Sections : 1. ^^ pt Tsrmg^ P K'o\<br />
Translation Section, 2. ^^ ^ jfj[.~^^^i"8'^ Yeh'^ K'o^, Section <strong>of</strong><br />
Operation, 3. 1£ -^ ^^l* T'ung^ Fu^ K'o^, Section <strong>of</strong> Finance,<br />
and 4. ^ M f'l" Chien* Ho^ K'o^, Construction Section. These,<br />
in turn, are divided into eight 5x Ku^, Sub-Sections.<br />
No. 479a. fir iISC li ^ Yu2 Cheng* Tsung^ Chii^<br />
Directorate General <strong>of</strong> Posts ; directed hj a f^ ^ Chii^ Chang^,<br />
Director-General <strong>of</strong> Posts, who has subordinated to him a |f^ j^|<br />
Hui'' Pan^<br />
Tsung^ Pan^, Postmaster-General, and a ^ |/j^<br />
Associate Postmaster-General ; established in accordance with a<br />
Memorial from the Minister <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications,<br />
^M.^ Sheng* Hsiian'-huai*, sanctioned by the Emperor on<br />
the 26th May, 1911, (se^' Supplement No. 273).<br />
No. 523b. As proposed in a Memorial from the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Interior, sanctioned by the Throne on the 18th December,<br />
1910, at Peking there has been founded a R^^]SWj^MW<br />
^ ^ Min^ Cheng* Pu* Kao^ Teng^ Hsun^ C'hing'' Hsiieli'^ T'ang^<br />
Higher Police School <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> the Interioi-. This<br />
school is arranged so as to supply A. A j£ ^Ij- Cheng* K'o^,<br />
Complete Coarse (extending over three years), and B. A ^ ^if<br />
Chuan' K'o^j Special Course (<strong>of</strong> one year and a half), as well as<br />
lower Police Courses. There are yearly enrolled 80 men (10<br />
[ ^51 ]
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
from the Capital and 70 from the provinces) for the Complete<br />
Course, which supplies instruction in administration, policing,<br />
prison management, English and Japanese.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Higher Police School <strong>of</strong> the Ministry<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Interior there is a |^ j^ Tsung^ Pan*, Curator, to whom<br />
there are subordinated a ^ ^ Chien^ Tu\ Director, a f^ |^<br />
T'i=^ Tiao*, Inspector, ^ ^ Chao* Hsi^ Teachers, etc.<br />
No. 551b. ^ j$. Kuo^ K'u*, The Government' Treasury.<br />
This has been organized in accordance with regulations<br />
framed by the National Assembly, sanctioned by the Emperor<br />
on the 27th January, 1911, with the , object <strong>of</strong> combining all<br />
Government funds, receiving all revenues, making all payments<br />
on Government account, safe-keeping • Government moneys and<br />
the transaction <strong>of</strong> money operations generally.<br />
The Minister <strong>of</strong> Finance is at the head <strong>of</strong> the Treasury as<br />
MW "X^ Tsung^ Kuan^ Ta* Ch'en^, Sxiperlntendent. In the<br />
provinces a general control (^ ^ Chien^ Tu^) over the Government<br />
Treasury is invested in the Lieutenant-Governor, or.<br />
Financial Commissioner. Examinations <strong>of</strong> the .Government<br />
Treasury are made by specially deputed <strong>of</strong>ficials or by the<br />
High Authorities <strong>of</strong> the provinces. Later, when the organiza-<br />
tion <strong>of</strong> the ^ fj- p^ Shen* ('hi'' Yiian*, Audit Department,<br />
shall have been completed, examinations will be made by that<br />
establishment.<br />
The Government Treasury is organized as follows :<br />
fi M Tsung' K'u% Central Treasury ; situated at the<br />
Capital and supervising Branch Treasuries and Treasury Sections<br />
in the provinces. At its head there are a j£ ^^, ^ Cheng''<br />
Tsimg^ Li^, Superintendent (a post associated with that <strong>of</strong><br />
Governor <strong>of</strong> the Ta
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
^ j^ Fen'- K'u*, Braricli Treasuries; found at provinck?<br />
capitals. To these there are subordinated Treasury Secticr'<br />
(see below). Each Branch Treasury is under the direction <strong>of</strong> a<br />
|§^ ^ Ohing^ Li', Manager (a post<br />
associated with ihat <strong>of</strong><br />
Superintendent <strong>of</strong> the Ta Ch'ing Government Bank).<br />
^ i$- Chih^ K'u*, Treasury Sections; found at cities <strong>of</strong><br />
importance. Each Treasury Section is under the direction <strong>of</strong> &<br />
^ J?| Hsieh^ Li', Manager (a post associated witii that cl<br />
Superintendent <strong>of</strong> the Ta Gliding Government Bank).<br />
At various places, as the judgment <strong>of</strong> the Ta Qi'Kg<br />
Government Bank Administration suggests, there are esiabiiSiued<br />
MM^ P'ai* Pan* Ch'u*, or ft 3® j^ Tai" Li' ChV, Agencies<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Treasury, for the employment <strong>of</strong> surplus Qoyerrtr . .<br />
funds.<br />
No. 555. In Kiangsu, Anhui, Shantung, Konan, Shansi,<br />
Chekiang and Fukien,<br />
as recommended in a Memorial fronri the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance, dated the 24th March, 191Q, the Offices<br />
for the Collection <strong>of</strong> Excise on Native Opitun, as well as<br />
various ^ -^ Fen^ Ch'ia*, Barriers, have been abolished At<br />
Shanghai, in place<br />
<strong>of</strong> an abolished Barrier there has been<br />
established a ^ fj |t fj, ^ Ch'a^ Yen^ Chi* Ssu^ ChuS Office<br />
for the Prevention <strong>of</strong> Opium Smuggling, and, in iShantung, iLe<br />
collection <strong>of</strong>jexcise on Native Opium has been transferred to the<br />
^ ^ M Ch'ou^ K'uan' Chii^, Office for Providing Government<br />
Funds (compare Supplement Nos. 825 to 826).<br />
No. 573a. (§ i^ S} Seng^ Lu* Ssu^ (litei-ary designation,<br />
:/c i^ ^ ^^a' Ch'an^ Tsr.ng^), Superior <strong>of</strong> the Buddhist<br />
Priesthood at Peking ; 6a ; two in all.<br />
ft ^ m ^IJ i^ ii Seng' -Kangi , Ss^i Fu* Tu' Kang\<br />
Assistant Superior <strong>of</strong> the Buddhist Priesthood in a prefecture ;<br />
<strong>of</strong> unclassed rank.<br />
In the district <strong>of</strong> ^ »Ij ^ Heng^ Shan' Hsiex:*, Hu-;i.c<br />
jjrovince, the Superior is styled f^ |^ sl Seiig- Kang^ Ssu^.
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANI''ATION OF CHINA.<br />
No. 573ii. jM i^ ^ Tao* Lu* Ssu^ (literary designation^<br />
-^ ^ ^ Ta* Chang^ Lu*), Superior<br />
at Peking; 6a; two in all.<br />
<strong>of</strong> tlit Taoist Priesthood<br />
li Ifi pj . go Hi IE Tao* Chi^ Ssui Y^i Till Qi^-^4^ Assistant<br />
Superior o£ the Taoist Priesthood in a prefecture ; <strong>of</strong> i ^classed<br />
rank.<br />
In the district <strong>of</strong> :^ ^J ^ Heng^ Shan^ Hsien* (see above.<br />
No. 573a) the Superior is styled ^i; ^E ^ Tao* Chi* SsuK<br />
No. 577. In 1909 Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> the Junior Grade<br />
were reformed so as to provide three courses <strong>of</strong> study, namely,<br />
Full Course (<strong>of</strong> five years, ^ ^ th ^ ^ ^ ^ p^ Ch'u^ Teng'<br />
Hsiao^ Hsueh^ T'ang^ Wan^ Ch'iian- K'o^),' and Abridged<br />
Courses (<strong>of</strong> four years, 29 ^ M '> ^ ^ ^ B f4 Ssu'' Nien=^Chi=f<br />
Hsiao* Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Chien' I* K'o\ and <strong>of</strong> three years, ^ ^<br />
^d^^ ^^ ^^ Sani j^T-g^2 Q^p i£sij^o3 Hsiieh^ T'ang*<br />
Chien^ P K'oi).<br />
The Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education soon became convinced <strong>of</strong> the<br />
inutility <strong>of</strong> this system and, by a Memorial, sanctioned by the-<br />
Emperor on the 30th December, 1910, there Avas introduced a<br />
uniform course <strong>of</strong> four years duration, with four to five hours <strong>of</strong><br />
instruction daily, for all Primary Schools <strong>of</strong> Junior Grade<br />
throughout the Empire. The subjects <strong>of</strong> instruction are ethics,,<br />
classics, Chinese language, arithmetic, history, geography,<br />
natural sciences, drawing, callisthenics, handicrafts, singing,<br />
principles <strong>of</strong> agriculture and principles <strong>of</strong> commerce— the last<br />
four are optional.<br />
No. 584. 4fc jf :;^ ^ ^ Pei^ Yang"'' ta* Hsiielr T'ang^,<br />
established in 1902 on the initiative <strong>of</strong><br />
Peiyang <strong>University</strong>;<br />
Yiian Shih-k'ai, a Preparatory Course (^ p^- Yii* K'o^), <strong>of</strong><br />
three years, being first organized. In 1906 the first class was<br />
graduated from the Preparatory<br />
7^ f?[- Pen* K'oV Specializing Course.<br />
[ 554 ]<br />
Coui'se and advanced to the
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
A reform <strong>of</strong> the ciu'ricalum was effected in 1908, the-<br />
"Regulations <strong>of</strong> Instruction" being altered to provide for<br />
increased terms <strong>of</strong> study, instruction in additional subjects<br />
and an enlarged staff <strong>of</strong> teachers. At present there are<br />
three Departments : A. ± tJC X f^ T'u^ Mu* Kungi K'o',.<br />
Engineering Department (supplying two courses), B. ^ |^ ^<br />
J^ ^ f4 ^'s'ai' Kung3 Chi^ Yeh^ Chin^ K'o^ Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Mining and Metallurgy (supplying two courses) and C, ;^^^j|-<br />
Fa^ Lii* K'o^, Department <strong>of</strong> Law (supplying one course).<br />
The final examinations <strong>of</strong> the first class to be graduated are<br />
scheduled for the latter half <strong>of</strong> 1910 and the first half <strong>of</strong> 1911.<br />
Graduation from the Peiyang <strong>University</strong> carries with it the<br />
attainment <strong>of</strong> various '<br />
ranks and privileges, as provided in the<br />
<strong>University</strong> Regulations.<br />
No. 620. By a Memorial from the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education,,<br />
sanctioned by the Throne on the 5th March, 1910, Schools for<br />
Training Teachers for Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools have been made<br />
equal, as regards status and privileges (^ J^ Chiang^ Li^), tO'<br />
Higher Normal Schools {see No. 618b), and, like the latter, are<br />
to supply a course <strong>of</strong> study <strong>of</strong> four years.<br />
These schools are to be organized so as to supply two ^<br />
K'o\ Courses <strong>of</strong> Study, namely, A. ^ ^ $^ Wan^ Ch'iian'<br />
K'o\ Complete Course, and B. ^ ^^ Chien-^ I* K'o^<br />
Abridged Course. Those who complete the Abridged Course<br />
are to rank with graduates <strong>of</strong> Lower Normal Schools (see No.<br />
618a).<br />
In the Memorial mentioned, the provinces were commanded:.<br />
I. To establish, within tv/o years from date,<br />
at least one<br />
" School for Training Teachers for Pr<strong>of</strong>essional Schools,"<br />
supplying the "Complete Course," and B. To found,<br />
very near future, like schools supplying " Abridged Courses."<br />
in the<br />
Nos. 621 to 62lB. i^^ P ^ Chii Ch'i^ Hsueh' T'ang',<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Engineering; established in September, 1905, in<br />
[ 555 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Szechwan province, at the !^ ^ ^ Clii' Cli'I"* Cliii^, Arsenal,<br />
with an enrolhnent <strong>of</strong> 30 students— later increased to 50 {see a<br />
report from || M ^ Cliao" Erli^-hsiin*, dated the 26th March,<br />
1910).<br />
i^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Kao' Teng^ I' Hsneli'- T'ang^ Higher<br />
Medical School. This has been founded at the city<br />
<strong>of</strong><br />
Hangchow, in Chekiang province, in accordance Tvith a Memorial<br />
from the Governor, Tseng Yiin, sanctioned by the Throne on the<br />
12th January, 1911..<br />
No. 623. i^^^^ Fa^ Cht-ng* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, College<br />
<strong>of</strong> Law and Administration ;<br />
established at Peking in accordance<br />
with a Memorial from the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education, dated 1907,<br />
for the purpose <strong>of</strong> pi'eparing students for a judicial or adminis-<br />
trative career. As recommended in a Memorial from the same<br />
Ministry, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 20th September,<br />
1910, this College has been reorganized<br />
and it now serves as a<br />
model for similar institutions in the provinces.<br />
As at present constituted, the College <strong>of</strong> Law> and<br />
Administration has two Sections, namely: 1. IE f^ Cheng*<br />
K'o\ Specializing Section, supplying three Courses, i.e. A.<br />
S8t ?o P^ Cheng"* Chih^ Men^, Com'se in Administration,<br />
B. '^ ^ pg Fa^ Lii* Men^, Course in Law, and C. |g ^^ f^<br />
Ching^ Chi^ jNIen', Course in Finance and <strong>Political</strong> Economy, <strong>of</strong><br />
three years each, and 2.<br />
^|J jfj^ Pieli* K'o\ Special Section, <strong>of</strong><br />
three years.<br />
For the Specializing Section there are yearly accepted<br />
pupils who have completed the course <strong>of</strong> a Middle School: for<br />
the Special Section there are accepted as pupils <strong>of</strong>ficials or<br />
scholars possessing a literary degree not higher than that <strong>of</strong><br />
^ \ Chu-' Jen^ and aged not more than 25 years.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Colleo^e <strong>of</strong> Law and Administration<br />
there is a Director (see No. 635). He has a staif compored <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Preceptor (see No. 636), Pr<strong>of</strong>essors (see No. 637: in an<br />
[ 55G ]
PKES3SNT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
indefinite number), Tutors (see No. 640), a Steward (sec No.<br />
841), a ^. ^ j^ Shu* Wu* Yiian*, Assistant Steward, Secre-<br />
taries (see '^o. 642), Accountants (see No. 643) and Clerks <strong>of</strong><br />
Works (see Nc. 644).<br />
No. 629c. The literary designations <strong>of</strong> the first Metro-<br />
politan Graduate (Doctor) are ^ — A ^i* I^ Jen^, ;^ f^ Ta*<br />
K'uei^, and ^ tc<br />
Tien* Yrianl<br />
No. 652. The text should read as follows:<br />
^MB^^M^^^MM<br />
Kuan^ Li^ Jih* Pen^ Yu^<br />
Hsiieh^ Sheng^ Chien^ Tu' Ch'u*, Inspectorate<br />
<strong>of</strong> Chinese<br />
Students in Japan, at the Chinese Legation in Tokyo; re-<br />
organized in accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry <strong>of</strong><br />
Education, sanctioned by<br />
1910,<br />
the Throne on the 20th March.<br />
The supreme control and general supervision over this<br />
establishment is invested in the Chinese Minister to Japan, but<br />
the direct management <strong>of</strong> the affairs is carried on by a ^ ^<br />
Chien^ Tu-, Controller, appointed<br />
on the recommendation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Chinese Minister and the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education, who is assisted<br />
by seven ^ ^ ^ ^ Hsiieh^ Wu* Wei^ Yiian^ Deputies for<br />
Educational Affairs, dealing with cori-espondence, accounts and<br />
cxuTent aflfairs, and fom' § ffl :9^ Shii^ Chi* Sheng\ Clerks.<br />
For furnishing instruction in the Japanese language to<br />
those who desire to join one <strong>of</strong> the " five higher schools " in Japan<br />
(the number <strong>of</strong> students yearly sent to these schools has been<br />
fixed at 165 by an agreement between the Chinese and Japanese<br />
Governments) there have been instituted at Pekinor, as<br />
recommended in a Memorial from the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education,<br />
sanctioned by the Emperor on the 26th January, 1911, J|f jp 3<br />
^m^ li'^W, ft Yu- Hsiiclr Jill* Pon^ Kao^ Teng^- Wu"^<br />
Hsiao^ Yii* K'o', Preparatory Com-ses for S'lidents to the Five<br />
Higher Schools in Japan, extending over from one to two year:?.<br />
For attending th' .c there are .yearly accepted per:?uns unacquainted<br />
[ 557 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA,<br />
•with the Japanese language who have graduated from ]\Iiddle<br />
Schools.<br />
No. 652a. At the head <strong>of</strong> the Office for the Selection <strong>of</strong><br />
Students for America there is a j^ |/f| Tsung' Pan*, Chief, to<br />
"whom there are attached two ^ ^^ Hui* Pan*, Assistants {see a<br />
Memorial from the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs, dated the 11th<br />
March, 1910).<br />
No. 652e. On their return to Peking, students who have<br />
been studying military sciences abroad are called upon to undergo<br />
examination. Those who successfully complete this examination<br />
receive literary degrees (for instance that <strong>of</strong> ^ ^^ Chii^ Jen^),<br />
•qualified by the branch <strong>of</strong> military science which they have<br />
studied (as !X |^ f^ Kung^ Ping^ K'o\ Engineering ; ^<br />
^ ^<br />
Pu* Ping' K'o\ Infantry- gj |5 fi^ P'ao* Ping^ K'o\ Artillery),<br />
:and are appointed as lieutenants or sub-lieutenants {see No^ 65S)<br />
^according to the rating attained in the examination.<br />
No. 702. ^ ?S # ^ Chiin^ Fa* Hui* ^Un\ Courts-<br />
Martial ; organized in accordance with regulations sanctioned by<br />
the Throne on the 20th day <strong>of</strong> the 9th moon <strong>of</strong> the 2nd year <strong>of</strong><br />
Hsiin T'ung which, aiming at despatch and simplicity, provide<br />
that these be courts from which there is no f»ppeal (instead <strong>of</strong><br />
the Civil Court organization <strong>of</strong> three grades).<br />
Courts-Martial are found at Oor])s, Divisions and Independent<br />
Brio-ades and, further, there are : 1. The i^ ^ ^ ^^ ^<br />
"W I^^o' j^eng"' (!hun^ Fa* Hui* Shen^, Supreme Court-Martial<br />
(at the :vnnisti-y <strong>of</strong> War), and 2. The g^ B# |^ f^ # ^ Lin^<br />
Shih^ (Jhiin^ Fa* Hui* Shcn'^ Courts-Martial ^Extraordinary<br />
(convened in cases <strong>of</strong> necessity at separate military detachments<br />
smaller than a Corps, Division or Brigade).<br />
The personnel <strong>of</strong> ordinary Courts-5Iartial is drawn from the<br />
• <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> the military body interested ; the personnel <strong>of</strong> the<br />
-Supreme Court-Martial is drawn from the Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Military Law <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War.<br />
r .558 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
A Court-Martial is composed <strong>of</strong> :<br />
1- ^<br />
^U ^ Shen^ P'an-* Chang^<br />
President o£ the Court<br />
(<strong>of</strong> the rank <strong>of</strong> Lieutenant-Colonel, or higher, in dependence on<br />
the rank <strong>of</strong> the accused),<br />
-• pI i^ 1^ Ssu^ Fa* Kuan', Officers <strong>of</strong> Justice (drawn<br />
from the ranks <strong>of</strong> Officers <strong>of</strong> the military body concerned),<br />
3. ^ ^J 'g' Shen^ r'an^* Kuan', Members <strong>of</strong> the Court<br />
(<strong>of</strong> the rank <strong>of</strong> Lieutenant, or higher, in dependence on the rank<br />
<strong>of</strong> the accused),<br />
4. il ^ Lu* ShihS Writers, and<br />
d. PI ^ ^ ^ t Lu* Chun' Chien' Ch'a^ KuanS<br />
Prosecutors. Also, there are ^ T^^ ^ fM ^^^^* Chiin^ Ching^<br />
Ch'a^' TuiS Squads <strong>of</strong> Military ]^lice.<br />
No. 715d. At the Seliool for ^lilitary<br />
Draftsmen in<br />
Peking there is a ^^ |a SBE ^lo^ l^'^n-* Pan*, Model Section,<br />
where students from the ^•arious ]jrovinces ai-c taught, Avith the<br />
object <strong>of</strong> disseminating the sciences <strong>of</strong> sui\ eying and drafting.<br />
The final examinations <strong>of</strong> the first class to l)e graduated from<br />
this school took jjlace, after a course <strong>of</strong> one year and seven<br />
months study, in 1910, and the most ca])able <strong>of</strong> the students<br />
received the degree <strong>of</strong> Bachelor <strong>of</strong> Arts (^ \ Chii' Jen'') and<br />
the rank <strong>of</strong> sidi-lieutenant ; the less successful received the<br />
degree <strong>of</strong> Senior Licentiate <strong>of</strong> the 1st Class (sec No. 629a\<br />
No. 749. Hattalions [ig- Ying^) <strong>of</strong> the Army <strong>of</strong> the Green<br />
Standard have various designations : 1. 4^ ^ Chuno-^ Yins:^<br />
Middle ((Central), 2. :^ i^ Tso^ Ying^ Left (Eastern), 3.<br />
:^ ^ Yu« YingS Pvight (Western), 4. |^ ^ Ch'ien^ Ying^<br />
Van (Southern), 5. ^ ^ Hon* Ying^, Hoar (Northern), and<br />
6. ^ ^ -1 Ch'eng2 Shou^ Ying^, Garrison.<br />
No. 750. The literary designation <strong>of</strong> tlie Provincial<br />
Commander-in-Chief is :;fc 5C ^ Ta* Yiian'' lIoll^<br />
No. 751. Literary designations <strong>of</strong> a Brigade General<br />
^' IB 11 Tsung' Chen*, and ^ |_| ^ Ta* Tsung^^ Hou^<br />
[ 05!) ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OK«ANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
No. 7.52. Literary desig-nations <strong>of</strong> a Colonel are ^ |g<br />
Hsieli2 Chen^ and ^ J^ llsieli^ Jnngl<br />
No. 752a to 752f. Literary designations <strong>of</strong> a Lieutenant<br />
Colonel are :^ ^ ^ Ta* Ts'an^ J"ng^ and ;;^ .^ ^ Ta'' Fen^<br />
Hiii' : <strong>of</strong> a Major, :^ ^ ^ Ta* Yu'^ Jung'', and :^ '^ ^ Ta*<br />
Feni Huii ; <strong>of</strong> a Captain, :^ |f, f^ Ta* Tu^ K'un^ and |[^ 3^ Tu^<br />
Jung^ ; <strong>of</strong> a 1st Lieutenant, :^ ^ Ya- Chiang% and :A; ^ ^<br />
Ta* Shou^ Hou==; <strong>of</strong> a 2nd Lieutenant, ;/^ ^ f^'j Ta'' Jung- Po^<br />
and i^i ^ ^ Ta* Chang^ Hou-; <strong>of</strong> a Sub-Lieutenant, }Q ^<br />
Pa^ Jungl<br />
Ko. 753. In the Disciplined Forces (^ ^^ Lien* ('hiin')<br />
a ^ Ying^ I)attalion, divided into four |I^ Shao% Companies, <strong>of</strong><br />
84 men ench, was considered as the principal iniit. Companies,<br />
in turn, were each divided into eight |^ Tui*, Platoons, <strong>of</strong> 10<br />
(in some Companies 12) fj^ M ^an^ Yinig^, Privates.<br />
Platoons were commanded by f-f ^ Shih^ Chang',<br />
Sergeants (23 to a Battalion) and Companies by Ufl *§* Sliao*<br />
Kmui^, Company Commanders (<strong>of</strong> the rank <strong>of</strong> 1st Lieutenant,<br />
2nd Lieutenant, or Sub-Lieutenant ; four to a Battalion ; (see<br />
Nos. 7o2d to 752f), assisted by Hf ^ Shao* Chang^, Assistant<br />
Company Commanders (<strong>of</strong> the rank <strong>of</strong> Sub-Lieutenant, Ensign,<br />
or Coloiir-^crgeant ; four to a Battalion ; sre Nos. 752 f to 752ii).<br />
A B vttalion was commanded by a ^ |g^ Ying^ Kuan\ also<br />
^ W ^^^lan'' Tai', Battalion Commander, to whom there was<br />
attached a f^ 1^ Pang^ Tai*, Assistant Commander (<strong>of</strong> the rank<br />
<strong>of</strong> Colonel, Lieutenant-Colonel, or Major ; see Nos. 752 to 752b).<br />
To the Commander <strong>of</strong> a Battalion there were attached 60<br />
^ & Ch'ini Ping\ Cou\oys, divided into six lf$. Tui*, I'latoons,<br />
each headed by a. || Ec ff ;g Ch'ini Pingi Shih' Chang^<br />
Sergeant <strong>of</strong> Con^-oys (one <strong>of</strong> these bore the designation <strong>of</strong> ;^ j^<br />
Lan- (;Ii'i^, and performed duty as Adjutant to the Commander;.<br />
To each Company Commander there were attached five<br />
f^ ^ Hu* Yung^ Guards.<br />
[ 560 ]
PRESENT DAY lOLlTICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Battalion Commanders, and their assistants, (Company<br />
Commanders, and their assistants, as well as Platoon Commanders,<br />
were allowed one '(jJI; ^ Huo^ Fu', Cook, cuch (42 to a<br />
Battalion).<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> a detachment made up <strong>of</strong> several Jiattalions<br />
there was a j^j^ p^ T'unj>-^ I-'i"i?^5 Commander <strong>of</strong> a Detachment<br />
(<strong>of</strong> the rank <strong>of</strong> ^F'i'^ f^ ^^ Tu^ or $/^ i£ Tsuno-^i Pinjri; see Nos.<br />
750 to 751), and in connnand <strong>of</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> Detachments there<br />
^vas a |(^!|^ Tsuno- TSm-^ styled |^ SH fp) ^ l'i"g' P"*<br />
Shang* Slui', ^Minister <strong>of</strong> War.<br />
No. 754. Tn c(»imection with the successful extension <strong>of</strong><br />
the net <strong>of</strong> postal establishments <strong>of</strong> the European type throughout<br />
the Empire (see Supi)l(nnent No. 273), the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts, and<br />
('ommunications submitted a iNfemorial reconnnending the gradual<br />
abolition <strong>of</strong> the Military Post Stations and their replacement by<br />
the new Tost Offices. Foi- the carrying out <strong>of</strong> this scheme it<br />
was proposed that the iMilitary Post Stations be jjlaced under<br />
the general supervision <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and (x)nmiimica-<br />
tions and that their direction in the pi'o\ inces 1)6 iii\ ested in the<br />
hands <strong>of</strong> the Industrial Taotais (on the abolition <strong>of</strong> the post<br />
<strong>of</strong> Provincial Judge ; see No. 830 ; compare No. 839).<br />
A.lthough the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War considered the pi'oposed<br />
abolition <strong>of</strong> the Military Post Stations to be premature,<br />
nevertheless, it agreed to hand ovei' all affairs in connection with<br />
these Post iStations, as well as the ( utu'iers Office and Depot <strong>of</strong><br />
Military Horses, to the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Posts and Communications,<br />
in January, 1911.<br />
.No. 750. mmm'^mtLmm ^'m.g^^<br />
chih* Hsim-<br />
Yang'^ Ch'ang- Chiang' Ilsien" Tui% (.'ommander-in-Chief <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Ocean and Long Eiver (Yangtsze Kiver) Na\al Squadrons.<br />
On the 6th December, 1910, the well-known Admiral ;^ah Chen-<br />
ping was appointed to this post.<br />
36
PKESKNT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,<br />
No. 758?\ For the examination o£ those who wish to serve<br />
in .rudicial Estabhshments {^ 'g' Fa* Kuan^)<br />
Examining Board composed <strong>of</strong> the following :<br />
there is an<br />
1- i^ ^ W Chien^ Lin^ Kuan^, President ol :he<br />
Examining Board (appointed from the ranks <strong>of</strong> the higher<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Justice)<br />
2. i^ *^ K'ao^ Kuan', Examiners (appointed from the<br />
ranks <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials well versed in jurisprudence, in an indefinite<br />
number ; on the first Examining<br />
four),<br />
Board convened there A\ere<br />
3. ^ ^ '^ Hsiang^ Chiao* Kuan', Assistant Examiners<br />
(appointed from the ranks <strong>of</strong> pi'<strong>of</strong>essors <strong>of</strong> judicial sciences , on<br />
the first Examining Board convened, which examined about 3.000<br />
candidates— there were 16),<br />
4. ^MM ^ Ohien' Shih* Yu^ Sliih', (Censors for the<br />
Detection <strong>of</strong> Malpractices on the part <strong>of</strong> the Examining Board<br />
(appointed from the ranks <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> the Censorate ; there<br />
were four for the first Examining Board—two for dntv without<br />
the examination hall, ^j* j^, and two for duty within the<br />
examination hall, j^ ^ S ^'^^<br />
5. $% ^ 'li* Chih2 Shih* KuanS<br />
Examining Board, i.e.<br />
Officials attached to the<br />
^- H ii 'e* T'i^ Tiao-' Kuan', Proctors (2),<br />
B. if^ ^ 'g' ^hou^ CJhang^ Kuan', Collectors <strong>of</strong> Examina-<br />
tion Papers, and<br />
C- 51 if 'S' Mi'' Fengi Kuan', Sealers <strong>of</strong> Examination<br />
Papers (2).<br />
For particulars as to the duties <strong>of</strong> these <strong>of</strong>ficials see No.<br />
652i.<br />
No. 771. HI ^ Kuug^ Ilui*, Crafts Associations (regula-<br />
tions regarding these Associations w^ere drawn up by the<br />
Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Industiy and Commerce and sanctioned<br />
by the Throne on the 23rd January, 1911).<br />
[ 562 ]
j<br />
TRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.<br />
Crafts Associations luive been instituted witli the object <strong>of</strong><br />
studying" all varieties <strong>of</strong> handicrafts, guiding and improving<br />
them and, by introducing new methods, increasing their<br />
•efficiency.<br />
At provincial capitals there are found |,|| ^ Tsiuig^ Hui"*,<br />
Central Crafts Associations ; other cities have ^ ^ Fen^ Hui^,<br />
Branch Associations. The former are directed by a ^f^ JB<br />
Tsung^ Li^, (Jhairman, and a 1^ J^ llsieh^ Li^, Vice-C/hairman,<br />
while the latter aie under the guidance <strong>of</strong> a |,^ J|g Tsvmg^ Li^,<br />
•Chairman.<br />
No. 793. liiterai-y designations<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Prefect <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Metropolitan Prefecture and the Go\ernor <strong>of</strong> Peking {j^ f^<br />
Chingv Fu^) are ;vC ^ '<br />
liing^ Yin% 7^, ;J^ ^ Ching' Chao^ Yin^,<br />
ic m ^ Ta^ (;hi' MuS ± f^ m Ta^ Pao^ Li^ and :/c ^5 f&<br />
Ta* Pang^ Po"-, and, <strong>of</strong> the Vice- Governor, ^ ^ ^^ Shao*<br />
€hing^ ^hao^ ~^^ 'P^ Ching^ Shao^ Yin^ i^ ^ i^<br />
Jtou^, and -^h: % ^ Ta^ Krh* Mu*.<br />
Ta* Erh*<br />
No. 796a. Another designation <strong>of</strong> the Censors <strong>of</strong> the Five<br />
Districts is (Cities) ^ ij^ ^ ^ Hsiin'^ Ch'cng^ Yii* Shilr^<br />
(literary designation, ^^ i^ Hsiin'^ Shih', and i^]g^^ Ta^ Chih^<br />
€hih=').<br />
To the Police Magistrate (literary designation, rfl '^ Shih*<br />
Ling"*, and ;^ r1 f|^ Ta* Ssu^ Ch'eng')<br />
and to the Assistant<br />
Police Magistrate (literary designation, tfT ^ Shih^ Ch'eng^), as<br />
well as to the Police Master and Jail Warden (literary designation,<br />
i^ i^ i5^ fli Chingi Ch'eng- Yu'^ Chiao'), there were<br />
attached assistants styled, respectively, 3^ -^ IE Jp J^ Chien^^<br />
Fa^ Cheng^ Chih^ Hui', ^ || glj f§ J^<br />
C'hien^ Fa' Li* Mu'.<br />
Hui', and ^ ^ 1^ @<br />
Chien' Fa^ Fu* Chih^<br />
No. 797. Literary designations <strong>of</strong> the General ( om-<br />
mandant <strong>of</strong> the Gendarmerie are ^ -^<br />
jt it ^<br />
Shih^ Tao* Hon'.<br />
thin' Wii"^ and
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
No. 800. With R view to meeting urgent calls for the<br />
maintenance ol: order, the General Commandant <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Gendarmerie, Prince Yii Lang, has organized a ^ M ^ 1^ 1?|^<br />
LiangS I* Yu* Chi^ TuiS Detachment <strong>of</strong> Fleet Police. At the<br />
same time there was also organized a ,^ ^ ^ |^ ^ J^ Ma^ Pu*<br />
Yn^ Chi2 Kung^ So^ Office <strong>of</strong> Mounted and Pedestrian Fleet<br />
Police, directed by the Chief <strong>of</strong> the Fleet Police.<br />
The Fleet Police nnmbei's 1,800 men.<br />
No. 804. The text should read as follows :<br />
^ Jte Hsfin' Fu^, (jovernor ; one for the provinces <strong>of</strong> Kirini<br />
(residing at Kirin) and Heilungchiang (residing at Tsitsihar).<br />
With reference to the iianner Forces this <strong>of</strong>ficial has the<br />
authority <strong>of</strong> a |\|J ^(j ^ Fu* Tu^ T'ung^, Manchu Brigadier-<br />
General (compare Nos. 745, 745i and 821).<br />
The post <strong>of</strong> Governor <strong>of</strong> Fengtien was abolishetl by Imperial<br />
Decree <strong>of</strong> the 26th April, 1910.<br />
No. 805. As recommended in a Memorial from the<br />
Governor-General, |f |^ ^ Chao Erh-hsiin, dated the 20th<br />
June, 1911, there has been established at the Yamen (^ ^<br />
Kunji^ Shu*) <strong>of</strong> the Governor-General <strong>of</strong> Manchuria a ^^ ^<br />
E5C M M ^ M Tuiigi San^ Sheng3 Wen^ Tu^ Tsung^ Ho- Ch'u%<br />
<strong>of</strong> Current (-orres-<br />
(Provisional) ( ommittee for the Study<br />
pondence Regarding Manchurian Affairs, and a ^ f ]' |g Shcn'<br />
Chi* Ch'u*, Audit Office (charged with accounting for, and<br />
auditing, all expenditure made in Manchuria), At the same<br />
time the Head Office <strong>of</strong> Mongolian Affairs, previously indepen-<br />
dent {see Nos. 812a and 901), was annexed, to the Yamen <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Governor-General <strong>of</strong> Manchuria.<br />
No. 808. Conformino" to a Memorial from the Governor-<br />
General <strong>of</strong> Manchuria, '^ ^^ || Chao Erh-hsiin, dated the 20th<br />
June, 1911, the previously independent ^ B J^ Ts'ang^ Wu*<br />
Chii*, Bureau <strong>of</strong> Government Stores, has been abolished and its<br />
functions transferred to the Bureau <strong>of</strong> Financj.<br />
[ 504 J
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
No. 812a. The H^ad Office <strong>of</strong> Mongolian Affiiirs has<br />
been abolished {see a Memorial from the Governor-General <strong>of</strong><br />
Manchuria, ||' M H ^'^'^^o Erh-hsiin, dated the 20th June, 1911;<br />
compare Nos. 805 and 901).<br />
No. 818. By virtue <strong>of</strong> an Imperial<br />
Edict <strong>of</strong> the 26th<br />
September, 1910, there has beer, placed at the head <strong>of</strong> the Salt<br />
Administration <strong>of</strong> Manchuria a ^ j^l f|^ Yen^ Ym\^ Shih^, Salt<br />
Controller {see No. 835), charged with the reorganization <strong>of</strong><br />
this administration.<br />
Until the reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Salt Administration <strong>of</strong><br />
Manchuria has been completed, the ^ ^ |§ ^ Yen^ Wu* Tsung^<br />
Chii^, Head Office <strong>of</strong> t^alt Affairs, established in 1906 as<br />
recommended in a Memorial from the Military Governor, Chao<br />
P^rh-hsiin, will functionlas usual.<br />
No. 820. Since the reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War<br />
(in 1910 ; A-ee Supplement No. 420), the Governors-General are<br />
styled iP ^ 155^ P& If) HP ^ Tui Ch'a^ Yuan^ l^i* Tu' Yu* Shih',<br />
Junior President <strong>of</strong> the Censorato {see No. 207b), alone.<br />
No. 821. Since the reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> War<br />
(in 1910 ;av?^ Supplement No. 420), the Governors are styled<br />
IB m ^% m IF) U £ Tu» Ch'a'^ Yiian* Fu^ Tu^ Yii* Shih^<br />
Vice-President <strong>of</strong> the Censorate (see No. 209), alone.<br />
Nos. 825 to 826. H>t ^W.MM Ts'ai' Cheng* Tsung^<br />
Hui* Ch'u"^, Central Financial l^ureaux. The establishment <strong>of</strong><br />
such institutions throughout the provinces was decreed by<br />
Imperial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 24th May, 1909, with a view to curtailing-<br />
expenses in connection with the maintenance <strong>of</strong> various financial<br />
establishments in the provinces and the subordination <strong>of</strong> all<br />
finances to the Lieutenant-Governor.<br />
The first Financial Bureau to be established was that at<br />
Tientsin {see a Memorial from the Chihli Governor-General,<br />
Pt^ffi Ch'en^ K'ueiMung2, dated the 24th March, 1910),<br />
hea«.led by the Lieutenant-Governor (see No. 825) as ||i ^ Tsung*<br />
[ 5G5 ]
PRESENT DAY POLIl^ICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Pan', Chief, and t[ie Salt Controller (see No. 835) as ^ U if<br />
Pang' Tsring'^ I'an", Assistant. It consists b£ four ^ Ku',<br />
Sections: 1. i§ ^Jj H flql fi^ Hai^ Fang'^ Liaug^ Usiang^ Ku%<br />
Section for Issue <strong>of</strong> Katiohs and Pay <strong>of</strong> Troops <strong>of</strong> the Coast<br />
Defence, 2. ^f ^ JUlqJ S^ Huai^ Chiini Liang^ Hsiang^ Ku%<br />
Section for the Issue <strong>of</strong> Rations and Pay <strong>of</strong> the " Huai Chiin "<br />
Troops, 3. J^ !i: H llq] ^ Lien" Chun^ Liang^ Hsiang=^ Ku^<br />
Section for the Issue <strong>of</strong> liations and Pay <strong>of</strong> the "Lien Chiin"<br />
Troops, and 4. ^ ^ |^ Ch'ou^ K'uan^ Ku^ Section for the<br />
Provision <strong>of</strong> Government Funds (among other duties this Section<br />
controls the collection <strong>of</strong> stamp-duties).<br />
Each Section <strong>of</strong> the Tientsin Financial Bureau is headed<br />
by a ^ p Tso* Pan% Section Chief, and a |^ ^ |J| Pang^ Tso*<br />
Pan'*, Assistant Section Chief.<br />
With the inauguration <strong>of</strong> the Financial Bureau at Tientsin<br />
the following were a1)olished: 1. y# R5 ^ IM M ^'"^^^ Fang^<br />
Chih^ Ying'' Chii^, Treasury <strong>of</strong> the Maritime Defence (at Tientsin;<br />
compare No. 859), 2. vf ^^ IM ^ B^ Huai^ Chiin^ Yin^ Ch'ien^<br />
So^ Office for the Issue <strong>of</strong> Pay to the "Huai Chiin" Troops (at<br />
Tientsin), 3. ^ ^ ^ Ch'ou'^ K'uan' Chii*, Office for the<br />
Provision <strong>of</strong> Government Funds (at Paotingfu ; supervising*<br />
the collection <strong>of</strong> excise on wine and opium), 4. |^ |[qj ^ Lien*<br />
Hsiang^ (;hii^, Office for the Issue <strong>of</strong> Pay to the " Lien Chiin "<br />
Troops (at Paotingfu), and 5. f^UIB ^ ^ Yin^ Hua^ Shui*<br />
Chu^, Office for the Collection <strong>of</strong> Stamp-duties (at Paotingfu ;<br />
established in April, 1908).<br />
In accordance with the terms <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Edict<br />
mentioned (<strong>of</strong> 24th May, 1909), and for the purpose therein<br />
stated, in all provinces there are now found 3t i^ 5+ Bf ^s'ai"<br />
Cheng* Kung' So'^, Financial Offices, under the direction <strong>of</strong><br />
the Lieutenant-Go^ernors, controlling<br />
all financial affiiirs with<br />
the exception <strong>of</strong> Salt, Grain and Customs revenues, which<br />
are vuider the administration <strong>of</strong> their i"espective Taotais.<br />
[ 5G6 ]<br />
1
PRESENT DAV POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
Although these Offices are everywhere under the control o£<br />
the Lieutenant-Governor, their organization is not iiniform<br />
throughout the Empire. In the majority, however, there are<br />
six Sections: 1. ^§ j[^ ^^ Tsung^ Wu* K'o', Section <strong>of</strong> General<br />
AfFaii-s (foimd in Himan, Kiangsi and Ohekiang), 2. p^ Ij^ ^i^<br />
T'ien'' Fu* K'o', Section <strong>of</strong> l-iand Taxes (in Hunan, Kiangsi<br />
and Ohekiang), 3.<br />
^|] ffl f^ Chih* Yung* K'o^ Section <strong>of</strong><br />
Expenditure (found in Hunan and Kiangsi), 4. ^ gf f^ Hui*<br />
Chi* K'o\ Audit Section (found in Hunan and Kiangsi),.<br />
5- ^ !§ f^ Shui^ ^Yu* K'oi, Section <strong>of</strong> Customs Duties (in<br />
Kiangsi ; in Hunan, ^^^ Kuan* Ch'ueh* K'oS Section <strong>of</strong><br />
Excise ; in Chekiang, ^ |^ ^i^ Li^ Shui* K'o\ Section <strong>of</strong><br />
Likin), and 6. ^7 gf 7f4 Hsing"^ Cheng* K^o', Section <strong>of</strong><br />
Administration (in Hunan), etc. These Sections may be further<br />
sub-divided into Sub-sections (for instance, in Hunan, there are<br />
16 Sub-sections),<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> each Section there is a ^ ^ K'o' Chang',.<br />
Section Chief, to whom thei'e are subordinated jfij- ^<br />
K'o'<br />
Yiian*, Secretaries, and ^ |2 Shu' Chi*. lUerks (for instance,<br />
in Hunan and Kiangsi).<br />
No. 829b. As regards educational affairs in thecounties,<br />
spreading public instruction, establishment <strong>of</strong> schools and<br />
libraries, etc., these are invested in the hands <strong>of</strong> auxiliary<br />
branches <strong>of</strong> town and county self-government institutions, the<br />
^ P jiH -a #" Hsiang' Hsueh^ Lien^ Ho* Hui*, Village (Town)<br />
Educational Associations, which, in accordance with regulations<br />
sanctioned by the Throne on the 2nd December, 1910, are<br />
established at places far from important centres, or where there<br />
is a dearth <strong>of</strong> funds.<br />
No. 832. The text should read as follows:<br />
^ ^ W. ^ hiao' She* Shih', Commissioner for Foreign<br />
Affairs ; 3a ; chai'ged with dealing with questions arising with<br />
foreigners in the province<br />
concerned. This <strong>of</strong>ficial holds a<br />
[ 5G7 ]
I'KKSENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
position<br />
intennediate betAveen that <strong>of</strong> Lieutenant-Governor<br />
{see No. '825 1 and (Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Education (see No. 827).<br />
He is directly subordinated to tbe Governor-General (see No.<br />
820) or Governor (see No, 821) <strong>of</strong> the province<br />
accredited and, at tbe same time, is also subject<br />
<strong>of</strong> tbe Ministry <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs.<br />
to wbich be is<br />
to tbe control<br />
Commissioners <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs are appointed from tbe<br />
ranks <strong>of</strong> tbose wbo bave seen service at tbe ^Nfinistry <strong>of</strong> Foreign<br />
Affairs, or wbo br>A"e beld substantive diplomatic posts<br />
in tbe<br />
provinces franking not lower tban'tbat <strong>of</strong> Taotai— see No. 838),<br />
and tbey are found in Mancburia (see No. 806), Yiinnan (post<br />
establisbed in August, 1908), Cbekiang (post esta1)lisbed in<br />
April, 1910), Cbibli, Kiangsu, Hupeb, Kuangtung and Fukien<br />
(tbese latter were appointed on tbe 18tb August, 1910).<br />
In tbe provinces <strong>of</strong> Anhui, Kiangsi, ITunan and Kuangsi<br />
tbe supervision <strong>of</strong> affairs in wbicb foreigners are interested is<br />
invested in tbe bands <strong>of</strong> tbe (Commissioners <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs <strong>of</strong><br />
tbe provinces luider tbe jurisdiction <strong>of</strong> tbe same Governors-<br />
General, ?>. tbose <strong>of</strong> Kiangsu, Hupeb and Kuangtung,<br />
Tbe pi'ovinces' <strong>of</strong> Heilungcbiang, Sbantung, Sbansi, Honan,<br />
Kunsu, Hsincbiang, Szecbwan and Kueicbow as yet<br />
Commissioners <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs.<br />
bave no<br />
Regulations regarding tbe Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs<br />
("^ Bi^M^
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
dence, and 2. J5^ ^ f-'f<br />
Fan' P K'o', Translation Section.<br />
These- Sections are administered by ^ ^ Wei' Yiian",<br />
subordinated to tlie Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs concerned,<br />
numbering, in some provinces, seven to eight for each Section, in<br />
others, four to five, as the volume <strong>of</strong> affl^irs seems to demand,<br />
and ^ 12 ^ Shu"^ Chi* Sheng', Clerks, <strong>of</strong> a number sufficient to<br />
attend to the business <strong>of</strong> the Section concerned.<br />
In provinces where the post <strong>of</strong> Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Foreign<br />
Affciirs has not been established, Heilungchiang excepted, duties<br />
appertaining to this <strong>of</strong>ficial are invested in the ^ f^ ^ Yang'<br />
Wu^ Chu^ Office <strong>of</strong> Foreign Affairs (see No. 859), attached to<br />
the Governor-()!enerars (or Governor's) Yamen. In Heilungchiang<br />
there is a ^ -^ |J ^ Chiao' She* Tsung' Chii^ {see No.<br />
806a) for similar duties.<br />
No. 835. There are also the ^ }]\ ^ jg f^J<br />
Ssu' Ch'nan'<br />
Yen^ Yiin'' Shih', Szechwan Salt Controller, residing at Ch'engtu<br />
Fu (this post was established by Imperial Decree <strong>of</strong> the 26th<br />
September, 1910, to replace that <strong>of</strong> ^ >^ )^ Yen=^ di'a"^ TaoS<br />
abolished; see No. 841), and the 'M ^ ^ ^ W, i^ Tung' San'<br />
Sheng^ Yen- Yiin'' Shih^, iSalt Controller <strong>of</strong> Manchuria (see<br />
Supplement No 818).<br />
No. 835c. pg ^ ^ ItJC ^ Bf Liang- Kuang^ Yen^ Chf'ng*<br />
Kung' So', Salt Biu-eau <strong>of</strong> Kuangtung and Kuangsi; established<br />
at (yanton on a Memorial from the Office <strong>of</strong> the Controller-<br />
General <strong>of</strong> the Salt Gabelle, sanctioned by the Emperor on the<br />
2nd November, 1910. This is directly subordinated to the<br />
Office mentioned, and to the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance, and is charged<br />
with the reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Salt Administration <strong>of</strong> Kuangtung<br />
and Kuangsi.<br />
At the head <strong>of</strong> the Salt Bureau <strong>of</strong> Kuangtun:, and Kuatigsi<br />
there is a IE ^ # Cheng" Chien' Tu', Chief, wlio has<br />
subordinated to him two ^Ij [^ '^ Fu* Chien' Tu', Assistants<br />
[ 569 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
and various other <strong>of</strong>ficials. His duties dift'er from those <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Salt Controller in that he is in charge <strong>of</strong> the reorganization and<br />
framing <strong>of</strong> I'egulations with regard<br />
to the Salt Administration <strong>of</strong><br />
the provinces concerned, while the latter exeiriscs a general<br />
supervision,<br />
as do other Salt Conti-oUers.<br />
No. 83S, As regards authority, the Industrial and Police<br />
Taotais are provincial (Commissioners lather than ordinai-y<br />
Taotais.<br />
No. S41. The post <strong>of</strong> m ill M fi al<br />
''^'^"' Ch'uan' Yen^<br />
Oh'a"^ Tao^, Salt and Tea Taotai <strong>of</strong> Szechwan, Avas abolished bv<br />
'ImjK-rial Edict <strong>of</strong> the 26th Se]>teniber, 1910, salt affairs being<br />
transferred to tlie newly-appointed Salt Controller {.sre Supplement<br />
No. 835) and tea affairs to the local Industrial Taotai.<br />
No. 843. As recommended in a Memorial from the Liang<br />
Kiang (loveiiior-Cieneral, dated the 28th Dccenil)er^ 1910, the<br />
direct supervision <strong>of</strong> the i^ _"J1 Ml T'i" Kung^ ^'li'.i's Office <strong>of</strong><br />
Conservation <strong>of</strong> the Grand Canal, has been transferred to the ^<br />
f^ ^ i^ ITuai- Yang- Hai^ Tao^, IJuai-yang-hai Taotai.<br />
No. 8.)9. On a Menioi-ial from the (i(n ernor-General,<br />
dated the 2r)th March, 1910, the folloAving <strong>of</strong>fices in the provhice<br />
<strong>of</strong> Chihli have been abolished: the
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
sanctioned by the Throne on the 16th November, 1910, there has<br />
been established a M^W^ ^ Hsien* Cheng* Ch'ou^ Pei*<br />
Ch'u*, Office <strong>of</strong> Constitutional Keforms.<br />
No. 901. The 'Head Office <strong>of</strong> Mongolian Affairs has been<br />
abolished in accordance with a Memorial from the Governor-<br />
General, ^f^H Chao Erh-hsun, dated the 20th June, 1911,<br />
(compare Supplement Nos, 805 and 812a).<br />
No. 907. The text should read as follows :<br />
^.M :k^ ^^li^^* Tsang* Ta* CMi'en-, Imperial<br />
Resident <strong>of</strong><br />
Tibet (this post was established in 1709) : residing in Anterior,<br />
or Eastern, Tibet ; appointed from the ranks <strong>of</strong> higher Chinese<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials and under the control <strong>of</strong> the ^linistrv <strong>of</strong> Dependencies<br />
(see No. 491a.). Among other functions, this <strong>of</strong>ficial acts as a<br />
medium <strong>of</strong> coinmvuiication between the Chinese Government and<br />
the Court <strong>of</strong> Nepal, which is known in (Chinese as J^ ^ ^ Kuo^<br />
Erh' K'a\ Q ^ Fa? Fn\ or g ;f[j Pa^ Fu*, i.e. Parbuttiya.<br />
He is assisted by a staff <strong>of</strong> '^ *|f ^ ;^ I^ Ch'ing^ Chang^ ChingS<br />
Secretaries for Native Affairs.<br />
The Imperial Resident <strong>of</strong> Tibet is invested with the<br />
supreme command <strong>of</strong> both the Chinese garrison troops and the<br />
native soldiery (^ |£ Fan' Ping^) and, through the ^^ Ka^<br />
Hsia*, Council Chamber (aer No. 910),<br />
Tibetan civil administration.<br />
controls the entire<br />
Previous to 1911, to tlic rmperial Resident there were<br />
iittaclicd a ^ ^]]} :^ g Pang' Pan^ Ta^<br />
Ch'en'^,<br />
Assistant<br />
Resident (this post was established in 1727 ; residing until 1909<br />
in Ulterior, or Western, Tibet, since then in Anterior, or<br />
Eastern, Tibet), and a :p ^ Ts'an^ Tsan*, Councillor, cha]-ged<br />
with the supei'vision <strong>of</strong> the three inait>- open to foreign trade<br />
(this post was instituted in 1909 and the Councillor resided in<br />
-Ulterior, or Western, Tibet ; see No. 909).<br />
As ])roposed in a Memorial From the Committee <strong>of</strong><br />
Ministers, dated the 17th March, 191 1, in reply to a report front<br />
[ 571 ]
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.<br />
the Imperial Resident ^ 5^. Lien Yu, dated the 29th January,<br />
<strong>of</strong> Assistant Resident has been abolished and<br />
1911, the post<br />
replaced by that <strong>of</strong> 2£ # ^ Tso=^ Ts'an^ Tsan*, Senior Councillor,<br />
who is to reside in Anterior Tibet and, under the guidance <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Imperial Resident, will supervise the whole <strong>of</strong> Tibet.<br />
At the same time the designation <strong>of</strong> the existing Councillor<br />
(see above) was changed to :^ ^ ^ Yu* Ts'an' Tsan*, Junior<br />
Councillor, his functions remaining unchanged.<br />
[ 572 ]<br />
TV
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF<br />
CHINESE CHAEACTERS
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CHINESE<br />
CHARACTERS.<br />
(The uurnerals refer to paragraphs ; when preceded by S,<br />
to paragraphs in the Supplement. Those in heavy type denote<br />
the paragraphs in which the character or expression is explained<br />
in most detail. A Stroke, thus |<br />
character above).<br />
A^<br />
, indicates repetition <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Cha'<br />
^L }fe i^> *j m fk m 872a<br />
i m 877-A<br />
I m ^L 873<br />
! m<br />
j/iL !ill JT fC 870<br />
Cha-<br />
See IL Cha'<br />
1* 850. 857<br />
I.R77<br />
F, ;t 844a<br />
1^ 850<br />
Ch'a^<br />
'B n M m 617B, 770D<br />
fg m ^ Hfi 770D<br />
m. A 776<br />
« 'is 6(;9<br />
f^ Ji 41 1<br />
^^m 775A<br />
B, ^ 667<br />
:^ M ^ 2 14 A. 567a<br />
m lit fi m s- 555<br />
nf^ N? SF ^^C 8
Chai^<br />
^a 713A<br />
I ^m.i\ 252, 645<br />
I m li 6i5, 786<br />
I -a? ^ 645<br />
I ^<br />
^ a/g 645<br />
^ ^ 520<br />
Ch'ai'<br />
I -g- 436, 778. 779, 780,7.^1<br />
I<br />
I<br />
g 712<br />
# 709,713a<br />
t^m 850<br />
® yi as 929<br />
I IP fti- 929<br />
I T^<br />
92!)<br />
ii!) 't;- 734<br />
^ 573a<br />
Cliau'<br />
Oil ail<br />
Cai'an<br />
ChangV<br />
^ ^- nf- H iS'il 917<br />
I :^102,.129r,<br />
so.-, 724, 874, f,t07<br />
li 877<br />
I<br />
3S^P ISW 5Ci.\<br />
I ^ p li^" ^^ ^ m m m fea ^- 75-<br />
:g 'iV 526, 861a<br />
I Tf nj li @ 861a<br />
I ti* nl ^ '^: 861a<br />
I<br />
^ 29<br />
Clianu-^<br />
I Si 4:-i<br />
^^-Sil 779,780,781<br />
i Ic<br />
I m<br />
I<br />
-tr 666<br />
E 680<br />
I iJi: 914a, 917<br />
S. 207a<br />
INDEX<br />
mi^^ t?
OP CHINESE CHAEACTERS.
IE -g- ^4 s. i'40<br />
^' Bk -I'-HiA, 506<br />
m. m 718<br />
W 290<br />
m m m ^32<br />
^ W 'lT 67ti, 67!)<br />
g 661, 704, 7()r.<br />
e 5J£ 718<br />
m 65r.<br />
:K. 661, 704, 705, 706, 706b, c, SI 2a<br />
n" 9«5<br />
?S ^ 493, 4y5A<br />
^ t H12A<br />
^ 185e<br />
m 850<br />
S] # f: 631B<br />
f& ilg 504 D<br />
:k HE S5C<br />
^ 848, 851, 856<br />
i^m 7nA<br />
H W( f 766b<br />
S fiS 658, 659<br />
m It 'e: 662<br />
|!g.El<br />
S. 55lB<br />
Jig. f^ 675, 677<br />
(;j5 ^ -g- 422b<br />
m Sc 658<br />
5^ 958a<br />
m. ^ 'jT 413a<br />
git 71lA<br />
5: ^ 520<br />
PiJ 573a<br />
JEJC ?§ P P^ 586<br />
?i^ ut 150<br />
fi^ F^ 623, S. 623<br />
m^ 141, 141a<br />
f^ :^ E 142, 143<br />
m u 5 41<br />
1^^ 412<br />
2^ 281, 282, S. 240<br />
INDEX<br />
VI<br />
S ± ff xl 287<br />
-^ 858<br />
7f^ ^^ H] S. 422<br />
iE5c IS 275,285, 340, 350, 422. 441, 473<br />
i\k ?J\ 4(;6a<br />
?f 'U 185E, G, H, I, J, K, L, 294,<br />
422b, 4;U<br />
W f4 212b, S. 436d<br />
f^ S: 760, 761<br />
if a 693<br />
It ^1^ 1!^ X g yl^ E 189<br />
'Sim^i'^ 819a<br />
ii I1i 805, S. 105a, 138, 128 to 14*<br />
m m '1M n 570<br />
m m .H 781<br />
W. W' 945<br />
^ II M^^ ^ m 625, 525b<br />
M. H'i 761<br />
ii M # 525b<br />
P"? ^ 801<br />
n ^^ 801<br />
^^F ^ S. 749<br />
^J-' m<br />
746<br />
ife= m •§ 525b<br />
^ i^K r A M ^^ 949<br />
mmmib 914a<br />
^#'^ 1:^;^ 812A<br />
\ W^m SS- "^ ?S fe JTj 806b<br />
i^tlf X'^IPI 591<br />
1 11<br />
I ?§f4<br />
I g§<br />
I<br />
I Hi<br />
! "Mh<br />
60S, 771<br />
P ^<br />
S. 621 to 62lB<br />
757b, S. 62 to 621 R<br />
m. ^4 608<br />
«- W 1031.<br />
f^^ 756<br />
i /i'ji^ ^if 614, 615, 616<br />
I S:<br />
I<br />
I 5?<br />
^2 604A<br />
M ^ 167b, 398<br />
w] 185G<br />
7^3 A<br />
^$;f)fti: 1?^<br />
I m Si X fi^ # 770a
ff^^ 982<br />
^ 520, 665, 778<br />
g 'g- 520, 665<br />
Mm.m:k& 106<br />
^ f|'#f^^^;^E 137'<br />
^ 106a<br />
^'^M 102, 805a<br />
^ -^ :^ 102<br />
W]fi] 337<br />
i«< ^ 514<br />
tS ^ if^ 493<br />
*S 12 S. 373<br />
^1-^^M 781<br />
^m ^ 210, 210a, B<br />
I m^^n 210, 210A<br />
^ fijjf<br />
514, 773, S. 464A<br />
I fiip S: 783<br />
I<br />
^ 770c<br />
It ^ S. 432, 436k<br />
i 115 291<br />
IE m 973, 974<br />
E iS "129C<br />
^ ?i 412a<br />
mm 937A<br />
m # 937A<br />
$S M ii ^J 849A<br />
I ®<br />
I m<br />
I<br />
I fm<br />
I<br />
IP] Jn 849<br />
Mi 512<br />
flM M 818<br />
S. 555<br />
m ^ 805A<br />
i^ PfJ "JlJ "^ 914b<br />
1 K<br />
I<br />
W\ 511<br />
Iglnf !^:^!® 917<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.<br />
vii<br />
n<br />
tiu<br />
nu<br />
^ ^ 1- 309<br />
^Si'r 413A<br />
/> :^ 'f 229, 475, 713, 766<br />
iin<br />
a<br />
aa ^Ifilfi^<br />
a<br />
nn<br />
a<br />
an<br />
^X<br />
713<br />
^^90<br />
^ aij 90<br />
f4 607, 608<br />
^ 97, 718, 871<br />
I ^ 873<br />
I m m 495<br />
I %\l ^ 186<br />
I Sil >f^ 822<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I ^<br />
Ch'P<br />
^ $^ 424, 822, S. 423.<br />
m^ 811A<br />
^m 811<br />
fJ] IS 811<br />
I ^-I'M 122<br />
I K 958<br />
mmmm.-^m. 872a<br />
H S|5 M 944, 944E<br />
I<br />
^945<br />
^ ^ ^ 'T 204<br />
\<br />
^mm 204<br />
1 SS939<br />
I W939<br />
^^1^ 103D<br />
^^5ig|4 427A, S. 436A<br />
Chia^<br />
tn m 973, 974<br />
m I 14- G18B<br />
I m 977<br />
1 n :k nn - m 9i»<br />
I in ^ iiS 946<br />
mt, 944<br />
^ ^ m W 515<br />
]
9 iM 722, 871<br />
I ?$ 913 \<br />
I m'^m<br />
I<br />
.j<br />
124<br />
$ :^ 680<br />
SS936<br />
I gfe 1^ :85G,<br />
2l B§ PI ^ 849<br />
IJffl K i^ 850<br />
Chia^<br />
Cilia*<br />
S. 436a<br />
Ch'ia^<br />
Chiang^<br />
__-4^ ^ 24, 25, 26, 27, 27a, 658, 744,<br />
Jl S 0] 344<br />
744A, B, C, D, 746, 802, 866, 879,<br />
899, 900, 945<br />
Chiang^<br />
IS m 573a<br />
I ^ ^ 568, 623, 623b, 758b<br />
1 "'^mmm't^^^H<br />
1 ^ j5Ji 486,617a, B, 618, 618a, 620,<br />
I<br />
'i i^^<br />
m m 774a<br />
7 lie<br />
j ii 310, 527a<br />
623b, 7.")Sb, 770c<br />
Chiaiiff'' o<br />
E g 669, 680<br />
I le 270<br />
f^ m 973<br />
I<br />
15 S ft 975<br />
If ^^^s: 71iB.c<br />
i ji^ 681)<br />
Ch'iaiio-'<br />
INDEX<br />
VllI<br />
Chiao^<br />
^ 5^; ^h 806a. b, c, 859<br />
I ji<br />
I ii<br />
' B<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I 5i<br />
I if<br />
I if<br />
^ M 806B<br />
Ji f^ 822<br />
m M 5u4d<br />
^Si^ Pfl<br />
S. 832<br />
f£ 832,' S. 832<br />
H] 806<br />
I ilJ m] fiE 806, 832<br />
I<br />
S^H^ 982<br />
I i'T> liil &!j 982 .<br />
I<br />
1<br />
if Ife ^ 806A, B, 832<br />
m. ^ 504D<br />
is =ff 550b, 792<br />
*^ 103d<br />
Chiao*<br />
m. ?i 860<br />
^ I 201a, 232a, 252, 374a, 514,<br />
\<br />
I Kl<br />
522, 523, 577b, 578, 619,637,712<br />
m -XU 201A<br />
firp 514, 766b<br />
1 f^: ig 697, 700<br />
i 1^:<br />
I<br />
! It<br />
I Mi<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I m<br />
i BPc<br />
\ -^i)hm<br />
\ M^SX<br />
^ lig. il 700<br />
%% 1^ 840A<br />
'tr '-61<br />
P)T 523<br />
i2 794, 850, 853, 860<br />
n m 514<br />
^
^ If 400, 407, 430, 430a, 700b, S. 436c<br />
W 5- •# 829b<br />
'^ -f- 829, 829b<br />
W it -t 829b<br />
W m- % ?J\ 410<br />
^ 61SA, 957, 860<br />
^ li 190, 205A, 393<br />
\ m^ 158<br />
^ J® 460a<br />
^ it If 796A<br />
^ 425b<br />
81 7C 629B<br />
:j^mWl 18SA<br />
Chieh^<br />
Chieli^<br />
Chieh^'<br />
Chien^<br />
mm^.\tm 830b<br />
M X Hi m 820D<br />
t if ® it ^C B fif 835b<br />
^ \M m mm. mm 833b<br />
^mm^ S20C, 821 A<br />
^ fn] it 820D<br />
^ )I[S 3^ /^ /I? ^ m a 793a<br />
31 '«• m a I'li « ^ 82<br />
il X m H lU ?;> 95<br />
m^'^mm loio .<br />
11 m m ^ % m 3(;6A, 460A<br />
11 # ^ 'S- fti m 79b<br />
s lai ^s ;i ^K M 93<br />
il ^ 9 ;l fU f^ 94a<br />
11 M m m M m 92<br />
s iB I'K g* m 77<br />
a -^"^ m ib: f^ 77<br />
^ III m M M -SI 'T 96<br />
f ^m S 237<br />
Jl-t 750a<br />
af^l^ ?^fl^;=^E 751A<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.<br />
[ i^ ]<br />
%tnW:U'4inM& 820<br />
I ^- 793a<br />
^ See also Chien*<br />
^•iW ii! 213<br />
:^702<br />
^ 'r 6521<br />
ii 'g- 835 a<br />
|ii m SD 835A<br />
glj 702<br />
ft 189<br />
ftlS. ^ 190<br />
•^ 619<br />
# 'g- 646<br />
^ ^ li RiT 593b<br />
^ ii 646<br />
r^ » iCiC BE 126<br />
^ 550b<br />
II 'g- 539, 546<br />
Eg 'I* 6521, S. 758F<br />
^ 546a, 792<br />
g* m ^ 6521, S. 758F<br />
^ fs" € IT 801a<br />
B] 838, 844<br />
it f] Kg 94a<br />
2{5. 702<br />
^ 103c, 172, 185m, o, 189, 425b-, 460a,<br />
498, 514, 522, 525a, 526, 529, 530,<br />
543, 551a, 558, 561, 56lA, B, 565,<br />
566, 567, 568, 619, 627a, 633, 634,<br />
635, 652, 652a, 653, 654, 654A,<br />
709, 712,754, 773, 786, 829a, 833,<br />
S. 551b, 652.<br />
^ 1M> 652<br />
PIJ ^ Ji 778<br />
^ 701,776b<br />
i)c ^ ^ 523a, 766b<br />
m ^ i; # 623a<br />
E 1^ ^ n 766B<br />
j^ If IE *g }f<br />
I It<br />
Chien^<br />
S. 796a<br />
|lj m If S- 796a
if ?¥ S 5 S. 796a<br />
^i g t 303, 374a, 423a<br />
I ^ 1? 222, 647, 758f, 763, 764, 765,<br />
S. 420b<br />
I ^ IS 222, 7r.8C, 762, 763, 764, 765<br />
\ ^:^>B. 764a, 765a<br />
I lir^li<br />
I f^<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I ^<br />
M: 763, 764<br />
m R 647<br />
? 945<br />
£118: i^ 733, 73^<br />
! ^^4-^.^ 717A<br />
]g 8ee also Chien'<br />
I<br />
I<br />
iE 225<br />
^ 412a<br />
I Slj 226, 227, 227a<br />
I<br />
I ^<br />
m 230<br />
412, 944h;, 959<br />
I 5^ f^<br />
S. 368a<br />
Ch'ien'<br />
=f-^ M S63A, 877a<br />
I p 861a. 877a<br />
I<br />
iS 752 E<br />
INDEX<br />
^ ^g. 752k, 796, 800, 801, 824, 834<br />
^ IE 984<br />
I :^ ^ 268<br />
^ m 286, 475, 503, 805, 815, 83lB,861 a,<br />
6. 128 to 149, 376 to 394<br />
Ch'ien^<br />
^ ^ 97c, 733,. 735, 735a, 738, 742, 74«<br />
I ^ i^ 735, 738, 742<br />
\ ^^i^ 735, 742<br />
\ ^^m 735, 738<br />
\ m^m 735, 742<br />
^ ^ 97c, 733, 735, 738, 742<br />
I PJT 121<br />
I<br />
Mi ;^ gi 98<br />
I J^<br />
S. 749<br />
12 ^' n =ff ^ 873k<br />
m ^1 5-19<br />
I ?^- n f# ^r 99<br />
I li' 550A<br />
I<br />
I ti£<br />
I m<br />
f£ ^ 366A, 460A<br />
822<br />
^ ?! 84<br />
^HR S. 551b<br />
I<br />
aS^ 771a<br />
I Jf; Jf5 859, S. 825 to 826<br />
I MM.<br />
504a<br />
] gS 'g- 310, 643b<br />
I ii<br />
\ mm^.<br />
I «Sit<br />
^ ;)'H<br />
I M<br />
I J^<br />
I<br />
B] ^ 709, 711a, 713a<br />
780<br />
310<br />
583, 598, 855<br />
848, 977<br />
583, 593c, 598, 625, 62S, 656, 713,<br />
794a, 824, 856<br />
'<br />
^ 506, 830a, 835a, 850<br />
ISg it ^ 96<br />
I<br />
it 845<br />
[i: tn 835b, S. 796 A<br />
I ^ ± S. 376 to 394<br />
]<br />
7<br />
I
e it m ^-fl<br />
w 851<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
Ja s. 753<br />
J£ ft :^ S. 763<br />
5 13. 16, 41, ilA, 873, 895<br />
mmm 535<br />
^ ^ 793<br />
^K >J-<br />
S. 793<br />
i^m'^X S.796A<br />
Chillg^<br />
II 14 535<br />
^ it 213<br />
^iMi^^i!?;il 213<br />
m 718, 740<br />
^ S. 793<br />
m m. n 794<br />
j^ Jii? ;S 794a<br />
m. 5;-U «'^ 794A<br />
^ 435c<br />
^If ip- S. 793<br />
m # ¥ M «i m w a ^ 800<br />
^ 933<br />
=3- s. 793<br />
m 'M^$m^ 592a<br />
fiip S ^ It ^ M 75SC<br />
M i^ -¥ tf ^J 11 759<br />
m:Lmn^'^ Pit 771, 711 A<br />
giff # n ^f m T- » 801<br />
fiip ;^ fi ^ m Dm m '''JSa<br />
i& ;^ # Tl-- ?f\ 7«6b<br />
M i| ;)^ 1^ f^ 525, 525a<br />
mMm^ ^07<br />
M S fi J^ .^ 605A<br />
gi5 m'^'du^m^ n5o<br />
fiili ^ f;* A -i" 770A<br />
eiJ m m m m, m 770B<br />
M ic ^- M $a ^ ^ fiiuA<br />
fitji I^ ^h tJ5§ m ^ ^ ^J IS 760<br />
fifli M S Pfl 514<br />
M D * S5f 654<br />
fiiji ^ik>^^ ':23<br />
INDEX
Ch'ing'<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.<br />
1
± ^ 308, 49oA<br />
\ W,mjX 770, 780, 781<br />
I *§F Tf] 376A<br />
I l^ 220, 222, 228, 598, 058, 759, 760,<br />
763, 764, 857, 929-<br />
I fli C!), (i9A, 76, 104D, 204, 288, 292,<br />
I<br />
I<br />
«{(<br />
I<br />
ft<br />
li<br />
I<br />
570, 593c, 625, 713, 798<br />
it VV 6521<br />
^1<br />
^ 232, 374a, 412a, 625, 638<br />
^11232, S. 412A<br />
fS: M 709, 711a<br />
3Sm 822<br />
^5 S. 213<br />
M -^ 465c, 776, 776a<br />
V: iJi ^1 435a<br />
Rft571, 718, 743, 743a, c<br />
m $V^ ^h m ^ ^7^, 717b<br />
# J2 # 435B<br />
i< K M :k El 907<br />
IS< A IS 907, S. 907<br />
M%M 9^7, S. 907<br />
^MlE/fiF312<br />
•^i^:A:|S3i2<br />
^nm rf] 260<br />
I m<br />
I IK<br />
593G, 625, 629c. 631, 954, 956a<br />
:^E<br />
I «Sfii|ii£<br />
•^<br />
Ch'u^<br />
313, 314, 315<br />
i 762, 765<br />
il Jp ^ 653<br />
S 758, 761<br />
ip ^t'618, 618A<br />
172<br />
^ 5^ ^ 14 577, S. 677<br />
^^ 576, 578<br />
^ _^ G06<br />
INDEX<br />
^ -^ iii^ ^ ^ 601<br />
^ Mmm^. 614<br />
^f Mmm^ 610<br />
S ^ 598<br />
^ K<br />
r^ti3io<br />
ff 12<br />
^ ^ff ^^8, 550c<br />
fnif4 812A, S. 436E<br />
6] 185J<br />
il^ 929<br />
aa-818<br />
Be 929<br />
: If: 14 017, 618b<br />
14 S. 523B<br />
3?j 14 617, 617a<br />
n It m 14 399<br />
n ^W 574<br />
Fl ^ 625<br />
ni|i^it62^<br />
Chvian^<br />
P^ ip ^ 583c, 621, 653, 714<br />
n 14 608, 828<br />
n ^ ^ ^ 621b<br />
n X-3!i|£p^62lB<br />
P'5ll^^#^62lB<br />
n fJj 399<br />
m ijii m<br />
prff«mf^.^62iB<br />
n JSe; a # 399<br />
fa? 925<br />
n ii 1^ ^30<br />
Ji ^ l:'S<br />
6^-<br />
r xiv ]<br />
m m >f i^ s io3a<br />
Chuan^<br />
Chiian^<br />
Ch'iian^<br />
'i** stfi -Vj S. 369a<br />
# Ef H 979<br />
i
Ch'uan''<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
I (^<br />
I<br />
790, 800, S. 7i9<br />
^ 6o9a<br />
g ^. S. 33:U<br />
i 1^ im 103d<br />
Chung^<br />
Chung*<br />
Ch'ung^'<br />
® ^ /^ If^ 847<br />
I ^<br />
I 5:<br />
Ch'img^<br />
P-] iE .^ 'g^ 657<br />
F1 filj f* "& 557<br />
Chli^<br />
Chii^^*><br />
Ji :^ 164c, 406, 407, 482, S. 128 to 149,<br />
I<br />
404a, 479a.<br />
^ 406, 408, 482<br />
Chii^<br />
mum 448<br />
I A 683, 595, 598, 618b, 623, 625, 627,<br />
629b, d, 631, 652E, 716, 956,<br />
964, S. 623, 652B, 715D<br />
i A<br />
{ii ^ 625<br />
Ch'ii'<br />
ffl •$- # .^ 621, C27A<br />
if 933<br />
I<br />
g 507, 525a, 857b<br />
I<br />
-M. 507<br />
I 'g- 810A, 857b<br />
I<br />
si ^ # 525A<br />
I -H ^ -f- 526A<br />
I<br />
A 507<br />
[<br />
INDEX<br />
XVI<br />
m m 963<br />
^ if f^ S. 430F<br />
I ^ 333<br />
Chuan I<br />
Cli'uan^<br />
mw&m n *g4b<br />
tf| ^ p/i 829, 829a<br />
^ it 829 ,v<br />
Ch'uan*<br />
X|^3'''J PJi771,77lA<br />
It ^ 771a<br />
^#771<br />
^ ff\ 839a<br />
il nl J5E 813<br />
^ it 813a, 838, 839<br />
^i5. 839a. 851 b<br />
Chiieli^ (vee also Chio^)<br />
m- Se 573a<br />
Til If ^ 306<br />
I<br />
ffi842<br />
^ilM^ 433<br />
^ 657c, 707<br />
I<br />
I ^<br />
I ^<br />
1^^822<br />
Cli'iieli*<br />
Chiiii'<br />
Wi 936a, S. 436b<br />
wl 425, S. 432b<br />
mm^. 129B<br />
^|§ 138,305<br />
mff^ 129A<br />
it :^^ E. 128<br />
fj- fj] 426, S. 432b<br />
%\l f] 428, S. 425, 436a<br />
gg ff] S. 436E<br />
?£ *SC pa K 692<br />
^ m 103C
Jp ^ ^ 432, S. 428, 436G<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
S m »i5, 958<br />
A<br />
iifDBX
^ ^ ^t S. 832<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTEIW.
tl f^ 573<br />
Fo^<br />
Fu^<br />
^ ^ 103c, 709, 712, 713a, 778<br />
A38, I<br />
9i5<br />
ffl ^ 185J<br />
^36<br />
^ 846, 856b<br />
gS 62, 793, 802<br />
Fu^<br />
Fu^<br />
Jl598<br />
n >m m ^ 'r 526<br />
II !)tl IM Ig # -t "26<br />
II !)tl If :t|il * 1^ f& 526<br />
Bl !)|'l 1^ ^ ilJ -t 526<br />
^ 793, 802<br />
^fjIS] 121<br />
:# n 835 A<br />
g 27A<br />
a iif % 25<br />
gl /2i- 21,23, 873<br />
m % 821<br />
^821<br />
^ |3i ^ 849<br />
^ ii ^J 849A<br />
^ ii ^J 849a, 894<br />
g I5] ^ 849, 893, 894, 897<br />
M 821<br />
-^ 749, 7o2a, j, 824<br />
^821<br />
^ ^ f 856b<br />
It l£ ^fi 959<br />
I ^<br />
I M.<br />
625, 709 ,<br />
374a<br />
Fu^<br />
INDEX<br />
XX<br />
It K^ 957<br />
^ I 577c, 629A, 631<br />
SlJ N I1& a ^ ;f5 877A<br />
5^ 857<br />
E:^874<br />
^ 739, 828<br />
* ^ 79A<br />
^ % 861A<br />
^ % 82<br />
^np tLli^:^5$g«9i8<br />
^ 1% f^ ± S. 376 to 394<br />
K Df 783<br />
tf :i: 436K<br />
,11 752, 752J, 824<br />
}ff % 872, 879<br />
IS:^ 578, 619<br />
'<br />
JIS: It 577b, 638, 709, 7nA, 713a<br />
fX it 94<br />
ft Jt HK f: 9^A<br />
F^ 11 '^ 540<br />
f^ ^ 544, 55U, 557, 625, 654, 711a.<br />
S. 835c<br />
n^.^^ 738<br />
ID ^ S
m t<br />
m<br />
m<br />
m<br />
m.<br />
m<br />
m<br />
5]<br />
m<br />
m<br />
m<br />
f 713a<br />
M799<br />
1. 805, 823a<br />
752<br />
^ 782, 811a, 828, 839A, 8iOA<br />
M. 1540, 160a<br />
103d, 184h, 663a, 756<br />
}^ 496a, 605<br />
ife#766<br />
fS m 783<br />
^ 629a<br />
291<br />
^'f 68<br />
=^ 790<br />
-f:324<br />
«Bg [-332<br />
^ 'f 676<br />
:^872<br />
661, 705<br />
It if -^ ^ <br />
898, 899, 900, S. 804<br />
tl» P ^ 208, 208a, 209, 209a<br />
iiK1**113A<br />
^ ^ 520<br />
S A 711a<br />
|g752F<br />
P-P 495a, 573a<br />
if it H] 270<br />
^ 822<br />
Jgt799<br />
^:^S. 128 to 149<br />
A 5730<br />
A $?• S. 240<br />
k 512a<br />
l/ll 857<br />
IS mi ^ 857<br />
S§ ^ m 857<br />
is<br />
It<br />
857<br />
M.^^ 172<br />
Ji 15<br />
1^ 583, 629c<br />
II& 55: ffl ^ 863<br />
HaP<br />
>§ rf: 659b<br />
¥ ai '-? i^ C59B<br />
¥ iE ^ «M 659b<br />
¥ IE f 15 1^ 659b<br />
i^^ 185c, .417, 419, 756<br />
'^ ip ilf 659c<br />
'^ f^J ffe 659o<br />
¥ r|i ^ 6590
m 'fi m w- ^ 6598<br />
'f^' m<br />
M m 659b<br />
1^ ai) :^ E s. 435<br />
'•f9C<br />
"W-XTA 659C<br />
¥ j£ •& 756<br />
5^11 184F<br />
W} ~X U M S. 825 to 826<br />
^H ^ TOO<br />
1?^- W Wi m. S. 825 to 82ft<br />
m^^ 849<br />
11253, 833, 838,842<br />
IS II # 8:''3<br />
^ -t S33C, 838, 842<br />
^ fr 756<br />
?f 873<br />
mmASJf 718,731<br />
I R*icia872A<br />
I<br />
- =§8E 129b<br />
I ^^111712<br />
i ^-^41138<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I 5^<br />
I<br />
*^- 138<br />
f*^99<br />
ft 11493<br />
5JE 129b<br />
it ^778<br />
Han*<br />
435<br />
INDEX<br />
xxii<br />
•^1^^190<br />
I 5:iElS:^7i3A<br />
|^± 11712<br />
I 3: SI] ^m 713a<br />
S. 198c to 200c<br />
n 191<br />
S. 193c to 200c<br />
f^ )s)f.<br />
I n<br />
I ^<br />
Hang-<br />
^?§f5|-614, 615, 616,<br />
Hao*<br />
$1:^520,678, 709, 713a<br />
I g 678<br />
HeP<br />
mmnm^^mmw^ 782a<br />
I g|fj-^958A<br />
I K<br />
Ji ^ 759, 760<br />
^ p] 776<br />
M if |5j ^n 849<br />
I K^Ka5VlJ]776<br />
\<br />
I<br />
I m<br />
Vi^n 849<br />
M 749, 820D<br />
Pit 850<br />
I }f|[ |5] ^-q 849<br />
I<br />
I it<br />
I<br />
I<br />
1 3^<br />
I M<br />
itSSS, 843<br />
a -i- 749, 820D<br />
11850<br />
'^ 820D<br />
820D<br />
M it & -"^ 820D<br />
I ^^ |5] ^-n 849<br />
^ -t ^ 306<br />
I<br />
I<br />
"1 %m<br />
1<br />
I 5E<br />
^ ^ ^ JE 389<br />
Se ^ g ^S 389<br />
388<br />
m mi 16, 873<br />
fel ft 15<br />
]
mmm se?<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
Hsiao^<br />
it ^ ^ 425<br />
^ ?4 976, E, 718, 730, 746, 748<br />
I<br />
i<br />
I m^4M<br />
1^ n. 727, 746, 748, 874<br />
S^ m 97B, 718<br />
722, 737<br />
Hsiao^<br />
''h:^ 'g* 299, 713, 766<br />
¥ It 129B<br />
il ^ 743a<br />
^ 576<br />
mm^ 018a, b<br />
mn'^n *oo, 407<br />
P^^#577<br />
^ ^ # 'f 618a, B, 635c<br />
*«i^f^618B<br />
^giPlgm^ pJi618A<br />
^ ^ 576, 577a, 578, 579, 708, 709,<br />
717a, b.<br />
^ .^ ^ :S;
M ^95, 846, 85Gb<br />
I<br />
I ±<br />
I g-15,<br />
I<br />
I i"<br />
!<br />
3s 658, TOiA, 857<br />
ir>, 31<br />
± M 658<br />
33<br />
® It 15<br />
-^8.56<br />
m Ifi SIF 5£ pJi S. 335 to 338, 398 to 402,<br />
1<br />
463 to 4fi6<br />
^mm^ 79GB, 822a, S. 108, 160,<br />
335 to 338, 344. 398 to 402,<br />
424 to 134, 458, 403 to 466,<br />
476 to 480, 880<br />
ik m m ^m& §22 a<br />
& m n 'it 150a, I0.I<br />
i^i^llitttf * 15SU<br />
fie M ]g it :A: S S. 150<br />
l&i^m^ ^22A<br />
^ 606A<br />
iSFl5 937<br />
^ 937<br />
m m 928<br />
I -Ej 656<br />
>J. ^ n 589<br />
I<br />
11^330<br />
Hsiii'<br />
Hsiii*<br />
Hsiiig^<br />
Hsing"<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.<br />
151<br />
TfiJ f^ 218A, 759, 760, 8. 218 (i) 218A<br />
I<br />
^M^^218<br />
?Fli 14 m m 218<br />
I<br />
I<br />
S ^83lA<br />
^ 832<br />
I 55 438,937<br />
I y?4 83lB, S. 218 to 218A<br />
I * 19 5010<br />
I ^ ^ 759, 759b, 760. 7&}B, 76iA<br />
ff^^ 504D<br />
I SJt^^^lJI^S.<br />
127<br />
i if^ "t li Jt 8>J3a<br />
I jCJc f4- 343a, 840A,<br />
I J&<br />
I<br />
I<br />
^ ?IJ Sf PI 526<br />
#947<br />
^ 819a<br />
I j£ S. 458<br />
^ tS ^ 949<br />
m 1% m 9^5<br />
1 %1l f^. IP 945<br />
I gg<br />
i<br />
I<br />
Hsin ^v4<br />
Hsiii'<br />
200 A, 593c, 629c<br />
m E S63<br />
IT^f*Btl74<br />
! *4|94<br />
1<br />
I<br />
^a.gt945<br />
Klfeillt9t5<br />
Hsiii^<br />
^vt 629, 629A, 827A<br />
m X m 771<br />
r& m '-'74<br />
[ XXV ]<br />
1<br />
flf978<br />
Hsii^<br />
H su<br />
S. 825 to 826<br />
;^ 3® 382b, 392, S. 376 to 3'J-I<br />
m n n^ 426<br />
U 'b" :f? S. 335 to 338<br />
\
m<br />
I "^ ^1 S. 128 to 149, 333 to 338<br />
: m pjt 82'ja<br />
m m S] 861 A<br />
Hsiiaii^<br />
m m R] 560<br />
m fi] jE :k i$. 850<br />
m^m:km sso<br />
K sp m 9i5<br />
iitlSf^lseiA<br />
HsUaii"<br />
1^617, 617a. 618b<br />
^ 709<br />
S9 # git 631<br />
Hsiielr ^'^<br />
iE-112A, 851a, 855a, 860<br />
.S$C 827, 827a<br />
f& B& S. 335 to 338<br />
M m ± M 403<br />
IS 829a<br />
^ 1^ ^ "b' 7581.'<br />
^ 'I* 708, 71 lA<br />
^ pJi 758c<br />
^ ^ m 758F<br />
^ ^ :^ 679<br />
^822<br />
$^ 412a<br />
¥'^m 631<br />
:^i^712<br />
fi 850<br />
M 274, 395, 941<br />
± 133, 14»3, S. 376 to 394<br />
fi827A<br />
^717<br />
m M. 406, 411, 674, 652A, 828, 911<br />
mm^ 828<br />
INDEX<br />
I xxvi ]<br />
! ^<br />
1^ 700, 796C<br />
m&m 828<br />
^ ;^C S S. 128 to 149<br />
^ a £1 Ig 796c<br />
mmB.ti. 652<br />
?^ 5: ^ 822<br />
Ji o27a<br />
|^827a<br />
m ^ 519a, 521<br />
^ M 857<br />
ftS^^iilS. 796ail£271<br />
t^ 658, 835A, 857, 857b<br />
1(1620<br />
U 500, 519a, 784<br />
W m. m m 523<br />
^ ^ 520, 909<br />
W \m ^''07<br />
^ S- H 506<br />
§• t^i ^g 522, 621<br />
^ M 330, 931 ,<br />
W it 814, 838, 840<br />
W & Jm 520<br />
m & m 501<br />
^ I& IS H ^.^ 602<br />
W & Bl ^ m 503<br />
J5S f^ E r glj 269<br />
If^ ^ M m 269<br />
^[} w ,m 'r 269<br />
r«^ '^ *^ Ie 269<br />
^& "i «t SlJ 269<br />
His 'f M H Slj 269<br />
155 I^ 655, 706, 707, 805a,<br />
824 a<br />
m'^^ & 706D, 805a, 824a<br />
m 658, 749, 804, 819a, 881,<br />
;^ 268<br />
f 519a, 520<br />
.X p1 271<br />
g 521<br />
# 521<br />
.S. 804
^ 521<br />
^ 778, 800, 824<br />
m?E.m 797, 800<br />
?f: I ^ ;^ ^ m iJ5 800<br />
mm)^'^ 800<br />
If S. 796a<br />
tl ^ iE5c fP 1& 8-^'"R<br />
p] 85Z<br />
^ f] 272<br />
fi # 2fi9<br />
H iS ^H 8S5B<br />
H ^ iil 835E<br />
^ 576„974<br />
^ /J^ ^ ^^ 57r,<br />
-26<br />
^ 749, 752F<br />
Hsiiii''<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
Hiiai^<br />
JT Z^ !, 1 \ S. 825 to S26<br />
1 mmw
Huo^<br />
^ ^ ^ 'J^ ^ .^ 717A<br />
I g^^ 733, 737<br />
\<br />
MW=n 591<br />
1 mmmm^-''^<br />
I ^mW*:^>3A<br />
ik ^ 521, 669, 67t, 677, 679, 680, 696.<br />
— ^ 629c<br />
n<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
¥ ^^<br />
^<br />
702, 704, 705, 706a, b, c.<br />
812A. S. 753<br />
^ A<br />
91 "><br />
99, 103B<br />
I'<br />
f^ ^. 702<br />
m t 807<br />
m gjg 469<br />
^±469,813<br />
% f 806, 809, 812<br />
f4 A 184J, 805, 831a, B<br />
mc^sos<br />
$^ m 184J<br />
mmt 167B<br />
#IEf 325, 664, 711a<br />
1^*873<br />
mmt 662<br />
f& S« m 159b<br />
SI :^ 679<br />
77<br />
HS S 885<br />
glj n M 745b<br />
iif ^ 744c, 866<br />
^ ffl ^ 863<br />
j}856<br />
^857<br />
^ ^^ 504b<br />
^ f 850<br />
# III 1850<br />
m PI 588<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.<br />
707,<br />
^ft^715A<br />
I pc 588, 652E, 653<br />
\^-X^ 588<br />
I I*<br />
I<br />
1 ^<<br />
185k, 262, 301a, 346b, 514, 709,<br />
71 lA, 712, 713a, 766b, 807<br />
:^ 675, 677, 704, 705, 713a<br />
U 677<br />
! fiip 88, 766b<br />
I<br />
I :^<br />
± 237, 240<br />
675, 677, 711a, S. 240<br />
I ffe S. 240<br />
I ^f4-131,<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I W\<br />
I<br />
431a, 698, S. 427, 436H<br />
^;^504B<br />
m W] 185k<br />
S. 240, see ^ If 437a<br />
^^iS 1-593<br />
^ It ^ :^ »0", «• 907<br />
•il& m i 41a<br />
S A945<br />
>K iglj Wi 376a, 380a<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
*i^Pl585<br />
\% S. 376<br />
a 935<br />
Zum 956<br />
f^ ^ 677c, 631<br />
^ ^ pj( 626a<br />
H 99<br />
I<br />
I<br />
:^ 571, 737, 738, 7(8<br />
St 79!)<br />
fj, f4 1S5H, I, 301, 345b, 427b, 428 '<br />
I i<br />
469, 487, 813, S. 432a, 436k<br />
1S5H, I, 301, 427b, 428b, 46!|<br />
487, 770c, 813, S. 432a. 436i
\<br />
P « M 6o3<br />
INDEX
# If A i^TA<br />
1 ^ b\i, T66B<br />
I ^<br />
I i^<br />
I ^<br />
I<br />
I i^<br />
-B. oH, 76GB<br />
pJi 221, 766b, 767<br />
pJi ^ 221, 767<br />
^fjimm 221<br />
p)t -g- 221, 767<br />
S;fij916B<br />
n^H p)i6o4A<br />
?I ^« 850<br />
15- .?£<br />
frv<br />
^<br />
-^<br />
t-<br />
^<br />
K'aii^<br />
K'aug'^<br />
Kao^<br />
W -t la )5'f 400<br />
^ H 758c, 762, 763<br />
1^ n ^ ^ 653<br />
¥ ?i -t ^ S. 702<br />
/> ^ ft 576. 577a, 578, 717A,<br />
f# ^ 583, 592a, 621, 627, 717A<br />
ii ^ ^ ft 522, 621A<br />
1!^^ S;621 to 621b<br />
^4 568, 76(;b, 7S6<br />
Xmm^ 608<br />
ft ?^ ^ 1^ ^ 603, 770b<br />
ft m ^ ^ I<br />
fffi 653, 788<br />
^ Ift ^ _^ 616<br />
tS ii ^ ^ 612<br />
'^ n ^ 758, 759<br />
^ff^J 5Mg, 750A, 760U<br />
W ?ll ^ .^ 598, 598c, 787<br />
629a<br />
945<br />
Kao^<br />
Of CHINESE CHARACTERS.<br />
I<br />
I<br />
K'ao^<br />
^j^iti :>^gi92o<br />
^ ^ >|^ A- E 923<br />
I ^:€i^;^E920A<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
1 ^<br />
^Jig805A<br />
^ 1^ ip A E 923a<br />
^MtiEfe922. 922A<br />
M !* :^^ IS 922<br />
f Ift ^ 426, S. 335 to 338, 123, 430a<br />
I<br />
I<br />
m. 1& «22A<br />
t^ IK 14 160, 822a<br />
I -g- 629b,<br />
i<br />
\<br />
?ft520<br />
S. 758f<br />
.V] ^ 426a, (i'JS<br />
I .XFj487<br />
I<br />
I<br />
X^511<br />
X hI 3(»6<br />
I Jfy m 336<br />
i ^628,6520<br />
I<br />
i4t.^ .'71 A<br />
m n Jul 777, 7S2<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I m<br />
K'eir'<br />
^ S- M 777<br />
#I4 816A<br />
^:^E778, 8;)9<br />
*!g.<br />
Fj 777, 782<br />
-J^ $ig p] 122<br />
^m'wm 124<br />
I ili^£^1£976<br />
^^&*4->89, 652K<br />
^ 104A<br />
xxxi ]<br />
I /^<br />
I<br />
I<br />
S. 128 to 111)<br />
ft 133<br />
^131
I ^<br />
I ^miSi<br />
mil m 743c<br />
'ti^ 393<br />
*^ ^•^- sr,<br />
I<br />
m^i8<br />
^ :54 Hi^li, 167b, 184j, 185g, i, j,<br />
I Ai^m<br />
i ^^^m<br />
!<br />
294, 4' 7, 4!1, 422b. 484, 541,<br />
652, G97, 711a, 7068, 782, 811a,<br />
8I2A, 816. 828, S31a, 889a,<br />
840A, S. 368a, 432, 436j. 825<br />
to 826<br />
m 'X s 8M0<br />
:k^ sso<br />
XX 103c, .I54b, 155, ]6(;a, lt;2A, 184j,<br />
11828<br />
1 m m 343a<br />
I 4^<br />
i ft<br />
185G, I, J, 294,411, 422b, 434,<br />
541, 652, 755, 7G6B, 805, 815,<br />
828; 831 A, B, 83'.}A. 840A, S.<br />
432, 436J, 82a to 826<br />
gg 595A, B, 596, 597, 597A, 628,<br />
310<br />
711c<br />
'^^i^&m m^^m 872A<br />
iiij m<br />
80<br />
Koii^<br />
INDEX<br />
a mm m ^<br />
I :1b it 893<br />
i f^^^i|ftl-><br />
I UJ<br />
I<br />
K'oiv^<br />
s. 240<br />
^ ^- 19, 873<br />
lU4:&^«-35<br />
TV *^ 1* # -t 654<br />
J9S:^167A<br />
I<br />
I 5^<br />
5" ^ W] 776<br />
fi m & W] 542A, 776<br />
I S^taiesc<br />
it 167A<br />
I<br />
^ 5^ 850<br />
[ xxxli J<br />
I Id<br />
I M<br />
@ 70r)B, c, 81 2a<br />
:S- 706b, c, 812a<br />
I Pn^ 'fi- 184k, 302a, 393. 468, 483,<br />
I<br />
?^-X^<br />
775, 805, S. 108, 185a<br />
S. 128 to 149<br />
Sli ^ 86, 89, viA, 94a<br />
I 1^<br />
I f^<br />
I X<br />
!<br />
I<br />
YV 8'08<br />
M PM 'A & 8i[h^<br />
m m-x^ 879A<br />
i5ll •''26, 835 A, 844b, 850, 851 A, 853<br />
^^826<br />
I ^'fi]357<br />
I i-M 77, 96, 298, 384a, b, 456,<br />
to 394<br />
I «3»82, 89<br />
S. 376
l^m^m 776a<br />
\ %\l:k& 819a<br />
I<br />
Kiia*<br />
Kuan *<br />
#t 87, 87a, b, c. 717. 961<br />
I ^:i961<br />
i<br />
j<br />
^^517,859<br />
^ ^ 158, 859<br />
859<br />
I ^.m^S.<br />
I »M859<br />
I<br />
i<br />
IS 799<br />
Bmm-^7iA<br />
I li^Jil^818<br />
I<br />
^i'|549<br />
I EpeiJ^s.8r>9<br />
I ilfef^sis<br />
^1 -R 909<br />
p R§ 85, 984<br />
I<br />
15 ^F^ 592<br />
85<br />
I :h: ® 8.50, 851a<br />
I "i<br />
842<br />
IS ^838, 844<br />
I a 1^ 166<br />
Kuan^<br />
^m^M 874<br />
m m m ^ S74<br />
M m 269<br />
E - m 269<br />
H 'T 269<br />
M H SlJ 269<br />
JbE ?fe ^ ;'c E 96<br />
^mm 163c<br />
M |5] ^ 849<br />
If ^ ^ 81<br />
OP CHINESE CHARACTERS.<br />
[<br />
xxxiii ]<br />
^ ;^ & 574<br />
^ IT 640<br />
E p] ^ 709, 71lA<br />
J3xg Jt 163b<br />
a 124, 664a, 8. 102 to 102a<br />
31 ^^ ?C ^ ^ ^ 224<br />
^ 1^ ^ i£ ?C X m ^ ^ !^ 232<br />
mm^ ff] 788<br />
MWt^^m^ 184c, S. 184A<br />
a ^ H ^ ^ I? 90<br />
m m it 258<br />
Ji iSc ^ ^ -g- ^ W ^ 87a<br />
SHJ^S^W^ !51<br />
£1 fl SB * ?^ 276, 395A<br />
3SB *2l^^^'g;^ 652, S. 652<br />
a^^i^;^ B412A<br />
S X @ ^ :* i? 95<br />
Iim^ftgii^*^ 7L1A<br />
S ^ 5|: SB * ?l 276, 421, S. 42pB<br />
m^^mm io4d<br />
il ± IS 1^ * ?l 88<br />
Hi * 1* ^ « ^ 234<br />
H ii P IE * ^ 86<br />
S K fffl ^ W ^ 89<br />
If. ^ 5i IK ft » H *: ^ 94<br />
Ji 'Jli ii Si S 'T 571<br />
^ « ^ 92<br />
i& ffll ^<br />
Sl^t5^ ^387A<br />
a H ^ 1» ^ 72<br />
S iSl li? 9S M W M 91<br />
S iSllS /l W ^ 93<br />
H ® a It ^ « ^ 93a<br />
a ffl) # ^ « f# 94a<br />
£1 Ji 167b, 172, 652<br />
mmmmnmmmf4 9o<br />
^ jE 269<br />
^ aij 269<br />
1^ ii ^J 849a<br />
.S§iE^K71lA<br />
Jl ai)^fi 7iiA.,
T/ .!^. m<br />
ti fk t: 737<br />
INDEX
^ ^<br />
^<br />
1^<br />
W 973<br />
)jf 952<br />
104a<br />
® 929<br />
1E929<br />
*S. 11<br />
^943<br />
E»29<br />
^ 929<br />
53-929<br />
^ IS ^ ^. ;'o<br />
:/b 922<br />
i? sS li ;^ E 926<br />
A 945<br />
;^ i 27a, 126a, 187, 305<br />
M 190, 267<br />
^ El ^ Fl 775<br />
Kung'<br />
% W 5iJ PJi S. 464a<br />
K SF ^ M S. 464a<br />
IC iif -i'i-lA<br />
?^^.^617b, 775b<br />
?^ Is M 300, 468, 775<br />
J^ Pc 775, 839a<br />
?^ m TrT t 775<br />
^ IS ^ 775a<br />
m m h 775<br />
^ ^ 607, 608<br />
^ 629a, 631, 967<br />
± 629c<br />
^ 166<br />
•^ m 73<br />
fl ^: fa !'50, 950a<br />
I H 202<br />
Kuug^<br />
K'ling<br />
K'ung^<br />
OF CHINESE CHAKACTERS.<br />
I<br />
S ^ 1^ 343a<br />
I ^S. 127<br />
I $ S. 561b<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I i^^412,<br />
I<br />
#2<br />
Kuo^<br />
^ S -t 773a<br />
m ^ 205<br />
412A, 959<br />
I ^^413A<br />
-f- m-^^mW^m S. 412A, 413a<br />
BE 906<br />
I<br />
I -^ ;/c E<br />
* ^ 79A<br />
I M^m79A<br />
'MlUmm 656a<br />
S. 128 to 149<br />
Kuo^<br />
Kiio^<br />
i l$j «^ 914, 914b, 917, 918<br />
1<br />
I<br />
I*<br />
[ XXXV ]<br />
] mmm^<br />
-197<br />
mm si 495<br />
E- SI 718, S. 753<br />
I ^ 950, 950b<br />
\ ^^m 99<br />
I n & ^ 93a<br />
^984<br />
I<br />
MMS. 191<br />
I<br />
li ^ S. 206<br />
Lai^<br />
Lan^
5P {\i 76. 1()4d,'290, 670, 798<br />
?^®934<br />
Lao^<br />
Leng^<br />
Li^<br />
fg 18 J^ 859<br />
I M^S. 825 to 826<br />
Si tt ^ ?tj 979<br />
LP<br />
a « ^ 271<br />
^11271<br />
^ SB 274, 49lA. 940<br />
^:^ E S. 128 to 149<br />
?^E^491,940<br />
^ |5] $n 849<br />
ffij f] 495<br />
M H] A 979a, 897<br />
m P^ 585<br />
ibm^m 771<br />
Tn^ 826<br />
gf ii ^J 849a<br />
If IB] ^ 849<br />
m 545, 790<br />
if 1- 67, 545<br />
mmM. 897<br />
ii ^J 849A<br />
^ iBj ^ 849, 894<br />
W- M 77lA, 790<br />
^m^ 849<br />
® IE "31 P^ 585<br />
§§ IS 384<br />
S!J §- S. 376 to 394<br />
^3E11<br />
INDEX<br />
^^m 393<br />
I f4«22<br />
I<br />
315 274, 376, 933, 934, 935<br />
^ 962<br />
[ xxxvi ]<br />
I<br />
I g<br />
I |fB274,<br />
I<br />
Li*<br />
ff822<br />
237, 239, 239a, 766a, B, 796a,<br />
851a, 855a, 861a, S. 796a<br />
333<br />
A9-t5<br />
01J ^ IE 959<br />
I S<br />
it 957<br />
^^m 535<br />
mmiM. «36<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
1<br />
flR*^429<br />
i^ ^ 674<br />
«^?^'t29A<br />
Liang^<br />
i^ ^2 S. 825 to 826<br />
M P] ^ 849<br />
I .(il it n 794<br />
I M908<br />
I<br />
,<br />
it 836, 838<br />
I ?lii«36<br />
Liang^<br />
PM if ^ ^ li S. 369a<br />
?1 I H f^ IS s- :wjA<br />
i »'t5CS^.^755<br />
I<br />
I m<br />
1 mmi^^<br />
I<br />
I ^<br />
I<br />
1<br />
m ti « i^ If la W- 755<br />
Ji^ ft 15^ S. 800<br />
PJfS. 835C<br />
!§955<br />
/J. ^ ^ 576, 578<br />
-^ X ^ # ^ «05<br />
^821B<br />
•^ m ^ 635<br />
I •;# it 213<br />
! Jiit^^l®<br />
Liao^<br />
fiI213•
Liao*<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
mm n 231<br />
Lou^<br />
Lou^<br />
'tft 656, 656, 753<br />
'^i^m 'FT S. 702<br />
M^m 701<br />
mWmm 703A<br />
-^ ^ ^ 15^ 703, S. 702<br />
'f^ 4- ^ ^ 708, 709<br />
'^^^ 708<br />
¥ A ffi ^ 708<br />
W 7^ 822<br />
1 '*? ^ § # ^ fi2lA, 713, 71(1<br />
*X:^^716<br />
'f: ?t J?- *f 716<br />
m:^'r^^7ii<br />
m^:^?|716<br />
¥ ff|5 274, 417, 420, 936, 936a. b, S.<br />
420<br />
¥ ii ;^ P .^ 711a, 716<br />
¥ :^ e S. 128 to 149, 420a<br />
mij :^ E S. 128 to 149, 420a<br />
W-:k^^ 708, 712<br />
'^^m:km^ 712<br />
^ t}i ^ _^ 708, 710, 716<br />
W-MMi'Z'^^i^. 184b<br />
?^749<br />
JflF «i H^ 656a<br />
S^^'U 750b<br />
:%:^731<br />
Sfe p] 477<br />
X k "'10<br />
«^ II P^ ^ v86a<br />
^- ^ ^ 62lA, 786<br />
INDEX<br />
?& ii
.1 ^ a 680, 704, 705<br />
^ IE ^M 711a<br />
m m m a 7iia<br />
^ ti<strong>of</strong>iA, 659<br />
^ -g 676, 704<br />
^ ^ .^ 7ir>B<br />
^ I" 676, 711 A<br />
^|( ^ 704<br />
^ ^"676<br />
«t 42.->B<br />
g 712<br />
#665, 696, 706a. 712<br />
^ f^ 428, 716<br />
^m^MB. '>85<br />
|g 754<br />
# j# ft ^ )jf S. 800<br />
1^ 656 a, d, 659, 706<br />
15^^430<br />
miin^^7i4<br />
^ ^ 850<br />
I<br />
£gH50<br />
Mai^<br />
Man^<br />
J^ ^ ^ ^ 627<br />
^ ^ ^ tfe i^ «27<br />
Z:^ 129b<br />
^ 5: ^ -^ ^ ^ 621, 627<br />
^ :^- 1:^8<br />
^ B 379, 422a. 493<br />
g^^ 3^ 129B<br />
a t^ U'O<br />
J^ /J> ^ ^ 579, 717b<br />
^ ^ ^ F1 '>85<br />
Mao'<br />
Mao*<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.<br />
^fl5^.^617B<br />
PI ^ a 801<br />
!<br />
I<br />
I<br />
i<br />
m8(ii<br />
lesoi<br />
mjSkm 7!'
fimmm 97C, 7.S-,A<br />
I If<br />
I<br />
I vt<br />
I ta<br />
^ #81i;a<br />
•'^. 173,<br />
S. 192<br />
19:{ to -Jdoc<br />
I j/c ^ )^ !.K # 9;^A<br />
m f^ i'7A, 734a<br />
] [^ 13! I, 8. 12r, I2S to H'.i<br />
I ^ r|i •§ 137, :iSH, (;isu. (;2r><br />
I ISt^i m:^^ Es. 128 t
I ^<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
j<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I ^<br />
I mmrH.m^<br />
I ^<br />
I ^-<br />
I<br />
IS ^ PJt<br />
^Fj7;ob<br />
^5>^770<br />
^5j^H;(770<br />
617b. 77UD<br />
^ ^ ^ 598, 600, 770, 770b<br />
iff4 839A<br />
3^^769<br />
m m 463<br />
IS. #770<br />
n 620<br />
^ 51)9, 601, 602<br />
^ ^ 598, 600, 601, 602, 603,<br />
603a, 621b, 770<br />
^" ^ fr ''50b<br />
* ^ 578<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I ?<br />
I<br />
I ?<br />
^ li ^ ^ ^ 578<br />
^ ^ ^ d^ ^ _^ 578<br />
^J> ^ ^ 578<br />
? lO -^ /J» ^ .^ 578<br />
fiiP Ie ^ .^ 618, 619, 619a<br />
ffi h'ee E*<br />
fU See Ao'<br />
1^' !)|l m'm^^^^<br />
Am 718<br />
0^(2)<br />
fi52B<br />
SI 10 ^ /J» ^ .^ 717A<br />
m SlJ tP H 742<br />
SI /J- ^ ^ 579<br />
t^ ^ ^ ^ 411<br />
tfi M '# ^J^ ^ ^ 717A<br />
m 'B* ^ 717<br />
itt /g. 944<br />
g W 30f'<br />
nn<br />
[<br />
INDEX<br />
xlii<br />
A B^B m m t 413a<br />
I<br />
I ^a /J» ^ W 299<br />
I<br />
r^ ?i A 945<br />
I rif, ar f] 239<br />
I itUife IT* 481, 766<br />
I<br />
I<br />
m. K] {£ 77<br />
ft M:^ 86, 89<br />
I n^H^SlJOO<br />
:^§fe41<br />
I PS 5)^ Fj 520<br />
e J^ft915<br />
I il<br />
^ 951<br />
I ,11 fi J# li^ 1j mi M 864<br />
^ 5 582a, 631<br />
I R :^ 628, 629a<br />
ffi 3^ S. 752a, f.<br />
I<br />
IS 752f, 796, 800<br />
e 1^ 915A<br />
Pai^<br />
I :l*E-h^E437A<br />
^ pf 'f SE 124<br />
J|^656b, f, 711a<br />
I :a<br />
I<br />
1 m<br />
Pai^<br />
P'ai^<br />
661, (579, 704, 705<br />
'r71lA<br />
p)f 654a<br />
Fai*<br />
r&PM^ 422a, 8. 551b<br />
3^99, 713<br />
I ^iJ B] 122<br />
I ^918<br />
]<br />
Pan^
4= B ^J^ P f^ 618b<br />
I<br />
H ^ .^ 579<br />
(fe M 726a<br />
I ^<br />
mmm ni<br />
I<br />
I V<br />
I<br />
fC 'B* 425b, 618a, b, 623, 635c<br />
^ H] ^ 882<br />
m ^ 651a<br />
;/c S 879A, 880, 905<br />
*:m52oB<br />
P'cW<br />
nxwm * s. 192<br />
It ^ EP 308<br />
I<br />
I ^<br />
I ±<br />
I<br />
I P<br />
Pang^<br />
EP ± =ff -:^ 308<br />
ft§ 308<br />
± m ± ^ ^ 308<br />
M5iJE129B<br />
102, 160a, 162b, 24fi. 267, 493,<br />
535, 697, 700, 779, 780, 781, 783,<br />
805a, 811a, S. 335 to 338, 368A,<br />
373<br />
I Pl|gt799<br />
I<br />
I ai<br />
\ m±mMmv-mi^^^<br />
I ^<br />
I ^<br />
I<br />
!<br />
I<br />
m^MAS. 243<br />
:^ E 87yA, 907, S. 907<br />
554<br />
s. 753<br />
m J-t'"^. 245, 310, 393, 535, 697,<br />
S. 369a, 373<br />
i^ ^1 S. 826, 826<br />
& m td l
M m 3
m<br />
ma -iio, 48S<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
€ m 965<br />
I if ^- 252, f.l8B, 623a<br />
I<br />
i ^<br />
{sy7o<br />
!)6o, 967, 968, 969<br />
T> A A ^ 27A<br />
I<br />
I A<br />
AA5)MIIi^23<br />
A 5> ^ IS ^> 22<br />
4} S^ ^ (tSj H) 82(1<br />
§ i ^<br />
I<br />
^ Ip: 799<br />
I<br />
'^. ^ 727, 799<br />
I :'^.^i?g797<br />
} 6r.8, 793, 819A, 825<br />
I 'J? il9t «I 5«C ?lt £ IF 800<br />
I '^mmmf)<br />
798<br />
J Sp:J^ 733, 736, 797, 801a<br />
i<br />
I<br />
I :E.^;^^^<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
a ^31 124<br />
JH ^ 428, 684, 716, S. 6o2b<br />
684<br />
ff|754<br />
I^ 656a, 706<br />
15^f^430<br />
ffR 275, 870, 906<br />
I It<br />
I<br />
701<br />
m»92<br />
I ^ 882<br />
I ^ 279, 280, 821<br />
m$i±mn^ h74a,<br />
I IE 384a, p, S. 376 to 396<br />
I ^-277,820<br />
#iltii:W574<br />
I<br />
I<br />
\ mmmM.<br />
I Mmm<br />
31 ^ 622, 625<br />
P'll^<br />
ii # jE ^ R 713a<br />
S25<br />
^^713a<br />
I ift 14 599, 601, 605, 606, 608. 611.<br />
828<br />
INDEX<br />
[ xH'i ]<br />
^ a if^ @ 615<br />
I<br />
I<br />
\<br />
il ^ 111 374A<br />
ii m 400<br />
MM^f 550A<br />
Ii ?1S ;k i: 79c, 573c<br />
|-<br />
Sai^<br />
^•f- 773, 773a<br />
@ I 3f 31 B& in M 876<br />
I<br />
^p^Mi«^870<br />
San^<br />
[M 78a, 97, 99, 717a, 718<br />
S£^hi^^717A<br />
m^^m. «I S. 97<br />
;14 ^ ^ ^ f^ 99<br />
mmui&m^ 7sa<br />
^ Wj 215<br />
M 849a<br />
P ii IS ;^ g 820B<br />
® 943<br />
^943<br />
^mA^m^^^ 577, S. 577<br />
^ 99, 103b<br />
^^'^778<br />
^f-VA 184J. 805, 831 B<br />
WmM-<br />
184 J<br />
^ |{^ ll 'f 1^ 679<br />
n^n 268<br />
^857
U ^ 'r 737<br />
I ^ ;^ E 9S<br />
^201<br />
ft jX 57:u<br />
I IB<br />
I<br />
I mmwiwrn<br />
I m<br />
San^<br />
San^<br />
Sen^<br />
Seng^<br />
r)73A, S. 57SA<br />
H Sj S. o73A<br />
s. r.73A<br />
tJj ilP |» 573A<br />
I $^ g] y73A,<br />
f}) .ifv 875,<br />
I ^Ffine<br />
1 ^- ff] 121<br />
9 IS<br />
# ^ M 837<br />
I ^ !!§./« 837<br />
I lit o73a<br />
Iff m 822<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I ^^S.<br />
I<br />
:^822<br />
g5 -IDS, 4n5A<br />
3C,9a<br />
Ea822<br />
S. o73a<br />
Sha'<br />
Shan''<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.<br />
Shang'
Shang^<br />
INDEX
^^IJiDf .^?;?7r.8B,<br />
S. 221<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
m. m '.170<br />
I ;fl i^ -r- ^ -^
m m ^i ® 121<br />
HS'.'g I^S. 12f to 149<br />
A^ii<br />
§ spp also Shii*<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I ;S<br />
iE 384b, 389, 391<br />
^ 389, 391<br />
8hu^<br />
Shu'<br />
129, S. 128 to 149<br />
!)f|865<br />
I<br />
m M 854<br />
Shu*<br />
m m n 201<br />
I ^ ± 201, 593c, 629
mn^^.<br />
825 to 826<br />
illDEX
mm 'f<br />
*Ta<br />
sec H] #<br />
;t 103c, 661, C69, 672. 674, 677,<br />
m<br />
m<br />
m<br />
m<br />
m<br />
flP<br />
702, 704, 705, 7066, c, 711a,' S12a,<br />
831b<br />
M. sec ^ ^<br />
79<br />
837, 838a<br />
Ei S<br />
JUL ^' 223 ^^•'<br />
^ S. 223<br />
gj 934<br />
if A 573c<br />
'r '»<br />
79<br />
932<br />
79<br />
m A 573c<br />
89<br />
296, 307, 083, 618b, 658, 798<br />
^ 65S, 663, 704, 705<br />
H 212b, 296, '307, 334a. 365,<br />
378, 397, 422a, 461a, 494. 708,<br />
798<br />
412a<br />
'B- 677<br />
659, S. 240<br />
^ 108<br />
457a, 766, 7(;6a, B, 794, 830a.<br />
8o0, 853<br />
p] 457a<br />
305, 798, 882, 897<br />
IP 389, 3'Jl<br />
973<br />
m m dS 392<br />
I i^m^hm^^m 577, s. 577<br />
I J5J|i^|^412A<br />
I<br />
^99<br />
)Si3^ 572<br />
OF CHINESfe CHARACTERS.<br />
[<br />
liii<br />
M ^ m iij 7jc fill) ii K w -07<br />
^^^^7iiA, 7i(;<br />
I )&m'W-m^ 709A, 711a, 716<br />
)& 14 595b, 597a. 605, 624, 712A<br />
'<br />
I<br />
I<br />
IE. ^ ^ 621a, S. 167b<br />
IB ^ 167b<br />
I IE, Sl 167b, S. 167b<br />
^ «L H 41<br />
a„4<br />
bll<br />
Suaii^<br />
M-mmWi II, s. 412<br />
I ^ H ''89<br />
I P f? ± S. 412A<br />
i iiiT 850<br />
I $I5 374a<br />
Sui'<br />
^^i/i4ll$i:744A, 899, 905<br />
I !^<br />
III ^ 849<br />
m. ;t m oil .<br />
I ^^^711d<br />
I ^<br />
SuP<br />
329, 468, 696<br />
^P|3 I1IS914B<br />
% 582a, 631<br />
% 3£ C29A<br />
13 rf .S73D<br />
^ 912<br />
]<br />
Ta^
^l)fjl|lS87o, 918<br />
SSa 11<br />
Ta^<br />
^ K E l»& ^ fi'J SP ^ 74oB<br />
;«C ® ^ S. 573A<br />
M^^S. 55<br />
"<br />
^ ^<br />
Ta*<br />
S. 752A to p'<br />
g: fits. 412A<br />
^ ^ 929<br />
^ 2^ 936<br />
St gt S. 673b<br />
mm 9oo<br />
^ m<br />
S. 278<br />
Ift li S. 744<br />
^!feS. 793<br />
i^ ^ 210b<br />
Jif 659a<br />
n :^ 658<br />
ilLigS. 79 6A<br />
^ ^ 8. 376<br />
^ A 793<br />
M ^ ff 542a<br />
^ m ik S. 273<br />
fa f0 93CB<br />
^ [^ S. 192<br />
!H1 tfc 851<br />
#1^85lA<br />
± # 629b<br />
14® S. 13!<br />
^ :& S. 131<br />
^«ig929<br />
ji M 850, S. 412a<br />
!^g937<br />
[<br />
iKDBl<br />
liv<br />
i&. S. 793<br />
^ ^ S25<br />
:;i fliR ^ S. 240<br />
*© 825<br />
S" 1^ S. 752a to F<br />
^ 929, 933, 946<br />
m m «45<br />
•^ » 944a<br />
5fn -^ 934<br />
^Ifi928<br />
n A 935<br />
§i 33- f^ E| -g 634<br />
^± 131<br />
m .^584, 708, 712<br />
^'^mmm 592A<br />
^ a ^' -g 633<br />
^1^594<br />
^ i: 825<br />
g ^ 856<br />
f|933<br />
9^ fg S. 752A to F<br />
ft S. 629c<br />
g-^929<br />
^W851A<br />
'a* *S 829<br />
gi^850<br />
^ i^ 856b<br />
m # 215, 921, 9:]7a<br />
3S ^ fi 216<br />
II # ^' JIP 216<br />
SK215A, 937a<br />
JlS'K 7o9b, S. 215a<br />
IS ^ JE «i 216A<br />
31l^^^?ili217<br />
]
i^ -^ 85()<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
I<br />
I m<br />
^ 913<br />
tg203<br />
t^ fil 203<br />
la SI- 947<br />
15 5*913<br />
1^ -i^ 863a. 873, 873a, 874, 877a<br />
{|f Sg 860<br />
^ ^ ^423<br />
;*:^<br />
nn.<br />
^ m<br />
^<br />
^<br />
±<br />
5] 382, 570<br />
# 376b, 933<br />
# jE m 933<br />
# ^> JIP 933<br />
55<br />
943<br />
.^<br />
S. 75<br />
412, 959<br />
Si g^ S. 226, 227<br />
T'ai^<br />
IE 959<br />
3k^4<br />
]E S. 239, 239a<br />
^ S. 236, 236 A<br />
S. 235<br />
^ 233, 234, 235, 236, 236a<br />
^:^^n 236<br />
1^ * ^ ^ll 23r,A<br />
1^ "^ ^ 235<br />
^934<br />
#417, 936b<br />
^JEm 936b<br />
-* ^" JBH 936b<br />
943<br />
943<br />
200b, S. 193c to 200c<br />
INDEX<br />
^ it f^ 3. 223<br />
I Jll ^ S. 192, 225<br />
I ^<br />
I ^<br />
I<br />
I<br />
1<br />
i ^<br />
I<br />
I ^<br />
I<br />
I ^<br />
i<br />
^^ -^ S. 226 to 227<br />
848<br />
^ 333A<br />
^848<br />
-^ 12, f»43<br />
;bc fSi 943<br />
T- :fe f« 943<br />
;t; 943<br />
finf<br />
^F-^M*943<br />
^ tf- 943<br />
^'J?fi!p943<br />
m ?® tt ^ 761<br />
1<br />
IR ^ ^ 950A<br />
Tan*
Tao*<br />
•1213,815, 838, 838a<br />
JE 573b<br />
jid673B<br />
IE r] S. 573b<br />
IE 0] it IE 573b<br />
IE 5] IlJ tMa S. 57SB<br />
iC 573<br />
•f- 573B<br />
1^ h] 573b, S. 673b<br />
M 838, 844<br />
^658<br />
#yf:^9l8<br />
mm^'^n 537<br />
X^2 (.)<br />
I* 3IJ i^ ^ IT F^ ^ .^ fi53<br />
I<br />
HM^a^-A^S.<br />
g ft # 95(5<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.<br />
128 to 149<br />
Tc'llg^
I ^<br />
809, 827, 829<br />
p] 809, 82(5a, 828, 828a<br />
I §tj^827<br />
I :i^ 457, 776<br />
I<br />
!^ 13^57, 77fi<br />
I ^749<br />
I<br />
I "#<br />
I m<br />
M 750<br />
435, 435a, B, 754<br />
y*) '39, 144, 152, 162a, 176, 185m,<br />
N, 187, 190, 201a, 205a, 210a,<br />
244, 310, 393, 430b, 461a, 514,<br />
520,522,535, 622a, 636, 611,<br />
645, 649, 652, (154, 654a, 697,<br />
709, 781, 782, 812a, 818, S.<br />
369a, 373, 458, 523b<br />
mm^mt 514<br />
m ^
gS ^ 628, 62
iJ- i$ 91 1<br />
m^u 131<br />
I<br />
^ 873a, 873<br />
Tsai'<br />
Isar<br />
K£^mi^&±m^ 'iT?^ 129a<br />
15 ?K A 916<br />
Ts'a?<br />
It JEJC ^ 349A, 932a, S. 431<br />
I iiC ^ ^ 568, fi2lA .<br />
I JEJC -fir fj\<br />
I<br />
m-XS. 922<br />
I Sfe ^'v IM 374a<br />
S. 82r> to 826<br />
I Sic ,il^ :!: ^ 371<br />
I iC^ if. Ei ^ S. 825 to 826<br />
I iife W ^ P)T •'^70<br />
m^J^909.<br />
Ts'ai^<br />
mwiikrt^^mn 591, s. r>si<br />
3^ ;ij siv?<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
7<br />
Wl t 382b<br />
Tsan^<br />
#§ IR 79, 382b, 391, S. 370 to 394<br />
#906<br />
^ 11^ 752a, 800<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
'1^826, 851a<br />
'#'r663<br />
/IIF752A<br />
Ts'an^<br />
[<br />
INDEX<br />
1^<br />
^ ^J 982<br />
I ||g 165a, 283, 284, 683<br />
I t$<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I ^g<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
1 T-<br />
I M<br />
-R- 696, S. 128 to 149. 435<br />
1^- ^ 275, 285a, 341, 351, 423, 442,<br />
474<br />
3Si752A<br />
658, j 659, 722, 735, 737, 738,<br />
f/ 741, 874<br />
fim697,699<br />
Sl^lg. i|699<br />
m t 184L, 662, 756, 812a<br />
lj^;/c^^712<br />
93. .<br />
286, 341a,<br />
to 149<br />
396, 443, «92, S. 128<br />
I IJJ -f- 526<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I -^<br />
m t 822, S. 369a, 42UB, 435<br />
^ ^ 520, 822<br />
316, 318, 322, 805, 867, 879, 880<br />
907, S. 907<br />
I K :;^^<br />
I ® jcJc ^ :^ E 1-13<br />
E 867, 879, 880<br />
Ts'an^<br />
mmtu^ m 617b, 770D<br />
i ^ ^ 601, 602<br />
13)^456<br />
^EE915<br />
I (tf^499<br />
I ^*^627<br />
]<br />
Tsang^<br />
Tsang*
Ik ^-562<br />
m ?^ ^ 566<br />
m » 'U m n 563<br />
Ts'ang^<br />
;^ (^ 826, 844b, Sn(),«5lA, 853, 857<br />
m Fj S. 808<br />
^ 'M 654a.<br />
mm&<br />
86. 95<br />
Ts'ang"<br />
Tsao*<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
;S^^ 57315<br />
I ^'|g573A<br />
r g\\ mm 1^208, 208a<br />
I U 5">S, 735, 755, 7!)8, 791). 8:»3.<br />
I M<br />
894<br />
& W 755<br />
I S«:^798<br />
I rF¥216<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
, I #<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
\ WMSi<br />
I<br />
I i^<br />
1<br />
# m 573a<br />
# IP 279<br />
puns<br />
3] 65, 88, 122, 798<br />
-^S 216<br />
^857<br />
m 283<br />
# ^ 805, S. 907<br />
^ IE 68<br />
^a'go<br />
207A<br />
?^ ^ ">73b<br />
S. 749<br />
m n 23(i<br />
fe )fi ^ 851b, 853a, 855a, 857a, 8d8a<br />
I %]<br />
I M4i»,<br />
I It<br />
1<br />
851b, 858, 858 A<br />
726, 746, 871,874<br />
851b, 8.-)S, 85SA<br />
l^^lfi<br />
Tso^<br />
^Amm 565<br />
I m H ^ # 5155<br />
I ^ 162b, 535, S. 368a,<br />
826<br />
3(;-;)a, 825 to<br />
[<br />
INDEX<br />
Ixil<br />
• #<br />
'£ 835A<br />
^ 835a<br />
^ ^ 105<br />
I « 1-105<br />
I ^^82<br />
I '^ f^ S. 436D<br />
Ts'o-<br />
Tsoii*<br />
Tsiiaii^<br />
Mmmm :>^& 820b<br />
I ft<br />
94, 139, 177A, 180, 19.0, 205a, 393,<br />
m M 86, 89<br />
f^849A<br />
461a, S. 458<br />
mm^ ^fl8i<br />
]<br />
Tsui^<br />
Ts'ui'<br />
Ts'iii^<br />
Tsun^
Ts'uir<br />
# * ^ ^ 62lB, 627a<br />
j-i» W iE SB, oil<br />
JE # ^. .->(i<br />
Tsung^<br />
jE d? 5BR S. 58, 59<br />
/It S. 62<br />
Ji 57<br />
m 717<br />
A 60, f.l<br />
A flsf<br />
"'6<br />
^57<br />
^ 35 A<br />
f^ 933, S. 57<br />
fill) 827a<br />
^39, 215a, 21SA, 21!tA, 759, 944<br />
m^BAmM^ ^ ^ 5836,<br />
717a<br />
^ # ^ 99<br />
:^f^3® 124<br />
j^^S. 431<br />
S If S. 479<br />
its 778<br />
'^^<br />
I ^ 751<br />
I 7?; 93a<br />
I ig^653<br />
I fSc^<br />
252, 712<br />
I tj: g -g- 252, 514<br />
1<br />
Tsung^<br />
g 'U 525a, 529, 633<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.<br />
[<br />
Ixiii<br />
if. m m 222, 7G2<br />
w:mBm^ 222<br />
tt «f? ^ H 703A, S. 222<br />
m ^ t
*8ia<br />
m<br />
m<br />
m<br />
m<br />
188,<br />
1<br />
411,<br />
792,<br />
mm<br />
mm<br />
^w<br />
nm<br />
305<br />
835b<br />
574, 632, 654a, 754,<br />
770, 770a, 77lA, 772, 774, 775,<br />
783,<br />
S. 77<br />
Mm<br />
#gi<br />
^"lii<br />
#®<br />
XfS<br />
739<br />
H 317, 332<br />
-^ 1- 317, 332<br />
m bI 332<br />
W «^ 332<br />
I}! ^332<br />
^ -B r,76<br />
811A, 812b, 83oB,<br />
T^: E 905<br />
mm^^n^so<br />
-X E 930<br />
% PI 30.-,, 930<br />
^393<br />
H 113<br />
J^ 276, 305b<br />
m 257<br />
102, H6, 155, 158, 160A, 162b,<br />
163a, 181, 1-85M, 1S8, 246, 252,<br />
273, 305, 369A, 425b, 430b, 520,<br />
535,537,54"3,547, 548, 632a, 697,<br />
699, 700, 709, 711a, 713a, 779,<br />
780, 781, 782, 783, 785, 790, 792,<br />
805a, 806b, 80(;a, 812a, 828,<br />
901, S. 108, 335 to 338, 3(i8A,<br />
373, 479a, o23b, (;52a, 825 to<br />
826<br />
•g- 669, (•.74, G77<br />
% ^ 76<br />
751, 751a, b, S. 753<br />
M. % 849a<br />
m *II849<br />
m PJi 773<br />
tC 163c<br />
'<br />
INDEX<br />
m ^ 305<br />
Ift -^^ pj 254, 255<br />
mm^^ 254<br />
5]#^^f^^S^102<br />
%t^M-»i 266<br />
mm 'Mm m x s isoa<br />
Hg 94, 139, 165A, 167, 190, 205A,<br />
393<br />
S si 696a<br />
m m t «62<br />
#818<br />
^. 177a, 17!», 180, 190, 205A, 393,<br />
404a, 625a, S. 458<br />
M -g" 461a<br />
^Mm 564<br />
^ 525a, B, 531, 829a<br />
MV-"^ 525a<br />
U 661, 737, 738, 73li, 741, 742.<br />
•g- 658, 749, 803, 819a, 820, 82lA<br />
S. 763<br />
m 'f 661 set' a ^<br />
m i^ l-'ia, 604a, S. 155<br />
m^%kt m<br />
s. 155<br />
J^ ^ 535, 766B, 816A, 828, 83lA, B,<br />
839a, 840a, S. 825 to 826<br />
m t] 398<br />
M If, 184E, S. 376 to, 39 4<br />
|g 752E<br />
i^S. j§ g] 270<br />
M^ ^ n] 273, S. 273<br />
^ S, 965<br />
[ Ixiv ]<br />
{^t m t i22B<br />
Tsung*<br />
Ts'mig"<br />
J
Tu^<br />
OF CHINKSE CHARACTERS.
± ^ m ?f ^<br />
INDEX
af 392<br />
I ^J 583, 625, 658, 713, 794, 849a,<br />
850a, 852, 854, 882, 892<br />
1 ^^11267<br />
I<br />
I ^<br />
I<br />
I<br />
^ P ^ 253<br />
;;^ gi 820B<br />
^f 778, 779, 781<br />
*3=849a<br />
I ^"K-^ISA<br />
T'ung-<br />
p] ^ 795a, to D, 849, 849a, 850a, 852,<br />
I<br />
I<br />
1 x^m^io<br />
8o3a, 854, 861a, 894<br />
H 835a<br />
3: <strong>of</strong> 311,930a<br />
5: #940<br />
I it ± {ti ^ 593c, 629c, 631<br />
I<br />
I 25: -# ^ DIP 940<br />
*^629<br />
mTVWj 859<br />
i"'iir.g'^<br />
ff tf M 15-ls, 5- 128 to 12?<br />
I m^ I'il, 162, 347, 364, 385, 454,<br />
I<br />
I<br />
470, 489, 796B, S. 108, 431,<br />
4361<br />
m m 163b, 429<br />
ft ig 504a<br />
I SSI] t<br />
661<br />
I ^M859<br />
I «S<br />
(661, 706, 707, 734,735,742,<br />
I ^g -g- 1 797, S. 97, 753<br />
I ^ 5j^ -fc f*. 655<br />
i m<br />
& J^i 552<br />
Tzu^<br />
^ i^ 1% 164, 165a, 167<br />
I ^?^mi< 167<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.<br />
[<br />
Ixvii<br />
^i^l^1^»W^165A<br />
i^ 1^ ^ m 165A<br />
^ :^ ^ 945<br />
fS Billies<br />
Ki M ^ ^ ^ 173<br />
H I" 182, 302, 405, 423A, 535,<br />
S. 186, 369A<br />
m li 805<br />
^^ 159b, 652<br />
gg ^1^428,716<br />
g [^ 6o6A, 659<br />
mm II 430<br />
:^ ^ ^ S A 688<br />
'-f 944<br />
^@948<br />
I •& 984<br />
I m<br />
I ^gl^S.<br />
^ S. 137A<br />
137<br />
Tzii^<br />
Tzu*<br />
g f§ 525, 525a, B, 526, 527, B27A<br />
I f^<br />
I f§<br />
I JS<br />
I f^<br />
m # 525A, B, 526<br />
!|3E .^ •525A, B, 526<br />
tf Sfe 526<br />
|& Et >i:j 525A<br />
f§ ^ A 526<br />
I<br />
I f^ JiJf ^ P/l 518, 527A<br />
Tz'u^<br />
M^B] 376a, 381<br />
I ^ ^ S. 376 to 394<br />
I<br />
^8.376<br />
fa He S; 1930 to 200c<br />
I rff5 376<br />
^ ^658<br />
M it 851, 855<br />
]<br />
Tz'u*
^i^m'^&umsi<br />
SJ?97, 718<br />
M88<br />
^^ 850<br />
s. 7o8f<br />
lit 498<br />
m^^M, 625<br />
g =p a 752G<br />
m iG ^®> 752H<br />
^ ^ 274, 305a, 305b, 930<br />
i^ U tm:k.^ 277, 305c<br />
Sg-Bf^»t-^:^E 277, 305D<br />
^ :A: g. S. 128 to 129<br />
m 958<br />
^^^1#618a<br />
I ^,<br />
Wan^<br />
f^ 577. r,05, t;i9A, 620, S. C20<br />
m i! ^ # 773B<br />
I liftliitt587<br />
Wan^<br />
I Bimi^^-t790A<br />
Wang^<br />
3E 13, 16, 17, 41, 4lA, 305, 863a, 873,<br />
I<br />
895, 906, 915, S. 1<br />
-t f] 495<br />
ilaftc97<br />
I<br />
J ;^ S 305<br />
I<br />
1<br />
fiM3<br />
:<br />
71S, 897<br />
iE & ^ 748<br />
SlJ & ^ 748<br />
1 ^^:g748<br />
Wei^<br />
[<br />
INDEX<br />
Ixviii<br />
mm 738<br />
k<br />
Wei^<br />
m # p m- mm mm gj 259<br />
St 799<br />
f: ^ I& fig 89<br />
mi .^ iK 735<br />
mmi^m 735<br />
iii^^ioo<br />
± lU 70, 104d, 493, 495a<br />
m i5| 1^ 728, 746<br />
l^^fiH ^734<br />
SK- ^89, 94, 94a<br />
:^ S, m -* 89<br />
g] E 82<br />
;^ ip ^ 799<br />
^E aij 90<br />
?* 4t :^ 725<br />
181, 246, 251, G97, S05A, 812a,<br />
70, S. 3G9A, 373, 832<br />
Wei*<br />
A })S 965<br />
% ^ 680, 704, 705<br />
834<br />
^ 702<br />
J£ :§: 702<br />
:R- @ 702<br />
^ ^ 504b<br />
^ M 510a, 859<br />
:^ # fi: M 709<br />
:^ ^ 'J^ 7 15c<br />
!^ ^ 346a, 840a, S. 427, 436H<br />
^ f 648<br />
^B]346<br />
^Yen'<br />
^ (118,310 393,520,642,690,<br />
1 ^ f 697, 709, 712, 822<br />
^^ 422a, 514, 778, 7'"<br />
]
:5: ^ ^^ S. 368a<br />
^ m 805a<br />
^ -^''^ 5«S<br />
^ "m<br />
!«? ^ 778, 824<br />
WJ 335<br />
#;^^537<br />
581, 65210<br />
m -T 967<br />
lU 945<br />
m mmt seo<br />
^ Fj 754<br />
fS 5- M 754<br />
^ lig; M 754<br />
g: f.^ 7(Jf>B<br />
^ ^ 625A<br />
33^ 827A<br />
m ^ €52, 755, 766b, 782, SJ3A, 840a<br />
m J}^ 504a, 805a<br />
\% M. 525a, 52ob, 526<br />
M ^580<br />
m m 850<br />
Wen^<br />
WW<br />
.^5 1 ?^ --(R M 885<br />
I m S .^ o !i? ¥ 744D, 871><br />
I<br />
M<br />
S. 207a<br />
m m. ^ EK ^ 89<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I<br />
.a Si w] m 77<br />
.i:9i4A<br />
^?iig982<br />
! *®lii'S2<br />
Ti m -^'-e T Ti ?ii?<br />
Wir<br />
OP CHINESE CHARACTEES.<br />
HE M t® ± 944A
•ffi m S. 279<br />
I fflS. 132<br />
Ya*<br />
Yang'<br />
# ^ Ji 832, 859, S. 832<br />
I<br />
I<br />
I iC,> ^<br />
l^^.^822<br />
W:E732<br />
86<br />
M ^ C07, 608<br />
S S @ m f^ 430<br />
^ ^ pJi 788a<br />
mm tG.9n<br />
'g- 206<br />
CS ^ :^ 15^.850<br />
^ it 841, S. 835<br />
835b<br />
M<br />
Yang''<br />
Yao^<br />
Yao*<br />
Yeh^<br />
Yen^<br />
pji 210a, 370, 406a, 410, 518, 527a,<br />
771, S. 221, 335 to 338, 398 to<br />
402, 403 to 466<br />
i^ H 835A<br />
^ 369a, S. 359a<br />
4> ffi S. 835c<br />
M ^ 835b<br />
± E 369, 835b<br />
m 835a<br />
M 835a<br />
it 835, 838, 841, S. 841<br />
t^ 835a<br />
INDEX<br />
li Ji it 84]
m<br />
m<br />
7C<br />
?l fl 970<br />
rp 984<br />
Yin^<br />
pJi S. 825 to 826<br />
*fe 1^ 551<br />
j^ S. 128 to 149<br />
Fj S filP 1 , , Q ,.-,2 ,„<br />
n *.- S. 123 to 149<br />
I<br />
542, r)42A, 550a, 792<br />
m^ff\ 568<br />
^ ^ 548<br />
549, 550a<br />
7], 72, 77, 497<br />
& W{ A "8a<br />
928<br />
M 859<br />
Yin^<br />
Yin*<br />
?* 0^721<br />
?* '^ :^ 724<br />
^ ^ 497<br />
?£ ^ M S. S25 to 826<br />
B\ n 158<br />
m M 368, S. 859<br />
mn 103b<br />
#S^ 958<br />
3'^ m^mf^ 587<br />
I<br />
5:f^627<br />
mm so<br />
I fflfbf^n59i<br />
Yiiie^<br />
Ying^<br />
i^ 103d, 656c, f. 703, 706, 707, 749,<br />
I<br />
752b, S. 749, 753<br />
'g-S. 753<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.<br />
i^ II S] 345, 460a<br />
l|82<br />
5] 82<br />
it,<br />
il<br />
[ Ixxi ]<br />
737, 741, 753<br />
^ 706U, 805A, 824, 824A<br />
m ^ 822<br />
^ 343a<br />
^504d<br />
14- S. 368a<br />
Yu^<br />
a W iS # 592b<br />
a 6$ la M 14 618c<br />
i^ I5ili la ^ ^ 618, 618b<br />
% 582a, 631<br />
% ^ 628, 629a<br />
% Sl 582a, 631<br />
^ 652e, 716<br />
1 ^ 752b, 800<br />
IS ^ p;i<br />
M ft it- 850<br />
St S- 796a<br />
:fr ft it 850<br />
;f^ 752b<br />
Yu^<br />
S. 800<br />
i^ ^ li W 652, 652b<br />
^ ^ !li 1^ ^ 652<br />
f^^ ^ S§ n^ S *^ M f4 >. G52<br />
^ 752b<br />
5)2 ^ 1^ ^ 652a<br />
^Wmv^ 052a<br />
'i: ff^ ^ Fj 273<br />
SJC glj a ^^ 273<br />
ifiC ff] 479, S. 479<br />
"^A a Fj 850<br />
f^ lig. #? 273, S. 273<br />
^ 11 822, 839a<br />
f^§!!274, 472<br />
I
iU (IS p^; E S. 128 to 149<br />
I<br />
fg*f788<br />
U(573A<br />
573b<br />
282<br />
Efc<br />
SA 227, 227a<br />
M ^ 573b<br />
M ^ 573b<br />
^ m, 573A<br />
Yu*<br />
SIJ SP ^ A 209, 209A<br />
1=1 tS:<br />
i Tit<br />
n<br />
735, 755, 798, 799, 89ii, 89t<br />
^ 'g^ 559<br />
Hlf ^ W3t 735<br />
IS f 755<br />
M ^ 798<br />
^ 216<br />
573 a<br />
IK 280<br />
119<br />
66, 88, 122, 798<br />
^216<br />
857<br />
lifl 284<br />
K 805, S. 907<br />
JESD<br />
A 61<br />
fP It 207b, 820<br />
?£ 573B<br />
1^ 236,v<br />
(^) # 575<br />
af ) ^ 675<br />
g] 447<br />
^m^ 756<br />
gf ^ 5] 4bOA<br />
Yie<br />
INDEX<br />
^ t* S S. 99<br />
Yii-^
^ -g S. 128 to 149<br />
I ^ 236, 236a<br />
I f^<br />
2;i5, S. 128 to 149<br />
mmm^^ s33a<br />
m ^ 67!)<br />
I<br />
SiJH87<br />
*t339<br />
I<br />
m^±& 629c<br />
P)t J86A<br />
^ I<br />
I #^654a<br />
/<br />
Yiieh'<br />
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.<br />
[<br />
Ixxiii<br />
Yiiun'<br />
^E-S. 191<br />
g m St 9
SOURCES OF INFORMATION.<br />
^«?'anq^ (Captain <strong>of</strong> Cavalry <strong>of</strong> the Zaamur District) :<br />
and Khalkha " :<br />
second vokime, " Mong(>lia."<br />
" Barga<br />
" Researches in Manchuria and MongoHa ";<br />
Harbin, 1905.<br />
By the same author: "Dictionary <strong>of</strong> Mongolian Expressions"<br />
(11th volume <strong>of</strong> "Researches in Manchuria and Mongolia.")<br />
Harbin, 1907.<br />
A. A. Bator sky : " Short Military, Statistical and Descriptive<br />
Treatise on Mongolia"; Parts I and II (originally published<br />
in the " Magazine <strong>of</strong> Geographical, Topographical and<br />
Statistical Researches in Asia," Nos. 37 ;ind 48); edition<br />
issued -by the Instruction Committee <strong>of</strong> the General Staff,<br />
St. Petersburg,<br />
1889 and 1891.<br />
V. V. Hac/elstrom^ (Student-interpreter <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Russian<br />
.By*<br />
Legation, Peking): "Confucianism in 1906-1907: The<br />
Descendant <strong>of</strong> Confucius, K'ung Ling-i." St. Petersburg,<br />
1909.<br />
the same author :<br />
" A Short Description <strong>of</strong> the Judicial<br />
Establishments <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong>" (published in the " Chinese Good<br />
News" <strong>of</strong> the 28th May, 1909, issues Nos. 7 and 8).<br />
John Zakharow (teacher <strong>of</strong> Mancliu at the Imperial <strong>University</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> St. Petersburg): "Complete Manchu-Russian Dictionary."<br />
St. Petersburg, 1875.<br />
The Monk lahhinf (Bichurine): Civil and Moral Aspect <strong>of</strong><br />
By<br />
(^hina." St. Petersburg, 1848.<br />
"<br />
Description <strong>of</strong> Peking" (translated, from<br />
the same author :<br />
the Chinese). Peking, 1906.<br />
A manuscript: " Sketch <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Political</strong> <strong>Organization</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong>."<br />
[ Ixxiv ]
SOURCES OF INFORMATION.<br />
A. von Landesen and P. Shknrkine (active members <strong>of</strong> the<br />
"<br />
Society <strong>of</strong> Russian Orientalists ") :<br />
" Reference Book <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>China</strong>";, vohmie ,<br />
Harbin, 1909.<br />
Stephan Lipovtzev :<br />
I, "Section <strong>of</strong> General Information."<br />
" Institutes <strong>of</strong> the Chinese Colonial Office "<br />
(translated from the Manchu); two vohniies. St. Petersburoc,<br />
1828.<br />
Z. Matussovsky :<br />
St. Petersburg, 1888.<br />
''<br />
Geog;raphical Review <strong>of</strong> the Chinese Empire."<br />
Archimandrite Palladium (late Chief <strong>of</strong> the Russian Ecclesias-<br />
tical Mission at Pekinor) and P. S. Pop<strong>of</strong>F (Senior<br />
Interpreter <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Russian Legation at Peking) :<br />
" Chinese-Russian Dictionary "; two volumes. Peking, 1888.<br />
A. Pozdneef : " Mongolia and the Mongols. Results <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Journey to Mongolia, 1892—1893." Volume I ; Diary and<br />
Itinerary, 1892. St. Petersburg, 1896. Volume II ;<br />
Diary and Itinerary, 1893. St. Petersburg, 1898,<br />
D. Pokotil<strong>of</strong>f : " Ou T'al and its Past" (Memoirs <strong>of</strong> the Imperial<br />
Russian Geographical Society, section <strong>of</strong> General Geograp'uy,<br />
22nd volume. No. 2). St. Petersburg, 1893.<br />
<strong>Organization</strong><br />
" The C'hinese Army<br />
" (" Researches in ^Manchuria, Mongolia and<br />
Polumordcin<strong>of</strong>f (C-aptain <strong>of</strong> Cavalry) :<br />
<strong>China</strong>," issue No. 21). Harbin, 1908.<br />
By the same author: " The Chinese Army :<br />
JBy<br />
tion and -<strong>Organization</strong> "<br />
Military Administra-<br />
(" Researches in Manchuria,<br />
]\Iono;olia and <strong>China</strong>" ; issue No. 22). Harbin, 1908.<br />
the same author :<br />
" The Chinese Army ; Troops<br />
<strong>of</strong> the<br />
Hsiin-fang-tui (^ategory ; Military Equipment" ("Researches<br />
in Manchuria, Mongolia and <strong>China</strong> " ; i«sue No.<br />
26). Harbin, 1908.<br />
P. S. Pop<strong>of</strong>f :<br />
'' The Central Government <strong>Organization</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong><br />
and Branches <strong>of</strong> the Administration." St. Petersburg,<br />
1903. Supplement, 1909.<br />
[ Ixxv ]
SOURCES OF IXFORMATiON.<br />
Colonel Fntiata : " Armed Forces <strong>of</strong> Chiiui and tue Principles <strong>of</strong>:<br />
Military Science as Interpreted by the Ancients " ("Magazine<br />
<strong>of</strong> Geographical, Topographical and Statistical Resear-<br />
ches in Asia" ; issue No. 39). St. Petersburg, 1889.<br />
Bv the same author: "<strong>China</strong>" ("Magazine <strong>of</strong> Geographical^<br />
Topographical and Statistical Kesearches in Asia " ; issue<br />
No. 59). St. Petersburg, 1895.<br />
A. Spitzyne: "Administrative <strong>Organization</strong> ot Manchuria"<br />
(article in the "Messenger <strong>of</strong> Asia " ;<br />
No. 2, October, 1909).<br />
V. N. ran Sliarenher(/-Shorlentcr (First Lieutenant) : " Short<br />
Dictionary <strong>of</strong> Military and Naval Words and Expressions<br />
<strong>of</strong> Contemporaneous Chinese." Peking, 1910.<br />
± m ^'t fi^- m m ^ Ta^ Ch'ing^ Kuang^ 3Isu^ Hsin^<br />
Fa^ Ling' : Collection <strong>of</strong> New Laws and Commands Issued<br />
during the Peign <strong>of</strong> the ICmperor Kuang Hsu (during the<br />
Period 1901-1908). 20 j]}}- Ts'e', volumes. Edition issued<br />
by the j§j ff PH ^- It Shangi Wu^ Yin^ Shu^ Kuan^,<br />
Shanghai, 1908.<br />
:/c yf a 1^ i? Vi ^"^ Ta^ Ch'ingi Bsliaui T'uug'' Hsin' Fa''<br />
Ling*<br />
: (-'ollection <strong>of</strong> New Laws and Commands Issued<br />
daring the Peign <strong>of</strong> Ilsiian T'ung (during the period 1909-<br />
1911). 27 ^}\ Ts'e', volumes (in course <strong>of</strong> issue). Edition<br />
issued by the j^j f^ |^[J ^ f^ Shan4^ Wu^ Yia^ Sluii<br />
Kuan% Shanghai, 1909-1911.<br />
M M M T/ ililj 11 K'angi Nan- Hai^* Kuan^ Chili* I*: Discussion<br />
<strong>of</strong> Jianks, by K'ang Yu-wci. Edition issued by the<br />
MW % J^ Kuang^ Chih* Shu* Chii^ Shanghai, 1906.<br />
Wl ® ^fi ^ ?i; CMi'ing^ Kuo- Hsini Cheng' Fa* : Administrative<br />
<strong>Organization</strong> <strong>of</strong> the Chinese, Empire ; second edition.<br />
Issued by the M ^ ^ ^ Kuang- Chih' Shu^ Chii^<br />
Shanghai, 1906.<br />
[<br />
Ixxvi<br />
]
mmW^r^M.mm'M<br />
C^hih"* T'ung'<br />
SOCJtCES or INFORMATION.<br />
CU'lncvi Kuo-^ Hsin^ Kal= Cliili^ Tsu^<br />
Piao^ : Table <strong>of</strong> Ngav <strong>Political</strong> Oro-anizations<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong>. Compiled in a form indicated by '^ |^ ^f, Hu^<br />
Wei--tc-, Chinese Minister to Tokyo, 1909.<br />
i^ ^ ;^ ;# # H Ch'in^ Ting* Ta^ (<br />
li'ing^<br />
lliii^ Tien^:<br />
Collected Institutes <strong>of</strong> the Ta Ch'ing Dynasty (ajiproved by<br />
the Emperor).<br />
fC ^ m if^ if P -f m Cli'in' Ting^ CUiingi Shang'<br />
Shih- (,'himg^ : New<br />
Hsin^ Lii*<br />
Commercial Laws Sanctioned by the<br />
Emperor, in 10 Categories. Edition issued by the 4tl W<br />
W$ II ^ Pei^ Hsin^ 1* Shu^ Chip, Peking, 1906.<br />
fC ^ iiv( ffi? if "^ t'J^'i"' Ting* Hsiui^ Ching^ Hsin^ Chang^ :<br />
New Police llegulations Sanctioned by the Emperor.<br />
Two jj} Ts'e*, volumes.<br />
§i^M^ M M ^-h'"^' '^^^S' Changi Ch'eng2 Lei^ Tsuan^' :<br />
Collection <strong>of</strong> Rules and Pegulations Sanctioned bv the<br />
Emperor. Five ^ Ts'e*, volumes. Edition issued by the<br />
ft ^fi ^ II ^ Pci^ Hsin' P Shu^ Chd^ Peking, .1908.<br />
M*^—MM<br />
SOURCES OF INFORMATION.<br />
f\^mWl^1^m
KenneUt/ :<br />
SOUP.CES OF IXFORMATION.<br />
" M. llichard's Comprehensive Geography <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Chinese Empire and Dependencies (Transhited into English,<br />
revised and enlarged by ). Shanghai, 1908.<br />
Mmjers, JfiUiani Fre/lrrick : " The Chinese Government." A<br />
Manual ot" Chinese Titles categorically arranged and<br />
explained, with an appendix. Third Edition (revised by<br />
G. Playfair). Shanghai, 1896.<br />
Mayers^ S. F. (Assistant (Chinese Secretary, H.B.M's. Legation,<br />
Peking) : " List <strong>of</strong> the Higher Metro^^olitap and Provincial<br />
Authorities <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong>." (Compiled by<br />
the Chinese Secre-<br />
taries H.B.M's. Legation, Peking). Shanghai, 1908.<br />
Morse^ Hosfa Ballon (A. B., Harvard ; Member H. A, S.,<br />
Eni;land ; Commissioner <strong>of</strong> Customs and Statistical Secre-<br />
tary,<br />
I. G. <strong>of</strong> f^ustoms, <strong>China</strong>) :<br />
" The Tradn and<br />
Administration uf the Chinese Empire." Shanghai, 1908.<br />
" A Chinese Prommciation Dictionarv in Peking<br />
Ohum<strong>of</strong>o :<br />
Dialect." Fifth Edition. Tokvo, 1907.<br />
Parker^ E. H. : " <strong>China</strong>. Her History, Diplomacy and<br />
(/Ommerce from the Earliest Times to the <strong>Present</strong> <strong>Day</strong>."<br />
Second Edition. London, 1901.<br />
yVyy, A. Thenphile : "Manuel de Laiigai' Mandarine ou<br />
Recueil Idcologique en Chinois, Francais et Anglais des<br />
termes, locutions et idiotismes de la Langue Mandarine du<br />
Nord (Texte Anglais par M. Ch. H. Oliver, M.A.).<br />
Shanghai, 1895.<br />
fViniams, S. Wells : " The Middle Kingdom. A Survey <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Geography, Government, Literature, Social Life, Arts and<br />
History <strong>of</strong> the Chinese Empire and its Inhabitants."<br />
Revised edition. In t\vo volumes. New York, 1904.<br />
[ Ixxix ]
extiiacts fkom cluticisms <strong>of</strong> the kussian edition <strong>of</strong><br />
"The Pkesent <strong>Day</strong> <strong>Political</strong> <strong>Organization</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong>."<br />
(^Trnnsliition.')<br />
It is with great iileasKre we note, and heartily welcome, tlie niipeaiance <strong>of</strong><br />
this creditable work, produced by the coiiiliiiied effort <strong>of</strong> H. S. Bruimert and V. V.<br />
Hagelstroni, former s^tudonts <strong>of</strong> the Department <strong>of</strong> Oriental Liiiiguage<<br />
<strong>of</strong> St.<br />
Petersburg Uiiiveraiiy, with the active and intelligent assistance <strong>of</strong> the Chinese<br />
Secretary <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Russian Legation at Peking.<br />
We venture to say vvith confuience that in the list <strong>of</strong> works <strong>of</strong> this kind,<br />
enumeiated by the authors in their "Source? <strong>of</strong> Information," the present volume,<br />
\\\ the abundance, variety and up-to-dateness <strong>of</strong> the information supfilie
KolCfMiff. out (ituriie avcc uii sohi extietiie lorganisation ])oliti les iiiiiov;iti(His y out ete iudiquee? ; pour beuucoup<br />
d'entre ellfs on a note<br />
lu date exacte ou elles ont ete piomultruees et on a cite le texte du deciet qui les a<br />
institiieea : 11 v a lii uiie foule de renseignements que. d^s maintenant, on aurait de<br />
l!i peine a retrouver et que plus tard Thigtoiien recueillera precieusement. Nous<br />
frouhaitons tr&s viveinent que cet ouvrage soit traduit en une langue accessible a<br />
un phis grand nombre de lecteurs que le rnsse : d'autre part nous voudrious y voir<br />
ajouter Findication dei* mots mandchous qui entreat dans la composition d'un<br />
assez grand nombre de litres et qui sf)nt sinipleuient tranecris en chinois.— T'oun;/<br />
l-'ao. Decembre 1910, No. 5.<br />
. . . Only<br />
a sinologue <strong>of</strong> high st;indiiig would be justified in criticising the<br />
even the tyro to whom<br />
work <strong>of</strong> Messrs. Brunnert and Hagelstroui ; whereas<br />
transliterations <strong>of</strong> ideographs are but meaningless sounds can .see at a glance that<br />
in this Russian publication the authors and compilers have successfully accom-<br />
plished an almost colossal task <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>ound and tireless erudition. Their work<br />
appears to be in the most literal sense an exhaustive one <strong>of</strong> reference in which all<br />
the essential data in any way connected with Chinese metropolitan and provincial<br />
fcXcative and administrative institutions inny be ascertained at a glance. The<br />
volume consists <strong>of</strong> four sections, with appendices, an index, a key to the Chinese<br />
readings, a list <strong>of</strong> authorities, and errata. The first section deals with the Emperor<br />
and Imperial House, the metropolitan governmental<br />
institutions other than<br />
Ministries. The second comprises the Ministries, police, banks, mints, Customs,<br />
temples, education, census, libraries, military<br />
and .naval matters. The third<br />
treats <strong>of</strong> the Metropolitan Province and Manchuria, and the provincial administra-<br />
tion and colonial possessions <strong>of</strong> <strong>China</strong> ; while the fourth deals with such subjects<br />
as otiicials despatched on special missions, institutions reformed or abolished,<br />
honourable ranks, herediUry and honourable titles, posthumous ranks and titles,<br />
rewards, ordere, etc.<br />
It is a pity that a work <strong>of</strong> such comprehensive scope must remain a sealed<br />
book to the majority <strong>of</strong> English readers, who would otherwise, at a juncture like<br />
the present, be eager to avail themselves <strong>of</strong> the most up-to-date information<br />
regarding the Chinese movement in the direction <strong>of</strong> constitutional reform. Tlias<br />
in the first section are described the new Chinese rarliameut to be opened in 1913,<br />
the Imperial Council, the Imperial ('bHUcellery. the Committee <strong>of</strong> Ministers, the<br />
Constitutional Keforms Commission, the Constitutional Chamber and Provincial<br />
AC isory Committees, the Commission on Legislative Keforms, the Anti-Opium<br />
Commission, the General Staff, the Committee on Fleet Re-organization and the<br />
Chief Naval Administration and in the second ; part will be found much valuable<br />
materia) concernin.g the old-style and modern Chinese armies, the Chinese lleet,<br />
Courts and prisons, agriculture, railways, telegraphs and telephones. The intrinsic<br />
usefulness <strong>of</strong> all this classified matter to the specialist is enhanced by the fact<br />
that in every<br />
instance the authors have been careful to furnish the Chinese<br />
termincdogy with a Russian trausliteration.<br />
Before taking leave <strong>of</strong> a really monumental piece <strong>of</strong> work which mav<br />
justly be said to represent the last word
'lv<br />
^ \-^^/,.^./<br />
//<br />
,/
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