Present Day Political Organization of China. - University of Oregon

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Presented to the
LIBRARY of the
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
by
Professor John L.
Cranmer-B^mg

PRESENT DAY
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
OF CHINA
BY
H. S. BRFlfNERT AND V. V. HaGELSTKOM
8TUDENT-INTERPRETER8 OF THE
IMPERIAL RUSSIAN LEGATION, PEIPING
REVISED BY
N. Th. KOLE880FF
CHINESE SECRETARY OF THE
IMPERIAL RUSSIAN LEGATION, PEIPING
TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSIAN
WITH THE authors' S>"' TION
BY
A. BELT.CHP^NKO
H.I.K.M. CONSUL AT FOOCHOW ; AND
E. E. MORA^, Ph. B. (yale)
OF THE CHINESE IMPERIAL MARITIAIE CUSTOMS SERVICE

TRANSLATORS' NOTE.
Since the issue of the original edition of the "Present Day
PoUtical Organization of China," in May, I'JIO, numerous and varied
changes have been effected in China's government system. Many
establishments and posts have been abolished, such as the Grand
Secretariat and the Ministry of Civil Appointments ; others' have been
re-organized, while some have been neAvly-instituted,
Cabinet and the Privy Council.
'
^r instance, the
These changes and mocUfications, thanks to the untiring energy of
Messrs. Brunnert and Hagelgtrom, the joint-authors of the " Present
Day PoUtical Organization of China," have been incorporated in the
text of this translation or are separately treated in the Supplement.
The translatoi:s tender their heartiest thanks to Mr. H. S. Brunnert,
who fcindly checked the translation with the original text, and to
Mr. E. T. C. Werner, H. B. M. Consul at Foochow, for his kindly
interest in re-reading the manuscript.
FoocEow, ibth August, 1911.
A. BELTCHENKO.
E. MORAN.

PREFACE
" The activity for reform in China has of late become so intense that
it has affected varions branches of the Government, and the old
organization of the State—an inheritance of grey antiquity — is gradually
making way for another, based, for the most part, on principles brought
to China from other countries.
" An Imperial Edict stated that it was necessary for China to become
a Constitutional State and, conforming to this, there began a radical
demoUtion of existing institutions or their adjustment to a new govern-
jnent organization.
The system of competitive examinations for literary
degrees, held periodically, existing long since, was abolished, and the
G-overnment is now occupied in the organization of a net of schools,
where the younger generation may study sciences as in Europe, America
and Japan.
" There is being gradually introduced the principle of separation of
judicial and administrative authorities and throughout the whole of
China new judicial establishments are making their appearance, organized
on the European model.
"The Police have been organized on new lines and the prisons
reformed.
" With the object of strengthening the national power there is being
carried out a scheme for the organization of an army, and measures are
being taken to re-create a navy.
" The Bannermen, up to now .a favoured class, are being gradually
placed on an equal footing with the mass of the population and are, bit
by bit, losing the privileges obtained three centuries ago.
" In the various towns and villages the Government is striving by
every means to inculcate the principles of local self-government.

" The population is acquainted with the principles of representative
government and an assembly of the people has been called, in the
beginning to he a deliberative organization,
government affairs.
for the discussion of
'* The whole country watches with strained attention the activity of
the Government in its efforts for the enlargement and improvement of
means of communication, the fostering of industry and commerce, the
reinforcement of the. colonization on the borders, and, finally,
its measures
looking towards the placing of the controj of the finances of the Empire
in the hands of one responsible establishment— the Ministry of Finance.
" In connection with general reforms the Grovernment is materializing
a practice of centralization of power and abolition of that abnormal
phenomenon, liistorically formed, by which the highest provincial official
was its full and irresponsible master and ruler, to the Central Govern-
ment appertaining a general supervision and the right of appointment of
provincial officials only. At the same time there is observed on the
part of thf> Chinese Government a policy of entire re-organization of the
go^'ernn Hht of the dependencies, looking towards their gradual conver-
sion into actual provinces of China.
"Although all the proposed reforms are, so far, not completed,
nevertheless, the achievement in this direction has greatly altered the
political organization of the country. Many
institutions have been
entirely aboUslied, others have lieen re-organized on new lines, while
some have just been called into existence.
"For everyone interested in the life of China, and following
attentively all the reforms in progress, it is, of course, very interesting
and important to know, at least in general, the internal organization of
the old, the reformed, and the newly-organized institutions.
" Until lately there was no dearth of works in European languages
furnishing copious information in this direction.
"
Every student of Chinese is acquainted, of course, with the well-
known work of W. F. Mayers, " The Chinese Government," a work
enjoying a well-deserved reputation in the sinological world and, as a
classic, unique in its genre, which, notwithstanding its small size, gives
in a very concise form a mass of information and acquaints the reader
with the government organization of China as it existed, with no
substantial changes, for a long period.
/

" A good sequel to the work of W. F. Mayers is " Melanges sur
rAdministration," by P. Hoang (from series " Varietes Sinologiques,")
which, though not a systematic exposition, gives much information
concerning the political organization of China, gathered
from Chinese
sources chiefly.
" It is to he regretted that both works mentioned abo\e, edited, the
first in 189(i (3rd edition) and the second in 1902, are now largely
obsolete and hence their use by persons unable to follow the reforms in
China presents great inconvenience.
" The Trade and Administration of the Chinese Empire," by
H. B. Morse, issued in 1908, a masterpiece in all other respects, where
the present government organization of China is treated, does nothing,
we regret to say, but disseminate the information already compiled by
W. F. Mayers, presenting nothing new in the literature on this subject.
"The articles "Pekinger Zentralregierung," by Dr. Hauer, and
"
Die Provianzial behorden," by Dr. Betz, in " Mittheilungen des Seminars
fiir Orientalische Sprachen an der Koniglichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-
Universitat zu Berlin, Jahrgang XII," are, so far as we are aware, the
first and only attempts to draw a general picture of the administrative
organization of China from the latest sources of iniormation.
"In Russia our venerable and respected sinologue. Professor
P. S. PopofT, following attentively all movements in China, did not
permit that part of which we are speaking to escape him and in his
work "Government Organization of China and Branches of. Adminis-
tration," St. Petersbui-g, 1903, Supplement, St. Petersburg, 1909, in a
compact form but, nevertheless, of sufficient fullness, tlie ordinary
reader (the book was chiefly intended for the use of the students of the
Professor— students of the Oriental Languages Section of the St.
Petersburg University) is • made
acquainted with the government
organization, as well as with the latest reforms affecting it.
" On the one hand, the obsoleteness of some works, on the other,
the insufficiency of the information supplied (for those who are
constrained to a close acquaintance of the complicated mechanism of
the government establishments of Cliina), encouraged us to devote part
of our leisure to the study, from Chinese sources, of the reforms
undertaken by China during the past ten years.
t

"As a result of our laboufs We notv present this book to the
judgment of Russian students of Chinese, whose remarks as to mistakes,
inexactitudes and imperfections in general will be gratefully received
and, should a subsequent edition be needed, taken into consideration.
" Invaluable assistance was rendered us by Mr. N. Th. Kolessoff,
Chinese Secretary of the Imperial Russian Legation, who not only
placed at our disposal his numerous manuscripts but, also, undertook
the heavy task of scrutinizing the text from beginning to end and
corrected numerous errors therein, for which we express our sincere and
grateful thanks.
" In conclusion we consider it our duty to express our gratitude to
Hia Excellency J. J. Korostovetz, Imperial Russian Envoy Extra-
ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, to whose keen interest and moral
support the issue of this volume is greatly due."
'Peking, 2Slh March, mo.
H. BRUNNERT.
V. HAGELSTROM.
i

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PART I :—The Emperor add the Imperial Court. Metrojjolitan
Government Establishments (Ministries excepted).
PAGK
The Emperor and the Imperial Court - - - 1
Establishment (Palace) of Princes of the Blood - - 10
Eunuchs - - - - - - la
The Imperial Clan Court - - ,
- - - 11
The Imperial Household -' - - - - 13
The Imperial Equipage Department
Regency ... -
-
.
-
-
-
-
3&
3^
Parliament - - - - - - 40
Council of State - - - - - 41
Grand Secretariat or Imperial Chancery
- - - 43
Committee of Ministers - - - - - 46,
Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional
Government ; Statistical and Information Bureaux - 47
The National Assembly and Provincial AssembUes - 52
Committee for Revising and Compiling Civil and Criminal
Codes - - - - - - 59^
General Staff of the Army
- - - - 61
Commission for the. Reorganization of the Na\y and the
. Naval
Council - - - - - 64
Commission for the Revision of the Banner Organization
The Anti-Opium Commission - - -
'
- 68
- 68
Committee in charge of Construction of the Imperial
Mausoleum " Ch'ung Ling " - - - - 70
Historiographical Commission ------
- - - - 71
The National - - - - -
Academy
72'
The Censorate
75
Supreme Court of Justice - - - - 79
Imperial Board of Astronomy
[
i
- - - - 82
]

TABLE OF (!()NTENTS.
PART I :— rtm/inued. pagk
The Imperial Medical Doijartmcnt
- - - 85
Board of Customs Control
-
• - - - 8G
The Imperial Maritime Customs - - - - 88
PART IT :—Ministries (Boards).
Ministries (Boards) in General - - - - 97
Ministry of Foreign Affairs - - - - 104
Ministry of Civil - - - -
Appointments
114
Ministry of the Interior - - - - -115
Ministry of Finance - - - - - 118
Ministry of Rites - - - - - 124
Ministry of Education - - - - - 131
Ministry of War Ministry
- - - - - 138
of Justice - - - --147
Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce - - 152
Ministry of Posts and Communications - - - 157
Ministry of l>ependencies
Police :
- - - - 160
- - - - - - 167
A. Afetropolitan Police - - - - 167
B. IVovincial Police - - - - 172
Police Schools - - - - - - 173
Local Self-government
- - - - - 174
Oeneral Census - - - - -- - 185
Committee for the Reorganization of the Financial Affairs
of the Empire
- - - - - 186
Branch Offices of the Committee for the Reorganization of
the I'inancial Affairs of the Empire
Banks (Government and others)
- - - 188
- - . - - 189
Mints - - - - - - 193
Head Office for the Collection of Excise on Native Opium - 194
Office of the Customs and Octroi of Peking at the Ch'ung
W^n Gate - . . - . . . 195
Native (Land) Customs - - - - - 196
Government Granaries- - -• - - - 196
Financial College
- - - i - 1 97
[ ii ]

PART II :— continued.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
page
Imperial Mau&olea - - - - - 198
Metropolitan Temples. — Sacrifices.— Buddhism, Taoism.
and Shamanism - - - - - 202
Education - - - - - -211
Elementary and Primary Schools - - - - 213
Middle Schools - - - - - - 218
Higher Schools
- .
- - - - - 220
Universities - - - - - - 223
Professional Schools - - - - -233
A. Agricultural Schools - - - - 236
/>. Schools of Trades and Handicrafts - - 238
C. Commercial Schools - - - - 241
D. Mercantile Marine Schools - - - 243
Normal Schools - - - - - 246
Special Schools
----- 253
Examinations and Literary Degrees - - - - 266
Administration of Schools - - - - 273
Chinese Students Abroad - - - - 278
Public Libraries ------
283
Military Forces of China - - - _ - 285
.1. Lu Chiin or Land Forces - - - 285
Military Ranks - - - - - - 289
Reviews of Troops
Committees for Drilling Troops
- - - - - 301
- - - 303
Military Prisons------ 306
Military Police (Gendarmerie)
B. Reserve Forces (Hsiin Fang Tui)-
- - u - 307
- 309
Mihtary Schools - - - - - - 312
Banner Forces - . - - - - - 323
The Old Chinese Army
- - - - - 337
Military Post Stations - - - - - 341
Office of Government Droves - - - - 343
Naval Forces of China - - - - - 344
Judicial Establishments and Prisons
[
iii
]
... 345

PART II :—conHnueiL
TABLR OF CONTENTS.
A. Shen P'an T'ing or .Judicial Establishments
B. Cliien Cli'a T'ing ov Prosecuting Attorneys' Offices
C. Prisons - - -
Agriculture, Industry and Commerce
Colonization
Railways
Telegraphs and Telephones
- - - -
. - • _ . .
. . - .
Bank of Communications - - - - -
PART III :— Metropolitan Prefecture and Manchuria, Provincial
Administration and Dependencies of China.
Peking and the Metropolitan Prefecture
Government of Manchuria . . - -
Provincial Administration . _ _ -
A. Higher
Administration - - - -
B. Local Administration (of Prefectures, Sub-
prefectures, Departments and Districts) -
Administration of " Native " Districts . - -
Eastern Turkestan . . . - -
The Dependencies of the Empire - - - -
A. Mongolia
- - -
B. K'uk'unor (Kokonor)
C. Tibet and the Lamaist Hierarchy
PART ly :— Appendix.
-
. . - -
Specially Deputed Officials . . - -
Establishments Abolished or Reorganized
Honorary Titles - _ - _
Hereditary Ranks and Titles of Honour ...--- ..:---
Posthumous
;
Titles
Distinctions for Merit
Decorations - - _ . -
The Government Service
Supplement.
Alphabetical Index of Chinese Characters.
Sources of Information.
- - - - -
[
iv ]
PARE
346
353
354
357
365
369
373
377
384
395
395
425
438
439
441
442
46a
465
481
484
490
49^
497
49»
504

PART I .
THE E M P E R O E AND THE
IMPERIAL COURT
METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT
ESTABLISHMENTS
(ministries excepted)

THE
EMPEROR AND THE IMPERIAL COURT.
1. ^ ^ Huang^ Ti', The Emperor. Ordinary designation, i
^ Jt Huang' Shang'; J: Shang*. Title o£ respect, ^ ^ to
T'ien^ Tzu^ the Son of Heaven. Popular appellation, j^^
^ ^ ^1^ Tang^ Chin^ Fo^ Yeh^ the Buddha of the pi-esent
day. Also i ^ Chu' Tzu^ the Master, Lord ; |g ± Sheng^
Chu^ the Auglist Master, or Lord. Tn addresses, M MM
Wan* Sui* Yeh2, Lord of Ten Thousand Years ; P^ f Pi'
HsiaS Your Majesty (literally, beneath the footstool). The
Emperor usually designates himself by the term J^ ('hen*, 1,
We.
A symbol of the Emperor's dignity in China is a
mythological avn'm'al, the Dragon. Therefore, everything apper-
taining to the Emperor is styled f| Lung^ Dragon ; for instance,
H ^ Tiung* Tso*, the Emperor's (Dragon) Throne, etc.
Since 1644 the ±^M ^i] Tn* Ch'ing^ Ch'ao" or Manchu
dynasty has reigned in China ; the present Emperor, the tenth of
this House, has reigned since the 22nd .latiuarv, 1909. He is
known from his reign as ^ j^^ Hsiian' T'ung^ and is the nephew
of the late Emperor ^ ^ Kuang' Hsii*. His real name, -^ ^
P'u' 1% ceased to exist for his subjects on the da}- he ascended
the throne.
lA. ^MB'^ Vi ik Tsai* Yii* Ch'ing* Ivimg' Hsing'
Tsou'. Pei-forming duties at the Yii Ch'inir Palace ( Palace of
the Heir Apparent ; see No. 104a). This expression refers to
the instruction of the Emperor (J^ ^ ^ ff Shou* Huang'^ Ti^
1
[
1
]

PBESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
2 Tu*), for which duty it is customary to appoint the most worthy
q and most learned officials of the Empire. Thus, as tutors of the
5 late Emperor ^ |g Kuang Hsii there were appointed the late
Assistant Grand Secretary ^ j^J ^«Weug-^ T'ung=^-ho^ (deceased
in 1904), and the late Grand Secretary ^ ^ ^ Sun^ Chia'-nai*
(deceased in November, 1909).
The instruction of the reigning Emperor has been entrusted,
by Edict of the Empress Dowager, ^ Hj Lung^ Yii-, dated the
lOth July, 1911, to the Chancellor of the National Academy,
Grand Secretary f^ ^ j^ Lu'' Jun^-hsiang", Vice-President (of
a Ministry) BS ^ f|^ Ch'en' Pao'-ch'en^ i.nd Deputy Lieuteuant-
General ^ |^ i0 P K

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
the Emperor ^ |f Kuarig^ Hsu\ which took place on the 14th Q
NovemW-, 1908, on the Empress ^, ^^ Tzu* HsP, in order that to
she might be distinguished from, the Empress of the preceding jg
Emperor (see No. 4).
6. ^ §; $B Huang'. Kuei* Fei', Imperial Concubine of
the First Rank. A concubine of the second rank {see No. 7 )
may be advanced by impei'ial favour to this rank and, especially
in the event of giving birtli to a son, the Empress Consort
having borne none, a concubine of the first i-ank may be raised to
the position of Empress Consort.
Rank.
Rank'
7- M ^B Kuei* Fei', imperial Concubine of the Second
8. ^ FeiS Imperial Concubine of the Third Rank.
9. j^ Pin', Irhperial Concubine of the Fourth Rank.
10. ^ \ Kuei* Jen^, Imperial Concubine of the Fifth
11- ^ II 'T^' ^'i"g' ^"

TRESBNT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
13 1875) and the Emperor ^ ^ Te' Tsung' ( ! 875-1 908) were of
to tlie same generation (of ^ Tsai*).
16 13. ^ ^ Huang"'' Tzu*, Prince, Son of an Emperor (in
conversation pljl |§- A^ Ko*; further distinguished hy ^ Ta*,
great, eldest, and by numerals). This title is applied to bhe^ons
of an Emperor until such time as they receive princely rank, i.e.
— Wi ^ Ch'in^ Wnng', literary designation, 3£ J^ •
Wang'' Ti* or
14. ^ ^ Kung^ Chu^, Imperial Princess; Daughter of an
Emperor. This is the general designation.
Princesses born to an lOmpress ai'e called IS "^ 5^ ^ Ku'
Eun' Kung^ Chu^ (from the Manchu A\oid (lui-un, the eo^uivalent
of Lue Chinese Kuo, meaning State); those born to Imperial
Concubines are called %\ 5g ^ ^ Uo" She> Kung Chu^ (from
the Manchu word lloshe, meaning aj){)anage). Imperial
Princesses retain tliese titles after marriage.
^5"-
Wi. Wi ^^ ^^^^S Husband of an Imperial Princess (in
former dynasties the designation was ^f ^ Fu* Ma"*).
Conforming to the i-ank of the Im})eriHl Piincesses, their
husbands are styled :— . -
1. IS f^ $1 m Ku^ Lun' E* Fu%
3. ^ M ^ m To' 1.0=^ E* FuS
4. © ai m m ^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
This title, as well as the eleven following, are conferred on 17
Manchus and Mongols only, i.e. on kinsmen of the Imperial House. ^q
17. ^ H H) I To' Lo' Chiin* Wang^, Prince of the 27a
Blood of the second degree,
18. ^ ^ KWi To' r.o=^ Pei' Le*, Prince of the Blood
of the third degree.
19. gl tU M ^ K'»' Shan' Pei' Tzu^ Prince of the
Blood of the fourth degi'ee.
20. ^ M lifl S ^ JE^'eng* En' Chcn^ Kuo' Knng', Prince
of the Blood of tlie fifjji degree.
21. ^EfiSS^'eng' ^^'n' PV Kuo* Kung', Prince
of the Blood of the sixth dejrree.
22. :^ A A^M B ^ 1^"' '1"" I'a'' ^c"' Chen* Kuo*
Kung', Prince of the Blood of the seventh degree.
23. :f;AA^m^^ 1'"' .III' Pa'' Fen' Fu» Kuo^
Kung', Prince of the Blood of the eighth degree.
24- ^ gj lit ^ Chen-* Kuo' Cliiang' C\mn\ Noble of )(
the Imperial lineage of the ninth rank. This title is of three
classes, ^ Teug*.
25. H ^ Hf ^ I^'u' Kuo'^ Chiang' Chiin', Noble of the
Imperial lineage
classes, ^ Teng'.
of the tenth rank. This title is of three
26. ^ |g )^ 1^ Feng* Kuo^ Chiang' Chiin', Noble of the
Imperial lineage
classes, ^ Teng',
of the eleventh rank. This titfe is of three
27. ^ M ^ W- '^^'"8'^ ^"^ Chiang' Chun', Noble of the
Imperial lineage of the twelfth rank.
27a. 5^ Kung',
Princes of the Blood of the fifth and
sixth degree bear the titles ^ ^ Chen* Kuo'', Guarding the
Dynasty (State), and ^ ^ Fu' Kuo', Assisting the Dynasty
(State).
[ 5 ]

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANi;tATION OF CHINA.
27 b The distinction ^ \ A ^ Pu* Ju< Pa* Fen^ in the title of
Princes of the Blood of the seventh and eighth degrees signifies
that eight special privileges, allowed the Princes of the Blood of
the first six degrees, are denied them. These privileges are :—
dress,
1 . The wearing of a purple button,
2. The wearing of the three-eyed peacock feather,
3. The wearing of di'agon embroidered plaques on official
4. The presence of red-painted spears at the entrances of
their residences,
5. The attachment of tassels at the breasts of their horses,
6. The using of purple bridle reins,
7. The using of a certain tea-pot (earned by a special
servant when going abroad),
8. The right to a small carpet of yellovs^ or i-ed colour for
seating themselves.
^ !^ Chiang' Cluin^, Noble=; of the Imperial lineage, are
distinguished in the several grades by the titles |^ ^ Chen*
Kuo", Guarding the Dynasty (State), ^ ^ Fu* Kuo^ Assisting
the Dynasty (State) ^ ^ Feng* Kuo-, Serving the Dynasty
(State), and ^ j§^ Feng* En\ By Imperial Favour.
The above-mentioned titles
{see Nos. 16 to 27) are
transmitted in a descending scale. For instance, a ^ ^ Pei*
Le*'s eldest son becomes a ^ ^ l*ei' Tzu^
An exception to this rule appears, however, in those cases in
which the titles are conferred It g ^ ^ Shih* Hsi^ Wang^ T'i*,
with Right of Perpetual Inheritance (for instance, the eldest son
of the Princes ^ Ch'un''', ^ Kuug^ and ^ Ch'ing* succeeds to
father's rank).
27 b. The following table shows the method in which
Imperial titles of nobility are transmitted to following generations:
[ 6 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OHGAITIZATION OF CHINA.
e

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANJiATION OF CHINA.
28 28. ii' ^ Shih' Tzu^ Son of a Prince of the Blood of the
iirst degree [see No. 16). Designated thus until the title of
o- Prince is attained. The colloquial designation is pjij |g. A* Ko*.
29. -^ ^ Chang^ Tzu^ Son of a Prince of the Blood of
the second degree (jiee No. 17). Designated thus until the title
of Prince is attained. The colloquial designation is ppj ^j^
A* Ko*.
30. US ± Chini* Chu^ Daughter of a Prince of the Blood
of the first degree (sec No. 16).
31- ^± Msien^ Chu^ Daughter of a Prince of the Blood
of the second degree (sec No. 17).
32. ^S ^ Chiin^ Chiiu\ Daugliter
Blood of the third degree (see No. J 8).
of a Prince of the
33. 1^,^ Hsiefi* Chiin\ Datighter of a Prince of tlie Blood
of the foui-th degree (a«^ No. 19).
34. ^5 fl" Hsiang' ChiinS Daughtei- of a Prince of the
Biood of the fifth (or sixth) degree (see Nos. 20 to 22).
35. ^ ^ Ko* Ko\ thus are designated, in colloquial
usage, the dav.gliters
of Piinces of the Blood of the first six
degrees (see Nos. 30 to 34). They are further distinguished as
follows :
fD 5g # 1& ^^' She^ Ko4 KoS Daughter of a Pi-ince of the
Blood of the fir.st degree,
^ M !§ ^ To^ Lo'^ Ko" Ko^ Daughter
Blood of the second (or third) degree, and
© lU !§ !§• Ku^ Shan' Ko* Ko^ Daughter
the Blood of the foiu-th degree.
of a Prince of the
of a Prince of
35 A. ^^ Tsung^ Nii^, Daughter of a Prince of the Blood
of lower rank (below the sixth).
36. fig ^ Fu^ Chin*, Princess Conjsort of a Prince of the
Blood of the first (or second) degree.
37. M H ^ Ts'^* Fu2 Chin*, Concubine of a Pri^uce of the
Blood of the first (or second) degree.
[ 8 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION Or CHINA.
38. ^ \ Fu^ .Jeir, Princess Cousoil of a Prince of the 33
Blood of the third (01- fouiih) degree. to
Clansmen. (Also called
,
3.9. ^ ^ Tsung^ Shih"*, [niperial
^ ^^ Huang'^ Tai'* Tzn', wearing a yellow girdle). They are
the descendants' of tlic acknowledged founder of the reigning
Manclm dynasty, ^ jjig Hsien^* Tsu,' xV.D. 1583-16 lo.
40- ^ H ^'hio' (Chiieh') LoS Collateral relatives of the
Imperial House. Also cjiUed $C^ ~f' Hung" Tai'* Tzu' (wearing
a red girdle). They are the descendants from the collateral line
of the Emperor Hsien Tsii (sec No. 39).
41. Ic $1 ? i T'ieh^ Mao'' Tzu' Wang^
Tl.e Iron-
capped Princes or Princes of the Iron Cap (Crown) (also called
A I'^Ji' ^^ "Ta^ C'hia,' Eight Great or Princely Houses).
Thus are designated tlie descendants of certni?) of the supporters
of the Mirichu Emperors in their conquest of China. These
Princes, by rigli!: of perpetual inheritance, ai'c Princes of the first
or second degree, .as ,hown l)elow :
1- iiii M-^ I^i' ^ -'5"' ^^^ang2, LI (family name), Prince of
the first degree,
2. # j^ ^ -lul^ Ch-in' \Vang2, Jui (family iiiune), Prince
of the first degree,
3- 1^ jH 3E Yii^ Ch'in' \Vang^ Yii (family name). Prince
of the first degi'ce,
4. IK ^ 2 Su^ Ch'in' Wang', Su (family name), Prince of
the first degree,
5- IR i^ 3£ Cheng' Ch'in' Wang", Cheng (family name),
Prince of the fii'st degree,
6- ^ ?;S .^ Chuang' Ch'in' Wang", ('huajig (family name),
Prince of the first degree,
7- M^M^ Shuu^ Ch-eng" Chiin^ Wang", Slmn Ch'eng
(family name), Prince of the second degree,
8- ^WjlSii^ K'o* Ch'in" Chim* Wang",
.(family name), Pi-ince of the second degree. ^
[ y ]
\
K'o Ch'in
^-i

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
41a All the above Princes are diescended in a direct line from
^ the sons and grandsons of the Emperors -jlf^ f£ Tai* Tzu' and
60
^ ^ ^^^* Tsung.'
41 A. t^ j^ ^ T» Ch'in^ Wang', I (family name), Prince of
the first degree.
The holder of this title of perpetual inheritance
is descended from the Prince of Hsien, thirteenth son of the
Emperor ^ ^^^ K'ang Hsi, A.D. 1662-1722.
ESTABLISHMENT (PALACE) OF PRINCES OF
THE BLOOD.
42. ^ J^ Wang2 l^'u', Establishments (palaces) of Princes
of the Blood. The management of these establishments is vested
in the follo^Ying officials :
Palace ;
43. ^ ^ Chang* Shih^ Commandant of a Prince's
3a.*
44. Rj ^ :^
Palace : 4a.
Ssii' 1 2
Chang', Major-domo
of a Prince's
45. ^§j Un' \ye\\ Officers of a Prince's Bodygiiard ;
from 3b to 5b.
46. Jfe ^ Tien' l\ Assistant Major-domo of a Prince's
Palace (xee No. 44) ; from 4b to 8b.
•47. ^^ Pao^ P, Bondservants {see No. 97 for details).
48. U^3M I^ao^ I^ Ts'an^ Ling',
Bondservants : .Sjj.
Chief Controller of
49- ^^i^^ I'rto' T' Tso' Ling', Department Controller
of Bondservants ;
4k.
EUNUCHS.
50. m^±^'^1^:m^mm^ Tsm^g^
Kuan' T'ai*
Chien^ Hsien^ Kung^ Tien* Chien* Tu^ Ling' Shih^ Chief
Eunuch.
* Here, and in paRPs following, the nuinera] and letter signify official grade
(tee No. 965).
[ 10 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
51. mWX^W'^^^^lB^ Tsung' Kuan' T'ai^ Chien^ 5I
Hsien^ Kung' Tien* Chien* Ch^ng* Sliih*,
Eunuch.
Senior Assistant Chief
^^
52. mW^k^m'^F^^m ^ Tsung' Kuan^* Tfai* Chien*
Hsien^ Kung^ Tien* Chien* Fu* Shih", .Junior Assistant Chief
Eunuch.
53. if®;«C^^i'l*^it Shou' Ling' T'ai* Chien* Hsien'
Chih^ Shou' ShihS Cliief of Office of Eunuch Affairs.
54. l" M PfC ^ ^ ^ ^ Shou' Ling' T'ai* Chien* Ilsien'
Shih* Chien*, Senior Assistant Chief of Office of Eunuch Affairs.
54a. glj If H ^ I^ ^ ^ i^ Fu* Shou' Ling'
T'ai* Chien*
Hsien^ Shih* Chien*, .Tunior Assistant Chief of Office of Eunuch
Affairs.
55. ;Jtc ^ T^ai* Chien*, Eunucli (or '^ 1* Hnan^ Kuan',
3t Tangi, f^ ^ Chungi Fu*; colloquially called ^ Vx Lao'
Kung'; ^^Ij Ven' Ko').
T«E IMPERIAL CLAN COURT.
5Q- ^ AM Tsung' Jcn» Fu', The Imperial Clan Court.
This department controls all affairs relating to the Fmperial
Kindred {see Nos. 39 and 40), has judicial and disciplinary
authority over them, and preserves the Family Tioll or Genea-
logical Record, 2 j^ Yii* Tieh.2
57. y^ -^ Tsung' Ling'' (literary designation, ^ ^ Tsung'
Ch'ing'), Presiding Controller of the Imperial Clan Court.
This official is apjminted from the ranks of the Senior Princes of
the Blood.
58. ^ ^^ jE Tso' Tsimg' Cheng\ Senior Assistant
Controller of the Imperial Clan Court.
59. ^^JE ^ 'I* Tsung' Cheng"*,
troller of the Imperial Clan Court.
Junior Assistant Con-
60. i. ^ A Tso' Tsung' Jen^ Senior Director of the
Imperial Clan Court.
[
11
]
60

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OJ' CHiN...
51 Gl. )^ ^ A ^ "' T.sung' len^,
^Q fniperial Clan Court.
wj
.luiiior Director nf the
61a. The positions aforementioned (see No.>. oS to d 1 y are
all filled by Princes' of the Blood.
G2. fl^^ Fii' Cli'cng^, yiee-director of the lni[)enal Clan
Court (appointed from the ranks of Chinese) ;
63. i?^. ^p1 Chingi Li* Ssu', Registry
3a.
Imperial Clan Court. This office is supervised by :
64. Two i^gg Chhig^ J.i^ Registrars; 6a.
65. i p\ Tso^ Ssii', First Department.
66. ^ "pj Vu' Ssn", Second Department.
Officn of ihe
66a. Only Clansnu'n of the Tnipcrial House (see No, 39)
are eligi])le for office in the two departments mentioned above
(see Nos. 65 and 66).
67. fl^'^ Li^ Shih* Kuan', Administrators; o A. There
are two at the llegisiry Office (see Ho. 63), three in the First
Department (see No. 6oj, one in the Second Department
(see No. 66), and one at the Bullion Vaults (see No. 71).
68- SMI^'^ Fu* Li' Shih* KuanS Assistant Adminis-
trators ; on. There are two at the Registry Office (see No. 63),
one in the First Dejiartment (see No. 65), and three in the
Second Department (see No. 66).
69. ^i^ T'ang' Chu^ Shih^ Senior Secretaries; 6 A.
Four are stationed at the Registry Office (see No. 63), two of
whom are Chinese.
69a. ^^ Chu' Shih\ Secretaries; 6a. There are two
Secretaries in both the First and Second Departments (see?
Nos. 65 and 66) and one at the Bullion Vaults (see No. 71),
70. ^ ip^l,- j^ Pi' T'ieh' ShihS Clerks. The number of
these officials to be employed at the Registry Office {sen No. 63),
in the First and Second Departments (see Nos. 65 and 6«^), and
at the Bullion Vaults {see No. 71), is not fixed.
71. M^ y'ni' K'u*,
Bullion Vaults.
[ 12 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHIVA.
72. ^^MM^B Kuan' Li^ Yin^ K'u* Sliih* WuS 73
Treasurers-in-chief. Two of these officials are in charge of the to
Bullion Vaults. «q
''^- ^ ^ K'ung^ Fang-2, Prison of the Imperial Clan
Court (prison; lit. empty room).
74. 1^" :j;^ ^ Huang^ Tang* Fang', Gehealogical Record
Office of the Imperial Clan Court (see No. 56).
THE IMPERIAL HOUSEHOLD.
75. ^ B IM ^'eiV Wu* Fu=*, The Imperial Household.
This department serves numerous and varied needs of the
Imperial Court. Being in chariacter more private than govern-
mental, however, it is not included in the list of jNTinistries or
" Boards."
76. m if [*] ^ ij^ ic £ Tsung'
Kuan' Kei* Wu* Fu' Ta*
Oh'en'*, Ministers of the Household (their number is not fixed ;
at present there are four). To the Ministers of the Household
are directly subordinated :
One ^H[54* T'ang'' Lang' ('hung', Department Director
(attached to tlie ^Ministers),
Two ^ i ^ T'ang' Chu' Shih*, Secretaries of the
Ministers, and
Numerous ^ ^ ifl^ xt T'ang' Pi' T^eh' Shih*, Clerks.
The establishment of the Imperial Household is divided
into 7 departments (see below) and special bureaux and offices ;
the officials employed therein are as follows :
HIS ^ I^ang' Chung\ Department Directors (1 to 4 ; at the
Bullion V^aults, although having the same rights as other
Department Directors, they are called "^ ttt HIS ^ Tsung'
Pan* Lang'^ Chung^),
^ 51' HIS Yiian' Wai* Lang', Assistant Department Direc-
tors (from one to twelve),
[ 13 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANl/.A ri()>r ()V CHINA.
77 ^^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
78. # tt rJ Hul* Chi* Ssu', Accounts Department. This 73
department collects rent of Banner property. ^q
78a. 3M^U^^-MM Sani Ch'i* Yin^ Liang* Chuangi 793
T'.ou^ Ch'u'', Office fqr collecting rents of Imperial lands (lands
given oil lease to the three Household Banners, xec No. 97).
79. ^ j^ ^ Chang' Li' Ssu', Department of Ceremonial
(by Imperial edict of the 12th April, 1909, changed from ^ ^
^ Chang' P Ssu'). This department regulates sacrificial and
ceremonial observances of the Court and has control over the
Euntichs (see Nos. 50 to 55).
Officials attached to the Dejiartment of Ceremonial, in
addition to those mentioned in No. 76, are :
butes,
ment),
W. IK 'B* '^^^^ Chn' Kxian^, Readers of 1 'ravers at Sacrifices,
^ 1^ HI5 Tsan' I.i' Lang2, Heralds,
'fil x^ 'g* Ssu' Tsu' Kuan', Supervisors
of Sacrificial Attri-
"rJ I^ Ssu' Shui^ Rent Collectors (for lands of the depart-
pj § Ssu' Ilsiiu.ig', Acolytes,
oj W. ^su' Tui^, Supervisors of Preparation
of [ncense
(supervise the powdering of bark used in the nianufcicture of
incense), and
pj ^ Ssu' Ts'naii^, Supervisors of Preparation of
"
l

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,
79a
^
EuritiAhs are the performers. It has at its head two Department
Directors (oi their 7\,^sistants), designated M ^. ^ ^ ^ ^i ^
Chien^ Ivi' ShOngi P'ing^ Shu' Shih* Wu', ('liiefs of the Court
gj
Theatrical Bureau.
79a. P j^ Shen2 Fang2,
Office of Sliamanism. This is
attached to the ilp ^ ^ K'un' Ning' Kimg', the Shamanic
Chapel .{see N5C S^^ Mo'
T'ai* T'ai^ {idf>» M M -J^ X >Sa' Mo^ T'ai^ T'ai^ or ^\^:kj^
Sa^ Man^ T'ai* T'ai"*), Shanianic I'l'iestesses, daily offer sacrifices
to the spirits of the ancestors of the Emperors of the reigning
dynasty (com}>are No. 573b).
These Priestesses and iOimnchs are under the (;ontrol of the
Offiie of Shamanism.
^^^- W> ^ % ^'^' "^ "^ Ssu'. De{)art:Tient
of the Household
Guard and tlie Imperial Hunt. This department has charge of
the Imperial hmits and of a staff of huntsmen, divided into three
detachments.
and
In this department are found : .
1. ^^ ^ Kou' Fang^, The Imperial Kennels,
-• ^ W '^^^^^ Fang^, The Imperial Gerfalcon Aviai-y,
3. 11 ^- Hu" Fang2, The Imperial Hawk Aviary.
81-
'I:^}fl]tl Shen* Hsing^ Ssu^, .Judicial Department.
This department takes cognisance of all cases relating to members
of the Imperial (Tan Court and determines the punishment.
To the department there is attached the ^ t^ ^ Fan^ I*
Ch'u*, Police Bureau, which has, amongst other duties, control
of the Fiunuchs of the Court.
The officials at the head of the Police Bureau (Department
Directors, Assistant Department Directors or officials of lower
rank) are styled ^^ |i ^ f^ Kuan' •Hsia'' Fan^ ^'i*, Controllers ,
of the Police Bureau.
[ 16 ]

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
82. ^5i p] Ying2 Tsao* Ssu^ Department
of Works. 82
This department is responsible for the supplies of the (Jouj^t and tO
also for the repairing of sCreets, bviildings and walls of the gg
Forbidden City.
At the head of the department there is a -^ :i^ ;/(; g Chih*
Nien^ Ta* Ch'en^, Chief of the Department of Works, to whom,
in addition to those mentioned in No. 76,
Overseers,
are subordinated :
!• ^ )^ Chang^, K'u*, Storehouse Overseers,
2. glj ^ 0, Fu" Chang^ K'u'', Assistant Storehouse
3. J^ ^ K'u* Shou', Storehouse Keepers,
4. "^ E ^su^ (Chiang*, Inspectors of Works, and
5- ^ ;§• o] E Wei^ Shu' Ssu^ Chiang*, Assistant Inspectors
of Works.
Under the Department of Works is the 'g* ^ ^ J[$ Kuan^
Fang2 Tsu^ K'u^ Office for Collecting
Rent of Confiscated
Property. The heads of this office (Department Director,
Assistant Department Director, etc.) are designated ^ i|| 'j^ ^
^ jg ^ f^ Chien' Li^ Kuan^ Fang^ Tsu^ K'u* Shih* WuS
Superintendents of the Office for Collecting Eent of Confiscated
Property.
83. MW. ^ Ch'ing* Fcug^ Ssu', Pasturage Department,
which manages the flocks and herds maintained for Palace use,
both near the capital and in the provinces. At its head is a fj|[
^ ;/c E Chih^ Nien^ Ta* Ch'en", Chief of the Pasturage
Department.
84. ^ )g ^ P5 Ch'ien^' Liang' Ya^ Men^ Pay Office
(pays the wages of the Household Banners),
85. mii^^^MP^^m^B^ ^^'^^S' K^'an^ ^ang^
Kuan3 Li^ Nei^ Kuan* Ling^ Shih* Wu^ Ch'u^ MW^BM
Kuan^ Fang* Shih* Wu* Ch'u*, or ^ |i 155 ^ Chang? Kuan^
Fang^ Ch'u\ Chancery of the Imperial
Household. At its head
.there is a Department Director, styled ^ ^ W ^ B Chang'
2 [ 17 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION Ol*' CHINA.
86 Kuan^ Fang'' Shih^ Wu*, Chancellor of the Imperial Household,
to
87a
In addition there are two Assistant Department Directors, called
Wi^^^W^B Hsieh^ Li' Kuan^ Fang^ Shih* Wu% Assistant
Chancellors of the Imperial Household, thirty P^ ^ ^ Nei*
Kuan' Ling', Chancery Overseers, and thirty g|| [^ ^ H Fu*
Nei* Kuan' Ling', Assistant Chancery
No. 104d).
86. ig 15? ^ Tsao* Pan'' Ch'uS Workshops
• Overseers
(compare
\
of the Im-
perial Household (lakhinf, in his "Description of Peking," No. 14,
styles these workshops the " Office of Arts and Crafts.") These
workshops are attached to the ^ )|)j\ ^ Yang' Hsin^ Tien* (see
No. 104b).
At the head of the Workshops of the Imperial Household
are Ministers of the Household, styled ^ Jjil mM]M^ Wl Kuan'
Li' Tsao* Pan* Ch'u* Shih* Wu", Supenutendents of the Imperial
Workshops. In addition, there are two Department Directors,
two Assistant Department Directors, two Secretaries and numer-
ous Clerks (see No. 76). Also, there are ;^ n^ j^ ^ j^i^i*
P'in' K'u* Chang', Overseers of the Sixth Class, and /\ ,^, f^ ^
Pa' P'in' Ts'ui' Chang', Overseers of the Eighth Class (from
five to seven of each).
87. ^ ^ Kiian^ Hstieh^, Schools of the Imperial House-
hold (Government Schools) ; three in all.
8 7 A. ^ ^ ^ 'i'^ Hsien^ An^ Kung^ Kuan^ Hsueh^
School at the Palace of Universal Peace ; maintained for the
children of the high officials of the eight Banners (compare
lakhinf's "Description of Peking," No. 14). In charge of this
school are Ministers of the Household, styled ^ JTl )i^ ^ "^ "^ ^
^ f^ Kuan' Li' Hsien^ An^ Kung^ Kuan' Hsiieh^ Shih* Wu%
Curators of the School at the Palace of Universal Peace. To
these are suboi'dinated Department Directors, called ,|§ ^ 'g* ^
^ f§ Tsung' Kuan' Kuau^ Hsiieh* Shih* Wu*, Superintendents
of Government (Imperial Household) Schools. ^
[ 18 ]

PRESENT T>AX POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
87b. :a (ij Ij' ^ Ching' Shan^ Kuan' Hsiiell^ School at 87b
the Red Hill (close to ^ |lj Ching^ Shan', Red Hill—or ^ ^| tO
Mei* Shan^,, Coal Plill), This school is for the children of the gg
three Superior Bauntja. For its administration srr No. 87a.
8^c. ^ JM '^ ^ Nan-' Fn= Kuan^ Hsueh^ Court Thea-
trical School (attached to tlie Court Theatrical Office ; see
No. 79b). This school prepares actors for the Court Theatre.
For its administration .sec No. 87a.
88. ± M 1% Shang* Ssu* Yuan^ The Palace Stiid. At
its head is a Minister of the Household, styled ^HJlM^^^
Kuan^ Li^ ShaiTg* Ssu* Yiian' Shih* Wu', Superintendent of the
Palace Stud, and two t M !>^ W Shang* Ssu* Yuan' Ch'ing\
Directors of the Palace Stud.
The Palace Stud is divided into two departments, i.e. ^ pi
Tso^ Ssu', the First Department, and :^ pj Yu' Ssu\ the Second
Department, and, in addition to the officials mentioned in No. 76,
furnishes employment for the following :—
21 M$k f# ^J ^^* Tun^ Shih* WeiS Supervisors of
Droves, 3 .pfj |^ ^ Ssu^ An^ Chang', Saddlery Inspectors,
2 ill pI ic -!^ Fu' Ssu^ An' Chang% Assistant Saddlery
Inspectors, 1 ^ l^ijj ;^ I' Shih' ( hang\ Veterinary Surgeons,
and 2 glj ^ gifj ^ Fu* I' Shih' Chang^ Assistant Veter-
inary Surgeons.
The Stables are distinguished' as (1). f^J j^ Nei'* Chiu*,
Stables at the Capital, and (2). ^^ ]^l Wai' Chiu'', Provin-
cial Stables, and are directed by )^ ;^ Chiu' Chang^, Inspectors
of the Stables, and J^ |\lj Chiu' Fu', Assistant Inspectors of the
Stables. Besides there are |^ ^ Mu* Chang", Inspectors of
Droves, and ^ glj Mu' Fu*, Assistant Inspectors of Droves.
89- il ilm 15c Wu^ Pei* Yuan', The Imperial Armoury
(in lakhinf's "Description of Peldng," under No. 68, styled
"War Depot"). This establishment supervises the arsenal,
fullery, harness shop, saddle shop, etc., where arrows, bows,
[ 19 ]

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
90 armour, helmets, saddles, tents, etc.,
are manufactured for the
Emperor's use and for the army.
In charge of the is Armoury a Prince or Minister of the
Household, called ^Mft&m^B K^an^ ^i' Wu^ Pei" Yuan*
Shih* Wu*, Superintendent of the Imperial Armoiu-y, and two
^iB^M W^^ P^i* Yiian^ Oh'ing\ Directors of t*he Imperial
Armoury. In addition, besides the officials mentioned in No. 76,
there are p^ ^ ^ ^ Liu* P'in^ K'u* Chang^ Overseers of the
Sixth Class (six), m M ^mMW. Wei^ Shu* Liu* P'in^ K'u*
Chang', Assistant Overseers of the Sixth Class (three), te o, ^
J^ ^ \^u2 P'iu' Chi* K'u* Chang', Unclassed Overspe)::s (six)
J^ i^ K'u* Shou', Storehouse Keepers (42), ^ $\ Ssu^ Plan^
Supervisors of Armour-makings 'p] |]g Ssvi- Wo*, Supervisors of
Tent-making, glj p\ |g Fu* Ssu^ Wo*, Assistant Supervisars of
Tent-making, p] ^ Ssu^ Kung\ Supervisors of Bow-making, "SI
^ Ssvi^ Shih', Supervisors of Arrow-makin"', ^ ^ |a ^g Chang^
San' Tsung' Ling', also ^ f ^ ^ H ^ Wei' Shu* UhangS
San' Tsung' Ling', Supervisors of Urubrella-making, their Assis-
tants and A. SliiU^ Pa^ P'i"^ Ts'^ui^ Chang', Overseers of the
Eighth Class, as well as others.
90. ^ M ^ Feng* Ch'en' Yilan*, Bureau of Imperial
Gardens and Hunting Parks ; controlling the Imperial Gardens
and Hunting Parks and the growing of rice for the Court.
The chief of this bxireau is a Prince or a Minister of the
Household, styled ^M^M^'d^B K^^n' Li' Feng* Ch'en^
Yiian* Shih* AYu*, Superintendent of the Imperial Gardens and
Hunting Parks. He is assisted by two ^ ^ ^^ \!^ Feng* Ch'en*
Ylian* C'h'ing^ Directors of the Imperial Gardens and Hunting
Parks, to whom are subordinated Department Directors, Assis-
tant Department Directors, Secretaries, Clerks, etc. (compare
No. 76).
Under the bureau's administration are the following estates,
situated, in or near Peking :—
[ 20 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
1- ^ ^ Nan' Yiian* (commonly called ^ ^ Hai' Tzu'). 90a
2. IH Pjl H Yiian^ Ming" Yiian^ tO
3. ^ # ^ Oh'ang* Ch'im^ Yiian* (also called ;g # ^ 91
Ch'ang^ Ch'mi' Yiian^), and
4. M? ii H Calling'' I« Yuan'' (also called Jf -;^ H Ch'ing^
I' Yuan" or ^f HJ] g) Ching* Ming' Yuan''). At the head of
these are Ministers of the Household, styled ^ Jl H PjJ ^ ^1 #
H ^ ^ Knan' Li^ Yiian^ ]Ming- Yuan" Ch'ang^ Ch'un^ Yiian^
Shih* Wu*, Superintendents of the Yiian Ming and Ch'ang Ch'un
Gardens (i.e. Palace of Eternal Spring) or

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
92 Chief Trencher-Knight, twelve fi'] ^
Shang"* Shan'*, Serving-men,^
to three fl'} ^> lE Shang'* Ch'a'^ Cheng*, Chief Ciip-bearers, one
04. in} ^ik W'J Shang* Ch'a^ Fu*, Assistant Chief Cup-Learer, and six
fp) ^ Shang' Ch'a*, Cup-bearers (compare No'. 570).
92. ^\ MW ^^^ Yao* Fang', The Imperial Dispensary.
At its head is a Minister of the Household, styled ^ JlE ^ IH^
^ f^ Kuan^* Li^ Yu'' Yao'* Fang- Shih" Wu*, Superintendent of
the Imperial Dispensary ; the subordinate officials (compare
No. 76) are styled M^M WkW) ^ B Cliien^ Li^ Yii^ Yao*
Fang' Shih* Wu*, to show that their duties at the Dispensary are
in addition to tliose of whatever substantive post they may hold.
93. tP )ia ^ Yii* Ch'uaii' Ch'u^ Imperial
Boats Office.
Its chief is a Minister of the Household having; the title of
^ JUi U lift JM ^ i% Kuan' Li^* Yii'i Ch'uan' Ch'u* Shili* Wit%
Superintendent of the Imperial Boats Office. The suborainate
officials (compare No. 76) bear the title % JiR ^J il{i J^ ^ ^
C^hien^ Li' Yii* Oh'uan' Ch'u* Shih* Wu .
93a. IP ,^ lit ]M YU* Niao^ Ch'iang^ Ch'u^ Imperial
Game Preserve. One of the Princes or Ministeris of tup
HoLisehold is at its head and is styled ^ JI Hi) B f^ J^ iJ? 1^
Kuan^ Li' Yii' Niao' C-h'iangi Ch'u* Shih* •Wu% Superintendent
of the Imperial Game Preserve. He has assisting him :
2 ^ f4l 111 ^ Lan- Ling' Tsung-^ Ch'eng',
keepers (Subalterns of the Guards, No. 99), 2 filj ^
Senior Game-
;?{ Fu*
Tsung' Ch'eng", Junior Gamekeepers, 5 ^^^ ^ Niao^ Ch'iang^
Chang', Keepers of the Gunroom, and 2 ^ »X ^| I^. j^ ^ Nei*
Huo' Yao* K'u'* K'u* Chang', Keepers of the Ammunition-store.
94. %l ^ f^ fi^ 9 Wu' \jri Ying-^ Tien* Hsiu^ ShuVCh'u*,
Printing Office and Bookbiudery at the Throne Hall {see
No. 104b).\ This office prepares books for the Court use.
In the above-mentioned Throne Hall were stored, from times
long past, stereotype plates, many of which have, unfortunately,
been destroyed by fires that have taken place there.
r 22 ]

PEESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. /
In charge of the Printing Office is a Prince or Minister of 94a.
the Household, styled ^ Ji |e^ ^ ^^^ f^ ^ ^ ^ f# Kuan' Li* tO
Wu' Ying^ Tien^ Hsiu^ Shu^ Ch'u^ Shih" Wu% Superintendent
of the Printing Office and Bookbindery at the Throne Hall, and
subordinated to him, in addition to the usual official? {see No. 76),
are 1 Assistant Department Director, styled IE ^ m Cheng*
Chien^ Tsao*, Overseer of Works,
1 Assistant Chancellor of the
Imperial Household, {see No. 85) styled glj ^ jg
Fu* Chien^
Tsao", Assistant Overseer of Works, 4 )^ ^ K'u* ChangS
Inspectors, 6 ^ #• )$ ^ Wei^ Shu* K'u* Chang", Deputy
Inspectors, 2 |]|| ^ Tsung^ Ts'ai^, Revisers (1 Chinese and 1
Manchu), 2 f^ |^ T'i^ Tiao*, Assistant Revisers, 12 g ff Tsuan^
Hsiu*, Proof Readers, and 10 1^ f^ Plsieh^ Hsiu\ Assistant
Proof Readers.
94a. ^ I? ^ Yfi* Shu' Ch'u*, The Imperial Library (also
the private library of the Emperor).
At the head of the Imperial Library is a Prince or
Minister of the Household, styled ^ JJI ^ f1^ j^ ^ S Kuan'
Li' Yii* Shui Ch'u* Shih* Wu*, Curator of the Imperial
Library, subordinated to him, in addition to the., officials
mentioned in No. 76, designated % Jf |i{] fi ]^ ^' ^ (Jliien'
Li' Yii' Shu' Ch'u* Shih* Wu*, are 1 jE ^ St ^ if Cheng*
Chien' Tsao* Ssu' K'u* Librarian-in-Chief- (Overseer of Works),
1 i'J ^ ?i If ^. ^^' Chien' Tsao* K'u* Chang', Deputy
Librarian-in-Chief (Assistant Overseer of Works), 2 |^ ^ K'u*
Chang', Librarians, and 6 ^ ^ ^ ^ Wei' Shu* K'u* Chang',
Deputy Librarians.
95. IJ 51 X ^ ^ Tsimg' Li' Kung' Ch'cng= Ch'u*,
Imperial Construction Office; as opposed to the jg f/(f J^Tsao*
Pan* Ch'u* {see No. 86), this office has to do with large Palace
buildings only.
At the head of the Imperial Construction Office is a Prince
or Minister of the Household, bearing the title ^ JlX^^J^ ^^
[ 23 ]
95

97
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CniNA,
96 Kuan' Li' Kung,^ Ch'eng'^ Ch'u* Shili* Wu^ Superintendent of
+0 the Imperial (yonstniction Office. The usual subordinate officials
(see No. 76) are styled ^ Jl X >^ ^ ^ ^ Chien^ Li' Kung^
Ch'eng^ Ch'u* Shih* Wu*.
96. ^ P^ ^ Chih^ Jan' Chir, Imperial Weaving and
Dyeing Office (where
tissues for the Court use are woven and
dyed) ; supervised by a Prince or Minister of the Household,
called W M^ ^ ^^ ^ K^^an^ ^^^i^^' '^an' Chii^ Ta^ Ch'en^,
Director of the Weaving and Dyeing
. him,
MM^^^B H'B'
Office. Subordinate to
in addition to the usual officials (sec No. 76), styled
Kuan', are :

PjftESENT DAT POLITICAL O^IGANIZATION OF CHINA.
1 .± H ;^ Shang* San' Ch'i^ The Three Superior 97a
Banners, or ^ H ^^ ^ei'' San' Ch'i^ The Three Imperial tO
Banners (composed of Bordered Yellow, Plain Yellow and Plain
White Banners), and
^ T 3Sl M Hsia" Wu' Ch'i^, The Five Lower Banners
(composed of the five remaining Banners; compare No. 718).
The Three Superior Banners appertain to the Imperial
Household, and the Bond-servants composing them are called
^ Q ^ Hnang^ Pao' I', the Imperial Household Bond-servantj^
The Five Lower" Banners are attached to the various
Princely Houses, and the Bond-servants composing them are
called 31'^^ Wang- Pao' I'. Bond -servants of Princes of the
Blood.
brigades :
The Three Imperial Banners are divided into the following
97 a. Pa ^ ^ ^ Nei-* Hu* ChiJn' Ying', The Imperial
Guards. Its organisation is similar to that of the ^ W- ^
Hu" ( 'hiin' Ying^, the Guards {sec No. 734).
97b. I^l^ H ^ Nei* Hsiao' Ch'i^ Ying^,
The Household
Brigade of the Line ; this must be distinguished from ^ ^ ^
Hsiao' Ch'i^ Ying^ Brigade of the Line {see Nos. 718 to 732a).
The Household
97c. pig" lU ^ 'I Nei^ Ch'ien^ Feng' Ying^
Vangtxard ; its organisation is similar to the ^ ^ ^ Ch'ien^
Feng' Ying^, Banner Vanguard {see No. 735).
97d. la gn^ f^l :^^^^ Yiian^ IVIing^
Yiian^ Nei*
Ch'i^ Hu* Chiin' Ying^, The Imperial Guards at the Summer
Palace, Yiian Ming Yiian. Its is organisation the same as the
m 5/1 Rl A MBW- 'B YiJan^ Ming^ Yii^n^ Pa^ Ch'i^ Hu*
Chiin' Ying2, The Guards "Brigade at the Summer Palace, Yiian
Ming Yiian {see No. 741).
97e. it ^ ^ ^ ^ Nan'^ Yiian* Hu* Wei* Ying^ The
Guards Brigade at the Nan^ Yiian* (The Southern Park ; also
^ ^ Hai' Tzu'). The staff includes 1 ||| ^ Tsung^ Kuan'.
[ 25 ]
gy^
\

X
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
08 Commandant ; 4 a, 8 R5 ^ Fang^ Yii*, (Japtains ; 5a, 10 ^
to Ling' Ts'ui^, Corporals, and 90 ,^ ^ Hsiao^ Ch'i', Privates.
99 98. m^'lM^ (also ff ff ^ Shih* Wei* Ch'u*) Ling»
Shih* Wei* Fu^ Office of the Imperial Body-guard. This
office controls the affairs of the |^ ^ ^ Ch'in^ Chim^ Ying^,
the Imperial Body-guard, composed of -^ |^ ^ ^ Shih* Wei*
Ch'in^ Chiin'.
The duty of the Body-guard is to escort the Emperor,
perform various offices in the interior of the Palace, and guard the
Emperor's person. It is chiefly composed of young men fi'om
the Three Imperial Banners {see No. 97.)
The administration of the Imperial Body-guard is vested, in :
1- Six fl ft ff ^ :^ IS Ling^ Shih* Wei* Nei* Ta*
Ch'en^, Chamberlains of the Imperial Body-guard; 1a. Whether
the Emperor is abroad or in the Capital, two of these are selected
as ^ Jl ;;c E Hon* Hu* Ta* Ch'en^ Chamberlains of the Rear-
guard.
2. Six ^ J^ E& Nei* Ta* Ch'en^ Senior Assistant
Chamberlains of the Imperial Body-guard ;
3. An indefinite number of jf^ ^ f

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Fifty H ^ Erh Teng^ Second Kank ; 4a, and Tavo Hundred 100
and Seventy ^. ^ San^ Teng^, Third Rank ; 5a, and gg ^ Ssu*
Teng', Fourth Rank ; 5b.
2- W. Wi f# 'im Lan=^ Ling^ Shih* WeiS the Junior Body-
guards (wearing the Bhie Feather) ; 6a. There are Ninety of
these.
3. ^ .^ f# tw Tsung^ Shih^ Shih" WeiS also H j^ ^ ^
^ ft Sani Ch'i^ Tsungi Shih"* Shih^ Wei% the ..ansmen
Corps of the Imperial Body-guards. Nine of these are —
^ II Teng^ First Rank, Eighteen are n ^ Erh Teng^
"
Second Rank, and Sixty-three are ^ ^ San^ Teng^, Third Rank.
From the above-mentioned Body-guards, commonly known
s-s H B^ (^ tfj San' Ch'i^ Shih* Wei'*, there are selected an .
indefinite number of f|] b5 ff ff Yii* XUi'ien^ Shih^ WeiS
Guards of the Ante-chamber, and }|!^ J^ pf] fif |^ Ch'ien^ Ch'ing^
Men- Shih* Wei^ Guards at the Ch'ien Ch'ing Gate.
In addition, there are Sixty ftj ^ Iff f^ It Pao* Wei^ Pan
Shih^ Wei^, the Imperial Body-guards wearing the Leopard's
Tail.
4. ;^ frf ft Han^ Shih^ Wei*, Chinese Corps of the
Imperial Body-guards ;
these are of three ranks.
When engaged on guard duty, the Body-guards are divided
into 6 55 Pan', Reliefs, which, in turn, are divided into 2 ^ P,
Wings.
In command of each relief is a f^ ft IS M Shih* Wei*
Pan^ Eing^ Commander of a Relief of the Body guards, and
below him is a ^- Jjf f^ Shu* Pan^ I^iQg^ Second in Command
of a Relief of the Body-guards.
For every ten Privates there is a fvjf ft fJ' ii Shiir Wei*
Shih^ Chang', Sergeant.
100. The Emperor's personal detachment of the Body-
guards consists of 77 ^^ '^ ?^ Ch'in^ Chiin' Hsiao*, Lieutenants;
6 A, 70 ^ II iff ^ Shu* Ch'ini Chun^ Hsiao*, Sub-Lieutenants;
[ 27 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
101 8b, 7 ^ ^ Ijj ^ ;^ Wei^ Shu* Ch'ini Chiin^ Hsiao*, Sergeants,
to and 1,756 |^ ^ Ch'in' Chvin\ Privates.
JQ3
101. Ill HiJ ;/^ ^ Yu* Ch'ien^ Ta* Ch'en^ Adjutant
General ; there are four of these, appointed from the Princes or
Ministers of the Houssehold,
101 A. m? Ill tl ^ Yu* Gh'ien- Hsing^ Tsou', Attache to
the Emperor's Suite. This title is usually conferred on
Mongolian Princes.
102. li "TJl fi g ^ It * i: Jt Tsung^
Shou^ Wei' Shih^ V Ch'u% Vigilance Office (office
Ssu^ Chi^ Ch'a»
of the
General Inspectoi's charged ^^'ith the safety and tranquillity of
the Palace precincts).
This office "was established in accordance with an Edict of
the 13th December, 1908, and is under the control of 3 U^ v\ f^
-S ^ ^ ^ t: ;^ E Tsung^
Ssu^ Chi^ Ch'a^ Shou^ Wei^ Shih*
I'' Ta* Ch'en", General Inspectors (charged with the safety and
tranquillity of the Palace precincts). These officials are
appointed from the Princes or High Officials.
Two reports of the Vigilance Office, approved on the 19th
December, 1908, and the 9th January, 1909, show its adminis-
tration and staff to be as follows :
The actual management is vested in a |||; |J| Tsung' Pan*,
Manager, and 1 ^ l/jf Pang' Pan*, Assistant. Below these are 4
^ S m JK Chl^ Ch'a^ Chang^ Ching\ Secretaries, and 10
^ ^ ^ ^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANTZATION OF CHINA.
" of the ^Ministry of War, are appointed Siipcrintentlents for the 103a
" organisation and drilling of an Imperial Guards Corps. They tO
" are authorised to select from any of the Banner Corps men of i qSb
" good })hysique and health for these Guards and they ai-e to be
" conscientious and diligent in this work. The Corps will be
" under the special command of the Prince Regent. A further
" Edict will be issued when the Corps is functioning smoothly.
*' Such is the Emperor's pleasure."
103a. The New Palace Guards are, so it seems, to replace
the original Imperial Guards. They are to be organised as
divisions of, and will be in type similar to, the New Army.
It is proposed to first complete the formation of one division
of the New Palace Guards, recruits to be drawn from the First
and Sixth Divisions of the New Army. With this object in view
there has been established the ^| ^ 1^ f || f|f ^ Chin* Wei*
Chiin^ Hsiui* Lien* Ch'u*, Office for Drilling of the New Palace
Guards, under the supervision of three ^ "gj yj)| |^ ^^ f^ .1]^ ;/c S
Chuan^ Ssu^ Hsiin* Lien* Chin* Wei* Chiini Ta* L:h'cn^ Super-
visors of the Drilling of the New Palace Guards. To these are
attached : v
103b. a. l^ii-g'B* Chun^TzuMvuan\:\Iilitary Instructors;
—• six in all (one is of the ^ I^ Teng^, First Rank, two are of
tbe ZZ. ^ Erh* Teng', Second Rank, and three are of the
^ ^ San^ Teng^, Third Rank). These Officers manage
correspondence, supervise sections of the staff, are responsible for
instruction, and are in charge of the four sub-offices attached to
the Chief Drilling Office {see below. No., 103c).
Office,
Directly
subordinated to the above-mentioned are :
1. 10 fi 4^ ^ Chih^ Shih* Yiian^ Adjutants,
2. 5 fl 5i» ^ Shu' Chi* Yiian=, Writers (of three ranks),
3- 2 II [11 ^ Hui' T'u= Yiian^ Draftsmen,
4. 1 f.\l llll] M, Yin* Shua^ Yiian^ Manager of Printing
[ 29 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKG ANlZATION Ol' CHINA.
;03c 5. 1 if^ ^ M Shoui Chihi Yiian^, Treasurer,
to 6. 1 B B il Shn^ VVu^ Yiian^, General Supervisor,
103i' 7. 2 ^ ^ H Ti^ Shih* YiiaiA Reg-istrai's.
103c. B. To the Office for Drilling of the New Palace
Guards there are attached the follow ing fonr sub-ofiices :
dence,
1- WM^^ ^l^""' ^[sieh^ K'o\ Armoury,
2. ^ ^ ^^. diuni Fa* K'o', Office of Military Jurispru-
3. ^ ff^ 14 Chiin^ Hsil^ K'o', (.'onimissariat Department, and
4. Sg p ^ Chiini II K'o\ Medical Department.
In each of the sub-offices, or sections, there is a E^ §
Cliien^ Tu', Section Chief, and from thi-ee to five fif ^ K'o^
YiJan^, Secretaries. In addition, there ai'e .
1. 17 ^ ^^ >^ Ssu' Shui Sheng', Writers,
2. 11 nl ^ 3i Ssu^ Shih< Shengi, Clerks,
3. 10 ]^|] pp =p- Shua^ Yin'* Shou*, Compositors, and
4. 20 ^ i^ Fu^ IS Servants.
103d. As has been stated above (sce^o. 103a), the
formation of the New Palace Guards, with very few exceptions,
is identical with that of the [^^ ^ ^ |t Lu^ Chnn^ Ko^ ChcnS
Divisions of the New Army. The artillery detachment, for
instance, consists of three companies of field artillery. Also,,
there are :
1- ^ M, M' Chiao^ T'ung^ Ying^ Military Communica-
cions compo.«»d of two companies, i.e. ^ ^^ [^ T'ieh^ Lu* Tui*,
Railway Company, and ^ f^ PJj^ Tien* Ilsin"* Tui*, Telegraph
Company.
2. 1 ^. YingS Corps, of |i J| ® B Chi^ Kuan^ P'ao^
Tui*, Machine-gun Corps (this is a temporary organisation and
will be abolished when the complete formation of tlie New
Palace Guards has been effected), and 1 ^ Ying^, ;£ ^ ^
Chung* P'ao* Tui*, Corps of Heavy Artillery.
[ 30 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANI7ATION OF CHINA.
3. Later it is planned to organise a |^ •^ ]^ Chiin^ Ke^ 104
Tu[\ Carrier Pigeon Corps, and a g, ]^ I^ Ch'i* Ch'iu" Tui", tO
Aeronautic Corps. 104a
To the Commander of each brigade, regiment or battalion
there will be attached a ^[j '^ Fu* Kuan^, Adjutant
104. The Imperial Palaces in Peking are situated in the
§^^^ Tzu^ Chin" Ch'eng2, j^g^j Forbidden City, which lies
where most of
within the ^ j^^^ Huang^ Ch'eng^, Imperial City,
the buildings and offices pertaining to the Imperial Household
are to be found.
Four gates afford access to the Forbidden City :
1. On the North, jjiifl f^ p^] Shen^ Wu^ Men^
2. On the East, i^ ^ P^ Tung^ Hua'' Men^
3. On the South, ^ p^
Wu^* Men-.
4. On the West, ^ ^. V^ Hsi^ Hua'^ Men^.
104a. Within the Forbidden City there is a series of ^
Kung\ Palaces, ^ Tien*, Halls, and ^ Ko^ Pavilions.
'The best known of the Palaces are :
1-, ^t ira ^* Ch'ien^ Ch'ing^ Kung\ where the most
brilliant receptions take place, audiences are granted to Foreign
Representatiyes (since a few years ago), Chinese officials are
received, and state business transacted.
2. iff ^ ^7 K'un^ Ning» Kung^ Palace of an Empress, or
Shamanic Chapel [sec Nos. 79c and 573c).
^- H M ^ Yu-t Ch'ing^ Kung\ Palace of the Heir
Apparent.
4- ^ S ^ Ning2 Shoii* Kung\ To this Palace there
are six gates ; the main gate, on the South, is called -^ ^i f^
Huang^ Chi- Mm'. Beyond the gates there is the Throne Hall,
^ M Fdc Huang2 Chi^ Tieu^ and behind this is the Palace
Ning2 Shou* Kung^, where the Empress Dowager ^§{M^B
Hsiao^ Ch'in^ Hsien^ Huang^ Hou* resided.
[ 31 ]
'/

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OJ^ CHINA.
104b 5. ^ ^ Chai^ Kung\ Palace of Expiation or Abstinence.
The Emperor visits this Palace to fast previous to important
sacrifices.
6. pg fD ^ Yungi Ho^ KungS Buddhist Temple (lakhipf
calls it the Tibetan Monastery). At the head of this temple,
is one of the four Hutukhtus living in Peking (see No. 917).
104b. The best known of the Halls are :
1-
:*C in Wt T'ai^ Ho^ TienS Hall of Perfect Harmony
(or Hall of Harmony in Nature). Here the Emperor holds
levees on New Year's Day, his birthday, and. on the Winter
solstice.
2. 4» fn Be Chungi Ho^ TienS Throne Hall. In this
Hall the Emperor scrutinises prayers written for state worship
and examines the corn and implements provided for the
ploughing ceremony.
3. i^ fU ^ Pao^ Ho2 Tien^ Throne Hall. In this Hall
the Emperor attends examinations for highest literary degrees.
4- ^ #' Be Wen" Hua= TienS Throne Hall. Jlere the
Emperor, in the second moon, attends for explanation of the
Classics.
5. %l ^ Be Wu^ Ying^ TienS Throne Hall where
stereotype plates are stored (properly Printing Office, see
No.:94).
6. ^ 5t Be 3^'eng* Hsien^ TienS Hall vhere the Emperor
worships his ancestors.
^
7. ^ JC> Be Yang^ Hsin^ Tieij*, Hall to which the
Emperor retires for relaxation. At the present time this Hall is
given up to the Prince Regent for studying government affairs
«ind for small audiences which he may hold (see No. 86).
8. 4* IE-Be Chungi Cheng^ Tien^ Buddhist Chapel. Of
the Pavilions the best known are :
[ 32 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
1. ^ ?I3 ^ Wen^ Yuan^ Ko^ The Library. Here is 104c
found a full collection of books, labelled in Chinese [5J ^ :^ ^ to
Ssu* K'u* Ch'iian' Shu'. 104d
In charge of the Library is a Grand Secretary (compare
No. 131)., assisted by :
Library',
1 ^ H ^ ^ T'i'' Chii^ Kg' Shih*, Director of the
z
p^' ^ ^ Ling' Ko* 2
Shih*, Assistant Directors ot the
Library
?
Q W. TM '0 Chih^ Ko^ ShihS Officials on duty
Library, and
6 /^ [|^ Chien' Yueh', Inspectors,
at the
^ ^ '^Wl Tzu' Kuangi Ko' (situated on the Western
side of the Imperial C'ity), Pavilion of Purple Lustre, where
vassals are received and entertained.
104c. The most commonly known gates of the Forbidden
City are the ;JC W P'l T'ai* Ho' Men* and the ^t yf P*] Ch'ien*
Ch'ing' ]\Ien^ ; the first leads to the Hall of the same name (see
No. i04B) and the second to the Ch'ien^ Ch'ing^ Palace (see
No. 104a).
To the Imperial City there are the following gates at the
South :—
1- :^ ?ra P^ Tai* Ch'ing' Men', serving as the main
entrance to the Imperial City. Before this gate there is a
square court sm-rounded by a granite palisade, called the ^^ ^ ^
Ch*i P'an Chieh.
2-
'
^ ^ P^
T'ien^ An^ Men'.
2- ^^ P^ Tuan^ Men*. Beyond this gate, entrance to the
Forbidden City is obtained through the
-^ pf] Wu' M6n*
{see No. 104).
104d. In charge of the Palaces there are (in number from
2 to 3) Ministers of the Household, Princes of- the Blood
or Grand Secretaries, styled ^ fl -j^ ^ ^ ^ Kuan' Li'
[ 33 ]

PRESENT ])AY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
104b (Mou^) Kung' Shin* Wu*, Superintendents
to and such a Palace. Subordinated to them, deputed
of Affairs of such
from the
jQK Imperial Household, are HB 'I' Lang^ Chung\ Department
> under
Directors, ^ ^j^ El> Ylian" Wai^ Lang^, Assistant Department
Directors, and |^] ^ |^ Nei* Kuan'^ Ling^ Overseers, bearing
the title Mi^'^'^.t^- B ^'^ien' Li^ (Mou^) Kung^ Shih^ ^Yu\
of Affairs of such and such a Palace.
Managers
In addition to the ofHcials above-mentioned there are a
number of ^ ^ (aiu^ Shih* and ^ ^^^ Wei' Shu* Chu^
Shih*, Secretaries, and |? \]i^ ^ Pi^ T'ieh^ Shih*, Clerks.
The management of Palace Halls and Pavilions is arranged
on the same basis as the Palace management.
lOiE. gTl in H I' IIo' Yuan', Summer Palace of the
Emperor. This Palace was the fixed Summer residence of the
late Emperor and Empress Dowager. At the present time it is
seal until the Emperor reaches his majority. The grounds,
however, are opened on the 5th, loth and 2oth of each moon to
the inspection of Diplomatic Kepresentatives and emment
foreigners.
The Summer Palace is under the supervision of the Bureau
of Imperial Gardens and Hunting Parks {see Nos. 90 and 741).
M ^ (i| K l^i* Shu' Shan^ Chuang\ Summer Palace at
^ iHJ Jehol (in the prefecture of ;pC f* /i^ Ch'eng^ Te'^ Fu', to
the North-east of Peking). Until I860 this Palace was the
Siunmer residence of the Emperors.
105. ^^ M Tsou* Shih* Ch'u*, Chancery of Memorials
to the Emperor. At the Chancery are stationed 6 ^ 1^ 'g"
Tsou* Shih* Kuan\ Chancellors of Menaorials to the Emperor,
who receive memorials from the provinces which, if found to be
written in accordance with fixed etiquette, are handed over to
the Grand Council for presentation to the Emperor (Metropolitan
establishments present their memorials to the Grand Council
direct).
[ 34 ]

PRESEXT DAY POLITICAL OPtGAXIZATION OF CHINA.
The Ghancery of Memorials to the Emperor is divided into 105a
two sections ; one for C'hinese and Manchu and one for Mongolian tO
memorials. i\i
The general supervision of the Chancery is the duty of
"Mm 'X^ Yu* Ch'ien^' Ta^ Ch'en', Adjutant Generals (see
No. 101).
105 a. i^ ^ J: 11 ^ # ^ Ch'in^ Feng* Shang* Yii^ Shih*
Chien* Ch'u*, Ghancery for the publication of Imperial Edicts.
At the head of this Ghancery is a ^ ^ Chi^ Ch'a^, Inspector
(usually appointed from the ranks of the Grand Secretaries).
106. 7^ ^ ±1 )^ ± g Ghi^" Gli'a^ T'an^ Miao* Ta* Gh'enS
Superintendent of Altars and Temples, and f^ ^ M )^ :/c 15
Pei* Ch'a^ T'an^ Miao* Ta* Gh'en^, Assistant Superintendent of
Altars and Temples. By these titles are designated the officials
charged with the preparations for sacrifices at altars and temples.
107. ^ |E H ;^ E Hsi^ Gh'i= Wu^ Ta" Gh'en^ Director
o^* the Court Ballet.
.08. rI 1^ ;M Ssu^ Yao^ Chang^ Keeper of Palace Keys.
THE IMPERIAL EQUIPAGE' DEPAR1MENT.
109. P H ^ Luan' Yfi^ Wei^ (previously ^ ^ ^
Tvuan^ I- Wei\), the Impferial Equipage Department. This has
charge of the preparation of carriages, chairs, regalia, etc.,
necessary when the Emperor goes abroad.
110. ^ ti ^ :/c E Chang' Wei^ Shih^ Ta^ Ch'enS
Superintendent of the Imperial Equipage Department, usually
ap])ointed from the Princes of the Blood (literary designation
^ iP Nuan' Ch'ing^).
111. M^iU Luan^ Yii^ Shih' (formerly p f| ^ Luan^
1' Shih'), Commissioner of the Imperial Equipage/ Department ;
2a. Literary designation ^ H'j p Wei^ Yii^ Gh'ing^ and :^
^ ^ Ta* Wei'-wel*. There are two of these officials.
[ 35 ]
'

121
l^llESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
118 112. M^M i^ Han* Luan^ Yu» Shih', Chinese Com-
^Q missioner of the Imperial Equipage Department; 2a. There is
one of these officials.
113. li m^ BMW-^ Tsung' Li' Shih* Wu* Kuan^
Chiin^ Shih^, Chief Marshals of the Imperial Equipage Depart-
ment. There are two of these and they ,
have the general
supervision of the five sub-departments into vt^hich the Equipage
Department is divided (see Nos. 118 to 123).
114. t^ mm B MMi^ Hsieh^ Li^ Shih^ Wu* Yiin^
Hui' Shih^, Assistant Chief Marshals of the Imperial Equipage
Department (see No. 113) ; two officials of this rank.
115. pt jjiG ^ W- f^' l"ei' Ssu^ Kuan* Chiin^ ShihS
Sacrificial Marshals of the Imperial Equipage Department ;
two officials of this rank.
116. ^ i ^ T'ang2 Chu' Shih^ Chief Secretary (compare
No. 288) ; one official of this rank.
!!'''• 0: M M Chingi j^^i T'ing^ Registry: supervised by
two ^ ^ Ching^ Li*, Registrars ;
6a.
118. ^ Bt Tso' So', First Sub-department,
two sections :
sections:
1. ^ H RI Luan' Yii' Ssu^, Carriage Section, and
^- M -^ r1 Hsiin* Ma' Ssu'^, Equestrian Section.
divided into
119. 7^ ^ Yxi* So', Second Department, consisting of two
1. !^ ^ ^J Ch'ing'^ Kai'* Ssu\ Umbrella Section, and
2. ^ ^ ^ Kung^ Shih^ Ssu', Bow and Arrow Section.
120. t^ J^ ('hung'^ So'. Third Sub-department, consisting
of two sections :
1- "& Wl ^ Ching^ Chieh'* Ssu\ Pennons Section, and
2. 1^ 1^ pj Fan^ T*ung=^ Ssu\ Flags and Signals Section.
121.. HO S'r Ch'ien^ So', Fourth Sub-department, consisting
of two sections :
!• M ^ ^ Shan* Shou' Ssu^ Fan Section, and
[ 36 ]

PRESENT DAT TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
2. W^'^ F"' Y'^eh" SsuS Halberd Section. 122
122.
eight sections;
f^ ff\ Hou'' So^ Fifth Sub-department,
1- M M ^ Pan^ Chien'' Ssu\ Sword Section,
2. lie 4^ ^ Ko^ Chi' SsuS Spear Section,
divided into to
3. |)ll ^ fy? Hsiin^ Hsiang^ So^ Elephant-training Section.
4. !^ r] Tung^ Ssu^, Eastern Section,
5. ^ v\ Hsi^ Ssu', Western Section,
6. ;i^ ^ fi '"h'i^ Shou' Wei*, Standard-bearers vacation,
'• ^ BJ Tso' Ssu^, Left Section, and
8. :^ p] Yu^ Ssu', Right Section.
123. ^t
departments there is a ^ |^fj
the head of each of the aboA-e-mentioned sub-
^ i^ f|l C'hang' Yin* Kuan"* Chiin^
Shih^, Sub-department Chief; 3a,
^ J^/f
to whom is attached one
^ ^ ^ fg Chang' So^ Shih^ Yiin^ Hui^ Shih% Assistant
Sub-department Chief; 4a.
Each section is directed by- a ^ PP ^ ^ f^J Chang' Yin*
Yiin^ Hui^ Shih', Section Chief ; 4a, (for the Elephant-training
and Standard-bearers Section called ^ EH ^ ^ fa^ Chang' Yin''
Kuan^ Chiin' Shih'), to whom is attached one ^ W] ^ Ya 'm, ^
Chang' Ssu^ Shih* (^hih* 12 Cheng* (formerly ^ f^ jE Chih* I^
Cheng*), Assistant Section Chiefs ; 5a ; but for the Elephant-
training and Standard-bearers Sections the title is, for the former,
Mfft^MMiM Chang' So' Shih* Yihi'' Hui^ Shih', and, for
the latter, ^ij^f^WMi^ Chang' So' Shih* Kuan* Chun^ Shih'.
In the Sub-departments and Sections of the Equipage
Department are also employed ^ ^^ x^ Pi' T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks
(^number not fixed).
124. ^ J|^ Kuan' Li', Overseers. There are twelve
attached to the :
Equipage Department
L ( ^f ^^ ^ M hing* Pien' Kuan' Li', Overseer of
Heralds and Whips.
[ 37 J
jg,^.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
125 2. % J$. ^ ^ Chia^ K'u* Kuan^ Li^ Overseer of
Carriage Houses,
3. ^ W- ^ ^. ^^^^ Nien^ Kuan^ Li^ Overseer of
Imperial Carriages, •
Carriage,
4- 3i^ W ^^ ^^^^ ^^* Kuan^ Li^, Overseer of the Jade
5- M.^^^^ Hsiang* Lo' Kvian^ Li^" Overseer of the
Elephant Carriage,
6. #" f^ ^ -^ Chia^ Lo'' Kuan^ Li^ Overseer of the
Golden {/arriage,
7. ^ 1^ ^ il Ko^ Lo'' Knan=* Li^ Overseer of the
Leather Carriage,
S.
Wooden Carriage,
Mats,
?}>: $^ '^ ^ ^^^^'^ Lo^ Kuan^ Li^, Overseer of the
9- tM^ W M Tsung^ I'an^ Kiian^ Li\ Overseer of Coir
10. ^ W M M ^^^^ '^^^* Kuan^ Li^
Kneeling Hugs,
Overseer of
11- m 01 ^'® Shii^ T'ou^ Kuan' Li^ Overseer of
Combs, and
12. ff^ ^ ^ ^ ('Ilia" I' Kuan^ Li^ Overseer of Livery
for Servants and Chair-hearers.
125. To the Overseer of Heralds and Whips (see No. 124)
there are attached :
attached :
3 n,| ^ ff5 'b* Ming" Tsan" Pien^ Kuan^ Heralds; 7a, and
1 pjS ^1 1^ jrjT Ming2 Tsan" Pien^' Shih^
Assistant Herald.
To the Overseer of Carriage Houses (see No. 124) there are
1 ^ 11 fJil Yihr Hui^ Shih^ Assistant Marshal ; 4a,
1 5 'l£ IE

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
To the Overseer of the Imperial Carriages (.ice No. 124) 126
there are attached :
OA.
each :
I M Mi^ Yihi^ Hui^ Shih^ Assistant Marshal; 4a, and
^fk'lliB ^^'l^ilv I' Cheng^ Controllers of tlie Fifth (Uass;
To the remaining Overseers there are subordinated, to
T^ Y^ 'H lE Chih^ I^ Ch^ng*, Controller of the Fifth
Class; 5 A, and
1 M Sit Cheng' I^ Yii'', Controller of the Sixth Class.
REGENCY.
126. iiUMii^EE Chien^ Kuo' SW Cheng* Wang^
Prince Regent. During the minority of the present Emperor,
known from his reign as ^ ^ Hsiian^ T'ung^, that is, until he
has completed Jiis education and has married, his father, ^ f^ I
l\l'J'l Ch'un' Ch'ini Wang' Tsai^ Feng',
Prince of the First
Degree, Ch'nn, personal name Tsai"* Feng\ will govern the
Chinese Empire as Regent, having been empowered to
assume his title by the late Empress Dowager ^ ^ j^ ^ |p
Hsiao* Ch'in^ Hsien^ Huang^ Hon*, on the 1.3 th November,
1908.
Rules defining the rights and the authority of the Prince
Regent, elaborated by the Grand Secretariat^ in conjunction
with the INIinistries and Chief Government Establishments, were
approved by the Emperor in an Edict dated 13th November,
1908.
All government affairs are transacted by the Prince Regent
and decisions are published as Edicts of tlie- Emperor under his •
seal. In very important cases the Prince, Regent requests the
Empress Dowager ^MU^kfa Lu"g' Yii* Huang"
to issue an Edict.
[ 39 ]
T'ai* Hou*

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
126a The Prince Regent is Commander-in-Chief of all Naval
"to and iNIilitary Forces aid, as tlie Emperor's representative, will
127 attend sessions of the National Assembly. He will also open
Parliament.
All reports addressed to the Emperor are presented to
the Prince Regent and, in connection with foreign affairs, he
concludes treaties, appoints representatfves abroad, and receives
tlie credentials of the representatives of Foreign Pqwers
appointed to China.
For the expenses of the Prince Regent there are allotted,
yearly. One Hundred and Fifty Thousand Taels by the Ministry
of Finance (for details see Rules, in 16 Articles).
126a. ^liSti I* Cheng* Wang^ Prince Regent. This
title was borne by ^ f^ I ^ ff' Kung^ Ch'in- Wang' I* HsinS
Prince of the First Degree, Kung, personal name I^ Hsin^, during
the minority of the Emperor T'uug Chih, when, with the
Empresses, ]^* ^ T'zu* An^ and ,^ ,fi^ T'zu' Hsi^ he Was' in
charge of the government of the Empire.
126b. ^ ^ (/h'i^ She^, another designation of Prince
Regent. This title was held by the usurper ^ ^ \\'artg^ Mang*
during the minority of the Emperor J^ "F |)^ '^^^ Tzu' Ying\ of
the il 11 an^ Dynasty (in B.C. 6).
126c. ^^BM^ Huang* T'ai* Hou^ Lin'^ Cli'ao^
Empress Dowager Regent ; also called ^ |^ ^;|, l^
T'ingi Cheng^ (or ^ M M ^
Chhii^ Lien- Hs\m*

HESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
two Houses, i.e. Jb ii ^ Shang* I^ Yiian^ Upper House, and 128
~F ^ 1^ Hsia^ I* Yuan% Lower House.
Rules and Regulations for Parliament and for the Electoral
Laws are to be drawn up by the Department for Drawing up
Regulations for Constitutional Government and will be pro-
mulgated in 1912.
The establishment of a Parliament was foreshadowed by the
Emperor's approval of a general outline of the principles of
constitutional government, together with laws concerning
parliament and the election of its members, {sec Edict dated 27th
August, 1908, in reply to a report from the Bureau for the
Investigation of the Principles of Constitutional Government,
with two enclosures).
As the Parliament will have deliberative authority alone,
having no executive authority whatsoever, it will only
be allowed
to discuss questions touching the vhole Empire and assist in
working out the Budget. Its resolutions will be carried out
only after the Emperor's approval of the same {see
details in
article " China on the 'eve of a Constitution " in the "Messenger
of Asia," No. 1, July, 1909, pages 5.7 to 74, translation from
the Chinese, by the authors of the Imperial
Edict dated 27th
August, 1908, and the "Scheme of State Laws and Programme
of Constitutional Reforms dviring the period 1 908-1916. ".j
From the year 1910 imtil the opening of Parliament there
will be a National Assembly as a pi'climinar}^ deliberative body
{see Nos. 164 to 167c).
COUNCIL OF STATE.
128. W-Wi^

PRfeSfeNl* DAY POLITICAL ORGAI^IZAtlON OF CftlNA.
^ t
120 discussed State Affairs. Now, having become the Privy Council
to of the Emperor, most Decrees are issued from this establishment,
129b
^s well as orders concerning
State Administration.
The Council of State is composed of :
129. 1^ il ;^ E Chiin^ Chii Ta* Ch'^nS Grand Councillors,
having daily audiences with the Emperor. The number of these
officials is not fixed but for many years past there have not been
more than five, i.e. two Manchus, two Qhinese, and one of the
Princes of the Blood as President.
Members of the Council of State are usually appointed from
the ranks of officials of the grade of Mini&Ler of State or
Assistant Minister of State and they usually hold substantive
posts other than in the Council.
At present the members of the Council of State countersign
(^ ^ .'hu* jMing^)
all Decrees issued in the name ©f the
Emperor over the seal of the Prince Regent.
129a. ^m^l^ Chun^ Chi^ Hsmg^ Tsou^ also tfe^^'l
ic IS J: ^ ^ ll ^ Tsai* Chun^ Chi^ Ta^ Ch'en' Shang* Hsiieh*
Hsi^ Hsing'^ Tsou^, Probationary Grand Councillor. Newly-
appoiuted Grand Councillors are often thus designated.
129b. :|^)^S^^ Chiin^ Chi^ Chang^ Chingi, also />^^
Hsiao' Chiin^ (yhi', Secretaries of the Council of State ; sixty in
all. They
attend to the clerical work of the Council and are
divided into four sections :
1 . H^W^i Man' T'ou' Pan', and r^ZLlM. Man' firh* PanS
First and Second Manchu, and
2. ^miM Han^ T'ou' Pan^ and g| H^J Han* ^rh* PanS
First and Second Chinese.
At the head of each section there is a ^ JJ Ling' Pan',
Chief of Section ; 3 a, assisted by a |^ g| |{£ Pang' Ling' Pan',
Assistant Chief of Section ;
4a.
[ 42 ]
'

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OT CHINA.
^: ^:±^iE Ling' Pan^ Change Ching^
^^^"^
Shang^ Hsiang^ Tsou^ Chief of Section, and ^^iJi^p.l'Al^
*°
Pang^ Ling* Pan^ Chang^ Ching^ Shang* Hsiang^ Tsou^, 131
The titles ^ IjEE
Assistant Chief of Section, are often borne as honorary titles by
some of the Secretaries.
129c. !£ ^ Chi* Ming^ thus is designated a day-book,
kept at the Council of State, for recording praise^Yorthy actions
of officials.
GRAND SECRETARIAT OR IMPERIAL CHANCERY.
130. ^^ Nei* Ko', Grand Secretariat; technically the
highest government establishment; organized in the Ming
Dynasty.
Before the establishment of the Grand Council, early
in the
18th century (see No. 128), the duties of the Grand Secretariat
included the preliminary examination of reports
from the
Provincial Authorities, the making of recommendations as to
these before presentation to the Emperor, and the composition
and promulgation of Imperial Decrees. It has now, however,
lost mucli of its importance and its duties at present consist, for
the most part, in promulgating Edicts and in keeping State
Papers.
The Grand Secretariat is composed as follows :
131. Four ic^i Ta* Hsiieh^ ShihS Grand Secretaries ;
1a (colloquial designation fft ^ Chung^ T'ang^ epistolary
designation ^ |g Tsai^ Hsiang* and ^ ^ Hsiang* Kuo"'^). Two
of these ai-e ^lanchns and two are Chinese, chosen from the most
distinguished officials of the Empire who are siJie qua 7ion,
Metropolitan Graduates.
Each of the Grand Secretaries is entitled Ta Hsiieh Shih
of one or other of the Throne Halls or Pavilions of the Imperial
[ 43 ]
^

PRESENT DAY TOLITICaL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
132 Palace,
2
i.e.
\)^ ffl ^k ^^^^' "«' TIenS ^ ^ WJ. Weri^ Hua? Tien%
to ii-t M ^^ Wu^ Ying^ Tien^ {^ C M T'i^ JOn^ Ko^ ^ Wen
ifJH f^T
137 Yiian' Ko'^ and J^l ^ Tung-^ Ko^ (the selection of a particular
Hall or PaA^lion depends on the Emperor's will).
Under the Ming Dynasty
the Grand Secretaries were
familiarly designated f^ ^ Ko' Lao', Elders of the Imperial
Chancery (rend^ercd by the Jesuit ^Missionaries as Colao).
132. Two 1^ li ;^ ^ ± Hsieh^ Pan^ Ta* Hsiieh^ Shih^
Assistant Grand Secretaries; 1b (coUoqnial designation Jf* ^
Chung^ T'ang^, epistolary designation j/^ ^ Hsielr K'uei").
One is ]\Ianchn and one f'hinese.
Grand Secretaries and Assistant Grand Secretaries are
nsuallv also members of the Council of State,
or Assistant Ministers of State.
]Ministers of State
133. Ten f^l H 4^ ± Nei^ Ko^ Hsiieh^ Shih*, Sub-
(Jhancellors of the Grand Secretariat: 2b (literary designation
H] ^ Ko^ Hsiieh^). Six are Manchus and four are Chinese;
they act as registrars of certain departments
Archives.
134. Eight ^J ^ ft 11^ ±.
of the State
^'ei* Ko' Shih^ Tu^ Hsiieh'
Shih"*, Eeaders of the Grand Secretariat; 4b. Six are Manchus
and two Chinese. They compare the texts, in Manchu and
Chinese, of State Papers.
135. Sixteen ^ ^^ ff ^ Nei' Ko^ Shih^ Tu', Assistant
Readers of the Grand Secretariat ; 6a. Fourteen of these are
Manchus and two are Chinese.
136. Six pLj^mH Xei^ Ko^ Tien' Chi^ Archivists of the
Grand Secretariat ; 7a ; four Manchus and two Chinese.
137. 130 pg ^ r|t ^ Nei* Ko" Clumg^ Shu\ Secretaries of
the Grand Secretariat; 7b (literary designation tfl 1^ Chung'
H^n^).
Six of these do duty at :
[ 44 ]

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,
137a. rft H ^ Chiingi Shu^ K'o\ Imperial Patent Office, 137a
as f|< ^ fif ^|< ^ Chung-i Shu^ K'o^ Chung^ Shu', Secretaries of to
the Imperial Patent Office ; 7b. Their duty is to prepare 140
patents and charters.
At the head of the Imperial Patent Office there are :
137b. Two

141
to
niESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS.
148 141. ilE^ f# )^ Cheng* Wu* Ch'ii*, Bureau of Government
Affairs; established in 1901 for the examination o£ reports and
memorials, dealing with reforms, coming
from officials and the
people.
When first fonned, this Bureau was composed
of four
members, with Prince Ch'ing as its head. "Officials of the various
Ministries have been appointed as members of this Bureau, at
the same time continuing to hold their original posts.
In the year 1 905 the Bureau was reorganized as :
141a. i*l If f- li igSC ^ )t Nei* Ko" Hui* I* Cheng* Wu*
Ch'u*, Committee of Ministers ; its functions were unchanged but
the number of its members was increased.
At the present time the Committee of Ministers is composed
as follows :
142. gC f^ :J^ g. Cheng* Wu* Ta' Ch'on^, Ex-officio
Members of the Committee of ^Ministers. These are thfe Grand
Secretaries, the Assistant Grand Secretaries and the President of
the Council of State. The last-named acts as President.
143. # ^ igC f^ :/c Bi Ts'an^ Yil* Ch^ng* Wu* Ta* Ch'en^,
Consultino- Members of the Committee of Ministers. The
Presidents of the various ^Ministries (Boards) comprise these
(eleven, there now being eleven Boards).
144. Tavo f^ |g T'i" Tiao*, Proctors: chosen from the
Sub-chancellors of the Grand Secretariat.
145. Three #? till Pang' T'i' Tiao*, Assistant Proctors.
146. Two |§ ^ Tsung^ Pan', Chief Secretaries.
147. Two ^ |§ ^jj| Pang' Tsung^
Secretaries.
Pan' Assistant Chief
l"*^- ^ M Wen- An*, Secretaries. These are chosen from
the ranks of the Secretaries of the Grand Secretariat ; number
not fixed.
[ -46 ]
•

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
149. 5|i ^ 'g' Ti* Shih* KuanS Registrars ; chosen from 149
the Secretaries o£ the Grand Secretariat ; number not fixed. tO
COMMITTEE FOR DRAWING UP REGULATIONS FOR
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.
150. ^ ^ igS[ '/§ ft K'ao^ Ch'a^ Cheng* Chih* K-uanS
Committee for the Investigation of the Principles of Modern
Politics and Government; established in 1905 for the supervision
of everything connected with the introduction of constitutional
government, for the compilation of a code of constitutional laws,
and for the discussion of the most important questions of State
administration.
In 1907 an Imperial Edict, dated 13th August, directed
that the name of the Committee be changed to :
150a. ^ i^ ^ ^ I'B Hsien* Cheng* Pieni Ch'a» Kuan',
Committee for Drawing up Regulations
for Constitutional
Government, This Committee was charged with the supervision
of the introduction of Constitutional Government in China.
By the Rules, elaborated by the Committee itself, approved
by the Emperor on the 24th August, 1907, at the head of the
Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Govern-
ment there are two members of the Council of State, styled :
151. ^mMi&M'^^ B K"an2 Li' Hsien* Cheng*
Pien^ Ch'a* Shih* Wu*, Permanent Members of the Committee
for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government.
These officials, for the actual management of affairs, appoint two
152. J^ 1^ T'i^ Tiao*, Proctors (from the ranks of Vice-
Presidents of Ministries, or Officials of similar rank).
153. 1.1 ^ ^ Tsung' Ho^ YiJan^ Examiners ; two. These
officials supervise the preparation of reports, manage correspond-
ence, and control the publication of a rewspaper.
[ 47 ]
153

PRESENT DAY TOLltlCAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
154 154. At the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for
to Constitutional Government there are two
Bm-eau and Statistical Bureau.
Bureaux, i.e. Revising
^53
154a. I^ fdij J^ Pien^ 'Chih^ Chii^ Revising Bureau;
composed of three ^ K'o\ Sections.
154b. -^ji tf ^ T'ung^ Chi* Chu^ Statistical Bureau;
composed of three ^ K'o\ Sections.
1 54c. At the head of each of the afore-mentioned Bureaux
there is a ^j ^ Chii* C'hang^ President, assisted by a glj ^ ^
Fu* Chii^ Challg^ Vice-President.
Each Section is under a Jg ^if ^ Cheng* K'o^ Yiian'^,
Section Chief, to whom are attached a number of g|J 7fJ[ ^
Fu*
K'o^ Yiian', Assistant Section Chiefs (the number of these depends
on tbe needs of the various Sections).
155. li # .^ Tsung^ Wu* Ch'u*, Chancery. This is
directed by a |f|', ^j^ Tsung^ Pan', Chief of the Chancery ; he is
assisted by ^ ^ K'o' Yiian'^, Assistant Chiefs.
The C'hancery was established to deal with the registering of
in-coming and out-going documents and for controlling the
income and ex})enditure. It was formerly called ^, |^ J^ Shu*
Wu* Ch'u*.
156. ^ ^ J^ I* Shui Ch'u*, Translating Office (Inter-
preting Office) ; for the translation from foreign languages oi
books necessary to the Committee for Drawing up Regulations
for Constitutional Government. The staff of this office is not
fixed.
157. H ^ j^ T'u^ Shu' Ch'u", Library; directed by
i& ^ Shou^ C'hang^, Librarian. Here are kept works in Chinese
and foreign languages, as Avell as maps.
158. 'g* |g ^ Kuan' Pao* Chii*, Government Newspapers
Office. This is directed by a |^^ |^. Tsung^ Pan', Superintendent
who is responsible f-or the editorial, proof reading and printing
sections into which the Office is divided, i.e.
[ 48 J

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHIXA.
1- 1^ H f-4 I*ieni Chi^ K'o', Editorial Section, ^gg
2. ^ ^>] fif Chiao'' Tui* K'o^, Proof Reading Section, and
3 fp jjglj f^ Yin* Shua' K'o', Printing Section.
159. At the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for
Constitutional Government there are many
posts, namely :
somewhat unofficial
159a. WMWi^t^fl^ Hsien' Cheng^ Pien^ Ch'a^ Kuan'
Hsing' Tsou*, Attache of the Committee for the Drawing up of
Regulations for Constitutional Government. ,
appointed from the ranks of expectant Metropolitan
the 3rd to the 5th classes.
These
officials are
officials of
159b. '— ^ I^ li M I' Teng' Tzu^ I* Yuan^, Advisers of
the First Class, and Zl ^ |§ li M ^^^ Teng^ Tzu^ I* Yiian^,
Advisers of the Second Class. These are, at the Capital, chosen
from officials of the ranks of Vice-President of a Ministry to
Secretary of a Ministry and, in the provinces, from officials of the
ranks of Taot'ai to Governor.
160. ^^^.f\ K'ao' Ho' Chuan^ K'o', Investigation
Bureau. This Bureau was established at the Committee for
Drawing up Regulations
for Constitutional Government in
consequence of a report by the Committee approved by Imperial
Edict of the 2nd January, 1909, for keeping a watch that
constitutional reform schemes are properly carried out.,
In Peking, the' Ministries, and, in the provinces, the
Governor-Generals or Governors, must report every six months as
to what has been accomplished, whence the Investigation Bureau
is kept informed as to the progress of the preliminary efforts with
regard to the introduction of constitutional government in China.
160a. ^, .p Tsung' Pan', Bureau Chief ; at the head of
the Investigation Bureau. This official is under the control of
the Proctors of the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for
Constitutional Government {see No. 152\ Be has subordinated
to him :
5
[ 49 ]
to
160a

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
161 ^ ^ H Pangi PanS Assistants,
to 2 j£ ^4 ^ Cheng* K'o^ Yiian'^, Senior Secretaries, and
162b S S'j ^ ^ ^^* K^^o^ Yiian', Junior Secretaries.
161. By an Imperial Edict, dated 22nd October, 1907, it
was directed, in reply to a report of the Committee for Drawing
up Regulations for Constitu^ic lal Government, that there be
established, in the Capital at the Ministries and important-
Government Offices, M ^ M T'ung^ Chi* Ch'u*, Statistical
Bureaux, and, in the provinces, in the yamen of the Governor-
Generals or Governors, fi i^. j^ Tiao* Ch'a^ Chii^, Information
Bureaux, with the object of furnishing
necessary information.
the Committee with
162. ^^ It J^ T'ung^ Chi" Ch'u*, Statistical Bureaux ; first
established at six of the Ministries, i.e. Board of Home Affairs,
Board of Rites, Board of Finance, Board of Posts and Communi-
cations, Board of Agriculture. Works and Commerce, and Board
of Justice. Later these bureaux are to be established at the
remaining Ministries.
The organization of the Statistical Bureaux is not the same
for all the Boards.
162 A. The Statistical Bureau at the Board of Rites has at
its head a 3^. |^ Tsung^ Ho'^, Superintendent, and is divided into
two sections :
1- 1^ ^ JS Tiao* Ch'a^ 2.
Ch'u*, Infoi-mation Section, and
M fill] ^ Pieni Chih* Ch'u", Revising Section. Each
Section has a staff consisting of 1 Jg |)^
T'i^ Tiao*, Proctor, and
10 ^ ^ K'o' Yuan2, Secretaries.
162b. At the Board of Finance the Statistical Bureau is
supervised by. a |g fjj^i Ling' Pan\ Chief Director, to whom there
are subordinated 4 ^ |/|| Tsung^ Pan', Directors, 10 ^R^j| Pang^
Pan\ Vice-Directors, and 2 ^ ^f Tso* Pan", Junior Vice-
Directors.
[ 50_ ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
163. 1^ ^ ^j Tiao* Ch'a^ Chii^, Information Bureaux ; 163
established in each province. These are luider the control of the tO
respective Governor-General or Governor and their organization 163o
is based on a Memorial from the Committee for Drawing up
Kegulatious for Constitutional Government, approved by the
Emperor on the 22nd October, 1907.
163a. ^, |//| Tsung^ Pan'*, Director. This official, appointed
by the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional
Government, on the recommendation of the local Governor-General
or Governor, for managing the Information Bureaux, may, at the
same time, do duty as Adviser to the Committee (compare
No. 159b).
sections :
163b. The Information Bureaux are each divided into two
1-
tions, and
fi- M ^ Fa* Chih^ Iv'o', Section of Laws and Regula-
2. i^ it f^I- T'ung^ Chi'' K'o\ Statistical Section.
Each of these Sections is divided into three ^ Ku^, Sub-
sections.
At the head of each section there is a ^fij- ^ K'o^ Chang^,
Section Chief, who, under the supervision of the Director, manages
the affairs of his section.
Sub-sections are managed by ^ ^ ^ j^ Kuan' Ku' Wei'
Yiian^, Secretaries (from one to three in each Sub-section), under
the sui^ervislon of the Section Chief.
163c. For correspondence there are, at the Sections and
Sub-sections, (1) 2 j!|"^|£ Tsung^ Shu^ Chi*, Senior Secretaries,
(2) 2 ^ ||i ^ il Pangi Tsung' Shu' Chi*, Assistant Senior
Secretaries, (3) 2 |'j- ^ =2 K'o^ Shu^ Chi*, Section Secretaries,
(4) 2 S^^ES ^^"^ Shu^ Chi*, Sub-section Secretaries, (5) 2 ^^
%H^ Kuan' Chiian* Shu^ Chi*, Archivists, and {Q) 2 j!^^ -^ pt
Shou^ Fa^ Shu' Chi*, Registrars.
[ 51 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
leSo 163d. ^,BM Shu* Wu* Ch'uS Chancery ; for managing-
+Q the affairs of this establishment the Bureau Chief appoint©
2 |ffi ^ ^ ^ Shu* Wu* Wei' Yiian'^, Chancery Deputies.
165
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND PROVINCIAL
ASSEMBLIES.
164. ^ i|^ ^ Tzu^ Cheng* Yiian*, The National As-
sembly ; its establishment was foreshadowed by
20th September,
1907. The tenor of this Edict was :
an Edict of the
" A Constitution is necessary to the country. As the twO'
" Houses of Parliament cannot at once be inaugurated, it will be
"necessary at first to establish an Assembly
of Ministers to>
"confer on State matters and to prepare the foundations of
" Constitutional Government. Prince P'u Lun, Prince of the
"4th Order, and the Grand Secretary, Sun Chia ISTai, are
"appointed to preside over the said Assembly and they are
" commanded to confer with the Council of State on details and
"modes of procedure. Having settled upon these,
details are
"to be presented to the Throne for Imperial sanction. Respect
"This."
165. The first National Assembly, organized on the-
authority of the Edict mentioned (see No. 164), is merely a
temporary
establishment entrusted with the special task of
drawing up regulations for, and organizing elections to, future
National Assemblies, which will serve as a foundation for the
Parliament that will be opened in 1917. According
Imperial Decree of the 4th of November, 1910,
be opened in 1913 {see No. 127).
Similarly, officials previously employed
to an
Parliament is to
in connection witL
the preparations for the Assembly have also had temporary
posts.
[ 5-2 3

niESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGAKIZATION OF CHIXA.
165a. As at first constituted, there were at th(; head of 165^!
the National Assembly two S^. ^ Tsung^ Ts'ai'^, Presidents, to
and, attached to them, five Wj ^^M^^'^B Hsieh* Li^ Tzu^
Cheng* Yuan* Shih* Wu*, Senior Supervisors, three 'M.^^f^
lil ^ B TzAi^ Ch^ng* Yiian* Pang^ Pan* Shih* Wu*, Junior
Supervisors, and an indefinite number of ^ i^ ^ ^ ^ Tzu^
Cheng* Yiian' Ts'an^ I*, Advisers (at the last session there were-
six).
166. By Rules drawn up by the National Assembly
(consisting of 10 headings — the first two of which were sanctioned
on the 9th July, 1908, and later amended and, with the others,
approved on the 23rd August, 1909) the subjects that may be
discussed by the Assembly are :
National Income and Expenditure, Methods of Taxation
and the National Debt, New Codes of Laws and the Amendment
of existing Codes (the right of amendment of constitutional laws
is removed from the sphere of influence of the Assembly).
All measures handed over to the National Assembly for its
decision must first be considered by the Council of State or the
High Officials. The Assembly, however,
questions relating to methods of taxation, the public
in connection with
debt and
the preparation or amendment of codes of laws, may initiate
discussion and propose draft measures (articles 14 and 15 of the
Rules).
When the Assembly has arrived at a decision on any
subject, a Memorial must be prepared by the Presidents and
Supervisors of that body,
in consultation with the Council of
State, or with the President of the Board concerned ; this
Memorial, in the usual manner, must await the final decision of
an Imperial Edict (article 16).
Matters of disagreement between the National Assembly
and the Council of State or the High Officials are to be decided
by the Emperor (article 18).
[ 53 ]
^qq

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. .
107 As regards the Provincial Assemblies, the JS'ational
Assembly acts as high controller, deciding
difterences between
the individual Pi'ovincial Assemblies and between the Provincial
Assemblies and the High Provincial Authorities (articles 22
to 24).
Sessions of the National Assembly are of two kinds, i.e.-
ordinary and extraoi'dinary. Ordinary
sessions are to be held
each year, during the 9th, 10th and 11th moons (article
31); an extraordinary session may be summoned by Imperial
Edict whenever occasion demands (article 32).
In the Rules it is clearl}^ pointed ovit for what reasons the
Emperor may adjourn (article 52), or even dissolve, the
National Assembly and call for a new election (article 53).
The scheme of constitutional reforms providjes for a general
election, in 1910, of delegates to. the National Assembly and its
opening the same year. Also,
it calls for the erection of a hall
in the Eastern part of the Tartar City at the (ifj [^ pf] (Jh'ao^
Yang2 Men^' (also ^ ft; P"! ^-'^'i^ Hua"" Men-), to the North-west
of the ifj ^ -^ Kuan^ Hsiang^ T'ai-,. the Observatory, Avhere
were formerly the ^.^ Kung"* Yiian*, Examination Halls, for
the use of the Assembly.
167. At the head of the National Assembly there is now a
i^ ^ Tsung^ Ts*ai^, President, appointed by Imperial Edict
from the ranks of Princes of the Blooi or from officials of the
highest rank Particle 2). To him there is attached one glj |§, ^
Fu* Tsung' Ts'ai", Vice-President, appointed by the Emperor
from officials of rank not lower than the 3rd (article 3).
While the Assembly is in session, the President and Vice-
President do duty as f^ ^ I^ Chang', Chairman, and ^Ij ^ ^
Fu* I* Chang^, V ice-Chairman of Sessions of the National
Assembly (article 30). ^ i|^ [^ fi M Tzu^ Cheng* Yiian* I*
Yuan', Members of the National Assembly (the mmiber is fixed
at two hundred). One hundred of these are appointed by the
[ 54 ]

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Emperor and one hundred elected from the Provincial Assemblies 167a
(article-4). f^Q
All members of the National Assembly are to rank eqiially
irrespective of the positions they may hold (article 5).
Eligible for membership in the National Assembly are
persons over 30 years of age who belong to the following classes :
(a) Hereditary Princes of the Blood,
(b) Manchus and Chinese holding hereditary titles,
(c) Hereditary Princes of Mongolia, Tibet and Turkestan,
(d) Imperial Clansmen (irrespective of degree of kin),
(e) Officials of Metropolitan Establishment betAveen the
4th and 7th ranks (with the exception of officials of justice,
pi'osecutors and police officials),
( f ) Eminent scholars,
(g) Large tax-payers, and
(h) Members of the Provincial Assemblies (see details in
articles 9 to 13 of the Pules).
Detailed Regulations, drawn up by the National Assembly
itself and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 26th October, 1909,
define clearlv those who come within the eioht categories
mentioned above. The appointment of members and the electoral
procediu-e are also elaborated in these Kegulations.
1G7a. Immediately on opening a session, the mernbers of
the National Assembly are, by lot, divided into various Jj^ Ku',
committees, for dealing with special questions. The members of
the committees, ^x M. ^^^^^ Yiian", elect their respective chainuan,
55 ^ Ku^' Chang^
167r. For the clerical work of the National Assembly
Pi* Shu^ T'ing\ Secretariat. At the head of
j^ Pi* Shu' Chang^, Senior Secretary ; 4a,
|i{^
there is a : ^,^^
this is a |i{5! ^
appointed by the —'
Emperor. To him are subordinated ^
^ 'B' I' Teng^ Pi* Shu' Kuan', Secretaries of the First Class ;
[ 55 J
167b

PKESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
167c 5a," H ^m^'^ Erh^ Teng' Pi* Shu^ Kuan', Secretaries of
to the Second Class ; 6a, and H ^ IllJ! ^ 'g* San^ Teng^ Pi" Shu^
1Q3 Kuan', Secretaries o£ the Third Class ; 7a (there are four
Secretaries of each class ; in all twelve).
The Secretariat is composed of four Sections, i.e. (1) i^^^
Chii Yao'' K'oS Secret Affairs, (2) |i ^ f-{- I^ Shih^ K'o\
Projects, (3) jilQf^ Su^ Chi* K'oS Stenography, and (4) J&M^^
Shu* Wu* K'o\ Miscellaneous Affairs. The First Class Secretary
at each of the Sections ranks as Chief, ^ ^ K'o^ Chang^, the
others as his assistants.
In addition to the foregoing there are ^ J2 Shu' Chi*,
Writers, and j^ 12 :^ ^u^ Chi* Sheng', Stenographers on the
staff of the Secretariat, and there is also a ^ ^ ^ T'u^ Shu
Shih\ Library, in charge of one of the Secretaries, who is styled
^ JM J^ Kuan^ Li^ Yiian^, Librarian.
167c. At the Assembly there are special ^ ^ ^ 'H*
Shou' Wei' Ching\ Kuan', Guards, completely under the
authority of the President and Vice-President.
168. g-§ f^ ^ Tzu^ I* Chii'^, Provincial Assemblies. These
are the National Assembly's representatives in the provinces and
their establishment was directed by Imperial Edict dated 19th
October, 1907.
On the 22nd July, 1908, Eegulations for the Provincial
Assemblies drawn up by the Committee for Drawing up Regula-
tions for Constitutional Government lyere sanctioned by the
Emperor and, in 1909, in all the provinces, with the exception of
the New Dominion— where, owing to the ignorance of the people
the assembly Avill be, at least at first, drawn up on different lines
— elections for members of the Assemblies were held.
In the New Dominion members of the Assembly will -"be
appointed, not elected (see the report of the Governor, Lien K'uei,
dated early in 1909).
[ 56 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
On the 14th October, 1909, the Provincial Assembhes had 169
their first session {see Edict dated 13th October, 1909).
As directed by the first article of the Regulations, Provincial
Assemblies are established in the cities at which the Governory
Generals or Governors reside, their chief duty being to bring the
opinions of the people to the notice of the chief provincial
executive that he may be fully informed of the needs of his
district and maintain order therein.
For the election of members of the Provincial Assemblies
there is a double election, that is, there is an election of delegates
by the people and these, in turn, elect certain of
members of the Assemblies.
their number as
The number of members of the Provincial Assembly is not
the same for all the provinces but ranges from 30 (for the
provinces of Kirin, Heilungchiang and Hsinchiang) to 140 (for
Chihli province).
The electoral fi-anchise is given to all males of twenty five
years of age or more, provided they are natives of the pi'ovince
and possess any of the qualifications stated in detail in the
Regulations (articles 3 and 4).
Membership in the Provincial Assembly is open to all males
of thirty years of age or more, natives, and non-natives, provided
they have been resident in the province concerned for ten years,
"who are free of the disqualifications enumerated in detail in
articles 5 to 8 of the Regulations
169. In the internal organization of the Provincial
Assemblies there are :
1- li ;M !* 2.
ChangS President,
SI] li ^ Fu'' I^ Chang^ Vice-President, and 1^ ^ f^ ^
Ch'ang^ Chu* I* Yiian^, Resident Members of the Assembly,
The number of these is one fifth the total number of members of
the Assembly (articles 10 to 14 of the Regulations).
r 57 ]

170
to
172
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
The members of tlie Provincial Assemblies are elected for a
term of three years ; the President and Vice-Presidents retaia
their offices during the entire temi, the Resident Members serve-
one year only (ai'ticles 15 to 17 of the Pegulations).
170. The Provincial Assembliei^ may discuss affairs dealing
with finance, yearly income and expenditure, methods of taxation^,
the raising of loans for provincial needs, the election of members
to the National Assembly, and questions submitted to them by
the National Assembly, etc. i^see articles 21 to 30 of the
Regulations, in Avhich, also, is defined in detail the relation of the
Provincial Assemblies to the Governor-Generals, Governors and
the National Assembly).
171. To the Provincial Assembly there is attached a
^% ^ J^ Pan^ Shih* Ch'u*, Chancery,
under the control of the
President and Vice-Presidents, for dealing with coiTespondence,
accounts and the current affairs of the Assembly. This office is.
directed by 1 ^ |E j^ Shu'^ Chi* Chang^, Chief Secretary, and
4 ^ =2 Shu^ Chi*, Secretaries, who are selected by the President,
subject to the approval of the Governor-General or Governor
(ySee articles 51 and 52 of the Regulations).
172. The management
of elections for members of the
Provincial Asseiublies is undertaken by special committees in
which the local officials act as I)? i^ ^ '§ Ch'u^ Hsuan^ Chien^
Tu\ Executive Supervisors of the First Election, or l^iH^"^ Fu*
Hsuan^Chien^ Tu\ Executive Supervisors of the Second Election.
To the above-mentioned officials there are subordinated
during: elections :
1. \t M m n m-
Supervisors of Balloting,
2. ^ M ^ ^ m
Inspectors of Balloting,
3. ^ M ^ Ji m
Supervising Tellers, and
T'ou- P'iao* Kuan' Li^ Yuan^,
"OU"
K'-n 'ai'
[ 58 ]
P'iao* Chien^ Ch'a' Yuan%
P'iao* Kuan' Li^ Yiian^

PHESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
4. ^ M ^ ^ M. I^'ai^ P'iao^ Chien^ Ch'a^ Yuan^, 173
Tellers {see details in articles 18 to 20 of the Regulations dealing ^q
with, the Provincial Assemblies and the election of members, being
additional articles to the Regulations).
1 73. =§ fi ^ ^ m ^ Tzu^ P Chii^ Ch'ou^ Pan* Ch\iS
Offices for arranging for Provincial Assemblies, established in
the various provinces in accordance with the instructions issued
by the Depart-nent for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional
Government, in 1908, with the object of organizing the elections
of members of the Provincial Assemblies. After the opening of
the Council?, on the 14th October, 1909, these offices ceased to
exist.
COMMITTEE FOR REVISING AND COMPILING CIVIL
AND CRIMINAL. C0DE5.
1 "-1 •• f^ IT ^- ^ tt Hsiu^ Ting* Fa* Lii* Kuan^ Committee
for Revising and Compiling Civil and Criminal Codes. This
came into existence because of an Imperial Edict of the 11th
October, 1907, the tenor of which was :
" The Committee for Drawing up Regulations for
*' Constitutional Government has presented a Memorial lu'ging
" the appointment of officials to compile new civil and criminal
" codes.
" Shen Chia-pen, Junior Vice-President of the Ministry of
" Justice, Yu Lien-san, ex-Governor of Shansi, and Ying Jui,
" President of the Supreme Court, are appointed as officials for
"
the compilation of new civil and criminal codes. They are to
"
study the codes of Foreign Ppwers, make a study of the
" customs and conditions in China, and draw up regulations for
" presentation to us. Respect This."
175. •
The Committee for Revising and Compiling Civil
and Criminal Codes has at its head two fif |]* fi ^ ;/c S Hsiu^
Ting* Fa* Lii* Ta* Ch'en^ Presidents, who control :
[ 59 ]
175

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OPGANIZATION OF CHINA.
176 176. Two ^^- 1^ Ti^ Tiao*, Proctors,
to 177. ^ — -^ Ti' I^ K'o', First, Section; its duty is to
183 ^^'^^ "P ^ code of commercial law. This Section is in charge of
a :
177a. |§ ^ Tsung' Tsuan', Chief Reviser, assisted by 4
^ tW Tsnan' Hsiii^ Revisers, 4 t^ ff Hsieh* Hsni\ Assistant
Revisers and 1 or 2 f^ -g ^ Tiao"* Ch'a^ Yiian^, Correctors.
178. |g - flj- Ti^ Erh* K'o', Second Section ; in charge
of the compilation of civil and criminal codes.
178a. The staff at the Second Section is identical to that
of the First Section (see No. 177a).
179. ^^ ^ 1' Shu^ Ch'u*, Translating Office (Inter-
preting Office) ; in charge of the translation from foreign
languages of laws and judicial works generally. This office is
under a ^ ^ Tsung' Tsuan^, Chief Reviser, assisted by ^ ^
I"* Yiian*, Translators (Interpreters) (number not fixed).
180. ;^ ^ j^ Pieri^ An* Ch'u\ Codifying Office. At the
head of this office is a f;^ ^ Tsung^ Tsuan', Chief Reviser, and
subordinated to him there are 2 ^c fl^ Tsuan^ Hsiu\ Revisers and
^ Wj i^ Hsieh^ Hsiu^, Assistant Revisers.
181. BB ^ Shu^ Wu^ Ch'u^ Chancery; in charge of
clerical work, accounts and economical administration. At its
head is a ^; f^ |i f? Shu* Wu* Tsung^ Pan*, Chancery Chief,
assisted by ^ ^ Wei' Yiian', Deputies (number indefinite).
182. |-§ 1^ 'g* Tzu^ I* Kuan^, Advisers ; appointed to an
indefinite number by the Presidents of the Committee. All the
Provincial Judges are, ex-officio, Advisers to the Committee (for
details see the Memorial from the Committee, with three
enclosures, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 22nd June, 1908).
183. i^ ^ ^ Tiao* Ch'a^' Yuan^ Legal Experts;
appointed in an indefinite number, by
the Presidents of the
Committee, from its staff" or from the most experienced lawyers
to supply the Committee with necessary information.
[

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHUN A.
GENERAL STAFF OF THE ARMY.
184. ^ f^ f^ Chiini Tzu^ Fu^ General Staff Office ; not
in existence as yet ; tp be organized
on the same lines as that of
Germany or Japan.
In an Edict, dated the 6th November, 1906, ruling
ox'ganization of the Board of War, it was directed that,
the re--
as no
General Staff Office Avas in existence, all matters pertaining to
such an office were to be attended to by the :
184a. ^ s:g ^ Chiin^ Tzu^ Ch'uS General Staff Council,,
which is attached to the Board of War (compare Nos. 184b, 417
rmd 418).
By an Imperial Edict, dated the 15th July, 1909, the
(ieneral Staff Council was made independent of the Board of
War and its functions as :
184b. :^f^M Chiini Tzu^ Ch'uS General Staff Council,
which assists the Emperor ^^.s Commander-in-Chief of the Army
and Navy.
The General Staff Council as at present constituted is not
the same as the similar office in Russia but is a preliminary step
to the establishment of a General Staff Office {see No. 184).
With regard to all questions relating to defences or the
command of the forces, the General Staff Council mak'es recom-
mendations which, after the Emperor's sanction, are transmitted
to the Board of War or the Admiralty for execution.
are :
Under the supervision of the General Staff Council there
The Military Academy (see No. 712 ; the school for
Officers at Paotingfu, see No. 712a,
is to be under the General
Staff Council until the Military Academy is established). Schools
for Military Draftsmen (see No. 715d\ Military Attaches at the
Legations abroad (see No. 329),
Field Officers of the Army and Navy, etc.
[ 61 1
184r
to
1843

184c
to
PRESENT DAY VOLii ICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Provisional Regulation? for the General Staff Council have
been drawn up by itself and were sanc^^^oned by the Emperor on
the 22nd September, 1909.
At the head of the General Staff CouncU there are :
184c. Tavo if Ji :^MM^ B Kuan-"* Li^" Chun^ Tzu' Ch'u*
Shih* Wu*, Chiefs of the General Staff Council ; these officials
have the privilege of making personal reports to the Emperor.
To them are directly subordinated :
184D. Two j$.Wi^ Chiin^ Tzu^ Shih^ Uh'efs of the
Chancery of the General Staff Council (officials of the rank of
Lieutenant-General, Major-General or Colonel), who are. in charge
of the :
184e. ^^f^M Tsung' Wu* T'ing^, Chancery; the duties
of this office have not been determined.
184f. To the General Staff Council,
in addition to the
offices already mentioned, there are attached, with functions yet
to be fixed :
1.
I Ti* I' T'ing\ First Section,
I Ti* lirh* T'ing', Second Section,
I Ti* San^ T^ngS Third Section,
I Ti* Ssu* T'ing\ Fourth Section,
I Ti* Wu^ T'ingS Fifth Section, and
I Hai^ Chiin^ T'ing',
At the head of each Section there is a :
Naval Section.
184g. M M T'ing^ Chang^ Section Chief (from oflicials
of the rank of Major-General or Colonel). This official directs,
under the supervision of the Directors of the General Staff
Council, all affairs pertaining to the Sub-sections of his respective
Section. Each is assisted by a :
184h. glj 'g' Fu* Kuan\ Adjutant (from
officials of the
rank o.f Captain or Lieutenant), who manages the general affairs.
184i. Each Section is composed' of ^ij- K'o\ Sub-sections
(their number, functions and staff have still to be parj^icularly
determined).
[ *32 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIO-X OF CHINA.
At the head of each Sub-section is a : 184j
184j. ^if ^ K'o^ Chang^, Sub-section Chief (from officials
of the rank of Colonel or Lieutenant Colonel), vs-ho is in charge ^q.
of the affairs of the Sub-section and is assisted by
1. — ^ jpj.^ II Teng' K'o^ Yiian^, Secretaries of the
Pirst Class (from Lieutenant Colonels and Captains, or civil
•officials of similar rank),
2. H ^ ^ ^ Erh* Tong3 K'o^ Yuan^ Secretaries of the
Second Class, and
3- H ^ f^ M ^'^"^ '^^'"g^ K'o^ Yiian', Secretaries of the
Third Class (these two latter are officials of the rank ot Captain
or Lieutenant, or civil officials of corresponding rank.)
For the clerical work of the Sub-sections there are attached
to the Sub-section Chiefs :
Class,
1- — ^ 11 ^ I' Teng^ Lu" Shih^ Writers of the First
2. Zl^M^ ^'rh* Teng3 Lu4^Shih^ Writers of the Sscond
Class, and
Class.
3. H ^ fi ^ SanV Teng3 Lu^ Shih% Writers of the Third
184k. 13 Pp^ 'g* Ku* Wen'' Kuan\ Advisers. The number
of these is not fixed. They are appointed by the Emperor on
the recommendation of the Genei'al Staff Council.
184l. Having imder its control (as
stated above in
No. 184b) all the Field Officers of the Army and Navy,
^^'g' Ts'an^ Mou- Kvian\ the General Staff Council has drawn
up Regulations concerning the ranks of Field Officers,
in six
articles (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 5th October, J 909),
which empower the Cotfncil to issue commissions to j^crsons of a
rank not lower than 1st Lieutenant, who have passed the
examinations at the Military Academy (see 'No. 712; imtil its
establishment, the School for Field Officers at Paotingfu, see
No. 712a) and to pei'sons who have completed the course of study
[

185b
PRESENT DAY POLITICAIv OKG ANIZA-TION OF CHINA.
186 ^^ foreign Military Schools
than one year.
and have served in the line for more'
.
^
These ofHcers, being directly subordinated to the Directors of
the General Staff Council, are obliged to assist the Commanders
of the Fox'ces where they may be stationed by drawing up
schemes of defence and by drilling the troops.
Field Officers must, yearly, serve two months in the line ;
they may choose the district in Avhich they wish to serve. For
distinction they wear particular -stripes similar to those of the
New Palace Guards,
COMMISSION FOR THE REORGANIZATION OF
THE NAVY.
185. ^^MW-^BM Ch'ou^ Pan' Hai^ Chiini Shih*
\Vu* Ch'u^, Commission for the Reorganization of the Navy.
This was established by Imperial Edict of the 19th February,.
1909, imder the supervision of three ff Sf ^ ^ ^ ^: ;/c E
Ch'ou* Hua* Hai^ Chim^ Chi^ Ch'u^ Ta* Ch'en-, Commissioners in
charge of the Reorganization of the Navy (Prince Su, President
of the Board of Home Affairs, Prince Tsai Tse, President of the
Board of Finance, and T'ieh Liang, President of the Board of
War), and the presidency of Prince Ch'ing, for elaborating plans
for the formation of the nucleus of a Navy.
Its preliminary work accomplished, the Commission was
reorganized by Edict of the loth July, 1909, with :
•i85A. Two^ il ii J^ :/c E Ch'ou- Pan-^ Hai^ Chiin^ Ta*
CJi'en", Presidents of the Commission for the Reorganization of
the Navy (the brother of the Prince Regent, U^ ^^ T?ai^ Hsiin^,.
Prince of the 3rd Degree, and Admiral j^ |^ ^JC Sa^ Chen'*
Ping^), who were directed to formulate plans for an independent
Ministry of the Navy (see No. 185b).
185b. ^ :g % Hai3 (%uni Pu% Ministry
not yet organized.
of the NavA

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
In an Imperial Edict, dated 6th November, 1906, it was ^^^°
ruled that until a Ministry o£ the Navy should be established,
*0
matters appertaining to such an office were to be attended to at ISSo
the Board o£ War.
185c. ^ !5 i^ Hai' Chiin^ Ch'u% Naval Coimcil ; attached
to the Board of War (see Nos. 417 and 419).
The staff for this
office was arranged by the Board of War in 1907 (sanctioned by
the Emperor on the 7th June, 1907).
185d. By Imperial Edict of the .loth July, 1909, the
Naval (.'ouncil was made independent of the Board of War and
directly subordinated to the Presidents of the Commission for the
Reorganization of the Navy {see No. 185a).
185e. At the head of the Naval Council there are a jH (^
•Cheng^ Shlh^ Superintendent, and a glj \^ ¥u* Shih^ Assistant
Superintendent, who, under the supervision of the Presidents of
the Commission for- the Keorganization of the Navy (see No.
185a), attend to the affairs of the Council,
i.e. the staff of the
]!^a-vy, the drawing up of Rules and Regulations for the Navy,
supervising of shipbuilding. Naval Schools, etc. They are
assisted by 2 :^ ^ '^ Ch'eng" Fa^ Kuan',- Registrars,
11^ ^ Lu^ Shih\ Writers.
and 4
185f. The Naval Council is to consist of 6 p] Ssu\
Departments ; three of these have already been organized and
three will later be arranged for.
185g. ^ I^ '^ Chi^ Yao^ Ssu', Department of Urgent
of naval codes anc
Affairs ; dealing with the drawing up
regulations, armament of ships, navigation and marine
enj neering. It is divided into four Sections :
1- M S! ^ Chih^ Tu* K'o\ Section for Naval Codefe and
Regulations,
2- Ci M f^

TKESENT DAY POLTTICAT. ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
186h 4. f^ ti f^ Lun^ Chii K•o^ Section for Marine Engineer-
tO ing.
^^^ each Department there is a "p] ^ Ssu^ Chang^,
Department Director, assisted by a ;^ ^ 'g* Cheng^ Fa^ Kuan\
185j
llegistrar.
For each Section there is a jjJIj- ;^ K'o^ Chang', Section
Chief, assisted by 1 2 ^ij- j^ K'o^ Yiian^, Secretaries ( of the First,
Second and Third Classes), and 6 |^ ^ Lu* Shih*, Writers.
185h. ^^ H^ pI Ch'uan* Cheng* Ssn^ Construction
Department ; supervises construction and repair
of men-of-war
This is not divided into Sections. Its staff comprises a '^ ;^
Ssu^ Chang^, Department Director, a ;^ ^ 'g* Ch'cng^ Fa^
Kuan\ Eegistr?r, 5 ^ IH 'g' K'ao^ Kung^ Kuan^, Inspectors of
Works (of the First, Second and Third Classes), a ^ |fg
r ShihS Chief Engineer, 2 ^ J: I* Shih^ Engineers,
and 6
H ^ Lu-* Shih\ Writers.
185 1. 5l^ p] Yiin* Ch'ou2 gg^^i^ Department of Naval
Tactics ; supervises matters of strategy, instruction and
hydrographical
affairs. It is divided into three Sections :
1- ^ ^ f^ ^ou2 Liieh* K'o\ Section of Strategy,
2- ^ f^ f^ Chiao^ Wu-* K'o\ Instruction Section, and
3. il if f^ Ts'e* Hai' K'o^, Hydrographical Section.
p]
The staff of the Department of Naval Tactics includes a
^ Ssu^ Chang^, Department Director, a ;!f^ ^ ^ Ch'eng'*
Fa^ Kuan\ Registrar, and for each Section, a fif ;^ K'o^
Chang', Section Chief, 6 f4 ^ K'o^ Yuan^ Secretaries (of the
First, Second and Third Classes), 2 m ^ I' Shih\ Chief
Engineers, 3 ^ j;: I" Shih*, Engineers, and 6 f| ^ Lu* Shih*^
Writers.
185j. il Dh "pI ^b'u' Pei* Ssu^ Department
of Com-
munications and Accounts ; not yet in operation. This is to be
composed
of three Sections :
1- ^%^P< Hui* (K'uai) Chi* K'o\ Accounts Section,

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
2. M. ffl ^ ^^^^ Yung* K'oS Ammimition Section, and 185k
3.
Tfi Ia f^ T'un^ 0^== K'oS Supplies Section.
Its staff will inchide a p] ;^ Ssu^ Chang', Department
Director, a ;^ ^ 'g' Ch'eng^ Fa' Kuan\ Registrar, and, for each
Section, a fIf g K'o^ Chang^ Section Chief, 9 ^ ^ ICo^ Yilan^,
Secretaries (of the First, Second and Third Classes), and 6 ^^
Ln* Shih*, Writers.
185k. ^ :^ p1 I' Wu* Ssu\ Medical Department; not
yet functioning : to supervise medical affairs of the Navy. This
Department
will not be divided into Sections. Its staff will
include a p] ^ Ssu^ Chang^, Department Director, a ;a^ ^ '^
Cheng^ Fa^ Kuan\ Registrar, o ^ ^ I^ Kuan', Medical Officers
(of the First, Second and Third Classes), and 6 |^ ^ Lu* Shih*,
Writers.
185l. ;^ f^ n] Fa* Wu* Ssu^, Department of Naval
Law ; for drawing up naval laws. This Department will not be
sub-divided into Sections. Its staff" will consist of a '^ ;g Ssu'^
Chang^ a ;fc M 1^ Ch'cng^ Fa^- Kuan', Registrar, 4 1] f^ 'g*
Ssu^ Fa* Kuan', Legal Ad\ isers (of the First, Second and Third
Classes), and 6 || ^ Lu* Shlh*, Writers.
18.5m. UB^ Pieni I* Chii^, Translation Office (Inter-
preting Office). This is directed by a t§ p Tsung' Pan*, Chief,
assisted by a IE ^, ^ ChCng* Chien^ Tu', Director, and two
t j ii T-i^ Tiao*, Proctors.
185n. |£ ^ It Ping^ Hsiieh- Kuan^ Military Instruction
Office ; at its head is a |g f^ T^i' Tiao\ Proctor.
185(). ig fl If f'lJsiieh^ Kuaa% Medical Institute ; at
its head is a ^ -^ Chien^ Tu', Director.
185p. Foj- details concerning the Four Squadrons, Staff of
the Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Forces at Shanghai, Naval
Schools, Shipbuilding Dockyards,
756, 75Ga to 756c, 757 and 757a to 757c.
[

186
^Q
187
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
COMMISSION FOR THE REVISION OF THE
BANNER ORGANIZATION.
186. ^ii;^f|lM Pien^ T'ungi.Ch'i^ Chih* Ch'uS Commis-
sion for the Kevision of the Banner Organization. This was
established bv an Imperial Edict dated the 17th December,,'
1908, under the direction of six officials, chosen from the ranks
of Princes of the Blood and Presidents and Vice-Presidents of
the Ministries (Manchu), who were directed to consider the
revision of the Banner regulations in consultation with the
Council of State.
This Commission (the establishment of which was foreseen
by the programme of Constitutional Reforms) has, as is stated in
an Edict of the 26th December, 1908, to revise the regulations
of " the Banner organization so as to fit present conditions of the
Empire and to devise means for teaching every Bannerman tO'
earn a living and become independent." Further, the same
Decree adds that " there is no intention at present of stopping
the pensions and alloAvances issued to every Bannerman, "and ali
are to continue, as usual, to draw the same, that there shall be
no misapprehension on the part of Bannermen."
To the Commission has been given the task of reorganizing
the Banner Corps, the main idea in view being to annul the
differences between Manchus and the Chinese population by 1915.
186a. UnmMM M M ^^^ Tsung^ Ssu^ Pien* T'ungi
Ch'i^ Chih* Ch'u^ Ta* Ch'en^ Presidents of tlft Commission for
the Pevision of the Banner Organization ; at present, as stated
above {see No. 186), there are six. The stafF of the Commission
has not as yet been arranged for.
THE ANTI-OPIUM COMMISSION.
187. The Anti-Opium Commission (The Opimii Prohibition.
Commission) was established by an Imperial Edict,-, dated the-
[ G8 ]

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
7th April, 1908, which appointed four ^ ^ :^ E& Chin* Yen^
Ta* Ch'en', Opium
188
Prohibition Commissioners, with ^ ^ I
^ ^
^^
P'u' Wei', Prince Kung\ Prince of the First Degree, at 188b
its head. The Commission was given great power with reference
to the examination of officials and populace and it was directed
that the expenses of the Commission be defrayed from local
Opium
Taxes. For its administration the Commission was
instructed to draw up suitable Regulations.
Originally composed of four officials only as stated above,
there were later appointed ^ |^ T'i' Tiao*, Proctors (3 to 4 in
number) to assist the Commission and, by Regulations drawn up
by the Commission (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 7th June,
1908), there have been established at all the Provincial capitals :
188. ^'M ^ ¥f Chin* Yen^ Knngi So^ Anti-Opium
Bureaux, at the head of which are officials of high local rank
{Provincial Treasurers, Commissioners of Education, Police
'Taofais) as ^ ^ Tu^ Pan*: also |l| M Tsung^ Li^ Superin-
tendents.
As regards the actual management of these Bureaiix, the
Governor-General or Governor appoints an official, as i^ ^
Tsung^ Pan*, Bureau Chief.
•At places other than provincial capitals there are established,
^either by the Government or on private account, offices called :
188a. ^>^]^ Chieh* Yeni Chii^, Anti-Opium Offices.
The internal organization and the functions of the Anti-Opium
Offices are similar to those of the Anti-0])ium Bui-eaux (see
No. 188).
establish :
Finally, the Authorities everywhere exhort the Gentry to
188b. .9^ 'j^ g- It Chieh* Yen^ Hui* She*, Anti-Opium
Societies, the aim of which is to struggle by every means
.(including the issue of newspapers) against opitxm-smoking (see
details in article by V. V. Hagelstrom, " Summary of Measures
[ C9 ]

189
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZ.ATION OF CHINA.
taken by the Chinese Government for abolishing Opium -smoking
in China," in the " Chinese Good News" of the 28th June, 1909,.
issiie 9-10, pagfes 1-13).
COMMITTEE IN CHARGE OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE
IMPERIAL MAUSOLEUM, "CH'UNQ LING."
189. ^ 1^ X 7g ^ Ch'ung2 Ling2 Kungi -Ch'eng^ Ch'u%
Committee in Charge of Construction of the Imperial Mausoleum,
" Ch'un'g Ling"; appointed by Imperial Edict of the 5th
January, 1909.
This Committee of four ;^ f^ ^ f^ X ^ :^ g& Ch'eng^
Hsiu^ Ch'ung'' Ling^ Kuug' ( Ih'eng^ Ta** (_'h'en^, Comnxissioiiers
in Charge of Construction of the Imperial Mausoleum, " Ch'ung-
Ling" (Princes .|g ^^ Tsai^ Hsiin\ if f^ P'u^ J.iin\ and $3^ ^f
Tsai^ Tse-, and the late Grand Secretarj-, J^ -j^ ^ Lu* Ch'uan^-
lin^), under the presidency of Prince (
'h'ing, was detailed to take
charge of the Construction of a mausoleum, to be styled ^ [^
Ch'ung^ Lirjg^, for the reception
of the remains of the la£e
Emperor f^, ^ r§; ^. *?& '^'e^ Tsung^ Ching' Huang^ Ti*, from his
reign known as ^ |f Kuang' Hsii* (1875-1908),
near the
Western Mausolea {see No. 56 9c), in the valley ^ f| [li^ Ciiin^
Ijung^ Yii* (of the Golden Dragon).
The work of constriicting the Mausoleum is going on under
the supervision of officials, holding office at the Capital, selected
by the Commission, styled ^ ^ .Chien^ Tu\ Inspectors (eight,
see Memorial of the Commission, dated 16th January, 1909),
and g^ f^ Chien^ Hsiu\ Overseers (about 35 of these ; see
Memorial of the Commission, dated 12th February, 1909).
The Edict of the 16th January, 1909, directed that the
Emperor Kuang
Hsii's Mausoleum should be constructed on the
same lines as that of the Emperor T'ung Chih (1862-1875), the
^ ^ Hui* Ling^, and that it should be completed within five
the Commission then to be dissolved.
years ;
[ 70 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.
HISTORIOQRAPHICAL COMMISSION. 190
190. ^ fl If Shih^ Lu* Kuan^; (Commission of Historio-
graphy ; appointed by Imperial Edict of the 21st February, 1909,
at the Grand Secretariat {see No. 130), for the compilation—
^ ^ Ch'un^ C'h'iu', i.e. in chronological order— of the annals of
the reign of the Emperor ^. ^ ^ ^^ Te" Tsung^ Chings
Hiiaug^ Ti"', from his reign called ^ |§ Kuang^ Hsii^ (1875—
1908).
Detailed Rules for the Commission, defining
its duties and
determimng its staff, drawn up by the < 'ommission itself, were
submitted to the Throne and received Imperial Sanction on the
23rd September, 1909.
At the iiead of the
^ ft ^^ ^
Commission of Historiography is a
-liien^ Hsiu^ Tsung^ Ts'ai^ Director-General (one
of the Grand Secretaries). His staff consists of:
^- A ^ Wi Tsnng^ Ts'ai"^, Directors (chosen from the Grand
Secretaries, ^Ministers of State and President of the

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
^^^ 8 ^^j Chiao* Tiii', Correctors (number not fixed),
to 9. -^ 1^ Fan^ P, Translators {number not fixed), and
197 10. i^^% Kungi Shih^ Clerks (number not fixed).
THE NATIONAL ACADEMY.
191. ^ # !$£ Han* Lin^ YiianS The National Academy ;
the highest establishment of learning in the Empire. The
drawing np of gOA^ernment documents, histories and other works
devolves upon this institution. Its chief officers direct the various
classes, encouraging them to the acquisition of the highest literary
degrees, which aflford access to the most eminent go^ ernment posts
(for instance, that of Grand Secretary).
The chief officers of the National Academy are :
192. ^ ^ P ± Change Yiian^ Hsiieh'^ Shih\ Chancellors
of the National Academy : 2u, (one Manchu and one* Chinese).
These officials are usually (xrand Secretai'ies, Presidents or
Vice-Presidents of ^linistries.
193. ]p db Hsueh"^ Shih*, Members of the Academy
(Academician); 3a, (two; one Manchu and one Chinese). This
post Avas established on the 3rd April, 1908, in consequence of a
Memorial from the Committee of Ministers.
194. ff if ^ ± Shih^ Tu- HsiJeh^ !Shih% Headers of the
Academy (two ; one Mancliu and one Chinese) ; 4a. The rank
of this post was, in 1903, raised from 4b to 4^v.
195. -f^ It p ± Shili* Chiang^ Hsiieh''' Shih^ Expositors
of the Academy (two jSIanclms and three C^hinese) ; 4a. In 1909
the rank of this post Avas raised from 4b to 4a.
196. f^ U' Shih* Tij', Sub-reader of the Aciidemy (two are
Manchus and three are Chinese) ; 4b. The rank of this post
was raised from 5b to oa in 1903, and to 4b in 1909.
197. f# 1^; Shih' Chiang^ Sub-expositor (two Manchus
and three Chinese) : 4b. In 1909 the rank of this post was raised
from 5b to 4i .
[ -^ ]

TKESEXT DAY TOLITICAL OKGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.
198. ^ ^ Cluian* Wcii^, Composers (four in number) ; 198
.5a. This post Tvas establislied in 1903 and its rank raised from tO
•6a to OA in 1909. 201
199. fj^ ^ EI> Pi^ Sliu^ Lang-^, Secretaries (four in number);
•5a. This post Avas established on the 3rd April, 1908, in
to a ]\Iemorial from the Council of State. In 1909 its
response
rank was raised from 6 b to 5a.
200. Besides the foregoing there are, relating to the
Academy, the following degrees, formerly open
to successful
candidates at the triennial examinations, J^ ^t Chin* Shih* (see
No. 629c), in future to be bestOAved on graduates of Chinese
Uniyersities, at present, a transitory stage, bestowed on persons
educated abroad (see No. 630).
200a. i^ gl Hsiu^ Chuan^ Compiler of the First Class ;
5a. The rank of this title was raised from 6b to 5a in 1909.
For particulars as to attaining it see Nos. 593c and 629c.
200b. I^ f^ Pien^ Ilsiu^ Compiler
of the Second Class
(litei-ary designation, -j^ ^ T'ai' Shih^) ; 5b (in 1909 rank
raised from 7a to 5b). For particulars as to its attainment see
Nos. 593c and 629c.
200c. f^ f;} Chien^ T'ao^, Corrector ; 5b (rank raised from
7b to 5]5 in 1909). For particulars as to its attainment see Nos.
593c and 629c.
201. B, Ifi If Shu* Ch'ang^ Kuim\ Department of Study
of the National Academy ; made up of ^; ^ J; Shu* Chi^ Shih*,
Baclielors ; or graduates of the lowest degree. These graduates
pursue an advanced course of study at the Shu Ch'ang Kuan and,
by subse([uent examination, hold by a special commission within
the Palace, may attain the degrees of Compiler of the Second
Class and Corrector (sec Nos. 200b-c). Those successful are
;tyled ^ |^ Liu'- Kuan', i.e. retained at the Academy; those
unsuccessful ji? ^lescribcd as fi^l |f San* Kuan^
/ [ - ]
released from

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
*'^^*'^
study, and receive appointments as District Magistrates or as
to Secretaries of Boards.
205 At the head of the Department of Study are :
201 A. Two IS: ^ ic E ^'hiao^ Hsi" Ta^ Oh'en^, Senior
Professors (one Manchu and one Chinese). They are assisted by
two ^ Wi '^"'i' Tiao", Proctors, and |^ ^ Chiao* Hsi^ Professors
(number indefinite).
For dealing with correspondence there is a staff of ^ |{]j^ J^
Pi^ T'ieh^ ShihS Clerks.
Recora Office : stationed
202. m ^ Tien^ Pu^ T'ingi,
here are two |k. f^ Tien' Pu*, Senior Archivists (one Manchu and
one Chinesej ; 8b, and two JL @ K'ung' Mu^, Junior Archivists
(one Manchu and one Chinese) :
of unclassed rank.
For correspondence work there is a staff of ^ ^^ j^ Pi*
T'ieh' Shih% Clerks.
203. ^f. fg H Tai^ Chao' T-ingV Office for Compilation of
Edicts (Manifests). To this office there are attached two f^ f^
Tai* ChaoS Compilers; 9b, and a staff of ^" |(lj5 j^ Pi^ .T'ieh'
ShihS Clerks.
204. ^ ^ i3: It Cli'i^* Chii^ Ohu^ Kuan^ Office for
Keeping a Diary of the Emperor's
Movements. To this office
there are attached 20 Q ^t |e ^ {^ %' Jlh' Chiang* Ch'i=^ Chii^
Chu'^ Kuan', Diarists (8 Manchus and 12 Chin ;se), 3 ^^ Chu'
Shih*, Assistant Diarists (two Manchus and
a staff of ^ |j],F,- ^
ane Chinese), and
F? T'ieh' Sliih^ Clerks.
The officials attached to this office are on duty at the
Palace daily.
205. ^ ^ It Kuo2 Shih' Kuan^ State Historiographer's
Office ; where a chronicle of the I'eign is written up. This
chronicle, written in triplicate in what are called ^||< Shih'^ Lu*,
is kept secret imtil the death of the reigning Ej^^reror, when one
copy is deposited at the National Academy*
[ 74 ]
jne sent to the

TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Gz'and Secretariat, and one copy is preserved at the old capital of
-^"^a
the Manchu Dynasty, Moukden.
tO
On the State Historiographer's Office devolves the task of 206-
compiling official biographies of eminent statesmen, for embodiment
in the history of the reign affected, when directed by special
Edict to do so.
In charge of the State Historiographer's Office is a :
205a. I^H ^ Tsung^ Ts'ai^, Director-General (usually one
of the. Ministers of State), and a fllj |j|| il^ Fu^ Tsung^ Ts'ai^,
Assistant Director-General. These are assisted by 4 f^ pjj T'i^
Tiao*, Proctors (two Manchns and two Chinese), 10 |,^ ^
Tsving^ Tsuan^, Revisers (four ^Manchus and six Chinese),
34 M f^ Tsuau^Hsiu', Compilers (12 Manchus and 22 Chinese),
and 16 ^ ^t] ('hiao' Tui% Correctors (eight Manchus and eight
Chinese).
THE CENSORATE.
206. ^\ ^ ^ Tu' Ch'a^ YiianS 'J'he Censorate (literary
designation, |^ ^ S Yii* Shih^ T'ai^ ) ; b}^
the code of laws
entrusted with the duty of censuring officials, when necessaiy,
for their neglect or incompetency in official affairs, their behavior
and private life, and charged with the care of the public morals.
In addition to their official title, members of the Censorate
are often called 5 @ 1^ Erh* Mu* Kuan', The Eyes and Ears
(through which the Emperor is made nware of the state of the
Empire), and g '^ Yen* Kuan\ Speech Officials,
i.e. Officials
having freedom of speech.
The Censorate institution in China is extremely old ; it is
spoken of in the ^ Ch'in^ dynasty,
i.e. two centuries B.C'.
Some reforms in the Censorate were made in 1906 in
accordance with a Memorial, emanating from that body itself,
sanctioned by the Emperor on the 25th December, 1906.
At the head of the C'ensorate there is a :
[ 75 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORft ANIZATION OF CHINA
207 207. M'^ $. Tu^ Yii* Shih', President of the Censorate
to (literary designation, |J|1 ,^ Tsung^ Hsien*); 1b.
210a 207a. Before its reform at tlie head of the Censorate were
two ^WM $• Tso' Tu^ Yii* Shih', Senior Presidents of the
Censorate (one Manchu and one Chinese).
207b. -I^^UU^ Yn* Tu^ YiV Shih', Junior President of
the Censorate. This title is borne by Governor-Generals.
208. ^ SlJ Sr> M ^ Tso' Fu^ Tui Yii^ ShiliS Senior
Vice-President of the Censorate (literary designation, glj ^
Fu* Hsien*) ;
3a.
208a. Before the reform of the Censorate there were two
& MlJ W>M$. Tso^ Fu^ Tu^ Yii^ Shih^ Senior Vice-Presidents of
the Censorate (one Manchu and one Chinese).
209. ^ glj ^ to ^ Yu^ Fu* Tu' Yii* Shih^- Jimior Vice-
Presidenr of the ("ensorate (literary designation, glj ^ Fu*
Hsien*) ; 3a. This title is borne by Governors.
209a. Before its reform there were four ^ |ii] ^ ^ ^
Yn* Fu* Tu^ Yu* Shih^, Jimior Vice-Presidents of the Censorate
\
(two Manchus and two Chinese).
210. il^y 4t ^pg Chi' Shih* Chungi YV M(V, Office for
Scrutiny of Metropolitan
Officials. Its staff consists of two
^l^jj l^^pfl Chang' Yin'' Chi' Shih^ Chung', Senior Metropolitan
Censors (literally, "Keepers of the Seal"): 4a, 18 ^ ^ rfi
Ghi' Shih'* Chung', Junior Metropolitan Censors ; 5a, and, for
correspondence, 30 ^ t,^ ^ Pi' T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks.
210a. At the I^ # tf4 ^j Pg Chi' Shih* Chungi Ya- Men"
(see No. 210) it is intended to establish a ;^ ^ ^ Yen^ Cliiu^
So', Reference Libi-ary, containing various woi'ks, and where
Foreign and Chinese newspapers will be kept on file, so that the
Censors may be enabled to follow political events at home and
abroad and thus carry out their duties more thoroughly.
[ 76 ]

niESEXT T>AJ POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
For managing- the Reference Library there are to be two 210b
^ i^ T'i^ Tiao% Proctors, and two ^ ^ Pien' 1% Translators
^.q
) :
(Interpreters
210b. Previous to the reform of the Censorate the Office
for Scrutiny of Metropolitan Officials was organized somewhat
differently than at present : it consisted of ;^ ^l[ Liu^ K'o', Six
Sections (there being six Ministries), for scrutinizing the doings
of the various Ministries. In eich Section there were two
M^U^^^ Change Yin* Chi^ Shih" (JhungS Senior Metropolitan
Censors, as Section Chiefs, assisted by two |^ ^ tf» Chi^ Shih*
Chung\ Junior Metropolitan Censors (literary designation,
J^^W. ^-l'^' (^lii' Chien*).
211. W>^M Tu^ Shih* T'ing', Chancery of the Censorate ;
here are stationed two ^ ^ 'J'u^ Shih*, Officials of the Censorate
Chancery ;
6a.
212. IM/S^y^. Qhing' Li* T'ing^ Registry of the Censorate.
At the Registry there are two |^ ^ Ching^ Li*, Registrars ;
212a. At the Chancery (sec Xo. 211) and the Registry
(see No. 212a)- there is a staff of ^^^^ Pi' T'ieh^' Shih* (30 in
all). Also, at the Chance];y there are an indefinite number of
M M' 115 3ff E^ Wai* Tu^ Shih*, Supernumerary Chancery Officials,
and at the Registry there are an indefinite number of'^ ^\> ^^^ ^
E^ Wai* Ching^ Li*, Supernumerary Registrars.
212b. ^ ^ f?[• Ch'eng2 Fa^ KV, Transmission Office.
This office existed before the reorganization of the Censorate,
and it is now the intention to bring it again into being as an
office similar to the pi ^ ^. Ssu^ Wu* T'ing', Chanceries (see
No. 296) which are found at all the Ministries. It is to be
styled the i|^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Shou^ Fa^ Wen^ Shu^ (^h'u*, Trans-
mission Office, and have a staff of ^ ^ Tu^ Shih*, Chancery
Officials, ijg? ^ Ching^ Li*, Registrars (see No. 212), and ^ ijl^^;
^ Pi^ T'ieh^ Shih*, Clerks (see No. 212a). Should the idea be
[ 77 ]
6a.
212b

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIO.V OF CHINA.
213 acted upon, the Chancery (see No. 211) ana the llegistry {see
^Q No. 212) will, in all pi'obability, be abolished.
n't A. 213. 1^ ^ Yii* Shih', Provincial (Jensors
(literary
designation, f^ HjJ Shih* Yii*, 'colloquial designation, ^j^ ^ ^
Tu^ Lao' Yeh*); on. There are 44 Provincial Censors, distributed
over 20 ^ Tap*, or Circuits, which, excepting two, only bear the
names of various pi-ovinces (for instance, Vl ^ i^ Chiang^ Su^
Tao*, Kiangsu Censor Circuit). The two exceptions are the
Chihli Censor Circuit, which is styled ^^ ^ ^ Ching^ Chii TaoS
Metropolitan Circuit, and the Alanchurian (Jensor Circuit, one
for the three provinces, which is called j^ ^ x^
Liao^ Shen'
Tao'*, Liaoyang Moukden Censor Circuit (5^ Ijiao^, abbreviation
of aS 1^ Liao^ Yang^ and ^ Shen' for ff ^ ShOn^ Yang^— the
ancient name of Moukden).
The Metropolitan and the Manchurian Censor (Jircuits have
each four Censors, for the others there are two for each.
The full title of a Provincial Censor, taking Anhui
Province for an example, is ^ ^* t|J[ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Chang' An^
Hui^ Tao* Chien^ C~!h'a^ Yii* Shih', Censor overseeing the Anhui
Circuit.
For thL Metropolitan and Manchurian (,'ircuits the two
Junior Censors are styled, for the former, ^ ^- j^ ^ ^^]1 ^
Chingi Chi^ Tao* Chien^ Ch'a^ Yii* Shih', and for the latter,
5i ^ it Ie ^ iJ £ I-iao^ Shen' Tao* Chien^ Ch'a^ Yii* Shih'.
214. Formerly, in Peking, a number of the Censors were
employed as Superintendents of Police {see details in No. 796a)
for the five divisions of the city and suburbs and were styled 5E
l^^l^ Wu^ -Ch'eng2 Yii* Shih', Censors of the Five Cities
(these are the Centre, North, South, East and West Divisions
into which Peking is divided).
214a. g # m ^ (]h'a» Ts'angi Yu* Shih^ Censors
Supervising the Government Granaries (at Peking and T'ung-
chow); also in charge of portage
[ 78 ]
of Tribute Pice which is

TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINv^.
trought from the South by the Grand Canal. At present
these 215
officials no longer exist. tO
SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE.
215. :/c%# '^a* Li^' Ssu"*, Court of Judicature and
Itevision ; the duty of this Court was the general supervision of
the administration of criminal law, and the examination, by this
Court, of criminal cases where judgment had been delivered was
necessary before the decree became o])erative. This Court, with
the Board of Punishment (see No. 438) and the Censorate (see
No. 206), was' styled b}' the general title H ?^ nj
^^^^ Fa'*
tSsu', Three High Courts of Judicature, and formed something
similar to the Supreme Criminal Court.
By Imperial Edict, dated the 7th December, 1906, the
'Court of Judicature and Revision was reorganized as :
215a. ^^ Jg p^ Ta"* Li' Yiian^, Supreme C'ourt of Justice;
specially entrusted with the administration of justice
in the
Empire. At the present time this Court is the supreme tribunal
of justice in connection with all cases which are brought, in the
first instance, before the District Court (see Xo. 760), and,
secondly, before the Court of Assizes (see No. 759). Also, it
functions (as Court of first and last appeal) with reference to
crimes committed by Imperial Clansmen (^ ^ Tsfing* Shih*) and
officials, crimes against State Offices and State Officials, and,
finally, in cases of extreme importance that are outside the scope
of inferior Courts (of Justices of Peace, of District Courts or of
Courts of Assizes).
For the last-mentioned, the Supreme Court of
Justice must, after having examined the substance of the case
and delivered judgment, forward its decision to the ^Ministry of
Justice for approval.
Although, as we have seen above, to the Ministry of Justice
(see No. 440) belongs the supreme control of the actions of the
[ 79 ]
Q15a

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
210 Supreme Court of Justice, nevertheless the latter is an
to independent establishment, having the privilege of direct reports
217 to the Throne.
A new arrangement of the Supreme Court of Justice, devised
by the Ministry of Justice, with the assistance of the Council of
State, was proposed to the Throne in a MeTliorial and was
sanctioned by the Emperor on the 10th June, 1907.
216. The personnel of the Court of Judicature and
Revision was :
1- 1 ic JI # iP Ta* Li^ Ssu" Ch'ing', Director of the
Court of Judicature and Revision (literary designation, ^ ^Ij
T'ing^ Tse^) ; 3a,
2. 1
;fc JM ^ 9 JTpp Ta^ Li^ Ssu^ Shao* Ch'ing\ Sub-
Director of the Court of Judicature and Revision (literary
designation, f^ ^ Tso^ Chi') ; 4a,
3- 1 ^ T^ ^ Tso^ Ssu^ Ch'eng^, Senior Secretary
of the
Court of Judicature and Revision (literary designation, f^ "^
P Ssu^); 6a,
4. 1 ^ ^ ^ Yu* Ssu"* Ch'eng^, Junior Secretary of the
Court of Judicature and Revision (literary designation, |^ pj
P Ssui); 6a,
5. 1 2^1^^ Tso' P'ing* Shih-*, Senior Assistant Secretary
of the Court of Judicature, and Revision ; 7a, and
6. 1 i^ 1^ ^ Yu* P'ing* Shih*, Junior Assistant Secretary
of the Court of Judicature and Revision; 7a.
216a. At the head of the Supreme Court of Justice there
is a ;/c JM 1^ IE W '^a* I^i' Yiian* Chong^ Ch'ingS
the Supreme Court of Justice ; 2a,
President of
assisted in the administration
of the affairs of the Court and in the general supervision of
matters of justice in the Empire by a :
217. ;/c M 1?^ ^ iP Ta* Li^ Yiian* Shao^ Ch'ing', Vice-
President of the Supreme Court of Justice; 3a.
[ 80 ]

I'EESEXT DA-Y POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
218. ^Ij ^liS Hsing2 ICo^ T'lii^ Ch'eng',
Director of
the Depai'tment of Criminal Cases ; 4a. This official has
sxibordinated to him 19 ^ij fI{. |f| ^ Hsing' K'o^ T'ui^ Shih*,
Secretaries of the Department of Criminal Cases ; 5 A. He is in
charge
of the :
218a. Jf\\ jf-j- Hsing' K'o\ Department of Criminal Cases ;
this Department consists of 4 ^ T'ing^, ISections, namely :
1. ^ •— ^ Ti'' I^ T'ing*, First iSection ; supervising cases
inspired by the Emperor and also cases concerning crimes against
the State,
2. ''^ i* ^ Zl ^ Erh* Ting'', Second Section ; supervising
cases concerning crimes committed by Imperial Clansmen, ^ ^
Tsung^ Shih*, and officials,
3' ^ ^ /^ ^'^ ^^'^^ T'ing^, Third Section ; supervising-
appeals against judgments of the Metropolitan Coiu-t of Assizes,
and
4. ^ 2^1 ^ 1"i* Ssli* T'ing^, Fourth Section ; supervising
appeals against judgments of Provincial Courts of Assizes.
219. i^ f4 jf^ ^ Min= K'oi T'ui^ Ch'eng^ Diiector of the
Department of Civil Cases ; 4a. This official has subordinated
,to him 9 J^ f^ 4t ^ ^^"i" ^^'o' '^'^^^ ^^^i^^*' Secretaries of the
Department of Civil Cases ; 5a. He is in charge of the :
219a. ^ f\ Min2 K'oS Department of Civil Cases,
consisting of 2 ^ T'ing\
as shown below :
1, ^ — ^ 'Ji* I^ 1'ingS First Section ; dealing
with civil
cases concerning >K ^ Tsung^ Shih'*, Imperial Clansmen, and
with appeals, in civil cases, against judgments of the Metropolitan
Court of Assizes, and
2, ^ ZL ]M "^^^ 1^^^^ I'lngS Second Section ; dealing with
appeals, in civil cases, against judgments of Provincial Courts of
Assizes.
220. i^ 1"^ j^ Tien^ Pu^ T'ingS Chancery
Office. 1 his office is supervised by a rtll ^
[ «1 ]
•
and Record
ff Tu^ Tien^ PuS
^IS
to
220

PKESENT D VY POLITICAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHINA.
221 Chief Archivist; 5b, as Chancery Chief, who is assisted by 4
to ^ ^ '^^^^^ ^^^*' ^I'cliivists ; 6 b, 6:?^ fg Chu^ Pu^ Registrars ;
pp_ 7a, and 30 ^^ ^ Lu* Shih^, Writers (of the eighth and ninth
ranks).
221. .# ^ J^ K'an^ Shou^ So^ House of Detention. This
is in charge of a ^ ^^^ J^ ;g K'an^ Shou^ So^ Chang^, Chief
Super^dsor of the House of Detention ; oB, who is assisted hy 4
^ ^ J^*? W of the House of
K'an"^ Shou^ So^ Kuan^ Supervisors
Detention ; 8a, and 2 ^ ^ Lu* Shih^ Writers ; 9a (see No. 767).
Because of the pressure of affairs, there was established in
1908, in accordance with a Memorial from the Supreme
Court of
Justice, the unclassed post of § ^ J^/f ^^, Jg K'an^ Shou^ So^
Hsieh* Li', Assistant Chief Supervisor of the House of Detention,
for performing the duties of which there are deputed officials
from the Supreme Court.
222. M;^ ^ M Tsung^ Cliien' Ch'a^ T'ingS Attorney-
General's Office ; established at the Supreme Court of Justice on
lines similar to those of Prosecutors of judicial organizations of
lower rank {see Nos. 762 to. 765).
Besides functioning as public prosecutor, the Attorney-
General's Office holds inquests, where necessary, in cases in which
the Supreme Court is the court of first and last apj^eal (see No.
215a)
and has control over Prosecutors of lower courts.
At the head of the Attorney-General's Office is a
it WiM m m ^ Tsung^ Chien^ Ch'a^ T'ing^ T'ing^ (3h'eng^
Attorney-General ; 3b. He has subordinated to him 6 :;^ ^ *§*
Chien' Ch'a^ Kuan\ Attorneys ; 5a, 1 j^ ^ (1iu' Pu*, Registrar ;
7a, and 4 11 ^ Lu* Shih^ Writers ;
9a.
IMPERIAL BOARD OF ASTRONOMY.
223. fC ^ g^ Ch'in^ T'ieni Chien*, Imperial
Board of
Astronomy ; compiles the calendar, makes astronomical and
[ 82 ]

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
meteorological observations, and selects so-called ^ Q Chi^ Jih*, 224
"
lucky days," for important State undertakings.
tO
At the head of the Board is a :
224. ^ JM lie ^ ^ ^ If
Kuan^ Li^ Ch'in^ T'ien^ Chien*
Shih^ Wu*, Chancellor of the Imperial Board of Astronomy ;
appointed by the Emperor, usually
Blood.
'
one of the Princes of the
225. fC ^ M ^ jE Oh'ini T'ieni Chien^ Chien^ Cheng*,
Directors of the Imperial Board of Astronomy ; o.\ (one Manchu
and one Chinese).
226. ilC ^ ^ :^ g^ S!l
Ch'in^ T'ien^ Chien* Tso^ Chien*
Fu*, Senior Vice- Directors of the Imperial Board of Astronomy;
6a (one Mjnchu and one Chinese).
227. |fC ^ M: ^ ^ alj
Ch'ini T'ieni Chien* Yu-* Chien*
i? u*, Jmiior Vice-Director of the Imperial Board of Astronomy ;
6b (one Manchu and one Chinese).
227a. Formerly there were 2 ^ ^Ij Chien* Fu*, Vice-
Directors ; 6a, 1 ;^ ^ glj Tso^ Chien Fu% Senior Assistant
Vice-Director; 6b, and I :^ ^ glj Yu* Chien"* Fu*, Junior
Assistant Vice-Director; 6b, on the Board of Astronomy.
227b. The :^^
'^'ai* 'M ^ ^ Ch'ing^ Hui* Tien^ or the
" Institutes of the Empire of the Ta Ch'ing Dynasty," contains
the proviso that the posts of Director, and Senior and Junior
Assistant Vice-Director, of the Imperial Board of Astronomy
are to be hel dj}y Enrnp eajxs-
Chinese).
228. i t$ Chu' Pu^ Registrar ; 8a (one Manchu and one
229. ^ Mf\ Shih^ Hsien* K'oS Calendar Section ; here
the calendar is compiled, the seasons are defined and the 24
periods of the year arranged. The staff of this Section is
composed
of :
1. 5 H ^ iE Wu^ Kuan^ Cheng*, Astronomers; charged
with general astronomical calculations,
[ «3 ]
229

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.
230 2. 1 # 'g* iE Ch'unV Kuani Cbeng^ Astronomer for the
^Q Sj)ring, 1 M 'g* jE Hsia-* Kuan^ Cheng\ Astronomer for the
-gg Simimer, 1 r|| 'g* jg Chung^ Kuan^ Cheng^ Astronomer for the
Mid-jear, 1 f^ *§• jE Ch'iu^ Kuan^ Cheng^ Astronomer for- the

EESKXT DAY FOLITJCAL ORGAXIZATJOX OF CHINA.
adjunct of that df 'Chancellor o£ the Imperial Board of Astronomy 232a
{see No. 224), and
^q
2. tuM W^ ^ ^ % -^ W^^^m Wl Hsielr LP Ch'in^
T'ien' Chien* T'ien^ Wen- Suan* Hsiieh-^ Shili* Wu*, Assistant
Superintendent of the Astronomical College , this post is an
adjunct of that of Director of the Imperial Board of Astronomy
{see No. 225).
232a. Jlj; lie M

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
239a 239a. :^ ^ |£ @ Chiu^ P'in^ Li^ Mu*, Secretaries of the
to Ninth Rank (15j.
240. § ± I' Shih*, Physician (the rules call for 24 but
P4«
sometimes they number as many as 30).
BOARD OF CUSTOMS CONTROL.
241. f^ i^ ^ Shui^ Wu^ (nl«u^ Board of Customs
Control. This came into existence in accordance with an Edict
dated the 9th May, 1906, and controls all Chinese and Foreign
employes of the Customs {see Nos. 253 and 311).
At the Board of Customs Control there are :
242. .
Two
^ m f^ a icE Tu> Pan"^ Shuif Wu* Ta< Ch'en^,
Superintendents of the Board of Customs Control (this post
is an
additional office held by a President or a Vice-President of a
Ministry).
243. One ^ B ft ?§ ^^ B P^ng^
Pan^ Shui* Wu* Ta*
Ch'en^, Assistant Superintendent of the Board of Customs Control
(this post is an additional office held by a President or a Vice-
President of a Ministry).
244. Jg p T'i^ Tiao*, Proctor.
245. ^ iS IS Pangi T'i^ TiaoS Assistant Proctor.
246. The Board of Customs Control consists of 4 g^ Ku^
Sections. For each Section there is a |l|. ^jf{- Tsung^ Pan', Section
Chief, assisted by 3 or 4 f^ j^/j| Pang^ Pan*, Assistants, and 1 or
- ^ M W^i^ Yiian^, Deputies (these posts are usually held by
junior officials of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Finance
or by Expectants of provincial offices, up to and inclusive of
Taotais).
247. ^ — 9x Ti* I^ lvu% P'irst Section ; considers duties
on mechanical and manufactured goods and minerals, gives
decisions on Customs Regulations, audits Customs revenue returns
and studies trade conditions at the ports.
[ 86 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OPwGANIZATION OF CHINA.
248. ^ H ^ Ti-^ Erh^ Ku^ Second Section ; deals with 248
'duties collected by " Nartive "
(old Chinese) Customs and tO
exemption of goods from duty, looks into foreign loans and their 353
acquittance^including the 1900 Indemnity —and supervises
certain taxes, i.e. the salt gabelle and Likin, collected by the
]VIaritime Customs, settles the tariff of import and export duties
and takes measures to prevent the smuggling of goods into the
country.
249. ^ H 5^ Ti* San^ Ku^, Third Section ; supervises
the tax collected on foreign and native opium and the issue of
Transit Certificates for foreign goods sent to the interior, controls
inland waters shipping, construction of harbours, lighthouses and
pontoons, and tonnage dues and studies the Customs of foreign
countries.
250. ^ ^ Ti'' Ssu'' Ku^ Fourth Section ; deals with
Postal affairs of the Empire, the transfer and appointment of
Customs Officials, as well as their reward, the staff of the Board
of C-ustoms Control, and keeps the accounts of the last-mentioned.
251. J($: H
.^ Shou^ Fa^ Ch'u^ Eegistry or Chancery ;
keeps the seal, looks over incoming and out-going despatches and
telegrams, archives, etc. At this office there are" 3 ^ ^ Wei^
Yuan^ Deputies, and 1 ft f^ fg B. Tsa^ Wu' Wei' YiianS
Unclassed Deputy.
252. 1^ B ^ ^ Shui* Wu^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Customs
College ; attached to the; Board of Customs Control. "J his
College was established in 1908 for preparing young
men for
service in the Customs.
The ('ustoms College is divided into two sections, i.e. H ^ ^
Vv? Hsi^ K'o\ Preparatory Section, and /f. ^^ Pen^ K'o^ Special
Section. For the first there are accepted pupils between the ages
•ol 14 and 20 years who have passed the Middle School
examinations (see Nos. 580 to 582), after a competitive
€xaminati-)n ; for the Special Section there are chosen scholars
[ «7 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL CRGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.
253 between the ages of 1() and 22 } ears—who have passed the
Middle School examinations and speak English — after a
competitive examination.
The enrollment of the Preparatory Section is 50 and that of
the Special Section is 36.
The course of study in the Special Section covers four
years, l^esides (Chinese, there is instruction in foreign languages
(Kus^sian, French, German and Japanese, all optional, and
English, compulsory), history, geography, mathematics, physics,
political economy, international law, commercial law, history of
the development of trade, differentiation of merchandise, statistics,
political and commercial treaties, Customs regulations, book-
keeping, etc.
Graduates of the College are entitled to the same privileges
as graduates of High Schools (see No. 583).
At the head of the Customs ('ollege is a |]| iJil Tsung^ Pan%,
Director, and subordinated to him are 1 Inspector (see No. 649),
1 li # ^ Tsung^ Chiao^ Hsi", Senior Teacher, 8 f^ ^ Chiao^
Hsi'-, Teachers, 1 ^ f^ ^ ^ Chai^ Wu* Wei^ Yiian^, Supervisor
of Dormitories (see No. 645), 1 ^; f^ ^ ^ Shu' Wu* Wei'
Yiian^, Steward (compare No. 641), 1 § 'g' I* Kuan', Physician,.
1 Writer (see No. 642), 1 Book-keeper (sec No. 643), 2
Secretaries (see No. 650) and 2 >fj ^ Ssu^ Shu\ Clerks.
Pegulations for the (customs C/ollege, drawn up by the
Superintendents of the Board of Customs Control, were sanctioned
by the Emperor on the 21st May, 1909.
THE IMPERIAL MARITIME CUSTOMS.
253, 'J;^ g| Hai^ Kuan', Chinese Imperial Maritime
Customs ; functions at all ports open to foreign trade (ig |^ P ^
T'ung' Shang' K'ou' An^.
The Imperial Maritime Customs was started in 1854, at the
initiative of the British, French and American Consuls, at
[ •'^8 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CaiJfTA.
Shanghai, when, the native city having been captured by the 254
rebels, the authorities were unable to collect the duties on foreign tO
goods. Proving very successful, it was extended to other ports. 257
At the head of the Service, by order of the Goverq^r-
General, was placed an Englishman, Lay, as Inspector General
of Customs.
In 1863 Mr. Lay was replaced by Sir (then Mr.) Eobert
Hart, who has retained his post to the present and to whose
ability in organization and indefatigable
zeal the Chinese owe
that the Maritime Customs is now one of the great sources of
revenue to the Treasury.
The staff of the Imperial Maritime'Customs, mostly ret^ruited
from Foreigners (at least, they nold most of the high positions),
was formerly imder the supervision of the Yamen of Foreign
Affairs,— up to L901,— and, later, under the Board of Foreign
Affairs (sec No. 311). However, in 1906, the Imperial Maritime
Customs was subordinated, by Imperial Edict, to the Board of
Customs Control (scf Nos. 241 and 311), a purely Chinese
organization, with a view to closer supervision of th^i fceign
administration of Chinese interests.
Tlie administration of the Chinese Imperial jSIaritime
Customs is arranged as follows :
2-5-t- W, U B m ^ Tsung3 Shui* Wu* Ssu^ Shu^,
Taspectorate General of Customs.
^55. |§5^ ^ Bj TsungS Shui* Wu^ SsuS Inspector
General of Customs, to whom appertains the supreme direction of
the Imperial Maritime Customs throughout the Empire and the
general supervision of Postal affairs (see No. 273).
256. Ill fg m f^ Ol Fu* Tsung' Shui* Wu* SsuS Deputy
Inspector General of Customs.
257. mm^m^t B ^Tsung^
Wu* SsuS Chief Secretary.
r 8!» 1
Li' Wen' An^ Shui'

TKE^ENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
258 258. ^JM-^^^^1: B ^ ^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGAXIZATION" OF CHINA.
7. Wi^r^M T'on^ Teng' Pang-i Pan", First Assistant. gQS
«• m ^ ^ I'j? ^^h" Teng^ Pangi Pan% Second Assistant.
i). i
m P ^ M ^ I? ft Chu" Ching^
Wen^ Pang^ Pan"*, Assistant Studying Chinese.
10. ffc l|? Kung" ShihS Clei-k.
There are also Third and Fourth Assistants.
Hsueh^ Hsi^ Han"
268. For the examination of cargo there are the following
officers of the Customs :
surveyor.
I- M^h§^

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
270 2. ^ j|§ ^ li H SlJ HsiJn* Ch'uan^ Kuan* Ohia^ Erh* Fu*,
to
272
. T'ing\
Second Officer.
^- ^ ^i' ^ iE H ilj
FuS Third Officer.
Hsiin' Ch'uaii^ Kuan^ Chia^ San»
4. M M ^ im IE Hsiin* Ch'uan^ Kuan' Lun» Cheng%
First Engineer.
Engineer.
5- ^ )56 ^ Ira lilJ Hsiin' Ch'uan' Kuan' Lun- Fu^ Second
6. St ^ 1* fl l^'ao" Shou' Shou' Ling', aunner.
7- 7k ^ ^ IS' Shui' bhou' Shou' Ling", Quarter-master.
«• M IS-# idsun^ T'ing* Pien*, Launch Officer.
270. Within the Customs there is a /^ ^ j^ Ying* Tsao*
Ch'n^, Engineers' Office, supervised by a |,|i ^' jn ^ Tsung'
Ying' Tsao* Ssu^, Engineer-in-Chief. To him. there are
Subordinated :
1w'J
^ is ^ ^^^^* Ying^ Tsao* lSsu\ Assistant Engineers.
2. X iHi Kimgi ShihS Clerks of Works, and
3. 12 H Chiang^ Tung', Mechanics.
27 L Supervision of the liarbour is the duty of the J51 ^ j^
Li' Ch'uan^ Ch'u'*, Harbour Office. General supervision of all
the harbours is entrusted to a ^ X ^ Hsiin' Kuang^ Ssu\ Coast
Inspector.
In charge of the Harbour Office is a ^ )|§ H Li' C'h'uan''
Har.boxu- Master, who is assisted by ^ 'J^ ,9f Chih*
Po-^ So', Berthing Officers.
In addition, there are :
1- imMM Hsin* Ch'i=^ Li% Signalmen,
2- M ^^M Hsun^ Chiang^ Li^ River Police, and
3. A 7jC E Jii' Shui-^ Chiang^ Pilots.
272. The Customs also administers a |f t^ ^ Teng' T'a*
Ch'u^, liights Department, in charge of a ^ |§ p] Hsiin^ Teng^
Ssu\ Inspector of Lights.
To him are subordinated :
1- M fS ± Teng^ Ch'uan' Chu', Lightship Captains,
[
1)2
]

and
keepers.
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
2. If Hu 'X M Teng' Ch'uan' Ta* FuS Lightship iMate, 273
3. II if fi ^ A Teng^ T'a^ Chih= Shih^ Jen\ Light-
273. There is as yet no uniformity in the Postal
organization of China. In addition to the old Government Post
{see No. 754), which is under the supervision of the Board of
War and the local provincial authorities, at the most impoi'tant
centres (for detailed list see the edition of the Imperial Maritime
Customs " Alphabetical Index of Imperial Post Offices,") there
have been established (the first in 1874) by Sir Robert Hart,
the Inspector General of Customs (see Xo. 255), Post Offices
working on the lines of those of European
countries. Ihese are
controlled by a Postal Department, at the head of which is a
in ifJ i^ "^ Tsung^ Yu^ Cheng' Ssu\ Inspector General of
Posts (this post has always been an adjunct of that of Inspector
General of Customs).
For Postal work there are subordinated to tne Inspector
General of Customs a §|) i^ ||| |/j| Yu^ ( heng^ Tsung^ Pan%
Postal Secretary, and a ifj gC glj |;||, p
Pan*, Assistant Postal Secretary.
Post Offices are of two descriptions, i.e.
Yu^ Cheng' Fu* Tsung*
§"|) i^ |,^i ^
Y''u^
Cheng* Tsung^ Chu^ Head Offices, and $\l ]^ "j^ ^ Yu^ Cheng'
Fen^ Chii^ Branch Offices.
[ 9-i 1

PART II.
MINISTRIES

MINISTRIES (BOARDS).
MINISTRIES (BOARDS) IN GENERAL.
274. In addition to establishments already mentioned, 274
liaving very special or temporary functions, there are in China
eleven Ministries (Boards) whose authority extends to all parts
of the Empire. Although a development of the old 5?^ ^[J Liu*
Pu% Six Ministries (Boards) and other offices, the new Ministries
are gradually changing the former practice of administration of
metropolitan affiiirs only and the leaving of the greatest initiative
in provincial aifairs to Governor-Generals and Governors.
Being convinced of the detrimental influence of a system of
decentralization, the Government is bending itself to a policy of
subordinating to the Ministries everything that is of general
importance (education, finance, military affairs, police and justice).
The eleven Ministries (Boards) are :
1- ^b B oB Wai* Wu" Pu^ Ministry (Board) of Foreign
Affairs (s.ee Nos. 305 to 332a),
2- M% Li* Pu^ Ministry (Board) of Civil Appointments
(see Kos. 333 to 338),
3. i^ i&. a\^ Min' Cheng* Pu*, Ministry (Board)
Interior {see Nos. 339 to 348).
4- J^ ^ oB Tu* Chihi Pu*, Ministry (Board)
(see Nos. 349 to 375),
to 394),
of the
of Finance
5. jB. n[5 Li^ Pu*, Ministry (Board) of Rites (see Nos. 376
6. ^ % Hsiieh-- Pu*, Ministry (Board)
(Nos. 395 to 414),
[ 97 ]
of Education

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.
275 7. (^ ^ ^{5 Lii* Chiini Pu*, Ministry (Board)
of War-
to {see jSTos. 415 to 437),
"^^ ^ % Fa* Pu% Ministry (Board) of Justice 438 to 459),
{see Nos,
277
9. ^ X |g %\ Ninig-2 Kungi Shang^ Pu*, Ministry of
Agriculture, Industry and Commerce' (^ Nos. 460 to 471),
10- % ii^ nI5 ^^^^ Ch'uan-2 Pu*, Ministry of Posts and
Communications {see Nos. 472 to 490), and
11- 5.5-1 ^ oB Li'^ Fan! Pu*, Ministry (Board) of dencies {see Nos. 491 to 4'39).
Depen-
275. Each ^\l Pu*, Ministry, is composed of a number
(from 4 to 10) of W] Ssu^, Departments, which, again,, are divided
into fij- K'o^, Sections, and ^ Ku-^, Sub-sections. Also,
at the
majority of the Ministries there is a ^ '^ ^ Ch'eng- Cheng*
T'ing^ Council, and a :^ |^ j^ Ts'an^ P T'ing^, Secretarial.
Office, as well as ^ Chii^, Offices, and j^ Ch'u*, Committees
(for various affiiirs).
276. The head of all but one of the Ministries is the tfiQ "§
Shang* Shu\ President ; at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
the exception, this official is subordinated to a |,|I jgi jTJ^ f^ j^^ ^ f^,
Tsungs Li» Wai*. Wu* Pu* Shih* Wu*, Controller, to whom
appertains the supreme control of affiiirs of the Ministry see
No. 305ii).
At one period —from 1907 to 1909— there were Controllers
at other Ministries, for instance, at the Ministr}- of War (^ Jg
1^ 1^ A|5 ^ ^ Kiian^ Li^ Lu* Chiin^ Pu* .Shih* Wu*) and at
the Ministry of Education (^' ?! ^ g[J ^ f% Kuan^ Li=^ Hsueh^
Pu* Shili*
Wu""), holding which position, were, respectively,.
Prince (Jh'ing and ^^ ^ ^ S Chang^ Wcn^ Hsiang^ Kung^'
(the late Grand Secretary ^^ :t M Chang^ CJhih^ TungO-
277. In addition to the afore-mentioned, at the ^Ministry
of Foreign Affiiirs tliere is the post of ^ |/|f ;/c £ Hui^ Pan*'
Ta* Ch'en-, Assistant Controller, which title is sometimes-
[ 98 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
conferred on the President of that Ministry, his title then 278
becoming ^fj^ |^ §B 1^ ^ # IM ± E ^ai^ Wu* Pu^ Shang* ^^
Shui Hui-' Pan* IV th'en'- {see Nos. 305c and aOoo).
278. As has been stated above (see No. 276), at the head
of each Ministry (with the exception mentioned) there is a j^ ^
Shang"* Shu^ (official designation, ^[? ^' Pu* T'ang^) President ;
1b, to whom are subordinated :
279. ^ ff 115 Tso3 Shih* Lang2 (official designation, % ^
Pu* Yiian-), Senior Vice-President ; 2a ; one at each Ministry.
280. -^^ f^ H|$ Yu* Shih*. Lang^ (official designation, *\{ [^
Pu"* Yiian"), Junior Vice-President ; 2a ; one at each Ministry.
281. ^ ^ Tso^ Ch'eng^, Senior Councillor; 3a ; one at
each Ministry, with the exception of the Ministry of Depen-
dencies (sec Xo. 492).
282. ^ y^ Yu'* Ch'eng", Junior Councillor ; 3a ; one at
each Ministry, with the exception of the Ministry of Dependencies
(see No. 492).
283. ^ # li Tso3 Ts'ani P, Senior Secretary,; 4a;
one at each ^linistry, with the exception of the Ministry of
Dependencies (see No. 492).
284. ^ ^ p^ Yu* Ts'an^ I*, Junior Secretary ; 4a ; one
at each Ministry', with the exception of the Ministry of Depen-
dencies {see No. 492).
284a. Under the old regime, previous to 1901, at the
head of each jVIinistry there were two Presidents (Maiichu and
Chinese respectively), to whom were subordinated two Senior
Vice-Presidents (Manchu and CUiinese respectively) and two
Junior Vice-Presidents (.Manchu and Chinese respectively).
The posts of Councillor and Secretary did not exist ; these were
first established at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in 1901,
and, later, in 1905, at the Ministries of Education, of the
[ 99 ]
284a

285c
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
285 Interior and of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, and, finally,
^^ in the Autumn of 1906, at the remaining Ministries, with the
exception of the Ministry of Dependencies.
285. :^K )^ M- Ch'eng2 Cheng* T'ingi, Council of a
Ministiy (Board) ; with Councillors (see Nos. 281 and 282) in
charge. This office is found at the Ministries of the Interior
(see No. 340), of Finance (see No. 350), of War {see No. 422),
of Justice (see No. 441) and of Posts and Coijimunications
(see No. 473).
285a. ^ m ,^ Ts'an^ I* T'ing^, Secretarial Office ; with
Secretaries (see Nos. 283 and 284) in charge. This office is
found at the Ministries of the Infcirior (see No. 341), of Finance
(see No. 351), of War (see No. 423), of Justice (see No. 442)
and of Posts and Communications (see No. 474).
285e. Besides Councillors (see Nos. 281 and 282),
attached to the Councils of the Ministries (see No. 285) are :
Finance,
Section Chiefs (see No. 290); three at the Ministry of
Assistant Section Chiefs (see No. 291) ; fovu- at the
Ministries of the Interior and of Finance,
Second Class Secretaries (see No. 292) ; four at the Minis-
try of the Interior, three at the Ministry of Finance, and
Assistant Secretaries (see No. 286) ; two at the Ministries
of Justice and of Posts and Communications.
The Council of the Ministry of War has a peculiar organi-
zation (for details see No. 422b).
285c. In addition to Secretaries (see Nos. 283 and 284),
the members of the Secretarial Offices of the Ministries (see No.
285a)
Finance,
are :
Section Chiefs (see No. 290) ; three at the ^Ministry of
Assistant Section Chiefs (see No. 291) ; four at the Minis-
try of Finance.
[ 100 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAI. ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.
Second Clase Secretaries {see No. 292) ; three at the Minis- 286
try of Finance, and tO
Assistant Secretaries {see No. 286) ; two at the Ministries 291
of the Interior, of Justice and of Posts and Communications.
The Secretarial Office of the Ministry of War has a peculiar
organization (for details see No. 423a).
286. ^ ^ Ts'ani Shih* or, at the :Ministry of Posts and
Conmiunications, ^ ^ ('hieu^ Shih*, Assistant Secretary of a
Ministry; 5a. These officials, as seen above, are attached to •
the Councils {see No. 285 b) and to the Secretarial Offices {see
No. 285c). Also, four Assistant Secretaries are stationed at the
Ministry of Education {see No. 396).
287. E # ± 1l zE Ch'eng2 Ts'an^ Shang* Hsing' TsouS
Expectant Councillors or Expectant Secretaries. These are
attached to the various Ministries in an indefinite number.
288. ^ ± ^ T'ang' Chu^* Shih^' Secretaries (of the
President of a Ministry) ; 6a. They
are found at the Minis-
tries of Civil Appointments (see No. 334 ; five), of Pites {see
No. 377 ; four) and of Dependencies {see No. 492a ; six).
289. The Departments composing the various Ministries
are organized on uniform lines with the exception of those of the
Ministry of War. The last mentioned have a peculiar organi-
zation (for details see No. 434).
290. E[$ Fjt Lang^ Chung^ Department Directors ; 5a,
(literary designation, jE g[5 Cheng* Lang^) ; 1 to 9 in each
Department ; stationed at the Councils {see No. 285b) and at
the Secretarial Offices {see No. 285c).
291. ^ M" Hl> Ylian' Wai* Lang*, Assistant Department
Directors (literary designation, gij 5|5 Fu* Lang' ; also f| gjj
Chi'* Lang') ; 5b ; 2 to 8 in each Department ; stationed at the
Councils {see No. 285b) and at the Secretarial Offices {see No.
285c).
[ 101 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
292 292. ^ ^ Chii^ Shih*, Second (Uass Secretaries o£
to Ministries (literary designation, "^J!^ Clui' Cheng^) ; 6a ; 1
298 to 6 in each Department ; stationed at the Councils (see No.
285b) and at the Secretarial Offices {see No. 285c).
293. ^ Ij),^-
x^ Pi' T'ieh* Shih^ Clerks,
of the seventh to
the ninth ranks, (literary designation, §^ i^ Pi^ Cheng*).
294. n] ;^ Ssu^ Chang^, Department Controllers, /fc ^
f/ Ch'eng' Fa^ Knan\ Registrars. ^ ^ K'o^ Cha^g^ Section
Chiefs, fij- ^ K'o^ Xiian^, Section Secretaries (of the first,
second and third ranks). |f^ ^ Lu* Shih*, Writers (of the
eighth and ninth ranks).
The above-mentioned officials are found at all the jMinistries,
in the various Departments and Councils, including the Ministry
of War.
295. § iE 'b* Shu^ Chi* Kuan^ Clerks (of the first, second
and third ranks) ; 7a, 8a and 9a. Thus are styled the Clerks at
the Ministry of Education (see Nos. 403 and 413a) ; they
Pi^ T'ieh^ Shih* of other Ministries.
296. a]^ M Ssui ^^\^i t'ingi, Chancery; with two ^
correspond to the ^ Ipj^ i^
^ Ssu^ Wu*, Chancery Chiefs ; 8a, in charge. This office is
found at the Ministries of Foreign Aifairs (^see No. 307), of Civil
Appointments (see No. 334a), of Rites (see No. 378), of Finance
(see No. 365), of Education (see No. 397) and of Dependencies
(see No. 494, and, for details. No. 495 a).
297. ^ ^l-* n] ^ E^ Wai* Ssu^ Yiian^, Supernumerary
Department Officials ; having the titles of Department Director
(see No. 290), Assistant Department Director (see No. 291),
Second Class Secretary (see No. 292) and Clerk (sec No. 293).
They are attached to the various Departments
number, sometimes very great.
in an indefinite
298. fj if Ssu^ K'u*, Treasurer; 7a, and j^, ||^ K'u*
Shih', Treasury Overseer. These Officials are stationed at the
Treasuries of the Ministries (for example, see No. 384a).
[ 102 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
299. -t n^ /h ^ 'B*

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
303 Assistant Department Director {see Nos. 290 and 291), iind of
to
tlie fourth rank, that of Second Class Secretary {see No. 292).
„-., The title of Adviser is sometimes bestowed on persons
distinguished for some particular service (for instance, with
regard to home industries, commerce, etc.) The title of Adviser
of the foiu'th rank was bestowed, in accordance Avith a Memorial
from the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, on
?I f^ W\

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,
and 491). '^U^^ ff K""§' Ch'iui AVang^ 1= HsinS Kung, 305
Prince of the First Degree, personal name ^ ||f I Hsin (the
sixth brother of the Emperor ^ ^ Hsien" Ftmg\ 1851-1861),
was its first President and 1^ ^ Kuei* Liang-, a Grand
Secretary, and ^ jjf^ Wen" Hsiang^, Vice-President of the
Ministry of War, were detailed to thiL office.
The number of members of the Tsnng- Li Ya ^Nlen, known
by the general title of ^i^_EJV"ang^ Ta* Ch'en^, ''
Pj;inee _and
jVIinistei's " was not defined and sometimes reached eleven. Hio-h
Officials holding substantive posts, which they retained, were
detailed to this office, but it is worth}- of remark that, for thirty
years after the institution of the Tsung Li Ya Men, its existence
was ignored by the |f |[|j ^ Chin^ Shen^ Lu-*, " Ped Book,"
which was otherwise a complete directory of Metropolitan and
Provincial "State Establishments and indicated their personnel.
The omission was. rectified in 1890.
The clerical work of the Tsung Li Ya Men was performed
by ^ "^ Chang^ Ching^, Secretaries (official designation, pj ^
Ssu^ Yiiau^ or p] 'g' Ssu^ Kuan^), avIio were originally drafted
from the staff of the Council of State (see No. 129b). The six
senior Secretaries, all of whom held either substantive or
expectant rank, were usually styled |I^^ |//| Tsung' Pan*.
The members of the Tsung Li Ya Men, being only
temjiorarily deputed to that office, naturally paid atteniiv,.
mainly to the duties of their substantive posts, leaving no time
for
seriously attending to those of their additional office, which
were, in addition, quite unknown to them. Also, there being a
nimierous staff of members of equal standing, sometimes having
entirely different views on international questions, the practice of
referring questions from one member to another during negotia-
tions, the absence of initiative and fear of the consequences of any
initiative, and, finally, the little knowledge, or even complete
ignorance, of the members of the Tsung Li Ya Men of questi-ons
[ 105 ]

ntESENT DAY TOLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.
305a under discussion, made negotiations very difficult for the Foreign
the
Representatives, who continually pointed out to . China
necessity for the reform of this
'
establishment. These recOmmendations
remained fruitless and, at last, the Powers insisted
on an Article being inserted in the " Peace Protocol between
China and the Foreign Powers," signed on the 7th December,
1901 ;— Article 12— reading as follows :
" An Imperial Edict of 24th July, 1901, has reformed the
*' Office of Foreign Affiiirs in the direction indicated by the
"Powers, that is to say, has transformed it into a ]Ministry o£
" Foreign Affiiirs, Avhich takes precedence of the other 81*-
" Ministries.
" The same Edict has naiued the principal members of this
"Ministrv."
305a. 3ffv f^ Ajj Wai^ Wu* Fn\ Ministry of Foreign
Affiiirs ; established, as stated above, by Imperial
Edict of the
24th July, 1901, the tenor of which was as follows :
On the ninth day of the sixth moon the Grand Secretariat
received an Edict, as follows :
" The appointment of officials and the determination of their
" duties have, until now, been regulated by the needs of the
"moment. Henceforth, however, when a Treaty of Peace is
" concluded, international relations are to be placed in the first
'" rank of important affairs and it is more than ever necessary to
*' call for the assistance of clever men and give them opportunity
" to study everything having reference to the establishment of
" friendly relations and confidence in intercourse.
" It is true that the Office of Foreign Affairs, previously
*' established for dealing with international affairs, has existed for
*'
'
many years, but the Prince and Ministers '
composing its
"
staff, holding office thei-e as a complement to other substantive
*'
posts, have been unable to devote themselves entirely to its
[ 106 ]

PKKSEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
" affairs and it is necessary to create distinctive positions that 305b
*' each may recognize
his duties.
" In view of this v,e direct that the Office of Foreign 305c
*' Afiairs he transformed into a Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
*' which shall take precedence of the other Six Ministries of
" State.
" We appoint I K'uang, Prince Ch'ing, Prince of the First
*'
Degree, President of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs ; Wang
" Wen-shao, Grand Secretary of the T'i Jen Ko,
*'
to be Vice-
President, and Ch'ii Hung-chi, President of the Ministry of
*'
Works, to retain his title but act as Vice-President, Hsii
"
Shou-p'cng, Director of the Palace Stud, and Lien Fang,
" Expectant Metropolitan Vice-Director of the third or fourth
*'
rank, to be First and Second Directors ('Assistant Secretaries).
" As regards the ap})ointn^en

niESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
305d 305j). 3?I> f^ *[5 f^] ff ^ Wt ± E Wai' Wu^ Pu^ Shang^
^Q Shu^ Hiii^ Pan* Ta'* Ch'en^ President and Assistant Controller
r>QQ
of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (see No. 277).
306. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is composed of the
following four Departments :
1- fU ^ ^ Ho^ Hui^ Ssu\ Department of Intercourse ;
arranges receptions for Foreign Representatives, requests audiences
for them and recommends decorations to be bestowed on them,
supervises the appointment and transfer of Chinese liepresentatives
abroad and Chinese Consuls, the personal staff of the Ministry,
and the recommendation of rewards for these officials, etc.
2. ^ Jl. p\ K'ao^ Kung^ Ssu^, Department of Technical
Affairs ; controls the engagement of foreigners for service in the
Railways, Mines, Telegraph Service, Arsenals, etc., and the
sending of Students abroad.
3.
'i*^ .^ pI Cli'iieh"* Suan' Ssu^, Accounts Department ;
supervises Customs Duties, Foreign Trade, Steam Navigation,
Foreign Loans, Postal Affairs, Expenditure of the Ministry,,
paying the salaries of Chinese Representatives abroad, etc.
'^' ^, ^ % Shu* Wu* Ssu\ Department
of General
Affairs ; in charge of Frontier and Missionary Affairs, the issue
of Passports for travel in the interior, ^c.
307. ^1 f^ ^ Ssui Wu* T'ing', Chancery (see No. 296) ;
in charge of 2 p] ^ Ssu^ Wu^ Chancery Chiefs ; 8a.
308. In each Department there are two Department
Directors (see No. 290), two Assistant Department Directors
(see No. 291) and tw^o Second Class Secretaries (see No. 292).
These all have distinctive titles, distinguishing them from similar
officials of the other Ministries, namely :
Seal.
1. ^ ffj Chang^ YinS Keeper of the Seal,
2. ±11 Chu» Kao^ Keeper of Drafts,
3.
1^5 ^ pp Pang^ Chang* Yin"*,- Assistant Keeper of the
[ 108 ]

PRi;SENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.
4- W l^Wi Pang^ Cliu' Kao^, Assistant Keeper of Drafts. 309
5. mmm ±^1± Pang' Cha--' Yin^ Shang* Hsing^ ^^
Tsou^, Expectant Assistant Keepei' of the Sealj and

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
311 6. ^ ~nS M. Shu^ Chi^ Sheng\ Clerks (number not fixed).
7. 1 1^ ^ Chiang^ Yuan^ Senior Teacher, and
to
315
8. 1^ ^ K'o"* Yiian-, Teachers (of specialities; up
nunnber of 26).
to the
311. Formerly, iiiider the direct supervision of the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs wei'e :
1. fnj 3JC is T'xuig' Wen^ Kuan', College of Languages ;
established in 1862. At first only courses in English, French
and Russian were given ; later, in 1867,
there were added courses
in certain sciences ; namely, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry
and physics and a course in international law. This college is
now non-existent ; on its abolition (1900) the teaching of foreign
languages was transferred, at Peking, to the College of
Interpreters (see No. 625~), and, in the provinces, to the Colleges
of Languages (see No. 626).
2. The Imperial Maritime Customs (see No. 253), which,,
on the establishment of the Board of Customs Control in 1906
(see No. 241), was placed under the control of the latter.
312. Hi p^ i^ E Chu* Yang" Ta» Ch'en^ Diplomatic
Representatives and ^^ l^\* f|? ^ Clm'' Wai'* Shih^ Fu^, Legations.
In accordance with the reply of the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs to a Memorial from glj j^ fjjj Liu^ IShili'-hsiin^, Minister
at Paris, at ('hinese Government Establishments abroad there are
the following (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 25th January,
1907):
313. ij ^ ^j f^ ;/c E T'ou^ Teng3
(h'u^ IShih^ Ta*
Ch'cn-, Ambassador— first rank (salary 1,400 taels per month).
314. n ^ ^j ^^ J^ 15 Erh* Tetig' Ch'u^ Shih^ Ta^ Ch'en^
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary — second rank
(salary 1,000 taels per month).
315. H W ^ f^' ::^ E Sani Teng^ Ch'ui Shih^ t^, p^^,.^.
Minister Resident— third rank (salary 800 taels per month).
[ 110 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAJL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
316. M%^W T'ou2 Teng' Ts'an' TsanS First Ccuncillor, 316"
third rank (salary 500 taels per montli). ^q
317. I'g fl ^ Tsung^ Ling' Shih*, Consul-General— fourth
^^^
rank (salary 500 taels per month).
318. Zl ^ % % Erh* Teng^* Ts'an^ Tsan% Second
Councillor— fourth rank (salary -400 taels per month).
319. M ^? jI 1$ 'i* ^'o^^^ Teng3 T'ung^ I* Kuan^ First
Interpreter — fifth rank (salary 400 taels per month).
320. %^ ^ Ling^ Shih*, Consul— fifth rank (salary 400
taels per month).
321. p^ ^ ^ ^. Shang' Wu"* Wei^ Yiian^, Commercial
Agent — sixth rank- (salary 240 taels per month).
322. ^ ^ -# ^" San' Teng- Ts'an^ Tsan*, Third
Councillor— fifth rank (salary 300 taels per month).
323. n ^ ii ,i^ 'i* t^rh-* Teng=5 T'ung^ I* Kuan^ Second
Interpreter— fifth rank (salary 300 taels per month).
324. glj ff ^ Fu^ Ling2 Shih^ Yice-Consul—fifth rank
(salary 300 taels per month).
325. — ^ § 12 'g-
II Teng3 Shu^ Chi'' Kuan^, First
Secretary — fifth rank (salary 300 taels per month).
326. H ^ ii si -I* San^ T^ng^ T'ung^ P Kiian^ Third
Interpreter — s^ixth rank (salary 240 taels per month). ,
327. ~ ^ ^ gg 'g- Frh'' Teng' Shu' Chi^* KuanS Second
Secretary — sixth rank (salary 240 taels per month).
328. H ^ ^ IE W Sani Teng^ ShuiChi^ KuanS Third
Secretary— sov'enth rank (salary 200 taels per month).
329. ^\: if M ^^'^^^ Sui^ Yuan*, Military Attache;
subordinated directly to the General Staff Coimcil {see No. 184b).
There is one fo"r Great Britain and France, one for Russia and
Germany, one in America and one in Japan {sec report of the
Ministry of War, dated 10th January, 1907).
330. \% It Shih' Kuan^ Legation (also \^ ^
Shih^ Shu';
colloquially, ft ^ /^ Ch'in^ Ch'ai^ Fu' and §{ H f=j P^ Ch'ini
[ ui ]

TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
330a Ch'aii Ya' Men^j ; .vitli afC^ffiM:J.^iI:^E Ch'in^ Ming^
to
Ch'u^ Shih^ Mou^ Kuo2 Ta'' Ch'en^ Minister (also ^ \% Kiing^
oo-i Shih' or \^ g, Shih^ Ch'en^; literary;, designation, ^ f^' Hsing^
Shih^; colloquially, ^ ^ Ch'in^ Cli'ai^) in charge ; China has no
Emjbassies.
There are Chinese Legations at Tokyo, London, Washington,
Vienna, Rome, Berlin, Paris, St. Petersburg, Brussels and The
Hague.
330a. Staff of various Legations :
1. Tokyo, London, Washington, Berlin, Paris and St.
Petersburg :
Second and Third Councillors (one at each). Second and
Third Interpreters (one at each).
and Second Secretaries (one at each).
-^
Commercial Agents and First
2. Vienna, Rome, Brussels and The Hague :
Second Councillors, Second Interpreters and First and
Second Secretaries (one at each).
3>3L ^ 1^* Fen^ Kuan^, Subsidiary Legations ; with
i\ i? f$ ^ Tai^ Pan^ Shih^ Shih', Charge d'Affiiires (also
it i? f^ E Tai* Pan^ Shili^ Ch'en^, i\ Jf ^ \^ Tai^ Li^ Kung^
Shihs or g|- a*/ f^ jw 2: fi Lin'^ Shih^ Tai^ Li^ Kungi Shih^
Charge d' Affaires ad interim)^ in charge ; usually
Councillor {see No. 318).
Mexico,
There are subsidiary Le2:ations :
A. Subordinated to the Minister at Washington :
a Second
^- M ^ 1^ ^Jo* Fen^ Kuan^, Suli.sidiary Legation in
^- f^ ^ Ib Pi^ ^en^ Kuan^, Subsidiary Legation in Peru
(at Lima), and
^'
"r^ ^ If K"^' Fen^ Kuan^, Sul)sidiary Legation in Cuba
(at Havana).
B. Subordinated to the Minister at Paris :
[ 112 ] .
.

PRESENT DAY rOLITFCAi: ORC ANIZ ATIOX OF CHINA.
1- H '^ ill'' :^ M Fc'n^ Knaiv', Subsidiary Legation in Spuin 331^.
((at Madrid), and
-• ^ i^ Ib l^'^i^ Fe'ii^ Kuaii^, Subsidiary Legation in
Portugal (at Lisbon).
331 A. The staff' of the Sulisidiarv l^eirations in ^Mexico,
Peru, (^ubii, Spain and Portugal is cornjiosed of a Second
Councillor as Charge d'Affaires {see No. 331;— in Mexico imd
Cuba also acting as ,Consul-Genei'al,— a Second Interpretei- and
a Second Secretary — acting in Peru as Consul.
332. 11 ^ ^t 1^ Tsung^' Ling^ Shih^ Kuan-, Consulate-
General (also -^ If :^ ^ Tsung' Ling-^
Shih' Shir^ and
tM fl ^ /f? Tsung=* Ling^ Shih^ Fu-').
There are Consulates-C^eneral at |^ f^ Heng- J^iiig',
Yokohama, Seoul, ff ^ ijj^ Ifsini Chia' l*'o', Singapore, ^ ^
Nan^ Fei', South' Africa, ^i| ^\ Ao' (1io!i\ Australia, i^ ^ -j^
K'r.n"^ Xa- Ta^ Canada (Montreal), ._^ {I.| Chin^ Shan',
California (San Francisco), /Jx /i^ ^ Hsiao'' Lii'^ Su.ng^
Philippines (Manila), and yf p /^J^ Hai'^ Shcn' WeiS
V^ladivostock.
pI ^ Ib T.ing^ Shih^ Kuan-' or ]£ fl Ij? §t Cheng' Ling^
Shih^ iCuan^ (also ff l^. ^ Ling'^ Shih^ Shu= and ff I? j/^ LingS
;Shih^ Fu^), Consuhite.
There are Consulates at fi[l ^ Shrn^ \ln\ Kobe, -^g [II^
Ch'ang- ChM2. Nagasaki, iZ }\\
.lunna), \^^ ^ '^$.
Wen^ Ko^
Fu', Vancouver, |f[ ^./ Niu^ Yiieh', New York, and f§_^ \\\
T'an- Ilsiang' Slian^ Honolulu.
SPl^lt^lT t^i' Ling^> Shih^ Kuan^ (also fMt^^ ^'"' ^^i"?'
Shih' Shu^ and ^iJpMy?/]'^ i''"* ^^i^g^ ^''ih* Fu^), Vice-Consulate.
'Ihere are \"ice-ConsuIates at lijt j^ fijj Cliei/ Nan- P'u'*,
Chinnanpo, ^ [[\ Yiian- Shan^ Gensan, and ;f;^ |||f> UlSl Piii' Lang-
Y^ii*, Penang.
[ 11>) ]
to
332

TKESENT DAY POLITICAL OHG AXIZATION OF CHINA.
332a 332a. The staff of a Consulate-Geiieral Is composed of a
to Second Interpreter, a First Secretary (at Seoul alone), a Second
335 Secretary and a 'Jliird Secretary,
The staff of a Consulate consists of a Second Intei'preter (at
Chemulpo a Third Secretai-y), Interpreter (at Chemulpo there is
a Third Interpreter instead ; . at
Fusan there is no Second Inter-
preter) and a Second Secretary.
At Vice-Consulates there is stationed a Second Secretary.
MINISTRY (BOARD) OF CIVIL APPOINTMENTS.
333. li *j^ Li^ ^u^ Ministr- (Board) of Civil Appoint-
ineutr, (literary designation, §^ ^ Ch'iian^ Ts'ao^, Board of
Elections, also ^ ^ T'jen^ Ts'ao", Celestial Board) ; tliis is one
of the oldest establishments in China, for which ]-ea?on, in the
hierarchy, it is placed immediately after the ^Ministry of Foreign
Affairs. This Ministry controls and directs the personnel of the
Civil Service in the Empire ; its duties are defined as including'
" whatever appertains to selection, rank and gradation, rules
•
defining degradation or promotion,
and ordinances as to the
granting of investitures or rewards."
The Imperial Edict, dated the 6th November, 1906,.
reorganizing the Ministries, did not affect the Ministry
Appointments.
of Civil
333a, The litei-ary designation of the President of the
Ministry of Civil Appointments is ;jf^ ^ T'ai^ Tsai^, and, of
Vice-President, ^ ^ Shao^ Tsai^
334. ^ i ^ T'a!ig* Chu' Shih*, Secretary (of the
Piesident ; five in all) ; 6a {see No. 288N.
334a. ^ f^ ^ Tsu^ Wu^ T'ing^ Chancery {see No. 296).
335. ^ jH p] Wen- Hsuan^ Ssu\ Department
tion ; controls selection, appointn;ent
officials.
[ 114 ]
of Selec-
and transfer of ciril

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
336. ^ j;fj fj] K'ao^ Kung-^ Ssu^, Department of Sci-utiny: 336
supervises rewr^rds to be granted and penalties to be inflicted, ^q
also prescribes furloughs. "^^p
337. ^ Wj] p\ Chi- Hsun^ 8su\ Record Department;
keeps a record of official titles, regulatcB retirement on account of
mourning, amount of pensions
of hereditary titles on I>annerraen.
to civil officials and the bestowal
338. |,^ ^ p] Yen^ Feng^ Ssu\ Depai'tment of Grants ;.
regulates the bestowal of titles, patents and presents,
ditary titles on heads of tribes.
MINISTRY (BOARD) OF THE INTERIOR.
and here-
339. 5{^ m ^\i Hsun^ Ohing^ Pu*, Ministry (Board) of
Police. This was established by Imperial Decree dated the
8th October, 1905 (till that time there was no special ^Vlinistrj
which reads as follows ;
overseeing the policing of the Empire),
"
Police affairs are of the utmost importance and we
"have repeatedly issued mstructions for their improvement,
"both in the Capital and in the provinces. It is necessary
" that a special establishment be in charge of these affairs and
" we now direct the organization of a Ministry of Police and
"
appoint Hsii Shih-ch'ang, Senior Vice-President of the
" Ministry of War, as its President, Yii Lang, Sub-Chancellor
" of the Grand Secretariat, as Senior Vice-President, and
" Chao Ping-chun, Expectant. Taotai of Chihli, now raised ta
"the rank of Metropolitan Official of the 3rd rank, as Actings
" Junior Vice-President, This Ministry will be in charge of
"
everything pertaining to policing and the maintenance of
"
good order in the Manchu and Chinese sections of the
" Capital as well as the policing of the provinces. The above-
" mentioned President and other officials are to earnestly
" devise measures, exert themselves to the utmost in the
" performance of their duties, take no heed of reproaches and
[ 115 ]

TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIO F CHINA.
339a " draw up strict regulations. They must e.. rcise a complete
to "control that everything remain calm and the peuple imdis-
S42a
"
t^rbed. As regards questions not arranged for by this
" Edict, the ^Ministry is to deliberate and i-eport. Respect this."
Ministry
By an Imperial Decree of the Gth November, 1906, the
of Police was transformed into ;
339a. ^ WL % Mi^" Cheng* ¥(\\ Ministry (Board)
Interior (or Ministry of the Administration of the People).
of the
The Ministry of the Interior controls police affairs generally,
local self-government, census taking, sanitary matters, land
boundary questions, buildings, etc.
The proposed internal organization of the Ministry was
presented to tlie Throne in a ^lemorial from tlie ^Ministry itself
and received Imperial sanction on the 1st January, 1907.
340. -^ )^ M Ch'eng2 Cheng* T'ing', Council (for
organization see No. 285 ) ; considers the most important
questions ; attends to corres])ondence, accounting and general
administration of the Ministry.
341. % fi j^; Ts'an^ 1^ T'ing\ Secretarial Office (for
organization see No. 2.85a). This office is charged with the
drafting of rules and regulations.
341a. Two -^ ^ Ts'an^ Shih*, Assistant Secretaries {see
No. 286) ; 5a, and one |l |^ ^ Pien^ P Yiian'^, Translator
(Interpreter), are stationed in the Secretarial Office.
342. 1^ "/]§ rI Min"' Chih* Ssu', Department of Adminis-
tration of the People ; supervises local self-government, census
taking, the improvement
of the customs and manners of the
people, questions of emigration, colonization, etc.
To this Department wasi transferred :
3:42a. The ^^^^ Hu* Chi^ K'oS Census Section ; from
the former ^ it^ ^ Ching^ Cheng* Ssu', Department
Affairs.
[ no ]
of Police

iJESEXT DAY POLITICAL OIIG AN I ZATl OX OF CHINA.
343. ^ liiC BJ Ching' Cheng* Ssu\ Department of Police 343
Affairs ; controls administrative and judicial police, police tO
instruction, etc.
343a. To the Department of Police Affairs were trans-
ferr ,a the ^^i^fif Hsing- Cheng'* K'o^, Section of Administration
—fiom the previous ^ j^ p] Ching^ Cheng"' Ssu\ Department
of Police Afi?iirs— gl /J; fif Ssu^ Fa* K'o^ Judicial Section, and
gj {^^ ^J[ Kuo^ Chi* K'o\ Section of International AfFaii-s—from
the former ^ ij^ p] Ching^ Fa* Ssu\ Police Judicial Department—
fjfj ^ fij- Pao'^ An^ K'o^ Section of Public Safety—from
the former ^ f^- p\ Ching^ Pao^ Ssu\ Department of Police
Defence—^ -^ f3|- Ying" Yeh* lv'o\ Section of Industry and
Handicraft—from the same Department—and ^ @ ^4 K'o*
Ch'eng^ K'o', Section of Instruction—from the foi-mer ffi= ^ rJ
Ching' Hsiieh^ Ssu\ Department of Police Instruction.
343b. ^ m p/r Hsi^ II So^ Workhouse. This was
formerly under the supervision of the Police Judicial Department
{see ISTo. 343a) ; it is now controlled by the Department
of Police
Affairs (see No. 343). Its staff consists of one Assistant
Department Director (sec No. 291) and two Second Class
Secretaries (see No. 292j ; compare
No. 514.
344. II JM p1 Chiang^ Li^ Ssu', De])artment
Boundaries ; supervises
of Land
the detei'minution of +-he boundaries of
plots of land, the measurement of all the land in the Empire,
topographic surveys, the making of maps and the clearing of
public and private land.
345. f^ 1^ 'rO Ying2 Shan* Ssn', Building Department.
This De]jartment supervises all the buildings of the Ministry, as
well as State l)uildiugs in the capital, keeps monuments of
antiquity in repair, and supervises the maintenance of altars,
temples, etc., in good condition.
:>45a. To the above-mentioned Department there lias been
ransferred the X M^ f-f Kung^ Chu* K'o\ I)nilding Section ;
[ 117 ]
345A

iiESENT D\Y POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
345b from the former Wr f;^ p] Cliing^ Pao^ Ssu', Department of Police
^Q
o^Q
Defence.
345b, Two ^^Ijjj I^ Sliih^ Chief Engineers, of the sixth
and seventh ranks {see No. 301), are attached to the Building
Department {see No. 345).
346. 1^ ^ p] Wei^ Sh6ng^ Ssu^, Sanitary Department ;
combats epidemics, considers all questions of sanitation, has the
supervision of physicians, medicine compounding
establishment of hospitals, etc.
and the
346a. To the Sanitary Department there has been
transferred the ^ ^ f-J- Wei^ Sheng' K'o\ Sanitary Section, of
the former W \l^ p] Ching^ Pao^ Ssu\ Department
Defence.
346b. Two ^ 'g' I^ Kuan^, Physicians,
of Police
of the sixth and
seventh ranks {see No, 301a), are attached to the- Sanitary
Department {see No. 346).
347. ^^ gj- J^ T'lmg^ Ohi* Ch'u", Statistical Bureau (for its
organization see No. 162).
348, Under the control of the Ministryof the Interior are.
1. The Metropolitan Police {see Nos. 500— 518),
2. Police Taotais {see Nos. 840 and 840a), and through them,
3. The Provincial Police {see Nos. 520 and 521),
4. Judicial Police {see No, 519),
5. Police Schools {see Nos. 522 and 523),
6. Local Self Government Establishment {sec Nos. 524—
527a), and
7. Establishments supervising the taking of the Census
{see Nos. 528— 532j.
MINISTRY (BOARD) OF FINANCE.
349, p ^[5 Hu* Pu-*, Ministry (Board) of Revenue (literary
designation, ^ *\i Nung^ Pu* and j;-^ % Wm' Pu^ ; of its
President— in the g Hsia^ and g^ Yin^ Dynasties— _;/(; pj ^
[ 118 ]

PRESENT DAY rOLITICAL ORG AXI Z ATI ON OF CHINA.
Ta" Ssu' T'li^ and its Vice-President, 'J? n] ^ Sliao^ Ssu^ T'u', g^g^
and—in the j^ Choni — Dynasty j:]]l 'g* Ti^ Kuan', Land Official).
In the Hu Pu there Tvere fourteen Departments,
corresjionding to the niunber of (TOvernor-General and Governors.
349a. Ijt ]^ ^ Ts'ai^ Cheng' Ch'u^ Committee of Finance;
established in 1903 in connection with a j^roposed general reform
of the financial affairs of the Empire.
By Imperial Edict of the 6th November, 1906, the jSIinistry
of Revenue was reorganized, with it being amalgamated the
Committee of Finance,
as the :
349b. It ^ ff[J Tu^ Chih^ Pn^ Ministry (Board) of
Finance. This Ministrv is in charo-e of all financial affairs of the
Empire, regulates. the levying and collection of duties and taxes,
supervises transportation and storage of grain, arranges State
loans, controls mints, banks, financial estahlishments, schools, etc.
This Ministrv has authority to depute officials to reorganize
the finances of any of the provinces.
The internal organization of the Ministry is in accordance
-R^ith a ^Memorial from the Ministry itself, sanctioned by the
Emperor on the 26th April, 1907.
350. ;^ JJC M ('h'en.g2 Cheng* T'ing',' Council (for its
organization see No. 285). This supervises the most important
financial questions and the translation of financial regulations of
Foreign Powei's, as well as works on political economy.
351. ^ fi ^. Ts'an\I^ T'ing\ S.ecretarial Office Tfor its
organization see No. 215a) ; compiles reports to the Emperor,
drafts despatches and frames rules and I'egulations.
352. 03 1^1 ^ T'ien^ Fu* Ssu\ Department
of Land
Taxes ; in charge of the levy and collection of land taxes,
•exemption from or postponement of payment of these taxes, the
colonization of landsj etc.
353. yf ^ "3 Ts'ao^ Ts'ang^ Ssu', Department of Tithes;
charged with the control of tribute grain, its storage in
[ 119 ]
353

^^^
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
metropolitan and provincial granaries and distribution to the
to people in time of calamity, and the payment, in money, of
360 taxes in kind. \
354. f^ PI n] Shiii* K'o' Ssii', Department of Duties j;
has supervision of the income and expenditure of Native and
Maritime Customs, (Customs duties, excise on opium and wine,.
likin, duties leviable on mechanical and manufactured goods,,
stamp duties, granting of Customs certificates, etc.
355. ^ ?f^ r] Kuan^ Ch'iieh* Ssu', Department of Excise;
in charge of the excise on salt, tea and native opium and the
consideration of measures for the monopoly of the last-mentioned,,
etc.
356. ^ -^ 'H] T'ung^ Fu^ Ssu', Currency Department ;:
superintends the provision of gold, silvei% copper and ti« for, and
their conversion into, currency, the making of bank notes, the
framing of regulations concerning the organization of banks and
mints, and the maintenance of a sufficient supply of ciirrency ia
circulation.
357. J[$ ,^ p] K'u^ Ts'ang2 Ssu', Department ot the State
Treasury ] supervises the income and expenditure
of the State
Treasury, scrutinizes financial reports from the provinces, as well
as I'eports from the Imperial silk factories in Kiangsu and
Chekiang, reorganizes provincial treasuries, etc.l
858. ^ ^ pj Lien^ Feng* Ssu', Department
of Emolu-
ments. This Department is in charge of the payment of salaries
and allowances to officials and Princes and tlie issue of allowances
of Bannermen.
359. ^ f|oJ pJ Chiin' Hsiang' Ssu', Department of ^Military
Supplies ; superintends the distribution ef supplies to the
Military and Naval Forces of the Empire.
360. fliij /fl ^ Chih* Yung* Ssu', Department of Expendi-
ture. This Department regulates the ex})enditure
of funds
provided by the provinces for use in the Capital, as well as the
«•.*?
[ 120 ]

llESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.
expenditure on buildings, railways, mines, telegraphs and postal 361
administration. tO
361. ^ tj- p] Hiii* (K'nai-") Chi^ Ssu\ Audit Department; 3Q8a
audits the income and expenditure of the State Treasmy,
prepai-es the budget, determines extraordinary expenditure,
revises accounts, etc.
362. i|$C ^ fl ^ ^ Shou^ Fa^ Chi^ (ii'a^ Ch'iiS Registry ;:
in charge of the reception of incoming, and issue of outgoing,,
despatches, looks after matters of economy and has
control of the several Departments' correspondence Avith other
establishments.
363. ^ II If: Chin^ Yin- K'u^ State Treasury. Here
State funds are stored, in currency, bullion and bank notes.
364. ^^ Ij- ^ T'ung^ ( hi^ (_h'u% Statistical Bureau (for
its organization see No. 162b).
365. ^ f^ g. S?ui Wu* T'ing', Chancery (see No. 296).
•^66. *M ^ hn l^ao' Ch'iJan^ Chii^ Coinage Office ; charged
with the reception of copper and tin and the coinage of copper
money.
366a. ^ JM ^ ^- ^ 1? f^ Chien' Li^ Ch'ien' Fa^ T'ang-
Shih' Wu^ Thus Avas formerly designated one of the Junior
•Vice-Presidents of the Ministry, under whose superA'ision the
Coinage Office Avas placed (see No. 366).
366];. The administration of the Coinage Office is now
carried out by three ^^ f^ Ta^ Shih^, Overseers, each being in
charge of one of the Jgj Ch'ang', ]\lints, 4t M l*ei^ Ch'aug^*,
Northern, f]i H^ Chung^ Ch'ang", Middle, and gj ^ Hsi^
Ch'ang-\ Western.
367. ^^ :|'^ ^ Ho- Chiian' Ch'u^, Subscription Bureau.
This is a temporary establishment, organized for recommending
rewards for subscribers to national needs.
368. l^fj Ijj'i] ^ Yin^ Shua' Chii^, Printing Office.
368a. iil U^ gi Tsao' Chih=^ Ch'ang', Official Paper Mill.
[
1-^1
]

PRKSENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF C:ilXA.
369 369. ^ fj}} ^ ig^ ;/c IS Tu^ Pan* Yen^ Chvng' Ta* Ch'en\
f^Q Controller-General of the Salt Gabell'^ ; this post (associated
tyyA.
. charge
with that of President of the ^Ministry of Finance) was
established by Imperial Edict of the 31st December, 1909, in
order that the control of the salt affairs of the ,Empire might be
under one head.
369a. The Conti-oller-General of tlie Salt Gabelle is in
of the ^ Ij'j^: ^ ig^ Mf Tu^ Pan* Yen' Cheng* Ch'n*,
Office of the (^ontroller-Cieneral of the Salt Gabelle, which was
established in accordance with a Memorial from the Controller-
General {see No. 3G9), of the 19th Janviary, 1910. Arrange-
ments for the stafi of this oflfice have not yet been completely
defined, but it is known that the direct management
to be vested in |§ fjf Tsuug^ Pan*, Office ( hiefs.
of affairs is
For particulars as to the salt administration in the provinces
^ee Nos. 835, 835 A, 835 B, and 841.
370. ni WC fT- ^^ d\ Ts'ai^ Cheng* Yen" Chiu' So^ Section
for the Study of Financial Affairs.
371. Ht £5: II ^ £g Ts'ai" Cheng* Tiao* Ch'a^ Ch'u*,
Office for the Study of Financial Affairs.
Office.
372. Il ^ ^ PienV I* So'\ Translating (Interpreting)
,373. ^ Hilj li S ^ Pi* C^hih* Tiao* Ch'a^ Chu", Commis-
sion for the Study of the Currency System ; established for the
purpose of defining the Aveight and type of cxu-renc}^ to be coined
according to the new regulations concerning currency (see
Memorial of the Ministry of Finance, dated 24th ]May, 1909).
374. J^ i^ gj ^ Al Ch'ingi Li^' Ts'ai" Chf-ng* Ch'u*,
Committee for the Reoreanization of the Financial Affairs of the
Empire (for details see Nos. 533—
535).
374a. '^^"* Jt -^ ^!5 fg IE m- ^ P/r Chihi Pu* Pu* Chi*
Chiang^ Hsi^ So*^, Courses in Book-keeping at the Ministry of
Finance ; instituted in the Summer of 1911 (provisionally at the
[ 122 ]

PRESENT DAY rOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
School of the Ta Ch'ing- Government Bank ; see No. 548) for 375
training book-keepers for government ofHces generally. Eligible
for admission to these courses are officials of the Ministry of
Finance, and other metropolitan offices, who have sufficient
education along general lines, in mathematics and juris])rudence,
and are between 20 and 35 years of age.
The courses supply instruction in general accounting (^ j§,
-iilG, ^'"'i' T'ungi-Pu* Chi*), official accounting {'^MUlt
Kuan^ T'ing' Pu* Chi^), general principles of financial law (H^'S^
;^C 11^ Ts'ai"^ Cheng' Ta* Kang^), the preparation of estimates
(^ 11' '^ Hui* Chi* Fa^) and mathematics (^ ftj Suan* Shu*)
and extend over half a year.
Those successfully completing the studies prescribed receive
diplomas (^ ^^ Wen"^ P'ing'^) from the Mitiistry of Finance
which entitle them to employment in the accounts offices of
various government establishments. In future persons holding
such diplomas are to be employed as auditors, ^ ^ 'g* Chien^
Ch'a2 KuanS in the Audit Department (^ f j" )ifc
!^h(:'n' Chi*
Yuan*).
At the head of the Book-keeping Courses at the 3'linistry of
Finance there is a J37 ;^ So' Chang', who has subordinated to
him two ^^§ ^ Chiao* Wu* Yiian", Preceptors, and two ^& -^ ^
Shu* Wu* Yiian"'^, Stewards. The teaching staff includes one ^ fg
± 1^ IS: ^ Pu* Chi* (;hu3 K'o* Chiao* Hsi^ Teacher of the
Science of Book-keeping, and two Hjj ^ Chu* Chiao*, Assistant
Teachers, and, for subjects of secondary importance, J^j ^ Fu*
K'o*, there are five ^ ^ C hiao* Hsi', 'J'eachers.
375. Under the control of the Ministry of Finance are the
following :
1. Provincial Branch Offices for the Reorganization of the
Financial Affairs of the Empire (sec Nos. 536— 541),
2. Ta Ch'ing Government Bank, with its branches as well
as other banks {sec Nos. 542— 550c ).
[ 123 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
376 3. The Central Mint at Tientsin, with branches in the-
provinces {see Nos. 551— 551iJ).
4. Office for the collection of excise on native opium, at
Wuch'ang, with its branches in the provinces (see Nos. 552— 555)..
5. Custonas Office at the I'h'uno: Wen Men Gate of Peking;
(see Nos. 556—560).
6. Native Customs (see Nos. 561— 561 15).
7. Office of the Government Granaries at Peking (see
Nos. 562— 567a), and
8. Financial (Political Economy) Colleges {see No. 568).
MINISTRY (BOARD) OF RITES.
376. fiS §[5 Li^ Pu^ ^Ministry (Board) of Rites (literary
designation, pj *[5 Tz'u- Pu*, of its President, :)^ ^ f|^ Ta*
Tsung^ Po^ and, of its Vice-Presidents, 'J> ^ i^ Shao^ Tsung^
Po"). This Ministry is one of the oldest, as well as one of the
most important, of the Empire. It supervises the code of
ceremonies, rites and forms binding every man, irrespective of
rank and position in society, from the Emperor
to the most
humble subject, both as regards himself alone and his intercourse
with others, after death as well as during life, and those apper-
taining to the various unknown powers influencing
the life of
everyone.
Before the establishment of the ISIinistry of Education in
1^05 (see No. 395) the Ministry of Rites supervised national
education and customs and controlled the literary examinations
which serve as a stepping-stone to the government service.
Also, before the establishment of the Ofhce of Foreign
Affairs hi 1861 {see No, 305), the Ministry of Rites was in
charge of all dealings with the West, and the reception of
Ambassadors thence, and supervised relations with the former
tribvitary states of Annam, Siam, Burma, Nepal, Corea and the
Loochoo Islands^ (now belonging to Japan).
[ 124 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
376a. Before its reform (sec No. 376b) the Ministry of 376a
Kites was composed of the following four Departments :
1-
fj| ill'] ol I^ Chih* Ssu\ Department of Ceremonies,
2- jIr) ^ WI T'zu^, Clii* Ssu\ Department of Sacrifices,
3. zfe ^ n] Chu^ K'o* Ssu', Reception Department, and
4-
fi Wu^ T'ing', Chancery (see No. 296).
379. }|I| 1f^ jfj Man^ Tang^ Fang", Record and Registry
'Office ; besides various other duties this Office was in charge of
making translations into Manchu. I'his Office no longer exists.
380. Jft. JjjlJ fi] Tien^ ( hih' Ssu', Department
monies ; regulates the etiquette
of Cere-
to lie obs.:ived at the Court on
all occasions, organizes ceremonials, determines posthumous
lionours of the Imperial Family, etc.
380a. The Department of Ceremonies (see No. 380) is a
developm.ant of the former Department of Ceremonies (sec No*
-376a\ Avith which was amalgamated the Reception Dejjaitment
[ 1-'- ]
4.q
380a

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKG AXIZ ATION OF CIIiyA.
381 (-^^^ No. 376a) and the Court of State Ceremonial {see Nos. 37Gii
•jJQ and 935), in accordance with a Memorial fVom the jNIinistry,
oQo sanctioned bv the Emperor on the 6th February, 1909.
. be
381. InJ ^ ^ Tz'u* Chi* Ssu\ Department
of Sacrifices
(or Department of Sacrificial Aflfairs) ; this arranges the rites to
observed at sacrifices on solemn occasions-.—in " saying the sun
and moon " when eclipsed— etc.
This Department is identical with thq former Department of
Sacrifices (see No. 376a) ; likewise its staff.
382. iK. 1^ ^ T'ai'* Ch'ang^ Ssii', Department of Sacrificial
Worship ; directs sacrifices, determines the musical instruments
to be used and decides the magnitude of sacrifices to be
performed.
38'2a. The Department of Sacrifical Worship {see No.
382) was organized from the former Court of Sacrificial Worship,
which was a separate institution (^ee Nos. .376b and 933).
382b. In addition to Department Directors {see No. 290),
Assistant Department Directors (see No. 291) and Second (-lass
Secretaries (see No. 292), common to all Departments, the
Department of Sacrificial Worship employs the following :
1- :^ShWM^ Li"* P'in' Tsan^ Li^* Kuan^ Ceremonial
Usher of the sixth rank (one),
2. :^^amWt'^ Liu* P'in' Tu^ Ch'u* Kuan\ Reciter of
Prayers of the sixth rank (one;,
3. W/T^BIS Tsan* Li* Lang^, Ceremonial Ushers; 7a
(28 in all),
in all),
4. W. Wt X^ Tu» Chu* Kuan', Reciters of Prayers ; 7a (10
5. m W Ming2 TsanS Heralds ; 7a (63 in all) and
6. /^ jg Hsii' Paul, Ushers ; 9b (four).
Officials cf the Department of Sacrificial Worship are often
deputed tD the Offices of the Imperial' Mausolea, Eastern and
Western (see No. 570).
[ 12G ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF C'JII/NA,
383. 7^)11^ n] Kiiang^ Lu^ Ssll', Banqueting Department; 3S3
supervises food supplies for banquets and sacrifices. -^q
383a. .Tlie Banqueting Department (see No. 383) was 335
evolved from the former Banqueting Court, which was an
independent institution (see Nos. 376b and 934), and the old
Banqueting Department (sec No. 376a).
^84. iiif ^^ [^ Li' Ch'i* K'uS Store of Sacrificial and
Ceremonial Instruments. Here are stored all sacrificial and
ceremonial instruments formerly kept at the Courts of Sacrificial
Worship (see Nos. 376 B and 933) and of Banqueting (see Nos.
376b and 934). At the head of this Store is a :
384a. Department Director (see No. 290), as Superinten-
dent of the Store, assisted by one Assistant Department Director
(see No. 291)
and :
1. 4 ^ IE Pu^ ('heug% Overseers ; 6b,
2. 4 -flk 1^ Tien' Pu% Assistant Overseers,
3. 2 p] j^ Ssu' K'u\ Inspectors ; 7a, and
4. 8 j^ f^' K'n"* Shih', Assistant Inspectors ; 7 b.
384b. The post of ^ .IE ?"' Cheng* (see No. 384a>
replaces that of ^ IE Shu' Cheng^ (see Nos. 389 and 391) of
the Kii-mer Banqueting Court ; |^ f§. Tien' Pu* (see No. 384a)
Shih* Tien' Pu* of the former-
replaces those of "(f ± 1^ W-'^o^
Court of Sacrificial Worship and dh. fg Tien' Pu* of the former
Banqueting Court. Concerning the posts ^0 Ssu^ K'n"* and
J^ fli K'u^ Shih' (sec No. 298).
385. ^% It ^ T'ung' Chi^ Ch'u*, Statistical Bureau (for-
its organization
sec No. 162a).
386. ^ Itf] -^ ^'^^^** ^'^°* Chii^, Office of Seal-casting;:
supervising the casting of seals for all government establishments
of the Empire. This Office is administered by one Assistant
Department Director (see No. 291), one Second Class Secretary
{see No. 292), and one ^ f|J Ta"* Shih', Inspector.
[ 127 ]

PKKSEXT DAY TOLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHIJSA.
387 387. 5?^ ^K Yiieh* Fv', Board of State Music ; determines
to the music, singing and posturing
391 occasions generally. It is directed by :
387a. Two ^ Jf. «?| §[J ^ f^
for saci-ifices and solemn
Kuan^ Li'^ Yiieh* Pu^ Shih^
Wu^, Director-Generals of the Board of Music ; usually Princes
of the Blood or Ministers of the Household.
388. mM^ Ho^ Shengi Shu^ Music Office (at the Board
of Music ; see No. 387) ; superintends the training of musicians,
provision of musical instruments, etc. It is in charge of :
389. One fD S W^ IE Ho^ Sheng^ Shu^ Shu^ Cheng^
Director of the Office of Music, who is assisted by two
ffl ^ W W M Ho^ Shengi Shu^ Shu^ Ch'eng", Assistant
Directors of the Office of Music (^ Tso^ Senior, and :^ Yu%
7b.
.Junior) ;
At the Office of Music there are also :
1. 5^Jj^ M Hsieh^ Lfi^ Lang^ Chief Musicians ;.8a,
2. 25 ^ 1^ Hf; Ssui Yiiehi Lang^ Bandmasters; 9k,
3. 180 %^^ ^. Yueh^ Shengi, Musicians, and
4. 300 $$ ^ Wu' ShengS Posturers.
390.. Jil}l ^ ^. Shen' Yiieh* Shu^ Office of Sacred .Music ;
supervises an orchestra which attends sacrifices and other solemn
ceremonies where music is required.
The office of Sacred Music is attached to the Board of
State Music {see No. 387) and is directed by :
391. One |fp %% ^ ^. J£ Shen^ Yiieh* Shu^ Shu^ Cheng*,
Director of the Office of Sacred Music : 6a, To this official
there are subordinated two p |?| ^- ^ ^ Shen-' Yiieh^ Shu^ Shu^
Ch'eng2, Assistant Directors of the Office of Sacred Music
(:£ Tso^ Senior, and ;gf Yu"*, Junior) ; 8 b, and :
1- 1 'MnSiM Tsan* Li^ Lang-, Ceremonial Usher ; 7a,
2.
indefinite number) ';
1?^ ^ SIS Hsieh^ Lii* Lang2, Chief Musicians (in an
8a, and
[ 128 ]

PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
3. o] Itc I[S Ssu^ Yueli* Lang^, Bandmasters (in an 392
indefinite number) ; 9b. k /^()^v\av- tO
392. ^ MB ^ It Hni* T'lmg* Ssu* I^ KnaTi«, Kesidence
ggg
for Envoys of the E©«r Tributary States ; here were domiciled
Envoys from Korea, Siara, Tonkin and Burma; no longer
existing.
In charge of the Residence there was a f^ "^ If" :^
T'i^ Tu^ Kuan^ Wu*, Superintendent, who had under his control
one ^ f^ Ta* Shih^, Residence Keeper ; 9a, two J^ gj Hsii* Pan',
Ceremonial Ushers ; 9b, and a staff (8) jg 'g' T'ung' Kuan',
Interpreters (of the sixth, seventh and eighth ranks).
393. fii ^ It Li^ Hsiieh" Kuan% School of Ceremonials.
This school was established by Imperial Edict of the lltli July,
1907, .which read as follows:
" The most potent forces in the maintenance of peace and
*' in the government of the people are the natm-al laws governing
" the phenomena of nature. Being aware of this, former
*'
Emperors of Our Dynasty gave theii' greatest
*'
improvement of rites and education.
"In the reigns of Ch'ien Lung (1736-1796)
attention to the
and Tao
*'
Kuang (1821-1850) the code of rites was repeatedly revised
"
and, in its improved form, promulgated for general observance
" throughout the Empire.
" With the new order of things that have come into the
" lives of the people, such as changes that have taken place in
" education, in the Army and in social intercourse,
it has become
" e\4dent that steps must be taken to adapt, or reorganize, the
" customs hitherto observed by the populace with regard to the
" details of funerals, sacrifices, head dresses, marriage ceremonies
" and articles of use and for adornment.
" On a previous occasion the Ministry of Rites memorialised
" Us with regard to the establishment of a School of Ceremonials.
^' The said Ministry has now presented a detailed report as to
£ 129 ]

394
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
" the execution of this project and we hereby give
it Our
"sanction that it may be immediately put into force.
" We hereby further command that the Ministers of the.
" said Ministry of Rites, with their subordinates, take the lead in
" the said School of (Ceremonials, carefully
consider the ancient
" and modern customs and the everyday habits of the people,
" select the best and bring them to Our notice that We may
" promulgate them to the people of the Empire.
" This is in proof of Ouv earnest desire for the preparation
" of the >vay towards the granting of a constitution and
" parliamentary representation to tlie coimtry. Respect This."
In charge of the School of Ceremonials are the officials
of the two highest ranks of the Ministry of Rites (President
and A^ice-Presidents) as |§ |g Tsung' Ts'ai^. The direct
management of affairs "i?, however, vested in the |||i J|g jjil jp
It ^ B '^^sinig^ Li=* Li^ Hsiielr Kuan^ Shih^' Wu% Director of
the School of Ceremonials, and the following :
1.
number),
2 to 3 If H T'i- Tiao\ Proctors,
2. 1 ^ im I'ang^ T'i- TiaoS Assistant Proctor,
3. 1 3i. ^ Tsung' Tsmn^ Chief Reviser,
'I- 1 1 ^1 fH Tsuan^ HsiuS Revisers,
5. ^jj {\^ Hsieh^ Hsiu^, Assistant Revisers (in an indefinite
6. ^ ^j Chiao' Tui\ Correctors (in an indefinite number),
7. ^ ^ ^Ven^ An\ Secretaries, and
8- ^ ^ M f4 'B* Ko-. Sheng* Ku' Wcn^ KuanS
Provincial Advisers (the schedule calls for 46 of these).
394. The Ministry of Rites supervises :
1. Imperial Mausolea {sec Nos. 569—57 1a),
2. Metropolitan Temples and Sacrifices performed therein
(^see No. 572) and
3. Religions (Buddhist,.
see Nos. 573, 573a to 573c).
Taoist and Shanianist Priests;
[ 130 ]

PRESENT DAY rOLITICAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHIXA.
Ministry (board) of education.
^^^
395. Jp ^[5 Hsiieh- Pu^ Ministry (Board) of Education; ^qq
established in 1905 for the snperAisiou of the educational aftairs
of the Empire (before that time this duty devolved upon the
Ministry of Rites ;
see No. 376.)
The internal organization of the ^Min'stry of Education, as
proposed by the Ministry itself, was sanctioned by the Emperor
on the nth June, 1906.
395a. ^JI^'^U^I^
Kuan^ Li^ Hsiieh^ Pu* Shih*
Wu*, Controller of the Ministry of Education {see Xo. 276).
396. ^ ^ Ts'an^ Shih'^, Assistant Secretaries ; OA,
{see Xo. *?86 ;
there are four of these officials).
397. ^ % ]% Ssu' Wu^ T'ing', Chancery {sec No. 296).
398. |§ f§ ^ Tsuno- Wu* Ssu\ Departmeijt of General
Affairs ; superintends the most important matters, correspondence,
archives, compilation of Memorials,' framing- of rules and
regulations and is in charge of education throughout the Em|)ire.
This Department is composed of three ^if K'o', Sections, i.e.
Affairs,
1- 113^^4

401
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
This Department has three Sections :
to 1- 11 IS ^ W f-^ Shih^ Fan'' Chiao'' Yil^ K'oS Noi-mal
404
School Section,
2- ^••^ ^ ^ f-^ Chungi Teng^ Chiao* Yii^ K'o^. Middle
School Section, and
'3.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL CRQiANIZATION OF CHINA.
2. The provinces o£ (/liihli and Shansi,
3. The provinces of Shantung and Honan,
4. .
The
provinces of Shensi and Szechwan,
5. The provinces of Hupeh and Hunan,
6. The provinces of Kiangsu, Anhui and Kiangsi,
7. The provinces of Fukien and Chekiang,
8. The provinces of Kuangtung and Kuangsi,
9. The provinces of Kweichow and Yunnan,
10. The provinces of Kansu and Hsinkiang.
11. Inner and Outer Mongolia, and
12. K'uk'unor and .Tibet.
Certain of the Inspectors of Education are deputed, yearly,
for the inspection of from three to four educational circuits, so
that all the circuits may be inspected within a three years' period.
The Inspectors of Education are selected from officials of
the Ministry of Education and to each there is attached one ^
12 ^ 8hu^ Chi^ Sheng\ Clerk.
Originally the post of Inspector
of Education- was a sub-
stantive position (namely, 5a) and the number of Inspectors was
12 ; from the 1st November, 1909, in accordance with a report
from the Ministry of Education, the position was made supernumerary
in character and a corresponding number of substantive
posts were established at the Ministry — of Department Director
(^see No.. 290 ; five), of Assistant Department Director {^see No.
291 ; four) and of Second Class Secretary {see No. 292 ; three).
404a. ^ it ^11 It Pien' Ting* Ming" 'TzV Kuan^
Committee for the Compilation of Technical Terms established in
accordance with a report of the Ministry of Education, sanc-
tioned by the Emperor -on the 29th October, 1909, with a staff
consisting of one ^^^ ^ Tsimg' Tsuan', C'hief Reviser, and an
indefinite number of ^ ^ Fen^ Tsuan^, Revisers, for compiling
a dictionary of physical, mathematical, political, judicial,
historical, pedagogical, etc., expressions.
[ 133 ]
404a

405
to
407
I'KESEXT DAY I'OLITJCAI. OKG ANI Z ATION OF CllIXA.
Wlieii (•oiii])l('tc(l, the use of tlic expressions apj)earing )i
the (lictionarv sj)oken of al)Ove Avill he obligatory foi- ])otli ])ul)li
and pi'ivate ])urposes.
i*^'^-
ber indefinite :
ji^ pH '^ '^'^"^ ^* Kiian', (/onsiiltiiig I']x])erts
Consulting i>xj)ei-ts
of four ^ Tenii^ tvanJirs.
; num-
of the first r;iuk have the i-ank of
Coimeillor ; cif the s(>con(l rank, thatVf Serretary ; of tli(> third
rank, that of De])artuient I)ii-ector or Assist;i,nt De])ai-tiuent
Director, and of the foiu-tli ra)ik, that of Second Class kSccrctary
(sre No. 302.)
-i^'fi- tU U M ^ ^ !''

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.
408. ^ ^-Ij
Commission for the Study of Educational Regulations ; in
i^ g ^ Hsueh' Chih* Tiao^ Ch'a^ Chu^, 408
charge of the making of a comparative study of the educational ^^^
situation in foreign countries.
At the head of the Commission there is a ^^ Chii^
Chang^, President, who is assisted by a number of ^ j^ Chii'
Yiian', Attaches, and a staff of ^ 'g* I* Kuan^, Translators
(Interpreters).
408a. The Chief of the Book Compilation and Translation
Oflfice {see No. 406), the President of the Committee for Super-
intendance of Metropolitan Schools (see No. 407) and the
President of the Commission for the Study of Educational
Regulations (see No. 408) rank as Councillors (see Nos. 281—
282) or Secretaries (see. Nos. 283— 284) of th'o Ministry of
Edlication.
409. m^W.^ WMM Kaoi Teng' Chiao^ Yii* Hui^ I*
So^, Delibei'ative Convention of Higher Education ; called once
a year (or more often if occasion demands) ; under the general
control of the President and Vice-Presidents of the Ministry of
Education.
Delegates to this Convention comprise officials of the
Ministry of Education, Directors of Metropolitan and Provincial
Schools (Middle and Higher) and persons with great experience
in educational matters.
The Delegates, who must be approved by the Emperor,
elect the f^ ^ 1* Chang^, President of the Convention.
From the officials of the ^Ministry of Education there are
selected two ^, f^ ^ Shu* Wu* Yiian^, Stewards, for the
management of the general affairs of the Convention.
410. iC ^ ip ^ M Chiao'' Yii* Yen^ Chin^ So^ Section
of Instruction ; here are given lectures on educational questions
for the benefit of officials of .;he Ministry of Education.
To this Section there are attached :
[ 135 ]
^q

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
411 1 /S; i^ M ^^^^^* ^^^* Yuan^, Sicwaid (for its general
^Q management) and
412
^ !^ fi M 1^'^'"' ^'^li' Yiian", Compiler.
Both are clioscn from amongst tlie.ofHcials of the IMinistrj.
411- AM'^ B ^ P^'

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION Of" CHINA.
Worthy of remark is the hall J^ ^ Pi* Yung\ where the 412a
Emperor discusses the classics in the presence of learned men.
^q
At the Imperial Academy there were :
412a. ^ JM 13 ^ ^ i^ g Kuan' Li^ Kno^ Tzu^ Chien*
Ta^ Ch'en^, Chancelivjr of the Imperial Academy (usually one o£
the senior Grand Secretaries), and the following :
1- 2 ^ ^ Chi* Chiu^, Libationers (literary designation,
^ ^ il5c Ta^ kSsu^ Ch'eng^) ; 4b, one Manchu and one Chinese,
2. 3 p] ^ Ssu^ Yell*, Tutors (literary designation, ^ ^
/^ Shao^ Ssu^ Ch'eng^) ; 6a. one Manchu, one Mongol and one
Chinese,
?'• M: ^ riiien^ Ch'eng2, Proctor ; 7a,
4. tl ± I'o.' Shih*, Doctor ; 7b.
5. m If Ticn^ Pu*, Archivist ; 8b,
6. Jl H Ticir^ Chi-', Sub- Archivist ; 9b,
''• ^jiWL Clui* Chiao*, Preceptor ; 7b,
^- (Ltj K ^ i^' Ssu* Sliih* Hsiielr Lu*, Eegistrar ; Sa,
9. ^ i^^ Hsiielr J.u*, Sub-Kegistrar ; Sa, and
10. ^ jE Hsiieh^ Cheng"', Director of Studies ; 8a.
413. H dr ^S ?f{f f'T Kuo^ Tzu^ Ch'eng2 Ya^ MOn^, The
Government Institute ; this esta])lis]iraent is the result of the
reformation of the Imperial Academy of Learning (see No. 412)
in accordance witli a ^Memorial from the ^Ministry of Education
(sanctioned l)y the Emperor on the 1 1th .lune, 1906). It regulate^
the rites and ceremonies ])erformed at the ^ [^] Wen^ ^Nfiao*
Temple of Confucius, and at the ^% % i'i'
]^St Yimg^ Tien^ P
Yung Hall {sec No. 412).
In charge of the Government Institute is a :
413a. M 1' ^ K"o' 'J^^-'i' Ch'eng2, Director of the
Institute ; 4a. He has subordinated to him :
1. 4 Jjll t^ Tien^ Pu*, Archivists ; 7a,
2. 4 JftL H Tien^ Chi^, Sub-Archivists ; 8a,
[
1.S7
]
4i3i

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
414 3. 2 rt pO ^ jjiB
j^
415a
Overseers of Sacrifices of the 7th Class,
'I' Ch'i^ P'in' Ferg* Ssu* Kuani,
'^' 2 An^^/nBl* Pa^ P'in^ Feng^ Ssu* KuanS Overseers of
Sacrifices ot the 8th Class,
5. 2 :^ ,a ^ jnii 'g* Chiu^ P'in^ Feng^ Ssu* KuanS
Overseers of Sacrifices of the* 9th Class,
6. 2 iE ii ^ 'i* Cheng* T'ungVTsan* Kuani. Senior
Heralds ; 7a,
7. 2
Heralds ; 8 b,
glj ji ^ 'g' Fu* T'migi Tsau* Kuan^ Junior
8. 3 r: ^ ^ IE 'e*
Clerks of the 2nd Class ; 8a, and
^^rh' Teng3 Shni Chi^ KuanS
9. 3 H ¥ 1^ 12 'g* San^ Teng^ Shu^ Chi'* KnanS Clerk,
of the 3rd Class ;
9a.
414. The Board of Education has the supreme control of
various educational institutions, as shown below :
Common Schools (Primary, Middle and Higher),
Universities, Professional Schools, Institutes, etc. (details
^ee Nos. 574— 654).
MINISTRY (BOARD) OF WAR.
415. -^ Sl^Ping^ PuS Ministry (Board) of War Cliterary
designation of Ministry, ^ ^|J Hsi Pu, of its President, ;/»; ^ J||
Ta* Ssu^ Ma^ and of its Vice-Presidents, :^ wj H Shao^ Ssu^
Ma^). This Ministry, in addition to the administi'ation of the
"land, sea and river forces of the Empire, supervised the
examinations for military skill, which consisted of drawing the
bow, military gymnastics and liftmg the stone (these examinations
were abolished by Imperial Edict of the 29th August, 1901).
415a. Before its reorganization the Ministry of War was
•compdsed of four Departments :
1- ^^i^ n] Wu^ Hsiian^ Ssu^, Department of Selection,
2-
i|^ ^ rJ Cbih^ Fang^ Ssu^, Department of Discipline,
[
138 ] ^.

TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
3- ^ ,11 ^ Ch'e^ Chia'* Ssu', Kemount -DeiJartinent, and 416
4. ^^ 1^ "S] ^^^ K'u"* 8su\ Commissariat Department. -jjq
416. W. ^ M Lien* Ping^ Ch'u^ Commission for Army
Reorganization ; established in 1903 at the initiative of ^ fS' ifl
Yuan^ Shih* K'ai' (who was made its President) for the
reorganization of the Chinese army on western lines.
417. The reorganization of the Ministry of War was
commanded by Imperial Edict of the 6th November, 1906, which
read as follows :
" |£ *\{ Ping^ Pu*, the Ministry of War,
is now to become
"the ^ ^. ^jj-lj^* ChiJn^ Pu*, Board of War, the Commission
"for Army Eeorganization (see No. 416) and the ^tC ^ ^ T'ai^
«P'u* Ssn', Court of the Imperial Stud (see No. 936b),
to be
"assimilated by the latter. The proposed '^- !^ -^ Hai^ Chiin^
"Pu^, Ministry of the Navy (see No. 185b), and the ^ f^ f^
"Chim^ Tzui Fu^, General Staff Office (see No. 184), not being
" regularly organized, affairs appertaining to these are to be
"attended to in the Ministry of War, by a "Ch'u*, Naval Council (st^^
'/^ ^ J^ Hai^ Chiin^
No. 185c), and a l^M M ^^^^^
"Tzu^ Ch'u*, Ai-my Staff Council (see No. 184a), respectively."
The internal organization of the ]Ministry of War, as
proposed by the Ministry itself, received Imperial sanction on
the 7th June, 1907.
.418. ^ f^ ^ Chun^ Tzui Ch'u*, General Staff Council
(^see No, 417) ; for its organization see enclosure to a report of
the Ministry of War, dated 7th .Iiuie, 1907.
For particulars as to the removal of the General Staff
Coimcil from the supervision of the Ministry of War, and its
establishment as an independent institution, see Nos. 184a to 184l.
417).
419. ^^ fg Hai^ Chiini Ch'u*, Naval Council (see No.
For pai'ticulars as to the transfer of this Council from the
supervision of the Ministry of War to that of tlie Commission for
the Reorganization of the Navy, see Nos. 185c to 185o.
[
^3

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
420 420. 1^ ^ §[5 Lu4 (Jhiiui Vn\ Ministry (Board)
of War
to or Ministry (Board) of Land Forces. This Ministry is now the
422a
adpiiiiistrative. head of all the land forces of the Empire, directs-
^Military bichools, has c^rge of ordnance stores and arsenals, etc.
The i)ostal system, for Government use exclusively, in Chin.'
,pi-oper and in the outlying dependencies,
MinivStry.
42 1 . ^
Jl M W oH ^^ B
is maintained bv this
^^"''"' J-i' I-^^' < 'li''w' Pu' Shih*
Wu-, Controller of the Ministry of War (sec Xo. 276).
422. ^K^m C'h'eng2 Cheng* T'ing', Council, (see Xo.
285) ; attends to the most important questions ; supervises
finances, con-espondence, staff, etc.
The Council is divided into four ^fjf K'o", Sections, i.e.
W fr # Pi' Shu^ K'oS Secret Affairs Section, and ill ^ |4
Tien^ Chang^ K'o\ Section of Armv Eeo'ulations— under the
control of the Senior Councillor ,4
(ire No. — 281) and |ff; f^ f\ Shu
Wu^ K'o\ Section of General Affairs, and i{^ ^ Shou (:hihi
jf-j-
K'o\ Finance Section— in charge of the Junior Councillor (see
Xo. 282).
422a. The Council (sec .Xo. 422) was organized from :
1. The following offices of the former Ministry of War
(see Xo. 415) :
ri ft B ^Jan^ Tang* Fang', Eecord and Registry Office
(compare No. 379), ^ ^ H Ssu^ Wu* T'ing\ Chancery
(compare Xo. 296), ^]^ fjf ^ P'ai* Pan* Ch'u*, Office for
Deputation of Officials for Special Duty, i}^ ;^ ^ Shou^ Chih^
So3, Finance Office, and j$- f^ ^ Feng* Hsiang^ Ku% Office for
issue of Salaries and Supplies (sec Xo. 4 15 a), from the Commis-
sariat Department.
2. The following offices of the Commission for Army
Reorganization (sec Xo. 416):
^M^ Wen- An^ Ch'u*,
Chih^ Ch'u*, Treasury.
Chancery, and J|^ ^ j^ Shou^
[ 140 ]
j

PIIESENT DAY POIATICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
422]{. The staflf of tlic Council (see No. 422) is made up of 422b
two CoiTncillors {see No,>^. -281 and 282), two ;^ ^^ 'g* Ch'cno-^ Fa^ ^
Kuan\ Keo^istrars (sec No. 294), four ^jj^ j^ K'o' Chang-', Section ^qk
Chiefs (corresponding to tlie number of Sections ; see- No. 422),
20^^ K'o' Yiian^, Secretaries (of the. 1st, 2nd and 3rd i-anks),
iive^ ^ I^ Yiian^, Ti'airslators (Interpreters ; of the 1st, 2nd and
3rd ranks), 14 §|^ ^ Lu' Shili\ Writers (sec No. 294), one ]£ ^t
^l-Cljeng^ Ts'ung2 Sliih"* Knan', -Adjutant, and one UVvt^*^
Fu* Ts'ung^ Shih"* Kuan', Second Adjutant.
423. ^ li ^ Ts'an^ I^ T'ing\ Secretarial Office {.see No.
285a) ;
draws up rules and regulations for the Ministr}" of War,
Military Scholars, etc.
423a. Attached to the Secretarial ()ttic;e are :
Two Secretaries {sec Nos. 283 and 284), one lvcgi;^trar (see
No. 294), ^^ -^ Tzu^ I* Kuan', Advisers (of the 1st, 2nd and :^]-d
ranks ; see No. 302), arid '^ ^ '^* Cliicn' (Jh'a^ Kunn', Inspectors
of Military Affairs (of the 1st, 2nd and 3i'd ranks: see No. 303),
in an ,indefinite number, and 12 Writers (sec No. 294).
424. 2^f^ -^ Chiin^ Heng^ Ssn\ De])nrtment of Sele(;tion ;
supervises a})pointmeHt and ti-nnsfer oT military ofKcials, granting
of hereditai'y titles, etc.
Posts,
This Department has four Sections :
1. ii ?}>:>f- ;f'j- Lin- Ts'al^ K'o\ Section of A])]K)intment9.
2. fi 'i* ^3i-
'lOiV^ Kuan' K'o\ Section of Distribution of
«^- H Jli ff "^"fsP Yin^ K'oS Section of Hereditary Titles, and
4. i^ f^ I'j- Ch'i' Wu' K'o', Section of Pjauner Affairs.
424a. The Department of Selection (see No. 424) is a
development of the JeIJ i^ p] Wu^ Ilsiian^- Ssu', Department of
Selection (see No. 415a), of the old jMinistry of War.
425. jg^ nl Chfini Ch^eng^ Ssu^ De])artment of :Military
Posts; in charge of the Military
employed therein.
[
I4i
Posts and the horses for couriers
]

425-^
to
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
This Department consists of three Sections :
1-
„ll ^ f-l- I* Ch'uan^ K'qI, Military Posts Section,
426a 2. ^ ^^ ^j[ Hsiao^ Suan* K'o\ Expenditure Section, and
'^- St! j^ ^4 P'ei^ Shu* K'o', C'onvoj Section (supervising
the coiivoyiiig of exiles to their places of banishment),
4:25a. To the Department of Milit'ar}' Posts (see No. 425)
were transferred certain of the fimctions of the $ ^ p] Ch'e^
(/hia* Ssu^, Remount Department (see No. 415a), and the j^ J^
"pj Wu^ K'u* Ssu^, Commissariat Dej)artment (see No. 415a), of
the old Ministrj' of War {see No. 415).
425b, In addition to the customary officials (see No. 434),
attached to the Department of ]Military Posts (see No, 425) are
the following :
1- 3i fS M Chielr Pao* Ch'u^ Couriers Office, directed by
a
|r| |/j| Tsurig^* Pan^ Chief, assisted by six |/j| ^ 'g* Pan-* IShih*
Kuan"^, Secretaries, and two ||^ ^ Lu* iShih'*, ^Yriters, and
2- ^ ^Q ^la^ Kuan^, Dejjot of Military Horses, in charge
of a 1^^ Chien' Tu\ Sa])erintendent, and two |^ ^ Lu*
Shih*, Writers.
426. Igfj- "r] Chiin^ Chi^ Ssu', Discipline Department;
directs the issue of rewards or the levy of penalties.
Merit,-
This Department is divided into four Sections :
1. # /^ 5fi|- K'ao^ (:;hi^ K'o', Section for Investigation of
2' ^ Wl f'i Ts'e* Hsiin^ Iv'o^, Section for Definition o£
Grade of Merit,
3. ^ ^ 14 Hsii^ Shang= K'o', Rewards Section, and
4- H^ g3 ^-4 I* Fa^ K'o\ Section of Punishments.
426 a. To the Discipline Department (see No. 426) were
transfcired the functions of the W, "^ p\ Chih^ Fang^ Ssu^,
Department of Discipline (see No. 415a), of the oli Ministry
of War (see No. 415), and of the ^ Jjj fjf K'ao^ Kung^ K'o^
.
[ 142 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Section for Investigation of Merit, of the Commission for Army 427
Reorganization (see No. 416). -^q
427. .L^ ^ ^J Cliiin^ Shih^ Ssu', Department of Arms 42Sb
Supply ; consisting of two Sections, i.e.
1- -M jp; f4 Cliih* Tsao* K'o', Section of Manufacture, and
2. i^ fl f^ Tao^ C;h'u* K'o\ Storage Section.
427a. The affairs of the j^ ^ ^ Wu^ K'u* Ssu^ Commis-
sariat Department {s^c No. 415a), of the old Mhiistry of War,
and of the ^^ i^ f} Ch'i* Hsieh* K'oS Arms Section, of the
Commission for Army Keorganization (see No. 416), were handed
over to the Department of Arms Supply (see No. 427).
427r.. In addition to the usual officials (see No. 434), at
the Department of Arms Supply {see No. 427),
ment ;
are found :
1
l^i" HI M H"i* T'u^ Yiian-, Draughtsman,
1 ^ IiTj I' Shihi, Chief Engineer (sec No. 301), and
1 ® ± I' ^I'ili'' Engineer (5^^ No. 301).
428. ^ flllj ^ Chiin^ Chih* Ssii^ Army Inspection Depart-
of seven Seftion>j; :
1. IC ImJ f'\ '^'^"^ Chien" K'o\ Training Section,
2. ^ i£ f[ Pu^ Fihg> K'o\ Infantry Section,
3. ,E ^ f^ ^f'^"' i^'^g'' K'o^ Cavalry Section,
^- M< ^ P( 1"'^^' l'i"S^ K'oS Artillery Section,
5. X 1^- f'[ Kung^ Ping^ K'o^, Engineers Section,
fi- fi ^:^ ^'[ Tzu^- Chung* Pingi K'o\ IMilitary Trains'
Section, and
7. S ^ $^ T'ai- Lei^ K'o', Sappers Section.
428a. The Army Inspection Depaitment avhs developed
from the ^ |^ Tfif Sou' T'ao^ K'o\ Battle Training Section, of
the Commission for Army Reorganization (see No. 416).
428b. In addition to the customary officials (see No. 434),
the staff of the Army Inspection Department (see No. 428)
includes one H El M ^^'"^ T'u^ Yiian^, Draughtsmai\ (compare

PUESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
420 No. 427b), one ^ lip T Sllih^ Chief Engineer {sec No. 301),
-Q and one ^ -[^ I' Sliih^, Engineer (see No. 301).
•430b 429. ^ ^ V\ Cliiin^ Ilsii^ Ssu', Commissariat Department;
of three Sections :
1- M&\^^ T'ung3 Chi* K'o\ Statistical Section,
2. H Hg f^ Liang-2 Fir K'o\ Supplies Section, and
^- ^ oa f^ Chien" Tsao-^ K'o\ Constniction Section.
429a. The Commissariat De])artment was formed from
the |g fpj] 1p\ Liang^ Ilsiang^ K'o\ Section of Sii])plies, of the
Commission for Army Reorganization {see No. 416).
430. ^ ^ TTJ Chiini Hsueh' Ssu', Department of Military
Education consisting of seven Sections :
Section,
1. ^ "^ f3[ Chiao* Yii* l\'o\ Section of Instruction,
2. j^B. f'l- 1'"' Tiii^ K'o\ Infunti'v Section,
3. .^ fM ^ ^^i^ 'iui' K'oS Cavaliy Section,
4. 1^ [1 I'f P'ao-' Tui^ K'o\ .Artillery Section,
5. X ^ H ^ K""g' Cli'cng2 Tni^ K'o', Engineers
6.
|^< ^: i^ ^Jf Tzni Chung^ Tui^ K'o\ Military Trains
Section, and
7. 'm^0:W^ Yao* Sai^ P'ao^ Tui^ K'o^ Fortress
Artillery (or Heavy Artillery) Section.
.430a. The Department of Military Edu

TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
^ ^ Pien^ Tsuan^ Revisers, ^ '^ I* Shu', Translators 431
(Interpreters), and other officials (of an indefinite number). tO
431. ^ ^ rJ Chiin^ I^ Ssu^, Army Medical Department ; 4

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF C.IIXA.
435 Section Chiefs (of the same number as there are Sections), ^i[ j^
tQ K'o^ Yiian*, Secretaries (of the first, second and third ranks ;
4S7a
fj*om six to thirty-four), and |^ ^ Lu* Shih*, Writers (from
six to twelve).
Special officials are treated under their respective
Departments.
435. ^ ^ T'i- T'ang-^ Superintendents of Militar7
Posts ; further distinguished as :
435a. i£ ^; $1 if Chu* Ching^ T'i^ T'ang% Superintendents
of jSIilitary Posts residing at Peking, of whom there are
sixteen.
435b. %i ^ J^ ^ Chu^ Shengs T'i^ T'ang^, Superintendents,
of ^Military Posts residing in the Provinces (com.pare K o. 754).
435c. f-g ^ Pao"* Fang', Printing Office;, formerly
the ^ ^ Ching^ Pao*, Pcliiny Gazette^ was printed at this
Office, which was under the direction of the Superintendents o£
Military Posts residing at Peking {^see No. 435a).
438. \^%%%.% Lu* Chlin^ Pu^ Ch'ia^ Kuan^ Officials
for Special Duty; attached to the Ministry of War in an.
indefinite number (up to thirty-f our ).
437. Under the supervision of the Ministry of War are :.
1. The Military Forces of China :
A. Lu Chiin, Pegular Troops, and
B. Hsiin Fang Tui, Reserves {^aee Nos. 655 to 707).,
2. Military Schools {see Nos. 708 to 717b),
3. Banner Troops {see Nos. 718 to 748),
4. Old Chinese Troops {see Nos. 749 to 753),
5. Military Posts {see No. 745), and
6. Office of the Government Stud {see No. 755).
437a. jfX -p !!r- ^ Hung== Shih^Tzu^ Hui*, The Red Cross
Society. Provisional regulations (1^ gJlC i' ^ ^ M M M ^
Chungi Kuo" Hung2 Shih^ Tzu* Hui^ Shih* Pan^ Chang^ Cli'eng^)
were drawn up by ^ y^ ^ Lii Hai-huan, and sanctioned by
[ 146 I

PKESENT DAY POI.ITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.
an Imperial Decree of u.e 27th February, 1910. The same 438
Decree appointed |>g 'm, ^ Sheng Hsiian-huai as ^ --f^ ^ ^ ^
Hun^'^ Shih^ Tzu* Hui^ Chang', President of the Red Cross Society.
A special Memorial from the General Staff Office,
suggesting certain changes and amendments in the provisional
regulations mentioned above, was sanctioned by the Emperor on
the 20th May, 1910. Accordingly, the ff ^ ^ + ^ I'ban
Chung^ Kuo'^ Hung2 Shih^ Tzu^ Tsung^ HuiS Central Office
of the Red Cross Society, is to be established at Peking, ^ ^
Fen^ Hui*, Branch Offices, will be founded in provincial capitals,
ports open to foreign trade and sea ports. Also,
there is a
^MK I^'an^ Hu* Jen2, "Brothers and Sisters of Mercy."
Furthermore, a ^ ^ ^ Chih* Yao"* Ch'ang', Laboratory, is to
proposal to form a corps of ^ ^ I^ Yiian^, Physicians, and
be founded for the manufacture of medical instruments and the
preparation of medicines.
The insignia of the Chinese Red Cross Society
1. a iilllL -f ^ ]^ Tai-^ Ti* Hting2 Shili^ Tzii* Ch'i^,
Red Cross on a White Ground, or
2. mnit^-^'-^mM Shuang^ Lung'^ Ch'ien* Shih^
Tzu'^ Chi* ChangS Red Cross and Two Dragons, of Gold, Silver,
or Bronze (the ensign of members of the Red Cross Society).
is :
MINISTRY (BOARD) OF JUSTICE. \
438. JflJ n\i Hsing- Pu% Ministry (Board)
of Punishments,
or Criminal Affairs (literary designation, j^% Pi' Pu* and
^ ^ Hsi^ Ts'ao^ of its President, i; ^ ^ Ta^ Ssu^ K'ou^; of
its Vice-Presidents, ^J> ^ ^ Shao^ Ssu^ K'ou^ or ^ %• Ch'iu^
Kuan\ Autumn Official).
The duties of this Ministry, according to " The lustitutes of
th- T'ai Ch'ing Dynasty, consisted in :
firstly, the enforcement
and direction of punishments inflicted on offenders ; secondly, at
[ 147 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
439 the Autumn Assizes, preceding the time of executions (which
to take place
in China on the eve of the Winter solstice), the
AAQ Ministry, together Avith the Censorate (see No. 206) and the
Court of Judicature' and Kevision (see No. 215), carefully
examined decisions of provincial judges, in cases of capital
punishment, submitted to them before presentation to the Emperor
(before decisions of capital punishment of provincial judges
became effective it was necessary that the assent of all the
members of the Three High Courts of »Tudicature be obtained) ;
finally, the Ministry of Punishments partook
of the nature of
both a criminal and civil court of the Metropolitan Circuit, for
instance, every important criminal case occurring therein— after
being carefully considered by a certain Department
of the
Ministry, in the first instance, by all the Department Controllers
assembled, in the second instance, and by the Presidents of the
Ministry, finally —was brought for final decision before the
above-mentioned Three High Courts of Judicature.
439. In accordance with the former division of China into
18 provinces, the Ministry of Punishments (see No. 438) was
composed of 18 Departments — one for each province.
In addition, to the Ministry there was attached a ^ ^IJ |^
Lii* Li^ Kuan^, Commission of Laws, whose duty consisted in
the promulgation, every five years, of the code of criminal laws,
with all amendments and supplements that had taken place since
its previous issue.
At the head of the Commission, as Superintendent, was
one of the Princes of the Blood or one of the highest officials
of the Empire, appointed by the Emperor, and, to his service,
there were deputed, from the' higher Metropolitan Establishments,
officials skilled in jurisprudence.
440.-, f^ *|5 Fa* Pu*, Ministry (Board) of Justice ; formed
by the reorganization of the Ministry of Pimishments (see No.
438), as directed by Imperial Edict of the 6th November, 1906.
[ li8 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF C'UNA.
This Ministry controls and directs all the Judicial Establishments 441
of the Empire, the Supreme Court of Justice {see No. 215a) ^q
included, attends to all prison affairs and renders the final
decision with regard to the infliction of capital piuiishment.
The internal organization of the Ministry is as proposed in
a Memorial to the Throne by the Ministr}' itself, sanctioned by
the Emperor on the 31st January, 1907.
441. ;^ i^ ,^ Ch'eng^ Cheng* T'ing', Council {see Xo.
285) ; considers tlie most important questions of the ^Ministry,
controls the granting of pardons and. the personnel of judicial
establishments, defines the scope of judicial establishments and
judicial police, etc.
285a) ;
442. ^ li ^ Ts'an^ P T'ing', Secretarial Office (see No.
frames rules and regulations, compiles reports a.id attends
to correspondence generally.
443. Four ^ ^ Ts'an' Shih*, Assistant Seci-etaries (see
No. 286) ; 5a. There are two at the Council (see No. 441) and
two at the Secretarial Office (see No. 442).
444. W §^ p\ Shen^ Lu* Ssu\ Department
Aflfairs. Under the supervision of this Department are :
of Judicial
Criminal cases submitted for the .Emperor's decision, the
revision of decisions of the Supreme Court of Justice (see
No 215a) and of other judicial establishments and the criminal
and civil cases of the provinces of Chihli, Kwangtung, Kwangsi,
Yiinnan and Kweichow and the Left Wing of the Ch'ahars.
445. ffjlj ^j gj "Chih* K'an^ Ssu\ Department
This Department supervises :
of Revision.
Revision of sentences of death passed by Higher Courts,
the promulgation of death sentences and the criminal and civil
cases of the provinces of Szechwan, Honan, Shensi and
Hsinklang and, also, of Uliasut'ai and Kobdo.
446 ;M ^ ^ l^'ien^ Chih* Ssu^, Department
of Banish-
ment Aflfairs ; supervising cases where the exti-eme penalty
[ 149 ]
446

453
TRESEin' DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
447 defined by law Is not inflicted, the determination of places of
to banishment and the civil and criminal cases of the provinces
of
Fengtien, Kirin, Heilungchians:, Shantung and Shansi and, also
of the Left Wing of Ch'ahars, Suiyuanch'cng and Kueihua
ch'eng.
447. ^ til p\ ^'"* Hsij^ Ssu\ Department of Pardons.
This is Department charged with the publication
of Benevolent
Edicts and Manifests, questions concerning pardons,
and the
civil and criminal cases of the provinces of Kiangsu, Kiangsi,
Anlmi, Fukien, Chekiang, Hunan and Hupeh.
448. ^ ^ nl Chi\3 Hsii* Ssu^ Department of Personnel ;
controls the personnel of the ]\Iinistiy and of judicial establish-
ments in general and recommends rewards to be granted to, or
punishments to be inflicted on, judicial officials.
449. ^ ^ijt '^ Tien^ Yii* Ssu\ Department of Prisons ;
supervising prisons and workhouses attached to them (.see Ko.
76 7a). Under the direct control of this Department is the
prison at the ^Ministry of Justice (see No. 766).
450. ^ If fl Hui-^ (K'uai') Chi^ Ssu\ Audit Department
registers receipts and expenditure of the Ministry, prepares
estimates, collects fines and takes control of property confiscated.
of General
451. .|fj ^ fl Tu^ Shih" Ssu', Department
Affairs ; prepares translations from Manchu into Chinese and
ince versa, copies reports, has the custody of the seal, etc.
452. The staff of each Department of the Ministry of
Justice consists of three Department Directors (see No. 290), four
Assistant Department Directors (see No. 291), and four Second
Class Secretaries (see N\ 292).
453. l]^ II ^ Siiou^ Fa^ So^ Kegistry ; deals with
correspondence concerning prisoners, prepares and stores
instruments of torture, etc. Its staff consists of two Assistant
Department Directors (see No. 291) and two Second Class
Secretaries (see No. •-^92)..
[ 150 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
454. J^ It J^ T'ungS Chi* Ch'u^ Statistical Bureau (5^^ 454
No. 162). tQ
'^^^- ^^ M p\ Tangi Yiieh* Ssu^, Record and Registry 459
Office ; managed by one Department Director (see No. 290),
one Assistant Department Director (see No. 291) and three
Second Class Secretaries (see No. 292). Now abolished.
456. ^' s3 i$ Tsang^ Fa' K'u*, Treasury ; where fines
were deposited. Its staff consisted o£ one p\ [^ Ssu^ K'u*,
Treasurer ; 7a, and from one to two j^ f|^ K'u* Shih',
Overseers (see No. 298). This is now non-existent (compare
No. 450).
457. Jl ^ i^ T'i2 Lao2 T'ingS Prison Office ; formerly
in charge of two prisons of the Ministry, i.e. f^ ^ Nan^ Chien^,
the Southern, and 4fc ^ Pei^ Chien^, the Northern, and with
a staff consisting of two ^ ^ T'? Lao', Inspectors
of Prisons
(one Manchu and one Chinese). With the establishment of the
Department of Pi-isons (see No. 419)
{for details see No. 766).
this Office was abolished
457a. rI ^ p] Ssu^ Yii* Ssu^, Section of Warders (of
the Prison Office ; see No. 457). This Section furnished
employment for eight p\ ^ Ssu^ Yij*, Warders ; 9b. It is now-
non-existent (for details see No. 766).
458. I^MM Pieni (^h'a' Ch'uS Compiling Office ;
collects information, irames rules' and regulations, corripiles drafts
of laws, etc.
over :
459. The ^Ministry of Justice supervises supreme control
1. Shen P'an T'ing, Local Courts (see Nos. 758 to 761a),
2. Chien Ch'a T'ing, Prosecuting Attorneys, and
3. Prisons (see 'Nos. 766 to 767a).
[ 151 ]

460
PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CIINA.
MINISTRY (BOARD) OF AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND
COMMERCE.
460. X a\i Kmigi Pu"*, ^linistiy (Board) of Works
(literary designation, /Jt ^\i Shni^ Pu* ; of its President ;/

TRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
^- pj !S ^su^ Chiang*, Overseers of Works ; 9b,
etc. 461
461. ^ ^15 Shangi PuS Ministry (Board) of Trade ; esta- ^O
blished by Imperial Edict of the 7th December, 1903.
461a. In accordfince with a Memoi'ial from the Ministiy
of Trade (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 26th September,
1903) its organization
1-
was as follows :
f;^ M p1 Pao^ Hui* Ssu\ Department of Trade,
2. 2p. t^j ^ P'ing^ Chiin^ Ssu\ Department of Agriculture
and Forestry,
3. j§ ^ o] T'ung^ I* Ssu^, Department of Industry,
4. ^ f f- ^ Hui* (K'uai*) Chi* Ssu^ Audit Department,
^'
p] ^ li Ss^^^ Wu* T'ing^, Chancery,
6- W ^ t^^^^* Hsiieli^ Kuan^ Commission for the Study
of Commercial Legislation, directed by two 1^^^ ^ °§* Tsung^
Tsuan^ Kuau\ Chief Re\7^ers, and two ^ f^ "^
Kuan^, Revisers, and
Tsuan^ Hsiu'
7. ^ fix 1^ Shang^ Pao* Kuan^, Commercial Newspaper
Office, directed by one |^ fl 'g* T'i' Tiao* Kuan^, Proctor.
In addition to two Councillors and two Secretaries for the
Ministry [see Nos. 281 to 284), there were also established the
posts of Department Director, Assistant Department Director
and Second Class Secretary {see Nos. 290 to 292) ; two officials
of each of the latter three ranks were attached to every
Department.
For infomiation as to the staff of the Chancery {see ^So.
296).
462. ^ X i^i oB ^"uiig' Kung^ Shang^ Pu*, Ministry
(Board) of Agricultiu'e, Industry and Commerce ; established
by Imperial Edict of the 6th November, 1906 ; an
amalgamation of the Ministry of Works {see No. 460) and the
Ministry of Trade {see No. 461).
The internal org-anization of the Mlnistrv of Agriculture,
Industry and Commerce is as proposed
[ 153 ]
in a ^Memorial from the
4,RQ

TKESENT DAY TOLITICAI. ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
•463 Ministry itself, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 22nd January,
to
1907.
Ar>^ The Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce
supervises agriculture, industry, trade, forestry, mining, fisheries,
the issue of trade marks, and schools having connection with the
afore-mentioned.
463. M f# p] Nung' Wu^ Ssu^ Department of
Agricultiu-e ; directs agriculture, colonization, forestry,
sericulture, tea planting, horticulture, fisheries, the building of
wharves, bunds and dikes, the conservancy
harbours, etc.
This Department is in direct control of :
of rivers and
1. Agricultural Schools at the Capital and in the provinces
{see Nos: 600 to 603 and 770),
2. Agricultural Guilds, their branches and sections {see
No. 770), and
3. The Botanical Garden at Peking, and the Agricultural
Office and School attached to it as well as Botanical Gardens ii)
the provinces (5^^ Nos. 770, 770a and 603a).
^^'^' I ^ oJ l'^""g' Wu* Ssu\ Department of Industry ;
supervises industry in all its branches,
i.e. mechanical and with
the hands, mining, the issuing of patents for prospecting and
working of mines, the engagement of mining experts, etc.
Under the direct control of this Department are :
1. Schools of Craft and jNIining at the Capital and in the
provinces (see Nos. 604 to 608),
No. 771),
2. Metropolitan Professional Schools (see No. 598a),
3. School of Grafts (see No. 605a ; now reorganized),
4. Industrial Institute at Peking (and other places ; see
5. Exhibitions for the Encouragement of Industry, at
Peking (see No. 771a) and, in the provinces (see No. 7^1), and
6. Embroidery Workship (see No. 771).
[ 154 ]

TRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,
464a. fb >^ ^ K M Hua^ Fen^ Kung^ Chili^ So^ 464^
Chemical Laboi-atory for analysis of Mining Products (opened ^^q
in 1910). 400^
464b. ^WMM^ Ch'uan^ Heng^ Tu^ Liang* Cliii=,
Office of Weights and Measures.
465. IS 3^ "^ Shang^ Wu* Ssu\ Department of Commeixe ;
controls Chambers of Commerce in China (as well as (-hinese
Chambers of Commerce abroad), trade marts, exhibitions, the
insurance business, fosters commerce, etc.
Directly supervised by this Department
are :
1. Commercial Schools at Peking and in the provinces
^ K"ng' Ssu^ Chu* Ts'e* Chu^,
"Company Registration Bureau (see No. 776a),
465d, (^ I® ^fj Shang^ Piao' Chu^, Trade Marks
Registration Bureau (see No. 776a).
^^6- ^; f^ rI Shu^ Wu* Ssu\ Department
of General
Aftairs ; checks the income and expenditiu'e of the Ministry,
keeps its accounts and" si"pervises the siafF— appointments,
transfers, promotions,— etc.
Office ;
Under the direct supervision of this Department is the :
466a. ^ fl; ff Ch'eng2 Chih* So^ Registry
and Record
the duties of the Chancery, now abolished (see No. 461a),
in connection with the supervision of incoming and outgoing
correspondence, ciphering of telegrams, custody of the seal, etc.,
were transferred to this office.
[ 155 ]

PKESENT DAY rOLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.
467 467. The staff of the four Departments of the Ministry of
to Agriculture, Industiy and Commerce (see Nos. 463 to 466)
^y^
inchides 12 Department Directors, 16 Assistant Department
Directors and 18 Second Class Secretaries (sec Nos. 290'
to 292).
468. The followhig appointments at the ^Nlinistr}- of Trade
were left unchanged on the formation of the
Agriculture, Industry
and Commerce :
^Ministry' of
1- M P»1 1* Kii' Wen* KuanS Advisers (see No. 302a),
2- ^ fi li ft Kung^ Wu* I^ Yiian^ Mining Advisers
[see No. 775),
•^- ^ f^ li m. Shangi Wu^ I" Yiian^ Commercial
Advisers, and
4.
i^- ^ g| ^ Shangi Wu^ Sui« Yiian-, Commercial
Agents (Attaches).
469. To the- Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and
Commerce there are attached an indefinite number of :
1- — ^ ^ ^ilJ I' Tengs F ShihS Chief Engineers of the
first rank ; 6a,
2. H^^ m Krh^ Teng^' P ShihS Chief Engineers of
the second rank ; 7a,
''^- ^^
rank ; 8a, and
S± I^ Teng^ I' ShihS Engineers
4- H ^ ^ ± Ei-h^ Teng- I' ShihS Engineers
second rank ;
No. 162).
Industry
9a.
of the first
of the
470. ^ If ^ T'ungs Chi^ Ch'uS Statistical- Bureau (sec
471. Under the control of the Ministry of Agriculture,
and Commerce are :
1. The Industrial Taotais (see Nos. 839 to 839b), and
2. Various establishments and officials discussed in Nos,
768 to 782.
C 156 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
MINISTRY (BOARD) OF POSTS AND COMMUNICATIONS. ^q
472. §JJ ji *[5 Yu^ Ch'uan^ Pu% Ministry (Board) of
Posts and Communications ; established by Imperial Edict o£ 6th
November, 1906, which directed as follows :
" Shipping commimication, Railways, Telegraphs and
*' Postal communications are to be jointly supervised by a
*'
Ministry of Posts and Communications."
The Ministry of Posts and Communications is in supreme
control of navigation, railways, telegraphs, and schools of these
specialities. The Posts are still under the control of the
Inspector General of Customs.
The organization of the INIinistry is as proposed by the
Ministry itself and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 1st August,
1907.
473. ^l^M. Ch'eng- Cheng^ T'ingi, Council {see No.
285) ; the most important and most confidential aifairs of the
Ministrv are managed bv this office, Avhich controls the staff and
regulates expenditure, etc.
285a) ;
474. ^ li j^ Ts'an^ P T'ing^, Secretarial Office (sec No.
frames rules, initiates projects, examines plans, supervises
correspondence, etc.
475. Four ^ ^ Ch'ien^ Shih*, Assistant Secretaries (see
No. 286; ; 5a, and four -tl po ^^ ^ W Ch'i^ P'in^ Ilsiao^ Ghing^
Kuan', Officials of the seventh rank (see No. 299), are employed
at the Ministry of Posts and Communications,—two at the
Council (see No. 473)
474).
and two at the ^Secretarial Office (see No.
476. ^14 i^ ffl Ch'uan- Cheng' Ssu^, Department oi
Navigation ; STipervises marine and riverine shipping, the
construction of docks, the improvement of harbours, erection of
lighthouses, etc.
[ lo7 ]
472
476

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
477 The actual admbiistration of the majoritv of tha functions
to jwst mentioned is carried out by the 4t 'i^ ::^ E Pei^ Yang^ Ta*
481
Ch'en^, Superintendent of Trade for the Northern Ports, and the
^ # i: S Nan^.Yang' Ta" Ch'en^, Superintendent of Trade for
the Southern Ports (see No. 820b).
477. lf§ i^ p] Lu* Cheng* Ssu^, Department
Communications ;
of Land
controls land communications within the Em>ire
funds md
and legislation having reference thereto, collects '
aiTanges loans for railway construction, etc. (compare
No. 482 .
478. H igr 3 Tien* Cheng* Ssu\ Department of Tele-
graphs ; controls the telegraph affairs of the Empire, the erection
of land lines and the laying of cables, construction of telephone
and electric lighting systems, etc.
479. iU ilJC p1 Yu^ Cheng* S^u\ Department of Posts ;
superintending, in theory, the entire postal affairs of tjie Empire,
the improvement of postal communications, the sale of money
orders and stamps and the transmission of postal parcels.
Actually, the postal administration is under the supervision of
the Imperial Maritime Customs^^see No. 273).
480. B.^pi ^^^^ Wu* Ssui, Department
of General
Affairs ; recommends the transfer or promotion of officials, has
the custody of the seal, supervises reception and despatch of
correspondence and telegrams, keeps the accounts, oversees
buildings, etc.
In the Autumn of 1909 the Department of General Affairs
was abolished and its duties were -transfen-ed to the Council of
the Ministry (see No. 473).
481. At each Department of the Ministry of Posts and
Communications there are stationed two Department Directors
(see No. 290), two to three Assistant Department Directors (see
No. 291) four to six Second Class Secretaries (see No. 292), two
Officials of the seventh rank (see No. 299), and an indefinite
[ 158 ]

I'JIESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
number of A n" li ^ 1'=^' P'j"^ Lu* Shih*, Writers of the 482
eighth rank, and % ^n §| -^ Chui^ P'in^ Lu"* Shih^ Writers tO
of the ninth rank.
482. ^ ^^ 41 Fj T'ieh' Ln* Tsung^ Chii^, Chief Kailway
Bureau, administrated by a ^ ;|^ Chii' Chang^, Inspector, and
^ ^ Chii^ Yiian^, Attaches. This Bureau was formed in
accordance with a ^Memorial from the ^Ministry of Posts and
Comm.unications, dated the 22nd December, 1907,
for the
su^^er^ision of Government and j^rivate railwa} s.
The Bm'cau is the executive organ of the Department of
Land Communications {see No. 477) and was developed from the
^ 1^ J^ T'i2 Tiao* Ch'u*, Bailway Section (now abolished) which
was imder the supervision of a :^ J"^ Jg |^ Ko* Lu* T'i^ Tiao*,
Insj)ector of Kailways.
483. |g Y^ 'g- Ku* Wen-* Kuan', Advisers (of the first,
second and third ranks ; see No. 302a). The number is
indefinite.
484. f^ ^ P Yiian-, Advisers (see Xos. 300 and 468) ;
similar to the ^ '^ p^ ^ Lu'* Wu^ I* Yiiau', Railway Advisers
of the Board of Trade (now abolished ; see Nos. 461 and 461 a);
distinguished by their specialities (§g( jjl^ f^ ^'jj C'h'nan" Lu*,
Tien' and Yu\ Navigation, Railways, Telegraphs and Posts).
485. ^ ^ |]g
^'i^" Shu^ Kuan^, Library ; containing many
special works in Chinese and foreign languages.
486. (
If ^ ^ hiang^ Hsi'^ SoS Lecture Hall; here are
given lectures for the benefit of officials of the Ministry.
Attached to this Hall is the :
486a. ^ m ^ Yiieh* Pao' SoS Reauiug Room.
487. ^ X ^ K'ao' Kung^ Chii", Engineering Office.
At this Office are stationed :
Draughtsmen, ^ ^jfj
illlj |§ ^ Ts^o"^ Hui> Yiian^,
I* Shih\ Chief Engineers (of the first and
second ranks; sec No. 301), and ^ Jt -^^ Shih*, Engineers (of the
first and second ranks ; sec No. 301).
[ 15i) ]
487

niESENT DAY rOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
488 488. ii ^ ^j T'uiig^ I^ Chu', Translation Office (Inter-
4.Q pretlng Office) ; with ^ ^ Fan^ and 1^ H Pien^ Chi*, Compilers.
I^, Intevpi-eters (Translators),
This Office is to be established later ; its duties are now
^Q..
being performed by the Secretarial Office (see No. 474).
No. 162).
4B9. ^^ If J^ T'ung^ Chi'' Ch'u*, Statistical Bureau {see
490. The Ministry of Posts and Communications has
supreme control of the following :
788a),
No. 789),
1. Railways (see Nos. 783 and 784).
2. liailway Schools and other Schools (see Nos. 785 to
3. The China Merchants' Steam NaA'igation Company, {see
4. Telegraphs and Telephojies {see Nos. 790 and 791), and
5. The Bank of Communications {see No. 792).
MINISTRY (BOARD) OF DEPENDENCIES.
491. ^ ^ p^ Li^' Fan^ Yuan^ Court of Colonial Atiairs ;
established in the 17th century for the management of relations
with Mongolia, K'uk'imor and the Mohammedan Princedoms in
Western China.
Until 1861, all relations with liussia were supervised by
this Court. In Russ-ia these matters were attended to by the
Ruling Senate.
In carrying out its duties the Court of Colonial Affairs was
guided by the Jf ^ ^^ ||J ^ Li^ Fan^ Yuan^ Tse-^ Li', Institutes
of the Colonial Court (this book was translated into Russian,
" Institutes of the Chinese Colonial Office,^' by S. Lipovzev, in
two volumes; St. Petersburg, 1828).
The reorganization of the Court of Colonial Affairs, in the
sense of increasing its scope, was simultaneous with the general
[ 160 ]

PKE8ENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
reforai ol the political organization of the Empire, in the Autumn
of 1906, ^hen, by Imperial Edict of the 6th November, the
Court of Colonial Affairs became the :
491a. Ji ^ ^\i Li' Fan^ Pu*, Ministry (Board) of
Dependencies ; charged with the control of the ^Mongolian,
Tibetan and Mohammedan tribes inhabiting Mongolia, Tibet
and districts bordering on Tibet and Hsining.
The organization of the ^Ministry is based on three
Memoi'ials (of the 3rd .Tanuary and 30th July, 1907, and the
2nd January, 1908) presented by the ^linistry itself, which left
almost imchanged, as will be seen below, the old arrangements
of the Court of Colonial Affairs {see No. 491).
492. As regards the various ^Ministries, the following are
peculiarities of the Ministry of Dependencies :
1- Wi ^l- f# BB E' Wai* IShih^ Lang",' Supernumerary
Vice-President ; an appointment usually conferred on some
Mongol Prince.
2. There are no Councillors {see Xos. 281 and 282),
Secretaries {sec Nos. 283 to 284), Council {see No. 285) nor
Secretarial Office {see No. 285a).
These, however, will come into existence when the Depart-
ments of Colonization and Frontier Defence are organized
{sec No. 496).
492a. ^ i ^ T'ang2 Chu' Shih\ Secretaries (of the
President of the Ministry) ; 6.\. There are six in all
No. 288).
493. M il ^ Ling-' I'an^ C:h'u^ Orderly
{see
Office. This
was formed from the followino- establishments of the Court of
Colonial Affliirs {see No. 491) :
^-
Office.
}t^ ^ W ^lan'^ Tang^ Fang'*, Record and Registry-
2. l^ Han* Tang'' Fang'', Translation Office (for
Manchu and Chinese),
11
[ 161 ]
49lA
to
493

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
494 3. ^ j^B ^^^"8"' Tang^ Fang-^ Treasury, and
^Q
4. '^ f§ J^ Tu^ Ts'ui^ So^ Office of Incitement (to ensure
^Q^ the prompt despatch of business) ; the officials of this Office were
charged with " the Unfailing duty of keeping a strict watch for
the prompt despatch of documents in general and the certification
of all returns of questions settled and unsettled " {see Lipovzev,
Preface, page xv).
The staff of the Orderly Office is composed of two fg j^
Ling' Pan*, Chiefs, two ^ |^f Pang' Pan*, Assistants, four
^ ^ ^ ^ Chi- Ho^ W^n^ I^ Secretaries, four fi # ^ ^
Tsung^ K'an* Tsou* Che^, Inspectors of Memorials, four ^ ^
^ ^ Wei^ Shu* Chu' Shih*, Assistant Secretaries, four jE 1^ ^
Cheng* Shan* Hsieh^ Senior Writers, and eight ||j |^ ^ Fu*
Shan* Hsieh', Junior Writers.
494. W] S H Ssu^ Wu* T'ing', Chancery {see No. 296) ;
with two p\ f^ Ssu' Wu*, Chancery Directors ; 8a. For details
as to other officials see No. 495 a.
495. The six Departments (^Lipovzev styles them
" Hegistries ") of the Court of Colonial Affairs {see No. 191),
were left unchanged in the Ministry of Dependencies :
1- ]^ ^ o] Ch'i" C;hi^ Ssu\ Department
Mongols (managing the affairs of the Inner ilongols),
2. ^ M n} Tien' Shu' Ssu\ Department
of the Inner
of the Outer
Mongols (managing the affairs of the Outer Mongols, Dzungaria
(Sungaria), K'uk'unor and Tibet),
3- 2: ^ "^ Wang2 Hui* Ssu', Department for Receiving
Princes of Inner Mongolia (in charge of the collection of tributes
paid yearly by the Princes of th6 tribes and the issue of presents
and allowances to Princes of Inner Mongolia, etc.),
4- ^ jI^ bI Jou^Yiian' Ssu\ Department for Receiving
Princes of Outer Mongolia (in charge of the collection of tributes
paid yearly by Princes of Outer Mongolia
the issue of presents from the Court to these persons),
[ It32 ]
and the Lamas and

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
^- f^ *§ rI ^^^^ Yiian^ Ssu^, Department of Eastern 495a
.Turkestan (manages
the affairs of the Mohammedan tribes in
Hami, Turfan and other districts of Eastern Turkestan), and
6. 51 M nj
I^i' Hsing2 Ssu^, Judicial Department (in
charge of civil and criminal cases occurring in Inner and
Outer Mongolia).
495a, At each Dypartment, as well as at the Chancery
(see No. 494), there are stationed :
1- 1 . ^ l^fj Chang^ Yin% Keeper
of the Seal (as
De})artment Controller) ; from the ranks of Department Directors
{.sec Xo. .290) or Assistant Department Directors (sec No. 291).
2. 1 to 2 f^\\ f^\] Eu* Yin^, Assistant Keepers of the Seal ;
from the ranks of Department Directors (see No. 290), Assistant
Department Director^ (sec No. 291) or Second Class Secretaries
(*r^' No. 292),
o. 1 to 2 jr I* Chu^ Kao'\ Keepei's of Drafts (in all
Departments ; not in the Chancerv : see No. 494) ; officials
similar to the Assistant Keejiers of the Seal,
4. 2 to 4 ^ ^- ^ S^ \Vei^ Shu^ Chu^ ShihS Assistant
Secretaries..
and
5. 3 to 4 jE I,^ ^ Chcng^ Shan"* Hsieh', Senior Writers,
0. ?> to 4 glj |j^ ^ Fu^ Shaii^ Hsieh', Junior AVriters j
from the ranks of Clerks (see -^o. 293).
496. In accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry,
sanctioned by the Ivmperor on the ;>rd January, 1907, there
are later to be established two additional Departments, i.e.
^- ^ j^ ^J Chill* Ch'air^ Ssu^, Department of Colonization,
which will be in charge of the colonization of ^longol-ia, the
conser\ation of foi-csts^ the improvement of cattle breeding,
wild animal j>re'

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGAXIZATION' OF CHIXA.
496a 2. ^fig Bj Pien^ We\* Ssu\ Department
of Frontier
to I)efence, Avliicli will control the drilling of troops of Mongols
^ay
and Tibetans, the spread of education, expansion of trade, etc.
496a. As proposed in a report of the Ministry of
Dependencies, dated the 30th July, 1907, to perfomi the duties
of the two above-mentioned Departments (sec Ko. 496) for the
time being there have been established tAvo temporary offices,
from "which will be developed the Departments of Colonizatiou
and Frontier Defence, nan.aly :
1- ii ^ -^ '^'^^^* ^'^^'^' ^-'^^"^ Investigation Office, and
2- MM M ^ieni Tsuair^ Chu^ Revising Office.
Each of these Offices is composed of a number of ^ Ku%
Sections, at which are stationed Department Directors, Assistant
Department Directors, Second Class Secretaries and Writeris
(sec Nos. 290 to 293), from other Departments of the Ministry,
to perform duties as jE ^- ^ Cheng* Kuan^ Ku', Section Chiefs,
^ ^ ^ Fan^ V Kuan\ Interpreters (Translators),
glj ^ }&. I^ "^ Kuan* Ku^, Assistant Section Chiefs., and
497, The following Offices, Sections, etc., of the Court of
Colonial Affairs {see Xo. 491) have been left unchanged in the
Ministiy of Dependencies :
1- ^ H ^ Tangi Yiieh-' Ch'a% Kecord Office: here the
Seal is kept,
2. $§ J^ Yin- K-u^ Treasury ; issues maintenance
allowances to ^Mongols arriving in Peking on business, discounts,
by payments in money, allotments of hay
horses and firewood for their lodgings.
and oat for theu'
'^' I'X IM ^ ^'^^^'^ ^ "^'

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
4. Iflj 5i nrJ B ^ I-a' Ma» Yin^ Wii* ^)'u^ Lama 498
Office, and tO
^' ^ "6" M 'Meng^ Ku* Fang', jVJongoli.an Tianslation '*^9
Office ; translates despatches of all kinds written in Mongolian,
especially those which must be presented
Emperor.
in Mancliu to the
498. pq If Nei* Kuan^, Inner Inn, and 3r|> |f Wai* Knan^
Outer Inn. These were maintained for Mongolian Princes
visiting the Ooiirt with tribute or for duty.
Inspector.
In charge of the Inn there was a ^ =^ Chien^ Tu^,
As proposed in a Memorial fi'om the Ministry, dated the
2nd January, 1908, the Inns were abolished.
499. Mj§§^^ Chih2 Pieni Hsiieli* T'ang^ School
of Mongolian and Tibetan (at the Ministry of Dependencies).
This was established in accordance with a Memorial from
the Ministry, sanctioned by the Emperor on the SOth.January,
li909, with the object of preparing men for service at the
Ministry of Dependencies and along
the frontiers. It consists
of two Sections, pamely, ^ ^jj f^f Meng' Pu* K'o\ Mongolian
Section, and H? |^ ^4 Tsang^ Wei^ K'o\ Tibetan Section,
and the course of study in each is of 3 years' duration.
Admission to the School of
Mongolian
and Tibetan is
open to all males between the ages of 18 and 32 years, who
are physically fit and have a certificate showing that they have
completed a Middle School course (sec Nos. 580 to 582),
provided they can pass a test examination.
The enrollment of each section of ihe school is lOO.
On completion of their courses of study, students of the
School are examined bv the Ministry ; those satisfactory are
[ 105 ]

PKESKXT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.
retained for service at the Ministry or given appointments* on
the frontier.
In addition to the stud}- of Mongolian and Ti})etan
languages, literature, history and geography,
School attend lectures on political economy and finance.
[ IGG ]
students of the

I'KESEXT DAY POLITICAL OltG ANIZATIOX OF CHINA.
POLICE.
500. ^ ^ Hsiin^ Cliing^, Police (anothei* designation is
m ^ Ching-^ Ch'a'J.
The metropolitan and provincial police are to a great extent
organized on similar lines, the great difference being in the
terminology used.
u4. Metropolitan Police :
501. lf« m III ^ Hsiin^ Ching^ Tsimg^ T'ing', Central
Police Bureau. There are two of these, one in the j^ |^ Xei*
Ch'cng*, Tartar City, and one in the /5;j> i^ Wai^ Ch'eng^, Chinese
Citv.
At the head of each is a :
502. ^ ^ II MMyA Hsun2 (;hing^ Tsung' T'ingi T'ing^
Ch'eng', Police Superintendent.
Directly subordinated to the Police Superintendent
are :
503. i^ ^ IK M f^ ^ Hstin* Ching^ Tsung^ T'ing'^
Ch'ien^ Shih^, Director of the ('hancery of the Central Police
Bureau ; 4b, and three Office Chiefs ; ox,
504. The Central Police Bureau is composed of a Chancery
of General Affairs and three Offices.
504a. |,f| f^ ^ TsungS Wu^ Ch'u*, Chancery .of General
Affairs ; composed of five Sections :
1.
igc ^ ^ Ching^ Shih^ Ku», Section of Police Matters,
2. i i^ ^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
504b 504 b. Wi ^ M ^^"ei^ Shengi Ch'uS Sanitary Office ;
to
KQQ
divided into four Sections :
JflJ ^
1. ?^ ii! 3^ Ch'ing^ Tao^ Ku^, Street Cleaning Section,
2-
^)j '^ ^ Fang2 I< Ku^ Disinfecting Section,
3: ^ ^ B. P Hsneh^ Ku^ Medical Section, and
4. # i^ ^ I^ Wu* Kii^ Medical Examinations Section.
o04c. p] ^J^ J^ Ssu^ Fa* Ch'n^ Judicial Office ; has one
^ Hsing"'' Shih* Ku^ Section of Judicial Affairs.
504d. ^7 1^]^ Hsing' Cheng* Ch'u*, Administrative
Office ; consisting of eight Sections :
1- H tt !ix Hu* Wei* Ku^ Section of Public Protection,
2.
'/§ ^ E^ Chih^ An^ Ku^ Section of Public Peace,
3- ^ ^ Sx * liiao^ She* Ku^, Section of Affairs concerning
Foreigners,
4. )^ ^ ^ Hu* Chi2 Ku3, Census Section,
5. jE f^ 3x ^hi^'ng* Su^ Kti^, Section for the improvement
o£ the Habits of the People,'
^- ^ jM ^ Chiao^ T'ungi Ku', Section of Communications,
7. ^ ^ ^ Ying^ Yeh* Ku^, Section of Industry and
Handicrafts, and
^- M$^ ^ Chien* Chu'' Ku^, Construction Section.
oOo. Each Section is directed by a jE ^ 3x Cheng*
Kuan^ Ku^ Section Chief, and gl] ^ j^ Fu* Kuan' Ku',
Assistant Section Chief.
In addition to the above-mentioned there are ^ "^ Ching^
Kuan', Police Officers of the fifth, sixth and seventh ranks (one
of each in every Section) and Police Officers of the eighth and
ninth ranks (two of each in every Section).
506. US m ^ m Hs(in=^ Ching3 yCu^ T'ing\ Police
Bureau ; directed by a ^Q ^ Chih' Shih*, Deputy Police
Superintendent ;
5a.
There were originally five of these Bureaux in Peking but,
towards the end of 1908 and with a view to economy, they were
[
K'8
;
]

ilESEXT DAY POLITJCAL ORGANIZATION Of CHINA.
all abolished and theii" functions ti-ansferred to the corres]3onding
Police Stations.
' ^^
507. i^W^ Hsiin''' Chings ('h'ii', Police Station ; directly 514
under the control of the Central Police Bureaux.
At the head of each Police Station there is a |^ ;^ Ch'ii^
Chang', Police Captain
of the sixth or seventh rank. He is
assisted by [^ ^ (yh'ii' Yiian"', Police Officers. of the eighth and
ninth ranks (one of each at every Police Station).
At the (Ja])ital there are 23 Police Stations.
In addition to those already mentioned, there are the
following Police Establishrrtents in Peking :
508. ^ Ij^ ^ T'an* Fang' Chu^ Detective Office.
509. XM^nM Kinig^ Hsiin=' Chiian^ Chii^, ]\Iunicipal
Tax Collection Office'.
Streets.
510. ^ X ^ r^"* Kungi ChiiS Office for Supervision of
510a. ^^^ Wei" ShOngi ChiiS Sanitary Office (see
No. 859).
511. y^ M M Chi* I^iang^ So*, House of Correction (for
prostitutes and female offenders wlio have just completed a term
of imprisonment).
512. II Jf ^3 Chi' Pu^ Chil^ Office for the Apprehension
of Law-breakers.
consisting
512a. f^ ^ O'T Tai* Chih* So^ House of Detention;
of three Sections :
!• f$ i^H Shcn^ Shang\ for the educated classes,
2- PB ^ F"* •^i'^ ^^^' females, and
3. ^ ^ P'ing' ]\Iin^ for the masses.
513. r?i^ \^ Hsiao^ Fang^ Tui\ Fire Brigade.
'^1-- ynUf "M^Ff

TRKSEXT DAY POMTICAL CRGAXIZATION' OF CHINA.
August, 190o, and provisional rules for its administration, drawn
up by the ^linistry of Police, were sanctioned by the Emperor
on the 30th July, 1906.
In this institution there are confined, and kept at work,
those who have been condemned for petty misdemeanours to
imprisonment for a period of three months or more ; the
Workhouse is. also open to the poorest of the masses (compare
No. 343b).
The management of the Workhouse is carried on by five
J^* Ch'u"*, Sections, and two ^j[ K'o\ Sub-sections, i.e.
^ • ^
^ l§ Wen- An* Ch'u*, Correspondence Section,
2- ^ ft ^ Hui* Chi" Ch'uS Accounts Section,
3. # X ;^ K'ao^ Kung' Ch'u*, Handicraft Section,
^- BBM Shu^ Wu" Ch'u\ Section of General Affairs,
5- ^ M M ^"hi^ Hsiiii^ Ch'u*, Inspection Section,
6- ^7^ ^^ Chen^ Chih* K'o', Sick Ward, and
7- Wi ^ ^-4 ^-'hiao" Shou* K'o\ School.
At the head of the Metropolitan Workhouse is a f^ ^
Chien* Tu^ Director (of the rank of Ts'an^ I*; see Nos. 283 and
284), who has attached to his staff:
1- 1 ^IIIS ^ ^ It 'B' T'i^ Tiao* Chien^ Tien' Yu" Kuan^,
Proctor and Inspector,
•2. 2 ^ ^J] ffi 'g Fen^ P-an* So' Kuan', Senior Overseers
(acting as assistants to the Inspector ; having general supervision.
of the five Sections and two Sub-sections),
3-
~
J^ "^ So' Kuan', (3verseer& (carry on the actua
management of their respective Sections and Sub-sections).
^. 1 Wt I' K'lan', Physician,
Teacher,
5- 1 41 iC W 'K* Tsung' Chiao" Hsi'^ Kuan', Senior
6. 6 ^. ^ji -g K'an' Shou' Chang', Senior Warders,
7. 7 ^ ^ K'an^ Shou', Warders,
»• 1 ^ i^ ^ 'g* Fen' Chiao^ Hsi^' Kuan', Teacher,
[ 170 ]

i:Rsi:xi- dav political okgaxization of chixa.
9- 1 15: it M ^^'liao^ Hui^ Shih', Teacher of :Moi-ality, 514a-
10. 2 ^ IE Sim' C:hi^ Clerks, and tO
11. 8 ^ 0tU Chi* ShihS Craftsmen.
514a. In the provinces ^ ^ M' Hsi* I' So", or |^ ^[1 ^
^ ^ 'J'stii* Fan* Hsi"'^ I* So=\ Workhouses (Houses of
Correction), are estabHshed in the provincial capitals
and their
or,-^anization is on the same lines as that at the Capital (5^^ No.
514 ; compare, also. No. 767a).
515. M^/M~^iM Po" Chi-* Kung' C:h'ang^ Home for
Unemployed ^lales.
516. IJ^ ^ ^ Chiao" Yang' Chii-, Free Meal Station.
ol7. 'y* ^ 1'^ Kuan' I' Yiian*, Public Dispensary
(compare No. 859).
51'8. ilT&^^Fr Tzu* Chih^ Yen- Chiu' So'-, Self-
government Instruction OfHce (compare No. 527a).
. 519.
Wj tM W ^ Ssu' Fa' Ching' Ch'a-, Judicial Police ;
established (in accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry
of Justice, dated the 27th Januai-y, 1908), to serve the needs of
the Prosecuting Attorneys' Offices (see No. 762), at various
Police Stations. They are under the supervision
police officials as Avell as the Prosecuting Attorneys..
of the local
The duties of the Judicial Police consist in apprehending
Taw-breakers and bringing them to the Courts of Justice, the
making of searches (imder order o: a Court of Justice;, the
gathering of evidence, the giving of information, the escorting
of accused persons, the collection of bail and the examination,
in company with officials from the Prosecuting Attorney's Office,
of corpses or wounded people, etc.
Judicial Police have come into existence wherever the new
Judicial Fstablishrnents have been instituted.
The ronks of the Judicial Police are :
r 171 ]
g^g

521
FKKSENr DAY I'OLITICAL ORGAXIZAT!0\ OF C:iINA,
519a olSiA. 5K( *§* Hsiin' Kuaii^ Cliic-f of .liuliciul Police, JK ^
Hsiin-' Cliang-^, Captain of Judicial Police, and jfK W Hsiin^
to
Chin",
.ludicial Police Officer.
B. Provi)ici((J Police :
.320. Thi'ongliout the provinces there has not as yet i)een
introduced a uniform police organization ; in some districts the
police are similar in type to the ^Tetropolitan police (see Nos.
501 to 51)^), in otherB there is difi'ereuce.
l)elow is described the police organization of the Capital
of Ilonau province :
At the head of the ^^ m |i }^ Hsiin"^ Ching=^ Tsung'' Chii^
Central Police P>nreau, there is a |f, ^% 'J'sung^ Pan^ Police
Superintendent.
1
He has directly
sul)ordinated to him :
gij ^j^ Fu'' Pan-*, Deputy Police Superintendent,
1 Jg 1^ T'i' Tiao% Proctor,
1 J£ vjr ^ Cheng* "Wen- An'', Senior Secretary,
1 g[J 3^ ^ Fu'* Wen^ An\ Junior Secretary,
15^-]^ K'ao^ Kung^, Kegistrar, and
1 H ^ Fa^ Shen^ Judicial Officer.
Tn addition t the ahove-mentioned there are eight (corres-
ponding to the A i^ ^ ^j Pa^ Vii- Fen^ Chii-, eight Police Stations
of th( city) $S 3^ "g* Tsung' Hsiin^ Kuan\ Chief Police Inspectors,
eigl^t^'g' Hsiin- Kuan\ Police Inspectors, eight J^ |E Hsiur ChiS
Police Secretaries, live (correspo;iding to the 5['^ '^ Wu^ Ch'cng^
Men-, five City Oates) f| ^ *§* Chi^ (1a'a"- Kuan\ Inspectors of
Gates, sil 41 ^ ^ |i!j^
Tsung^ Chii- Shu^ Shih^
Clerks of the
Central Police Bureau, six ^, ^ M ^ Tsung^ Chii- Ch'ai^ I*,
Runners of the Central Police Bureau, 16 ^ ^ /^j ^ Fen' Chu^
Chii" I', Kunners of the Police Stations (two at each), and 14
11 MMM Tsung3 Chii- Hu* Police Bureau.
Yung^
Guards at the Central
521. In charge of the police employed in ])atrolling the
streets i& a ^ ^ Tai^ Kuan% Thief of the Street Patrolling
[
1--^
]

, j^
I'KESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.
Police, who is at the head of a foi'oe composed of one ^ i^
Tu^ 522-
Ts'ao', Senior Police Instructor, four J^ ^ Hsiin- Pien*, Police tO
Captains, four glj J^ ^.Fu* Hsiin" Pien% Police Lieutenants, 16
5^ ^ Hsiin- C'liang^ Police Sergeants, four g| ^ Hao^ Ping\
Special Policemen, 40 ^C. g Hs'^n-•Mu^ Police Corporals, 400
^ Hsiin^ PingS Policemen, 40 ^ ^ Huo:* Fu^, Cooks, 80
"J^ & Kiuig' Ping\ Laboui-ers, one J^ ^ Ch'ingi Shu^ Clerk
and four ^ f^ Shu^ Shih'', Writers.
POLICE SCHOOLS.
522. ^ ^ j^ ^ ^ ?]^ Kao' Teng' Hsfur Cliing-
Hsiieh- T'ang'^ fomierly called m f# ^ ^ Ching=» Wn^ Hsiieh^
T'ang2 or ^ ^ ii ^ Ching" Ch-a' Hsiielr T'ang-, Higher
Police Scliools. These have l)een established, as proposed in a
Memorial of the Ministry of the Interior (sanctioned hy tjie
E)operor on the 3rd October, 1908), at the provincial capitals,
with the object of preparing men for the police service.
The course of study extends over o years and tire nuinbai- of
studfMits is nevei' less than fifty.
In charge of a Higher Police School there is u ^/^
Chien^ Tii\ Director. He is in charge of a staff compos ad of
'^ 1^ f# ti 11 Chiao^ Wu* T'i-' TiaoS Inspector of Education,.
1 0. Ig-fi 1^ Shu* Wu* T'i- Tiao'-, Steward, and an indefinite
numijer of ^ ^ Chiao'' Hsi^ Teachers.
The Higher Police Schools have, also,
522a. ^ ^ flj- Chien-' I* K'o', Abridged Course of Study
(for the education of ])olicemen) of one year's duration.
523. i^ -# !§: ff P7r ^^s"n2 Ching^^ Chiao^ hien* So^.
Police Instruction Buieaux ; established iti the piinci];a! towns
of prefectures, sub-prefeiitures, departments and districts.
The course of study coveis one year ami the number of students
is not less than 100.
a :
523,

to
.525
rUKSKXT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
f 11 523a charge of every Instnietion Bineau is a ^ g .So^ Cliang-^,
Director. He is assisted by a |^ j^ ^ ^ Chiao* Wu* Wei^
Yiian^ Inspector of Jvlucation, a ^£ f^ ^ ft
Shu^ Wu* '\^'ei^
Yiian^, Steward, and an indefinite number of ^ ^ Chiao' Hsi^,
Teachers.
o23a. It lias been arranp;ed to establish a Ss Bit ^ ^
Oliicn'^ Yii'* Hsueh- T'ang-^, School of Prison Management, to
be attached to the Higher Police School of the province of Kuangsi.
The date fixed for- its opening is the year 1910 (.sr? details in
No. 766b).
LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT.
524. Among the projects to be accomplished during the
preparatory period .
preceding
the institution of constitutional
government (1908— 1916) is the establishment of self-government
or public administration institutions, whose duties will consist
in the i)rovision and maintenance of good local organization,
the control .
of local agricnlture, industry, commerce, schools,
sanitary affairs, charity, public buildings, etc.
1)\- the j)rogramme of reform schemes drawn up by the
C(«mmission
'
for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional
Government, with the National Assembly, sanctioned by the
Emperor on the 27th August, 1908,
the iatroduction of local
self-government was to be begun in 1909, so that the
establishment of local self-government institutions for cities,
towns 9,nd villages (see Nos. 525, 525a and 525b; might be
completed in 1913, and, for prefectures, sub-prefectures,
departments and districts (similar to the Russian provincial
establishments—
Zemstvo; see No. 526), in 1914.
525. m :^ ^ '}^
Government ; projected
periods 1909— l"jl3 4 (compare No. 524).
'Ji' Fangi Tzu^ Chih^ Local Self-
foi- universal introduction within the
[ 174 ]

villages
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
As regards local self-government for cities, towns and 526a
there is a division into :
1- ^.mM~Jj B r^^'iii"g' ^l^ili' Ti* Fangi Tzu* Chih*,
Peking Municipal Administration (see No. 52oA),und
2. i^ m m m^ B '/^ ^^h'^-"g' ('hen* Hsiang^ Ti*
Fang^ Tzu* Chih% Municipal Administration of Cities, Towns
and Villages {see No. 52ob).
525a. :MM ^':^ ^ f^ ^^hing' Sliih^ Ti-i Fang^ Tzu*
Chih'*, Peking Municipal Administration (see No. o25);
introduced in accordance with regulations drawn xip by the
Commission for Drawing up Regulations
for Constitutional
Government (following a proposal of the Ministry of the
Interior, dated the 10th September, 1909), and promulgated,
with regulations as to tlie necessary elections, in an Imperial
Edict of the 3rd February, 1910 (the regulations concerning
the Peking Municipal Administration consist of 8 headings
and 136 articles; the regulations as to elections consist of 7
headings and 87 articles).
Within the scope of the Peking Municipal Administration
are all affairs of local utility or necessity, i.e. educational
matters (Elementary and Middle Schools, Associations for the
Fostering of Public Education, Public Education Societies,
Libraries, etc.), the maintenance of good order In the. city
(the keeping in order of the streets, markets, pavements, etc.),
building affairs, public charlt}' and public utilities (tramways,
electric lighting, waterworks, etc.)
All people living in Peking are considered ^ J^ Chii^ Min*,
Kesldents ; those who are Chinese subjects, are not less than
25 years of age, have resided at the Capital for three consecutive
years, and pay
a direct tax or- contribute not less than two
dollars for local public needs, are considered as j^ _^ Hsiian^
Mill- Electors, have the right of voting for ('M^BfaM M.'Z^M
[ 175 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OIIGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.
Hsiian' Clui' Tzii* Chih^ Chilr Yuan- Chili' Ch'iianV)/ and
may be elected as (|5 ii ^ JS If V§ H ^ ;t ^ I'ei^ Hsiian'
Chu» Wei' Tzu* Chih^ Chih'-^. Ylian' Chili' (.h'iian=^), Members
of the Municipal Administration.
The Peking Municipal Administration (Q ?« ^ M 1'^"
Cliih^ Chih^ Yiian^) is arranged
and
Boards.
as follows :
A. 1. 1^ ^ ^ g- Ch'ii' 1^ Shih" Hui', Ward Councils,
2. IE H ^ ^ Ch'ii' Tung' Shih* Hui^ Wprd Executive
B. 1. M M ^ ^ Tsung^ I^ Shih* Hul^ Municipal
Council, and
2. ^B H i^ # Tsung^ Tung' Shih* Hui-*, Municipal
Executive Board.
A. 1. Ward Councils are established, one at each, at
Police Stations (|g Ch'U ; see No. 507).
The regulations contain a provision for the establishment of
one Ward" Council only, for two Wards, should the paucity of
the population make this desirable.
Ward Councils are made up of from 15 to .30 g§ ^ I*
Y''uan-, Ward Councilmen, who are elected for a term of two
vears (by delegates chosen by the electors directly -^see above).
The Ward Coiincilmen themselves elect one of tlicir number
as their f^ ^ 1* Chang', President, and another as their
glj ^ ^ Fu-* P Chang', Vice-President, both for a term of
two yeai-s.
Under the control of the Ward Councils are the affairs of
their respective Wards.
A. 2. Ward Executive Boards are established at the
Ward Councils and their duty consists in the execution of
decisions of the ( 'ouncils. They are made up of a '^^ |^ Tsung^
Tung', President, one to three ^ ^ Tung' Shih*, Members (the
number being one-tenth of the number of Councilmen of the
[ 170 ]

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.
Ward (Jouncil concerned), and from three to six ^ ^ If ^
Ming^ Yii* Tung^ Sliih^, Honorary ]Members (in number equal to
one-fifth of the number of Coiincihnen of the Ward Council in
question), who are elected, for a term of two years, by the Ward
Councilmen, from the electors (sec above) of the Ward concerned.
The names of the Presidents-elect of the Ward Executive
Boards are presented to the Chief Inspector of Municipal
Administration for appro \'al ; those of Members of the Ward
Executive Boards are presented to the respective Inspector of
Municipal Administration for approval (see below).
B. 1. The Municipal Council attends to affairs relating
to the citv as a whole and its suburbs. The various Ward
Councils at a general meeting elect, from their own members,
one 1^ ^ P Chang^, President (of the Mimicipal Council),
one gl] 1^ ^ Fu* I* Chaug^ Vice-President, and |^^ I^ Yiian^
Members of the Municipal Council (in number equal to one-tenth
the total number of members of the Ward Council concerned)
•for a term of two years.
B. 2. The Municipal Executive Board {see above),
the executive organ of the Municipal ('ouncil, is composed of
one Ui M. Tsung^ Tung^ President, five ^ ^ Tung^ Shih*,
Members, and 12 :^ ^gt || ^ Ming^ Yii* Tung^ Shih*, Honorary
Members of the Municipal Executive Board, who are elected for
a term of two years by the members of the Mtmicipal Council—
froiii the electors of the city. Their names are presented for
approval to the Ministry of the Interior, through
Inspector of Municipal Administration.
the Chief
As regards ^ ^J ^ Wen^ Tu^ Yiiafi", Secretaries !&; f^ ^
Shu' Wu^ ifnau-, Stewards, and other officials who may be
attached to the Councils and Executive Boards,
their number
and engagement is left entirely in the hands of the Presidents
and Vice-Presidents.
12
[ 177 ]

PRKSJENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
525b Supervision over the actions of the Peking Municipal Adminis-
.
tration, as regards justice and legality, is exercised,
within the
precincts of the city, by the Central Police Bureaux (see No. 501)
and, in the siiburbs, by the Office of the General Commandant
of the Gendarmerie (see No, 798). In this connection the I'olice
Superintendents of the ('entral Police' Bureaux are styled
Q Y^ ll^I ^ ^ Tzu* Chih* Tsung^ Chien' Tu^, Chief Inspectors
of jNIunicipal Administration, and Police Captains (see No. 507)
are called ^ ^^ M # Tzu* Chih^ (Jhien^ Tu', Inspectors of
Municipal Administration (in the suburbs of the city the latter
title is applied to officials deputed from the Office of the General
Commandant of the Gendarmerie). These officials are sub-
ordinated, as regards the duties mentioned,
to the control of the
Ministry of the Interior (compare Nos. 339a and 342).
525b. ^MM[M:^ B'}^ Ch'eng^ ChOn^ Hsiang^ Ti*
Faiig^ Tzu"* Chih^, Municipal Administration of Cities, Towns and
Villages (see No. 525) ;
to be introduced throughout the Empire
within the period 1909-1913, as defined in regulations drawn up
by the Commission for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional
Government (as called for by a proposal of the ^Ministry of the
Interior, dated the 24th August, 1908), Avhich were promulgated,
together with regulations regard.ing the necessary elections, in an
Imperial Decree of the 18th January, 1909 (the regulations
regarding Municipal Administration consist of eight headings and
112 articles; those regarding the elections are divided into six
headings and 81 articles).
As l]^ Ch'eng-, Cities, are considered administrative centres
of prefectures, sub-prefectures, dei^artments and districts, with
their suburbs ; as |j^ Chen'*, Towns, are considered places, not
administrative centres, having a population of more than 50,000 ;
as ^P Hsiang\ Villages, are considered places having a population
of less than 50,000.
[ 17S ]

. Administration
PRESENT DAY rOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
The scope of the Municipal Administrations of the places
anentioned above is similar to that of the Peking Municipal
{see No. 525a).
The organs of municipal administration (Q ^ l|g!| ^
Chih'* Chill' Yiiiin'^)
Ch'eng- Chen* I* Shih"* Hui*, City
Tzu*
in cities and towns are ^^i^t^^ '^
and Town Councils, as
>delil)erative bodies, and J]^i|l|l^^ (-h'eng^ Qhen* Tung^ Shih*
Hui*, City and Town Executive Boards, as executive bodies ;
villages there are the ^^ I® ^ ^ Hsiang^ I* Shih^ Hui^, Village,
Councils, and |g|J^ Hsiang' Tung', Village Keeves.
The ^Municipal Councils are made up of g^ fj !* Yiian"^,
Members (in cities and towns they numbei- from 20 to 50 and in
villages from 6 to 18, depending on the population)
in
; elected, by
delegates chosen by the electors directly (compare No. 525a),
Cor a term of two years.
The members of the ^Municipal Councils elect one of their
'hang\ President, and another as g[J f^ ^
number as |^ j^ I* (
¥\\^ I* ('haiig"', Vice-Pre^^ident, both for a term of two years.
]\Iunicipal Executive Boards (for cities and towns) are
:made up of a |§, ^ Tsung' Tung^, President, one to three ^ ^
Tung' Shih^, Members (in munber equal to one-twentieth of the
total num])er of members of the corresponding Municipal
Council), and from four to 12 ^. W^^ 'M. Mine:^ Yu* Tung'
Shih^, Honorary Members (in number equal
to one-fifth of the
total number of members of the corresponding Municipal
Council), who are elected, from the ranks of the electors, by the
Municipal Councils. The name of the President-elect is
presented for approval to the Governor-General or Governor ;
the names of the others arc presented for the approval of the
local authorities {nee below).
In villages the menbers of the l\Iunicipal Council elect
'(f rbm the ranks of the electo)-s) a ^jj |f Hsiang^ Tung', Village
[ 179 ]

TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
626 Keeve, and a ^ ^ Hsiaiig^ Tso\ Assistant Village Keeve ;
there is no Executive Board.
To the above-mjntioned munici])al establishments (Councils
and Boards) there may be attached ^ fm. M, Wen^ Tu' Yuan^,
Secretaries, B. '^ M. Shu* Wu" Yiian"-, Stewards, and fjl ^ ^
Pan' Shih^ Yiian-, Attendants.
Supervision over the actions of the Municipal Administra-
tions in Cities, Towns and Villages (g f^ ^ U T^'^^i* Chih*
Chien^ Tu^ ; compare Nos. .525a and 526) as regards their
regularity and legality, is exercised by the il^ ;;;^ 'g* Ti* Fang^
Kuan^, I^ocal Authorities, who, in this connection, forward detailed
reports of the proceedings of the local self-government institutions
to the Governor-General or Governor of the province. The
supreme control (in the direction indicated) appertains to the
Ministry of the Interior (see Nos. o39a and 342 ; compare
No. 525a).
P26. ij^ m m ^.M:^ Bf^ y^^' TMngi
Chou^ Hsien*
Ti* Fang^ Tzu* Chih*, Public Administration (Zemstvo; compare
No. 524) in Prefectures, Sub-prefectures, Departments and
Districts ; to be introduced throughout .the Empire within the
period 1910-1914, as defined in regulations drawn up by the
Commission for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional
Government (complementary to a recommendation of the
Ministry of the Interior, dated the 19th December, 1909), which
were promulgated, with regulations foi' the necessary elections,
in an Imperial Decree of the 6 th February, 1910 (the regulations
as to the Public Administration consist of eight headings and 1 OS-
articles ;
those referring to the elections are in 47 articles).
The regulations. mentioned above cover:
1. Prefectures. 2. Independent Sub-prefectuies. 3. De-
pendent Prefectures. 4, Independent Depaitments. 5. Departments
and 6. Districts {see No. 846).
[ 180 1

TKESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Within the scope of the Public Administration of Prefectures,
Sub-prefectures, Departments and Districts (Public Adn.inistra-
tion of Counties) are placed all afFaii'S concerning public utility
or necessity, either of the country as a whole or of its component
parts — should the local self-government institutions of the city,
town or village concerned be unable to cope with them.
The Public Administration of Prefectures, Sub-prefectures,
Departments and Districts (gf ?§ ^i ^ Tzu* Chih* Chih' Yiian^)
is carried on : by
1- ^^^^' fMM #1 UM^^ T'ingi Chou' Hsien* I^ Shih*
Hui*, County Councils (Councils of Prefectiu'es, Sub-prefectures,
Departments and Districts), and
2. ]f^M #1 S^ ^ ^ ^ Fu^ T'ing^
Choui Hsien^ Ts'an^
Shih'* Hui*, Board of County Councillors (a deliberative and, to
some extent, executive body), and
3. MM 'ii'I ii :! 'B' Fu^ T4ng^ Chou^ Hsien* Chang'
Kuan\ Government Pepresontatives in Prefectures, Sub-
prefectures, Departments and Districts (the executive officials).
County Councils are made up of ||| ^ I* Yiian', Members
(from 20 to 60 according to the population),
elected for a
term of three years.
The members of the County Councils elect their respective
^ ;g I* ChangS President, and glj ^ ^ Fu^ I* Chang^, Vice-
President, for a tei'm of three years.
As to the franchise and eligibility for election to the Public
County Administration Establishments, the rules are similar
to those referring to cities, towns and villages {see No. 525a).
Persons attached to local officials, as well as officials at local
police establishments, lose the franchise and are ineligible for
election : teachers in elemcntarv schools ai'e elisrible for election
but may not vote.
Affairs after being discussed by the County Council are
brought before the Boai-d of County Councillors.
[ IBl ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Sessions of the County Councils (^ f^ Hui* I'')
are held
once a year-r— in the ninth moon—and are of 30 to 40 days
duration ; should occasion arise, extraordinary sessions (K'u 8^ ^
^ Lin^ bhih^ Hui* I*), of 10 days' duration, may
be convened.
Boards of County Councillors are made uj) of ^ 4^ ^
Ts'an^ Shih* Yiian', Councillors, numbering- one-fifth the number
of members of the respectiAe County Council ; also, there are
elected a simitar number of ^ ^ ^ ^ j^ Hou'^ Pu^ Ts'an^
Shih^ Yiian^, Expectant Councillors. The Government Re-
presentative acts as ^ ^ Hui* Chang^, President.
The Boai'd of County Councillors revises decisions of the
County Council, considers questions submitted by
the local
officials and determines ways and means for putting- resolutions of
the Coimty Comicil into jjractice.
For the audit of the income and e/cpenditure of the- Coimty
Council there may be appointed a number of officials of the
Board of County Councillors (so-called ^ ^ Wei^ Yiian^).
Sessions of the Boards of County Councillors are held once
a month. Also, should occasion arise, extraordinary sessions may-
be called by the local officials or by the initiative of a majority of
the ( '0\mtv Councillors of the Board affected.
To the County Establishments mentioned above (Council*
and Boards) there may be attached ^ If^' ^ Wen- Tu^ Ylian^,
Secretaries, and ^. ^ ^ Shu'' Wu* Yiian^, Stewards.
The establishment of one (.^ounty Council and one Board of
Count}- Councillors for two administrative centres is permissible
(compare No. 525a) should the- number of members be between
30 and 100. In the .
event of this the senior Government
Representative becomes- President of the Board of County
Councillors : the next in rank becomes §|J ©" j^ Fu'-' Hui* Chang^,
Vice-President. Also, the Council is divided into two ^ Ku^,
Sections, in which questions referring
[ 1^5 ]
to the two administrative

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
units are separately discussed (see detailed rules, consisting of 11 SS"?
articles, annexed to the regulations).
The executive officials of the Public County Administration
Establishments (Q f^ ^=i ]!^ Tzu^ Chih* Hsing^ Cheng*) are, as
stated before, the local Government representatives, i.e. Prefects
(see No. 848), Sub-prefects (see Nos. 852 and 854), Department
Magistrates (see Nos. 851 and 855) and District Magistrates
(see No. 856), and attached to them, as assistants, are a number
of B }^~^ M. Tzu* Chih^ Wei^ Yiian^ Deputies
to government
of Self-
Affiiirs. Their duties consist in : 1. The execution
of measures of the County CJouncils and Boards of Councillors,
2. The transmission of proposals to the County Councils and
Boards of Councillors for discussion, 3. The management of
correspondence, etc. Also, under certain conditions, they may
suspend sessions for 10 days.
Differences between the local officials and the (-ounty
Councils 5>.nd Boards of County ( 'ouncillors are to be settled by
the n)^^ f'\l tr PI Hsing2 Cheng* Shcn^ P'an" Ya'^ Men^,
Administrative-Judicial Offices, or, imtil the establishment of
this office, by tlie ('ouncils attached to the Governors-General
and Governors {see No. 823). .
Supervision over the regularity and legality
of actions of
the County Councils and Boards of County (Jouncillors ( Q f^
^ ^ Tzu^ Cliih"* Chien^ Tu^ ; compare Nos. 525a and 525b) is
exercised by the provincial Governors-General and Governors, to
whom the local officials are constrained to make detailed reports
as to the proceedings of the Public County Administration
Establishments The supreme control, in the direction just
spoken of, appertains to the Ministry of the Interior (see Nos.
339a and 342 ; compare Nos. 525a and 525b).
527. M^^WfJlM Tzu* Chih* Ch'ou2 Pan* Ch'u', Offices for
the Organization! of Local Self-government ; established at
provincial capitals (for the time being at the Offices for Arrang-
[ 183 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. {
527a ing for Provincial Assemblies; compare No. 173),
under the
direction of the higher provincial officials, with the object of
organizing local self-government institutions throughout the
country.
X 521a. Q i^5^ff g^ Tzu* Chih* Yen' Chiu^ So^ Self-govern-
ment Instruction Offices ; established, in 1909, as arranged for by
the general outline of constitutional reforms {see No. 127), at
provincial capitals. Later these Offices are to be established in
the administrative centres of prefectures, sub-prefectures,
departments and districts.
The object of the establishment of Self-government Instruc-
tion Offices is the spreading of the principles of local self-
government among the people.
According to regulations, consisting of 14 articles, drawn
up by the Commission for Drawing up Regulations fo)
Constitutional Government (as arranged for in a proposal from
the Ministry of the Interior, dated the 3rd April, 1909), and
sanctioned by the Emperor on the 5th of ^lay, 1909, eligible for
enrollment (^ j^ Hsiieh^ Yiian^) at the Self-government
Instruction Offices are persons having the franchise (see
No. 525a).
(/onc*erhing the stafi' of Self-government Instruction Offices
the Regulations fo^' Local Self-government define as follows :
The Lecturers (^ ^ Chiang* Yiaan'^) are appointed on the
reconmiendation of the Local Office for the Organization of Locaj
Self-government (^^e No. 527) and one of them acts as J^ ^ So'>
Chang', Director of Courses.
In administrative centres of prefectures, sub-prefectures,
departments and districts, as Directors and Teachers, tliere may
be appointed persons who have completed the course at the
Self-goyernment Instruction Offices of the provincial capitals-
Concerning the Peking Self-govei'nment Instruction Office,
compare No. 518.
[ l«i ]

TEESENT DAY POLITICAJ. ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
GENERAL CENSUS.
528
to
528. The programme of constitutional reforms, sanctioned kqo
by the Emperor, calls for the taking of a census of the Empire
within the period 1909-1912. During the first two years (1909-
1910) a census of the families in China will be taken; diu-ing
1911-1912 the number of persons of both sexes will be
ascertained.
By the Census Regulations, f^ ^ J^ P :^" ^
Tiao'* Ch'a-
Hu'* K'ou^ Chang^ Ch'eng^, drawn up by the Ministry of the
Interior (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 14th January,
1909), the taking of the census is to be supervised by the
following
officials :
529. lil ^ ^S Tsung^ Chien^ Tu', Chief Census Super-
visor ; in the provinces this position is an adjunct to that of
Police Taotai or Provincial Treasurer (for provinces as yet"
having no Police Taotai). In Chihli province this post is held
also, in addition to the Provincial Treasurer, by the following :
In the prefecture of Shun T'ien Fu ; by
'{see No. 793;.
In Peking ; by the Police Supei'intendents
Police Bureaux (see No. 502).
the Prefect
of the Central
530. ^ ^ Chien^ Tu\ Census Supervisor ; this post is an
adjunct to those of Prefect, Department ^Magistrate, District
Magistrate, or their Assistants.
531. m ^ M T'iao" Oh'a^ Chang^ Chief Census Inspector;
this post is an adjunct to those of |f^ JJ Tsung' J^'^ng^, President
.of the ^Municipal Executive Board, and ^ ^ Hsiang^ Chang^,
Village Elder.
532. M ^ ^ Tiao^ Ch'a' Yijan^ Census Inspector ; this
post is an adjunct to those of H ^ Tung^ Shih'*, ]\Iember of the
Municipal Executive Board, and ^l |f Hsiangi Tung^, Village
Reeve.
[ 1.85 ]

533
to
534
rUESKXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHIXA.
COMMITTEE FOR THE REORGANIZATION OF THE
FINANCIAL AFFAIRS OF THE EMPIRE.
o'.yS. In the measures prepai'atory to the introduction of
constitutional go\ ernmcnt in China tlie government has aimed at
reforms with regard to finances, firstly : looking
towards the
subordination of all financial affairs to the control of the Ministry
of Finance, further : tlie determination of the State l^udget and
the estimation from this of the income and ex])enditure of the
8tate, with a view to the strict control of the lattei-.
With the object of accomplishing the reforms above-
mentioned there was established, by Im])erial
ICdict of the 10th
ffanuary, 1909, the (^ommittee for the Heorgani/.ation of the
Financial Affairs of the I^mpire, (.^rr No?. .334 and 5'A5), in the
^linistry of Finance at Peking, and in the provinces, tlici-e were
established Branch Offices of the Committee foi- the Reorgani-
zation of tlie Fina'icial Affairs of the I'^mpire (srr Nos, 536 to
to 54 1\
at the Governor-General's and Governor's Yamen.
Regulations defining the duties of these establishments— at the
Capital and in the proA inces— -were drawn up by the Ministry of
Finance and submitted in a ^Memorial which was sanctioned })y
the Em])eror on the 21st March, 1909.
534. ^JSn^iSt;^ Ch^ingi Li^ Ts'ai' Cheng' Ch'uS
Committee for the Keoi-ganization of the I'inancial Affairs of
the Empire {see Xos. 374 and ')'.]',]) ; established at the Ministry
of Finance and made up of officials of the ^linistry, s[)ecially
deputed for the general guidance
of Provincial Branch Offices
of the (Committee for the KeorQani/.atiou of the Financial Affairs
of the Empire (see Nps. 375, 533 and 536 to 541), for verifying
information supplied l)y these and for drawing u[) an estimate of
the State income and expenditure from matei'ials siii)plied fron-
the provinces.

I'KKSKXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
535. At the head of the Committee there are : one ^ |^ 535
T'i^ TiaoS President, one f^ f^ 1^ Pang^ T'i^ Tiao*, Vice-
President, one 1^ 1^ Tsung' P.an*, Director, and one ^ |^: Pang^
Pan^, Assistant. All these positions are held by higher officials
of the Ministry of Finance.
The Committee is divided into the- following 12 v^ections :
1- Ml f§ f'l- Tsung3WxiMC'o\ Section of General AfFairs;
in charge of the compilation of information supplied by the
provincial branch offices and the drawing up of reports based on
such information.
2- ^ ^ ^'\ Ching^ Chi' K'oS Metropolitan Section (for
Peking, the Metropolitan Prefecture, the province of Chihli and
Ch'ahar),
3- iS ?^ ^-^ Liao^ Shen' K'o', ]\Ianchurian Section
province? of Fengtien, Kirin and Ileilungchiang),
4. '/X ^ f-I" Chiang' Kan^ K'o', Section for Kiangsu.
Auhui and Kiangsi,
Honan.
5- W M ^4 Ch'ing' Yu* K'o', Section for Shantung and
6.
Hupeh,
J:j;[] f j5 ^ij- Hsiang' Ao'' K'o', Section for Himan and
7. ^1 W{ ^ ^Ji»' Che* K'o', Section for Fukien and
Chekiang,
Kuangsi,
8. -^ ta^ ^ Yiieh'* Kuei'' K'o', Section for Kuangtung and
9- ^ M f-4 Ch'iu^ Chin* K'o', Section for Shensi and
Shansi (also for places like Urga, Suiyiiancheng, Kueihuacheng,
Uliasut'ai, Kobdo, Alt'ai, etc.),
10- tr if Ps Kan' Hsin' K'o', Section for Kansu and
Hsinchiang (also for Hi, Tarbagatai, Hsining, etc.),
^1- ^ ^ f'l' I''iang2 I* K'o'; Section for Szechwan, Yunnan
and Kweichow, and Tibet,
12.
J|5[ ^ fjf Shou' Change K'o', Section of Archives.
[ ia7 ]

to
538
rUESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
636 111 charo-e of each Section is a ^ Tsung^ Ho^ Section
Chief, assisted by ^ p Tso* Pan*, Assistants. Also there are
an indefinite number of # |B A Shii^ Chi* Yuan^ Clerks, and
g^ ^ 'g* Tzii* I* Kuan^, Ad\lsers ; the necessary qualification of
the first is the possession of a good handwriting- ; the latter are
selected from persons experienced in finance and well acquainted
with the financial position of the pro\'inces.
BRANCH OFFICES OF THE COMMITTEE FOR THE
REORGANIZATION OF THE FINANCIAL
AFFAIRS OF THE EMPIRE.
536. }f JM M g^ M Cli'ing^ Li^ Ts'ai^ Cheng* Chii^,
Branch Offices of the Committee for the Reorganization of the
Financial Affairs of the Empire (see Nos. 375 and 583). These
are established in all the provinces with the olvject of furnishing
the Committee itself [see Nos. 533 to 535) with information
necessary to the drawing up of a State Budget, namely, by
submitting reports as to provincial income and expenditure, by
furnishing information as to the working out of the budget of
the previous year and by supplying materials for the p)-eparation
of the yearly budget.
537. ^i p Tsung^ Pan*, Chief of a Branch Office of the
Committee for the E.eorganization of the Financial Aflfairs of the
Empire ; in charge
of a branch office of the Committee. This
post is an adjunct to that of Provincial Treasurer (5^^' No. 825)
or Commissioner of Finance (see No. 808).
538.
•§• p Hui* Pan*, Associate Chief of a Branch Office
of the Committee for the Keorganization of the F'inancial Affairs
of the Empire ; this post is an adjunct to those of Salt
Commissioner (see No. 835), Superintendent of Customs (see No.
84-2), Salt Intendant (see No. 841), Grain Intendant (see No.
836) and, also, of Expectant Taotais in charge of provincial
financial establishments.
[ 188 ]

PRESENT DAV TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHINA.
539. IE ^ JM 'g' Cheng* Chien^ Li' Kuan', Financial 539
Supervisor ; these are appointed for a tenn of two years, one to tO
each branch office of the Committee, on the reconmiendation of 542
the Ministry of Finance— approved by the Emperor— to observe
what success attend;; the efforts of the Branch Offices of the
Committee for the Reorganization of the Financial Affairs of
the Empire.
540. glj ^ JM 'b* Fu* Chien^ Li' KuanS Assistant
Financial Supervisor ; deputed
in a similar manner to Financial
Supervisors {see No. 539) and with the same object.
54 L Branch Offices of the Committee for the Reoi"aniza-
tion of the Financial Affiiirs of the Em2)iro are made up of
three Sections :
1- ^Ji H Tff i^i^ii^ Chi* K'o', Compiling Section ; in chai'ge
of drawing up ruk's. reports. Memorials and returns of income
and expenditure,
^- ^ M ^^\ ShCir^ Ho* K^o\ Kevising Section ; for the
examination of returns of income and expenditure forwarded
from the various government cst:ablishments, and
3. B, f^ f4 Slur' Wu" K'oS Section of General Affairs ;
among other duties, manages the coi'respondence.
Each Section is administered by a ^i[ ^ K'o' Chang',
Section Chief, to whom there are subordinated ^}\ ^ K'o^ Yiian',
Secretaries (the number depending
ou the business of the
Section), ^ |2 ^hu^ C'hi*, Clerks and |^ |l^P Shrn^, Advisers
(chosen f om the local gentiy).
BANKS (CiOVERNMENT AND OTHERS).
542. pi % ill ^[7 IIu* Pu* Yin^' Haiig^, Bank of the
Ministry of Revenue; established in accordance with a Memorial
from the Committee of Finance {scr Nos. 349a and 932a) and
L 189 3

542a
to
544
niESENT DAY POLITICAL OllG ANIZATION' OF CHINA.
the Ministry of Revenue {sec Xo. 349), dated the 14th ]\Iarch
1904, and ojDened to business, at Peking, on the 27tli September,
1905.
The original reguhitions of the'bank were di-awu up by the
iViinistry of Revenue and submitted to tlie Throne in Memorials
dated April, 1904, and 22nd August, 1905 (supplementary).
The capital was fixed at four million taels, divided into forty
thousand shares of one hundred taels ;
half the shares Avere taken
up by the Government and half were issued to the public.
As recommended in a report from the ]\Iinistry of Finance,
sanctioned by the Emperor on the 17th February, 1908, the
Bank of the Ministry of Reveiuie became the :
542a. :;'C Ira- IM ^ Ta^ Cli^ng^ Yin^ Hang', Ta Ch'ing
Governmeuc Bank. The original capital was, at the same time,
raised (to ten million taels) by the issue of sixt}- thousand
additional shares.
By the new regulations ((consisting of 24 articles), submitted
in the report above-mentioned (of the 17th February, 1908), the
Ta Ch'ing (lovermuent Bank is a ^ ^ ^j^' jig ^ ^ Ku^ Fen^
Yu' Hsien'^- Kung' Ssu\ Limited Joint-stock (!oni])anv {sec
No. 77G.)
Ihe Board of Directois of the Ta Ch'ing Government Bank
is made up of one Governor (sec No. 543), one Deputy Governor
(see No. 544) and four Directors Ue^ No. 545) a control over the
operations of the bank is exercised by two Official Supervisors
{see No. 546) and three Inspectors {sec No. 54Ga).
543. IE ^ M Cheng^ Chieii^ Tu', Governor (formerly
styled III 1^ Tsung-'' Pan^); 3a. Appointed by the Emperor, on
the recommendation of the Ministry of Finance, for a term of
service of five years.
544. g-ij ^/^ Fu* Chieni Tu\ Deputy (ioveriior (formerly
styled glj 151 Fu^ Pan'); 4a. Appointed }>\ the J'^mpeioi-, on
[ 190 J

TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
the recommendation of the Ministry of Finance, for a term of 54o
five years. ^O
545. J5I ^ Li^ Shih^, Directors (four in all). They are ^Ay
elected at a general meeting of the shareholders, from the ranks
of holders of 100 or more shares, and their names are pre^oented
for the approval of the Ministry of Finance. T,heir term of
service is four years.
546. ^ Ji 'g* Chien^ Li^ Kuan\ Official Supervisors
(two) ; appointed by the Emperor,
on the recommendation of the
Ministry of Finance, for general control of the bank's operations.
546a, ^ ^ Chien^ Shih^, Inspectors (three) ; elected at a
general meeting
of the shareholders from those who hold 40 or
more shares. Their term of service is three years.
547. In addition to its Head Office at Peking, the Ta
Ch'ing Government Bank has the follovpino- branches in the
provinces : Tientsin (Chihli prpvince ; the first branch oj)ened ;
established in October, 1905), Moukden (Fengtien province),
Yingk'ou (Fengtien province), Ch'ang Ch'un (also Kwanchengtzu
; Kirin province), Kalgan (C'hihli province), Urga
(Mongolia), Nanking (Kiangsu province), Shanghai (Kiangsu
province), Anking (Anhui province), Taiyiianfu (Shansi
province), C'hinanfu (Shantung pi'ovince), Hsianfu (Shensi
province), Hangchow (Chekiang ])rovincej, Foochow (Fukien
province), Kiukiang (Kiangsi province), Hankow (Hiipeh
province), Chungking (Szechwan province), Changsha (Hunan
province) and Canton (Kuangtung province).
At each branch there is a |,|l ^}^ Tsung^ Pan*, Supermten-
dent, chosen by the Board of Directors, and approved by the
Emperor, on the recommendation of the Ministry of Finance,
for a period of service of five years. Subordinated to him there
are a ^«? J3? Ching^ Li^, Manager, and a f^ ^ Hsieh" Li^, Sub-
manager (not as 3'et appointed for all the branches), ap})ointed
by the Board of Directors.
[ 191 ]

TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.
548 548. At Peking, under the supervision of the Ta Ch'ing-
^Q
550a
GoAernment Bank, there are :
1- ^fc :^ il ^ i^ ^7 I'ei^ Ching^ Ch'u^ Ifsn^ Yin^ HangS
Peking Savings-bank, which is directed by a ,|,|I fjff. Tsung^ Pan*,
Superintendent; opened to business in the Sunnner of 1908
(compare No. 550c), and
2- -/^ Vt M tl ^ ^ Ta* Ch'ingi Yin= Hang^ Hsiieh^
T'ang2, School of tl)e Ta' Ch'ing (lovernment Bank ; established
in 1908 with the object of training, gratis, young men for the
bank's service ; there are now 80 pupils at this school.
549. 'g* II ^ Kuan^ Yin^ Hao*, also "^ $M ^ K^^an^
Ch'ien'^ Chii^, Government Banks; these are in existence at
places where branches of the Ta Ch'ing Government Bank have
not been established and their functions consist in the resfulatine:
of the local money market and the issue of bank-notes^ From
them it usually happens that branches of the Ta C'h'ing Govern-
ment Bank are evolved.
550. The report of the ^Ministry of Finance spoken of
above (dated 17th February, 1908), dealing with the reorganiza-
tion of the Bank of the ^Ministry of Revenue as the Ta Ch'ing
Government Bank (see Nos. 542 and 542a), foi'eshadowed the
formation of three iidditional types of banks throughout China,
namely :
550a. I^ ^^ Yin- Hang-, Banks (also ^ jg |j^ ^7 P'ii»
T'ungi Yin^ Ilang^, (Jeneral or Universal Banks) ; these are to
replace the private credit establishments, such as |^ ^ Yin'
Hao% ^ ^ P'iao' Chuangi, and ^ iff Ch'ien- Chuangi. Banks
of this type (they may be called Banking Houses) will discount
bills and drafts, accept deposits, make advances, buy
and sell
bullion, exchange money, issue time-drafts {V^ ^ Ch'i^ P'iao*),
))ills of exchange (gg ^ Hui* P'iao*), etc.
The regulations for this type of baiik consist of 15 articles.
[ 192 J

PRKSKNT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
;>50b. gl ^ IM It
Cliili=^ Yell*
'
Yin- Hang^, Banks oF 550b
Agriculture and Industrj- ; these banks will assist agricultural tO
and conmercial enterprises. Of this typt» arc : one ^ j§ $^ ^^ 551a
Chiao^ T'ung^ Yin^ ITang'', the l^ank of Communications (sec
details in No. 792), two MM'B.fi Hsing^ Yeh* Yin- Hang^,
Industi'ial Bank (founded to satisfy the needs of railway
construction in Chekiang province), and three j^ ^^: ^ ^^ Nung"^
Yeh* Yin- Hang', Agricultural Banks (yet to he estaolished), etc.
For the supervision (examination) of the operations of
Banks of Agriculture and Industry the Ministry of Finance has
authority to depute some of the local officials as ^ ^. Chien' Li^,
Official Supervisors. The ^regulations concerning this type of
l)ank consist of 34 articles.
550c. fl ^ III ^^ Ch'u^ risii^ Yiir Hang^, Sayings-hanks;
with a minimum paid-up capital of fifty thousand taels. These •
banks accept small sums for deposit (other types of l)anks may
cany on this kind of hanking husiness with the ]iermlssioii
of the
IMinistry of Finance). The regulations foi' theii- control consist
of 13 articles.
For the Peking Savings-bank see No. 54^
MINTS.
551. ^ '^ 1^ i% fi ^ T'ien^ Tsin^ Yin^ Ch'ien' Tsung^
Ch'ang^, Central Mint at Tientsin (official designation, ^ §|5 Xh
^ 11 M W'l* Pii* Tsao* Pi" Tsung^ (Jh'augS Central ]Mint of the
Ministry of Rever le); established in accordance with a Memorial
from the Committee of Finance (see No. 349a) and the Ministiy
of Revenue (see No. 349), sanctioned on the 22nd August, 1905,
for the minting of silver and copper coins.
This mint is now styled.:
55 1a. jf ^ I^C.]
^
Tsao" Pi* Tsimg^ Ch'ang^, Central Mhit.
it is directed by a Jt ^ ^|J^ jE g^ ^ Tsao* Pi* Tsung^ Ch'ang^
[ 1.. ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
551b Cheng' Cliien^ Tii\ Superintendent of the C3ntral Mmt ; 3a, and
to a it IF m mm^n Tsau^^ Pl^ Xsung^
Oh'an-^^ Fu* Chien^
wp,„ Tii^ Assistant Superintendent of the Central Mint ; 4a.
551b. 'MW ^M 'i^sao* Pi^ Fen^ Ch'ang^ Mints (or
Branches of the Central Mint). These are- situated in the
provinces and each is directed by a 3l^^)|^iE^# Tsao*
Pi* Fen^ Ch'ang-3 Cheng* Chien^ Tu\ Mint Superintendent (or
Superintendent of a Branch of the Central Mint) ; 3a, and a
3q ^ ^ K SlJ ^ # Tsao* Pi* Feni Ch'ang^ Fu* Chien^ Tu\
Assistant Mint Superintendent (or Assistant Superintendent
Branch of the Central Mint) ;
4a.
HEAD OFFICE FOR THE COLLECTION OF EXCISE
ON NATIVE OPIUM.
of a
552. ±MB^MJ^ T'u' Yao* T'ung^ Shui* Tsung*
Chii^, Head Office for the Collection of Excise on Native Opium ;
established (a temporary institution) in 1906 at j^ |^ fl^ Wu*
It is directed by
Ch'ang^ Fu^ (Hupeh province).
553. nm±mmm.mm^^& tu^ p^^' ^^'^^^ ^ao*
T'ung' Shui* Shih* Wu* Ta* Ck'en^ Superintendent of the
Native Opium Excise. This official is assisted by two :
554. mm±mm^^mm^^^ P^ng^ Pan* T'u^ Yao*
T'ung3 Shui* Shih* Wu* Ta* Ch'en% Assistant Superintendents of
the Native Opium Excise.
555. ±MM^^ ^ T'u^ Yao* T'ung^ Shui* Fen^ Chii^,,
Offices for the Collection of Excise on Native Opium. In
charge of each of these offices there is an official, ranking as
Taotai (s^c No. 838), styled jE fl Cheng* Pan*,
a :
Office Chief.
The Offices for the Collection of Excise on Native Opiimi
number nine, i.e. one for the provinces of Chihli and Shantung,
one for the provinces of Honan and Shansi, one for the provinces
of Szechwan, Yunnan and KweichoAv, one for the province of
[ 194 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Hupeli, one for the provinces of Kiangsi and Hunan, one for 55A
the provinces of Kiangsu and Anhiii, one for the provinces x-
of Fukien and ,
Chekiang, one for the provinces
of 8hensi
and Kansu and one for tlie provinces of Knangtnng and
Kuangsi.
OFFICE OF THE CUSTOMS AND OCTROI OF PEKING
AT THE CHUNG WEN GATE.
556. ^^^'^Wu B Wi P5 Ch'nng- WC-n' Men^ Shui*
"VVu* Ya^ Men", Head OfHce of the Customs and Octroi at the
Ch'ung Wen Gate (colloquially, .H^ ^ P^J
Ha^ T'a' :\Ien" or
^ fi^ PT Ilai-^ T'ai^ Men^) ; out-stations of this office are
established in a coidon about PekinG:, at distances ranging from
10 to 30 miles.
In chnrgc of the Head Office of the Customs and Octroi at
the Ch'ung Wen Gate are :
557. # .^ P3 jE Ss # Ch'ung-^ Wcn^ Men' Cheng*
Chien^ Tu^, Superintendout
of the (Customs and Octroi at the
Ch'ung \7en Gate, 'and # ^ p^ gij ^ ^ Ch'ung'' Wen^ Men*
Fu'* Chien' Tu^, Assistant Su-perintendeut of the Customs and
(.)ctroi at the Ch'ung Wen Gate ; both are a]-)pointed by the
Emperor, for a term of one year, from the high
Empire. They are assisted by :
officials of the
558. 2fe S H # Tso^ T* Chieu' Tu\ Superintendent of
the House Tax and Livestock Tax for the East Division of
Peking.
559. ':^ M^i§ ^'"' ^' Chien^ Tu', Sii])erintendent of
the Honse Tax and Livestock Tax for tke West Division of
Peking.
560. ^ ^ PI ^ ii glj f|J' Ch'ung- WGn' Men' Plsiian'
K'o' Fu^ Shih^, Customs Examiner.
560

561
. NATIVE
niESEXT DAY TOLITICAL OIlGANIZATrOX OP^ CHIN'A.
660 561. ^ g| ^ n ^ #
(LAND) CUSTOMS.
Ko* Kuani Shui' K'on^ Chieni
Tu^, Superintendents of the Native (Land) Customs (Barriers).
These officials are in charge of the collection of taxes on goods
imported into China from Mongolia.
56n. M ^ U ^ M Change Chia^ K'ou^ Chien^ TuS
Inspector of Customs at Kalgan.
56lB. ^ )^ U ^ M Sha^ Hu^ K'oii' Chien^ Tu',
Inspector of Customs at Shahuk'ou.
GOVERNMENT GRANARIES.
'562. -^ ^ Ts'ang^ Ch'ang^,
CapitaL These are managed by the :
Government (iranaries at the
563. ^ ^W^M^ f^ Ts'angi Ch'ang^ Tsung^
Tu^ Ya^
Men^, Head Office of the Government Granaries at the Capital.
At the head of this Office are two :
/ 564. m^m'^Mmm^^^^ i^^

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA.
566a. The names of the Granaries at Peking are : 566*
1- :^ ii fi IV T'ung^ Ch'iao^ 2. If ^ ^- Lu* Mi« Ts'ang\ tO
3. m ^. M Nan^ Hsin^ Ts'ang\ 4. ^ ^ ^ Chiu* T'ai^
Ts'angS 5. 4t: ff t" Pei^ Hsin^ Ts'ang', 6. ^ ff ^ Fu*
Hsin^ 'iVangS 7. m ^ :^ Hsin^ P'ing^ Ts'ang', and 8. ^ ^
•
51- Fengi I-* Ts-ang^
567. P^ "^ Nei* Ts'ang\ Court Granaries ; managed by
two ^ ^ Chien^ Tii\ Inspectors.
567a. For particulars as to ^ ;^ fP ^ Ch'a^ Ts'angi Yii*
Shih^, Censors Supervising the Government Granaries, see
No. 214a.
FINANCIAL COLLEGE.
568. n-f ®C P 1: Ts'ai^ Cheng* Hsiieh^ T'ang^; Financial
(Political Economy) College. , The
establishment of this institu-
tion was outlined in a report of the Ministry of Finance, dated
the 26th April, 1907, and detailed regulations, in 50 articles,
were drawn up and submitted to the Throne in a report dated
the 5th ]\[arch, 1909.
The object of the Financial College is the supplying of a
higher financial education for those who are desirous of devoting
themselves to service in the various establishments uhder the
control of the Ministry of Finance, i.e. Banks, Customs, etc.
The College consists of two Sections :
1.
fl< ^ fJ[ Chungi Teng' K'o', Middle b^ection ; with a
course of three years and a curriculum similar to that of Middle
Professional Schools (see No. 598).
The course includes foreign
languages and literature and subjects of general education having
reference to finances.
2. -^ !^ f!j. Kao^ Teng^ K'o', Higher Section ; with a
special course of three years for those who have successfully
completed
the course in the Middle Section. Tliis Section
[ 107 ]
ggg.

669a
PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
669 supplies instruction in special linancial subjects, financial policy,
+Q
financial legislation, etc.
The Financial College also^ maintains a gij f-j- Pieh^ K'o\
Special Course— for persons in the Gorernment service— similar
to the course ol Colleges of Law and Administration (see
No. 623a), a IS^BVf ^\ Shiii* Wu* Clwani i^.^i^
q^^^^.^q ^f
Customs Administration, and a |]| ^7 1^ ^ ^^ Yin- Hang^
Chiang^ Hsi^ K'o\ Banking Com-se.
At the head of the Financial College there is a ^ J^ Chien'
Tu\ Director. He is in charge of a staff made up of one Preceptor
(see No. 636), one Steward (see No. G41), one Inspector of
Dormitories {sec No. 645), an indefinite nuniher of Teachers
(see No. 637), three Proctors (sec No. 646), one Librarian (sec
No. 639), one Secretary (see No. 642), one Accountant (see
No. 643), one Clerk of Works (see No. 644) and one Assistant
Inspector of Dormitories (see No. 647).
IMPERIAL MAUSOLEA.
569. \^M ?M I-'i"8'^ Ch'in^, Imperial Maiisolea ; under the
suj)ervision of the Ministry of Rites.
The Emperors of the reigning (Manchu) Dynasty are
buried in three separate grou^is of mausolea ; one is situated in
Manchuria and the others in Chihli province.
While the is Emperor living his mausoleum is sometimes
euphemistically called ^- ip ^ Jili Wan"* Nien^ Clii' Ti^ " The
HapjDy Land of a Myriad Years."
569a. The group of Imperial Mausolea in Manchuria is
situated near Moidvden and Hsinching and includes H 1^ San^
Ling^,
Three Mausolea :
1.- :^ 1^ Ymig^ Ling^, situated near Hsinching (80 miles
from Moukden) on the hill 1^ M ll]
Chi^ Yihi'' Shan^ Here
are buried the first four Manchu Sovereigns, styled (smcc 1648)
[ ^98 ]

PRESENT DAY PO-LITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA.
from their names in the Temple of i\.ncestors and their 569b
posthumous titles by the following :
A. WMJ^.M, '"J^ Chao^ Tsu3 Yiian^ Huang^ Ti% B.
mmWi^"^ Hsingi Tsu^ Chih^ Huang^ Ti*, G. MmM^'^
Ching3 Tsu=^ I^ Huang* Ti^ and D. .^ Jl ^ ^ 1^ Hsien* Tsu'
Hsiian^ Huang' Ti*.
2. i|^ ^ Fli'^ I^ii^g^s situated seven miles from Moukden on
the hill ^ ;li UJ T'ieni Kuei* Shan^ Here is buried the
Emperor iC M i^ ^ # T'ai* Tsu^ Kao^ Huang^
from his reign as ^ ^
Ti*, known
T'ien^ Ming" (1616-1626).
3. ^1^ ('hao^ Ling^, situated three miles from Moukden
Yeh* Shan^. Here are buried the
on the hill (^^ llj Lung^
Emperor ;*: ^ ^ ^ ?^ T'ai" Tsung^ Wen^ Huang^ Ti^ known
from his reign as ^ ^j| T'ien^ Ts'ungM'^626-1636), and the
Emperor ^ ^§ Ch'ung- Te^ (1636-16-43).
569b. y^ 1^ Tung^ Ling^, The Eastern Imperial Mausolea;
situated 80 miles to the North-east of Peking, in the Department
of ^ fj;^ >j\\ Tsun^ Hua*. They include the following mausolea
of Emperors and Empresses :
1 •
ITS ® [^ Chao^ Hsi^ Ling'' ; situated in the pass ,1| ^ ^^
Ma^ Lan* Yii*. Here is buried the Empress ^ ^ Hsiao*
Chuang' (deceased in 1725), the mother of the Emj^eror j^ jji£
Shih" Tsu'.
2. ^ ^ Hsiao* Ling*. Here a^e buried the Emperor
•^ jjil Shih* Tsu^ known from his reign as jlj^ ^ Shun* Chih*
(1644-1661), and the Empresses ^ J^ Hsiao* Hsien^ and ^ ^
Hsiao* K'ang^
3. ^ 1^ ^ Hsiao* Tung^ Ling*. Here was buried (in
1718) the Empress ^ ^ Hsiao* Hui* (deceased in 1717), the
Consort of the Emperor j^ jji^ Shih* Tsu'.
4< M (^ Ching' Ling*. Here are buried the Emjieror
§S }ji§. Shcng* Tsu', known from his reign as ^ ^B K'ang^ Hsi'
(1662-1722), and four Empresses, i.e. ^ fj,| Hsiao* Ch'eng*,
[ 199 ]

PKKSENT DAY POLlTiCAL OKG ANIZAT-IOX OF CHINA.
569c #ilS Hsiao* Ohao', #|| Hsiao* P, and ^^ Hsiao*,
K una' b •
5. i^ ^ Yii^ Ling-^ Here are buried tlie Emperor ^ ^
Kao^ Tsung', known from his reign as ]5£ ^ Ch'ien"' Liing^
(1736-1795), who died and was buried in 1799, and the
Empresses ^ ^
two
Hsiao* Hsien- and ^ ^ Hsiao* I^.
6- ^1^ Ting* Ling'^ Here are buried the Emperor
X ^ Wen* Tsungi, known from his reign as )^ ^ Hsien' Feng^
(1851-1861), and the Empress ^- ff. Hsiao* Te^.
7- ^ ^ !^ Ting* Tung^ Ling^ Here are buried the
Empresses ^ ^ Hsiao* (3hen^ (deceased in 1881) and ^ ^
Hsiao* Ch'in^ (deceased in 1908), the consorts of the Emperor
^ ^ Wen^ Tsung^ The former (by name ,^ ^ Tz'u^ An^^) is
buried at a place called ^ f^ H^ P'u^ Hsiang^ Yii* and the latter
(by name ^, H Tz'u^ Hsi^) at 1^ ^t Hl^ ^'^^' T'o" Yii*.
8- ^1^ Hni* Ling-. Here are buried tlie Emperor ^
^ Mu* Tsung^, knoAvn from his reign as [p] '/^ T'ung- Ohih*,
(1862-1875), and the, Empress ^ @ Hsiao* Che'
569c. M 1^ Hsi^ Ling-, Western Imperial Mausolea ;
situated 93 miles to the South-west of Peking in the Department
of ^ #1 I* ChouS in a valley formerly called j^ ^ jH^ T'ai*
P'ing- Yii*, its name was changed, in 1736, to ^ ^ l[\ Yung*'
Ning^ Shan\ " Mountains of Eternal Peace."
This group of Imperial '^'ausolea includes those of Emperors
and Empresses
as follows :
1- M ^M T'ai* Ling'"'. Here are. buried the Emperor "{^;
^ Shih* Tsung\ known from his reign as |g ]£ Yung^ Cheng*,
(1723-1735), and the Empress ^ ^^ Hsiao* Ching*.
2. M'MM 'i^'ai* Tungi Ling^ Here is buried the
Empress ^^ Hsiao* Sheng* (deceased and buried in I777j,
the consort of the Emporor "tH; ^ 8hih* Tsung^
[ 200 ]
"

I'ltKSKXT, DAY POLITICAL (MIG ANIZ ATION OF CHINA.
3. ^ [^ ("h'ang-^ Liiig-^ Here are buried the Emperor 570
fll ^ .I'^'ir Tsung'^, known from lils reign as ^- ^ Chia^ Cli'ing'*,
(179()-1820), and the Empress 0. ^^ Hsiao* Shu-'.
4. ^M^ Ch'angi Hsi^ Ling^ Here is Luried the
Empress ^ fjj Hsiao* Ho'^ (deceased in 1849 ; buried in 1853),
the Co))sort of the Emperor {^ ^ Jen^ Tsung'.
•5- 1^ d^ ^i"* Ling--. Here are buried the Emperor ^ ^
Hsiian^ Tsung', known from his reign as j^ ;)^ Tao' Kuang'^
(1821-1850), and the Empresses ^ ^ Hsiao* Mu* ^ '\fi^
Shell* and ^ ^
6- Su; ^ lit
Hsiao* Ch'iiau^
Hsiao*
^In'^ Tung-^ Ling^. Here is buried the
Empress ^ ^ Hsiao* Ching* (deceased in 1855 ; buried
in 1857), tlie Consort of tlie Emperor ^ ^ HsLian-
Tsung-',
'' ^
I^ Ch'ung^ Ijing*. Here is buried the Emperor
^, ^ Te'^ Tsung', known from his reign as ^^^ |^ Kuang^ Hsii*
(1875-1908). For full details sec No. 189.
570." ^KMWi-J^ \»^ ['T Ch'eng^ Pan* 8hih* Wu* Ya^ Men^
Office of the Imperial Mausolea. The |,^ ^ Tsimg^ Kuan^,
Controller-General of the Banner Garrison,
is at the head of this
office, l)eing styled (as regards its affairs) ^ ^ ^ J^ A S
Shou^ Hu* Ling" Ch'in^ Ta' Ch'en^. For each group of Mausolea
in Cliihli there is one Office of the Imperial Mausolea (at the
Eastern and at the Western Mausolea).
To the Chief of the Office of the Imperial ^Mausolea there
is attached a staff of officials deputed from the Ministry of Rites
(I[> fl' Lang= Chung', Department Directors, ^ ^Y ^ Yiian'^
Wai* Lang^, Assistant Department Directors and 5^ ^ Chu^
Shih*, Secretaries, and officials of the >tC '?^ ^ T'ai* Ch'ang-
Ssu\ Department of Sacrificial Worship — see No. 382b) and
from the Imperial Household (fp) ^ J£ Shang* Ch'a- Cheng*,
Chief Cup-bearers, f^} |^ jE Shang* Shan* Cheng*, Chief
Trencher Knight {see No. 91), [^ '^ f^ Nei* Kuau^ Ling^
[ -'01 ]

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
571 OverseerSj, glj pg ^ ^^ Fu* Nei* Kiian^ Li"g^ Assistant
to
gyg
Overseers see No. 85), etc.
For the General supervision of each group of Imperial
]\Iausolea there are deputed two or three Department Directors
(or Assistant Department Directors) from the Ministry of
Rites.
571. |J^ ^ %t V] Li»g' Cli'in' Chu^ Fang^ {see No. 743i{;,
Garrisons at the Imperial Mausolea ; charged with the- gniarding
of Imperial Mausolea.
At the head of each Garrison there is a (^ |j^ ||i ^ Ling^
Ch'in^ Tsung^ Kuan^, Controller-General ; 3a. He is assisted
by an f^ ^ glj li ^ Ling^ Ch'in^ Fu'' Tsung^ Kuan^, Assistant
Controller-General ; 4a, a f^ ^ ^ ;g Ling^ Ch'in^ I* Chang^
Brigadier ; 4a, f^ ^ V^ ^ Ling' Ch'in^ Fang'' YuS Captains,
and other officials of the same grades as tnose of provincial
Banner gan'isons {see No. 746).
571 A. In addition to the officials mentioned above, for
the supervision of repairs to, and the maintena,nce in order of,
Imperial Mausolea there are the following :
1. 1^ Iti Rj X |£ Ling'^ Ch'in^ Ssu^ Kung^ Chiang^
Overseers of Works at the Imperial Mausolea ; 4a,
2. Wm^'^'^m'^m-TL'^ L^g-
Ch'ln^ Kuan^ Li^
Shao^ Tsao^ Chuan^ Wa^ Kuan^, Overseers of Brick and Tile
Making for the Imperial Mausolea ; oa, and
3. ^ 5i ^ jjiB #t /I 'B* Ling' Ch'in^ Chi^ Ssu* Kung^ Ying^
Kuan\ Commissioner of Sacrifices at the Imperial Mausolea ; 6a.
METROPOLITAN TEMPLES,—SACRIFICES,- BUDDHISM,
TAOISM AND SHAMANISM.
572. The Ministry of Eites {see No. 376) not only has
the general supervision of temples but also directs the sacrifices
performed therein.
[ 202 ]

TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Saci'ilices are of three grades :
1.
;/c jjiS Ta'* Ssu*, Great Sacrifices (at Tphich jade, silk
tissues and animals are offered),
2. 4> jjiQ Chn.ng^' Ssu*, also ^ jjijl Tz'u* Ssii^ Superior
Sacrifices (at which silk tissues and animals are offered), and
3. ^" /Ig Ch'iin^ Ssu*, also /J'* jjig Hsiao^ Ssu*, Inferior
Saci'ifices (at which animals are offered).
Great Sacrifices are performed at :
1. ^ if T'ien^ T'an\ The Altar or Temple of Heaven (also
called ^ 5([5 Nan- Chiao^, The Southern Suburbs ; erected in
1420) ; three times : yearly
A. In the first moon, the so-called jfj^ ^ Ch'i"' Ku^, Prayer
for a Bountiful Harvest, at the §f ^i |S^ Ch'i^ Nien- Tien\ Altar
of Supplication for a Bountiful Harvest,
B. In the fourth moon, the so-called §p ^Q ^^^" Ssu*,
Prayer for Kain (also ^ ^Ch'ang^ Yii^), at the gj £ Yiiau^
Ch'iuS Round Hill, and
C. In the eleventh' moon, because of the Winter Solstice
(^ g Tung^ Chill*), at the jf £ Yiian^ Ch'iui, Round
Hill.
2. At the ^ Jg Ti* T'an'-, Altar or Temple
of Earth
(also ^ ^f ±1 Fangi Tse^ T'an^, Altar with the Square Cistern,
or 4ti ^15 J^^ci^ Chiao', Northern Subin-bs) ; in the fifth moon ;
because of the Summer Solstice, g ^ Hsia* Chih* (this temple
was built in 1530).
3. At the jt^, M
Ancestors of the Reigning Dynasty) ;
T'ai* Miao^ Great Temple (or Temple of
five times a year :
A. In the first moon, because of the ^ ^ Meng* Ch'un\
Beginning of Spring,
B. In the foiu-th moon, because of the ^ § Meng* Hsia*,
Beginning of Summer,
C. In the seventh moon, because of the ;^ ^ Mcng*
Ch'iu\ Beginning of Autumn,
[ 203 ]

itESENT DAY rOLlTJCAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.
D. In the tenth moon, because of the ^ ^ Meng"* Tung',
Beginning of Winter, and
E. In the twelfth moon, because of tlie i^ ^ Nien*
(;hung\ End of the Year, the so-called ^i^ ^ lisia'^ Chi*.
4. At the jjri: ^ if She^ Chi^ T'an', Altar of the Spirits
She and « jhi (Spirits — Patrons of the Dynasty) ; twice yearly :
^- § jjit Ch'un' She*, in the second or third moon, and
B. '^ jjtt Ch4u^ Slie', in the eighth moon.
5. At the % Ifi Wen2 ]\Iiao*, or JL 36 lH K'i"ig^ Sheng*
Miao*, Temple of Confucius, also ^ ^ Kuo^ Hsiieh^, State
School (;$t % JL ^ Hsieni Shih^ K'ung^ Tzu^) ; twice
yearly :
. A.
In the second moon (the so-called ^ ^ Ch'un^
Chi', Spring Sacrifice), and B. In the eightli. moon (the
so-called ^^ ^ Ch'iu^ Chi', Autumn Sacrifice). Superioi^
Sacrifices are offered :
1. At the ^ tf if Chaoi Jih* T'an^, Altar of the
Morning Sun ; once a year ; on the ^ ^ Ch'un' Fen\ Spring
Equinox.
2. At the ^ ^ if Hsii Yiieh* T'an^, Altar of the
Evening Moon once a ; year ; on the jfjH; ^ Ch'iu^ Fen', Autumn
Equinox (in the eighth moon).
3. At the Ig ft ^ 2 Li=^
jti Tai* Ti* Wang^ Miao* (or
%^W\ Ti^ Wang^ Miao^), Temple of the Emperors of all
Dynasties (built in 1522), twice yearly :
A. In the third moon (the so-called ^ ^ Ch'im^ Chi'„
Spring Sacrifices),, and B. In the ninth moon (the so-called
j^ ^ Ch'iu' Chi', Autumn Sacrifice).
4. At the 5t M if .Hsien' Nung=' T'an^
Father of Agriculture ; once a year ;
•
in the third moon.
Altar of the
5. At the 5t ffi M Hsien'^ Ts'an^ T'an^ Altar of the
Mother of Agriculture ; once a year; in the third moon (this
altar was built in 1742).
[ 204 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL CRGAXIZATIOX OF CTIINA.
6. At the ^ |1|I if T'ien^ Sheir T'an^, Altar of tlie
HeaA'enly Spirits ; in case oi: natural calamities.
7. At the i^ jjijj jf Ti* Ch'i- T'an^, .Vltar of the Spirits of
Earth ; in case of natural calamities. (The Altars of the
HeaA^enly Spirits and the Spirits of Earth bear the general
name of jjjlp fj^il Shen^ Ch'i^ T'an^).
8. At the -jlsCMM T'ai* Sui^ T'an-, Altar of Jupiter
(King of the Year) ; tAvice yearly, i.e. in tlie first and twelfth
moons.
Four of the latter-mentioned altai's, i.e. those of the Father
of Agricultiu'e, of the Spirits of Heaven and J">arth, and of
Jupiter, are situated in the Temple of Agriculture,
which is also
known as the [1] j|j |g Shan^ Ch'uan^ T'an", Temple of
Mountains and Kivers.
Inferior Sacrifices are offered :
1. At the 5t ^ ii Hsien^ I' Miao\ Teni])le
Physicians of
eleventh moons.
.Antiquity; twice a year;
of Famous
in the second and
2. At the ^ IP If] Huo^ Shcn- :\Iiao-', Tem])le of the God
of Fire ; once a year ; in the sixth moon.
3. At the ^ ^ i5 Wen2 Ch'ang^ :Miao\ Temple
of the
Patron of Education ; twice a year ; in the second and eighth
moons,
4. At the II ^ }$\ Kuan' Ti^ :\liao% Temple of the
General |§ ^^ Kuan^ Yii", three times yearly ; in tlie second,
fifth and eighth moons.
o. At the ^ % fgl Hsicn^ Liang'' Tz'a', Temple of
Eminent Statesnten (those \\h() lia^c rendei-ed great service to the
present Dynasty ; founded in 1734); twice yeai-ly : in the second
and eighth moons.
6. At the Hg ^, ig Chao^ Chung^ Tz'n", Temple of
Zealots of the Dynasty (founded in 1724); twice a year; in the
second and eighth moons.
[
2or. ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
7. At the ^ j^^ ID Slniaiig^ Chung^ Tz'u^ ; twice yearly ;
in the second and eighth moons.
8. At the ^ * 1^ Chiang^ Chung^ Tz'n^ ; twice yearly ;
in the second and eighth moons.
9. At the ^ ,^» ID l^ao^ Chung^ Tz'u^; twice yearly;
in the second and eighth moons.
10. At the j^ j^^ ID Hsien^ Chung^ Tz'u'^; twice a year;
in the second and eighth moons.
11. At the ^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAI^IZATION OF CHINA.
Ch'in^ Hsiangi Kung\ f^ ^ ^ Ch'iieh^ HsP Kung\ and ^ g 573
S Wen^ Hsiang^ Kung^ ^q
27. At the ^ H^ ^ Be T'ai* Miao* Hou^ Tien*, Eear
Hall of the Temple of Ancestors (see above) ; on the first day of
the first moon and, also," on the birthdays of the Emperor (the
thirteenth day of the "first moon) and the Empress Dowager
(the tenth day of the first moon).
28. At the ^ ^ ^ Hsien^ Yu* KungS Temple
of the
Polar Star (founded in 1415) ; on the birthdays of the Emperor
and the Empress Dowager.
29. At the :^ ^^ Tung^ Yiieh* Miao*, Temple
of the
Eastern Sacred Mountain (built in 1317); on the birthdays
of the Emperor and the Empress Dowager.
30. At the
|f> j^ 1^ j^' Tui Ch'eng2 Huang" Miao*,
(commonly called i^ ^ ]§] Ch'eng^ Huang^ Miao* ; compare No.
573b), Temple of the Patron of the City; on the birthdays of
the Emperor and the Empress Dowager.
At the Temples and Altars there are found ^ /jig
Ssu'^,
Feng^
Priests, jji[] ^ Ssu* Ch'eng^, Assistant Priests and a staff of
officials of the fourth to sixtli ranks.
573. In China, in addition to the predominant religion
M ^k '^^^^ Chiao*, Confucianism (also ^ ^ Ming" Chiao* or
^ WL Sheng* Chiao"*), there are the recognized genei^l religions
of #, ^ Fo" Chiao* (also f^ ^ Shih* Chiao*) Buddhism, and
5^ ^ Tao* Chiao*, Taoism. With a view to control of the
priesthood of these religions there exist certain official ranks.
573a. fS" 11^ "3) Seng^ Lu* Ssu^, Superior
of the Buddhist
Priesthood. Two office bearers invested with this title are
appointed in each district, department and prefecture throughout
the Empire, as principal and deputy, the chief being designated
as IE ffl Cheng* Yin*, or principal,
and the second in order as
51J £p Fu* Yin*, or Deputy, Holder of the Seal. These appoint-
ments are made by the local authorities from the leading abbots
E -^07 ]
573a

KKSKXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
573» Oj i^ Fang' Chang*)
of the monasteries and are submitted for
approval, when made by subordinate officials, to the provincial
government. The Superior acts as a medium of communication
between the secular authorities and the priesthood, and depending
on the I'ank of the territorial division with which he is (concerned,
bears one of the following distinctive titles :
1. f^ 1^ Song^ Kang\ Superior
of the Buddhist Priest-
hood in a Prefecture ;' 9b (the full title is ff ||i| % ^^ '^ Seng'
Kang^ Ssu^ Tu' Kang'),
2. f^ JE Seng' Cheng*, Superior
hood in a Department, and
3. f^ ^ Seng' Hui*, Superior
in a District.
of the Buddhist Priest-
of the Biiddhist Pi-iesthood
In addition to the foregoing, in the Buddhist priesthood
there are the following ranks (they are very little, if at all, used
at present) :
1- "&. ^ ^ Tso' Shan* Shih* Principal Preceptor, and
^ ?^ "RI ^"'''' Shan* Shih*, l^econdary Preceptor ; 6a,
2- l£ IW i^ '^so^ Ch'an* Chiao^ Principal Preacher, and
"^ WiW* ^^^* Ch'an* Chiao*, Secondary Preacher ;
^^ M ^^^* Chiang'' Ching', Secondary Expositor ; 8a, and
3. ^ ^ if^ 'Iso^ Chiang^ Ching', Principal Expositor, and
"^^ i
6 b,
M ^ l^so^ Chiieh^ l\ Principal Clerk, and :^ -^ ^
Yu* Chiieh^ I*, Secondary Clerk ; 8b.
573b. In the Taoist priesthood the primacy appertains to
the hereditary patriarch ^g ^^ fjfj Chang' T'ien' Shih', so-called
Heavenly Master Chang— in whose body it is believed the spirit
of one of the earliest of the Taoist mystics has taken up its
abode. This Patriarch (called also jE — ft A Cheng' I* Chen'
Jen^) resides on the hill f^J^\\\ Lung^ Ju^ Shan', in the
district of -g; ^^ 1^ Kuei* Ch'ii Hsien*, jX 03 Kiangsi province.
Excepting the foiegoing, the organization of the Taoist priesthood
is similar to that of the Buddhist priesthood (compare
[ 208 ]

TKESliXT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF X^HINA.
ISTo. 573a). Tlnis, in each district, department and prefecture 573c
there ai-e two ^ 1^ W] Tao* Lu^'^Ssn^ Superiors of the Taoist
Priesthood, bearing, from the rank of the territorial division to
which tliey appertain, one of the following distinctive titles :
1- M^^ '^'''lo*

PEESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
of sacrifices to Heaven (according- to the doctrine of the Shamans,.
Heaven is xmderstood to be the ])ower ruling the world— God) and tO'
the Saints-^as Saints are considered those who benefited mankind
during their lives and continue to benefit mankind after death.
In Peking Shanianic services are held at the :
1.
il[l ^ ^ K'un^ Ning- Kung', Palace of the Empress or
Shaiaanic Chapel (daily), and
2. ^ -p T'ang^ Tzu^, Shamanic Temple (founded in 1664;.
monthly).
A peculiarity of Shamanic places of Avorship is the absence
of any sacred vessels or ornaments and the simplicity of their
exterior (^ |I^ T'iao* Shen^, to practice Shamanism ; to dance
before an idol and invoke the sjiirits).
As the Empress, in whose presence no rnan may appear,
sometimes attends Shamanic services, sacrifices at both places of
worshi]} mentioned abo^e are, for the most part, offered by
women— Sliamanic Priestesses and Sub-priestesses (colloquially
called, iiyi :*: :;?: Sa^ Man^ T'ai^ T'ai^; see No. 79c).
. The staff of Shamanic priestesses of the Court numbers
twelve ; they are usually the \vi\es of members of the Imperial
Bodyguards. For theii' services they receive nothing but the
dresses used and they arc calleil, officially, fi] 15^ Ssu^ Chu*,
Headers of Prayers. Also, there are : 1. '^^ a] M. M \
Ssu' Tsu^ Fu'* Jen^, Sliamanic Sub-priestesses or Supervisors of
Sacrificial Attributes, 2. 37 p} '^ l§ A Ssu^ Tui^ Fu^ Jen^.
SxjperA-isors of Powdering of Bark, and 3. 19 p] ^ ^a? A ^^u^
Hsiang^ Fu' Jen"', Supervisors of the Preparation of Incense (for
Shamanic services) ; these arc wives of the Palace soldiers and
receive from one half a tael to two taels and a bag of rice per
month from the Court.
In 1747 a mass-book for the Shamanic service was
published (in the Manchu language) called " Hosei T'okt'opuha
Manchu-sai Vechere Medere Cooli Pitho."
[ 210. ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
EDUCATION,
574. Until the beginning of the present century education
in China was principally based on assiduous study of the clacsics
and their numerous commentaries, the knowledge of which was
tested by general examinations of three leading grades (in the .
prefectural cities, the provincial capital, and, finally, in Peking)
and, when recognized as satisfactory, furnished the lucky
candidate with a pa.>^s])ort to the public service. With such a
system tliere was, of course, no instruction in the applied
sciences ; exen a knowledge of history and geography was required
only so far as necessary to commenting on places mentioned in
the classics, these studies having a j)lace similar to that of Greek
and Latin in om* schools furnishing instruction in the ancient
languages.
The defects nnd impc^rf ections of this system were at last
recognized by the Chinese Government and, among other reforms
undertaken after the Boxer movement, it was resolved, in 1903,
to make gradual changes in educational affairs, following the
methods serving as the basis of the educational systems of other
countries.
The first step in the direction indicated was the establishment
of the ^ f^ ^ Hsiieh- Wu* Ch'u*, Committee of Educational
Affairs (compare No. 406 ; until this time all matters concerning
education were in the hands of the Ministry- of liites— compare
Kos. 376 and 395).
At the head of the Committee there was placed a ||1 ^
Tsung' Li', Superintendent, and to liina there were attached two
]M embers of the Committee
^ ^ :^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL, ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Chihi-tiing*, Governor-General of Hnkuang (now dead), were
simultaneously directed to compile a new scheme of education, to
draw up regulations for schools and colleges, to define the type
of educational institutions from the character of the subjects and
sciences taught (common, professional and special), and to-
determine the grade of the education attained on completion of
the courses of the educational establishments (elementary,
primary, middle, higher, etc.). The results of the laboiu- of the
officials mentioned took the form of a voluminous report (with
20 enclosures)
which has since served as the basis of all
educational advancement in China. This report not only laid
down genei-al principles but also expanded regulations for schools
and colleges of the most divergent types, beginning with
elementary schools and reaching to the "Academy of Sciences"
which, in China, is not the highest "institution of science" but,
rather, a high institution of learning where those who wish, after
completion of their university courses, may extend their knowledge.
On the 13th January, 1904, the report was sanctioned by the
Emperor and a Decree to this effect was i'^'^ued the same day.
By the new scheme of education all schools in China may be
classed, from the type, of education suppled, into the following
four groups :
A. General Educational Institutions ; supplying ^ jM ^^ W
P'u^ T'ung^ Chiao* Yii'*, General Education ; elementary schools,
primary schools of the senior and junior grades, middle schools,
higher schools, uniAersities, etc. {see Nos. 575 to -595).
B. Professional Educational Institutions ; supplying ^ ^
^ ^ Shih"^ Yell* Chiao* Yii*, Professional Education ;
agricultural, industrial and commercial schools of all classes (see
Nos. 598 to 617).
G. Normal Schools ; supplying $\f]^gfi'^
Yii*, Pedagogic Education; normal
junior grades {see Nos. 618 to 620).
[ 212 ]
'
Shih^ Fan* Chiao*
schools of the senior and

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
D. Special Educational Institutions ; supplying ^ P^ ^^ 575
Chuan^ ]Men^ Cliiao* Yi\*, Special Education ; colleges of all tO
types, i.e. Interpreters, Foreign Languages, Law, etc. (see Nos.
621 to 627).
ELEMENTARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOLS.
575. ^ ^ [^ Meng- Yang^ Yiian*, Elementary Schools
or Preparatory Schools for Infants (from 3 to 7 years of age).
These schools aim at furnishing a substitute for 'M^ ^"^k ^
Chia^ T'ing^ Chiao* Yii^, Home Instruction, to the extent
required by the educational regulations for admittance to
Elementary Schools. They are the nearest approach to the
^ li H Yu* Chih* YUan^ (also :^ |i ^ Yu* Chih^ She*),
Kindergartens, of foreign countries.
Elementary Schools are established at ^ ^ ^ Yii'' Y^ing^
T'ang^ Orphan Asylums, and at |j^ fi^ ^ Clung* Chieh=^ T'ang\
Widows Homes, and sessions, of not more than four hours
duration, are held daily under the direction of ^L $m ^^^^ Ao*,
.Wetnurses, and f^ ^: Pao' Mu', Nuises.
At the head of each Elementary School there is a ji^ U
Y'iian* Tung^, Director.
5 75 A. ^ ^ ^ Mcng' Hsiieh' T'ang^, Elementary
Schools ; the proposed establishment of these schools was not
carried out as it was seen that they would be of practically the
same type as the Elementary Schools mentioned above.
576. ''J'* ^ Hsiao^ Hsueh^, Primary Schools ; including
|g ^ /|> ^ ^ Ch'u^ Teng3 Hsiao^, Hsueh^ T'ang^ (also •
^ ^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
577 577". At the initiative of the ]Ministry of Education, and
to sanctioned by Imperial Edict of the 15th May, 1909^ Primary
R7'7a
Schools of the Junior Grade were reformed so as to provide
three courses of i.e. study, 1. ^^ 7f4 Wan^ ( h'ijan'^ K'o\ Full
Course of five years, and 2 and 3. ^j ^ ^Jj- Thien^ I* K'o^,
Abridged Course of three and four years. Accordingly, there are
now three types of Primary Schools of the Junior Grade :
1 • tJ ¥ ^h ^ ^ ^ ^ fi Ch'ii^ I'eng^
Hsiao^ Hsiieh^
T'ang' Wan^ Ch'iian'^ K'o', Primary Scliool of the Junior Grade
giving Full Course of Study.
2. pg ^ IS ^J> ^ ii ^ f[
^'s"' JN'icn^ Chi' Hsiao' Hsiieh^
Chien^ I* K'o^, Primary School of the Junior Grade with
Abridged Course of four years, and
3. H ^ IS ^h ^ f^ ^ ^-4
San' Xien^ Chi* Hsiao' Hsiieh^
Chien' I* K'o^, Primaiy School of the Jmiior Cirade with
Abridged Course of three years.
The number of subjects taught was reduced from eight to
five (history, geography and the natural sciences were discarded ;
ethics, literatiu-e, arithmetic, the classics and callisthenics were
retained) and [{j| ^; ^,>f Sui^ I* K'o', Optional Subjects were
introduced (manual training, drawing, music and singing).
On completion of the coiu'se of stiid}" of the Primary
Schools of the Jimior Grade, ])upi]s proceed
Schools {see below) or to :
to Professional
577a. i^ ^ /{> Ǥ ^ Kao^ Teng' Hsiao' Hsiieh' T'ang^,
Primarv Schools of the Senior Grade. These schools furnish
instruction in the same subjects as do the Primary Schools of the
tlunior Grade, but more thoroughly and to a greater number of
hours per week (36 instead of 30),
years.
Their coiu-se of study covers
Primary Schools are established in cities, towns, villages
and marts (of the Jimior Grade, obligatory ; of the Senior Grade,
optional) according to the following
scheme :
[ 2U ] .

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Irr administrative centres of departments and districts the 577b
establishment of at least one Primary School of the Senior Grade tO
is obligatory, the establishment of Primary Schools of the Junior 577a
Grade iu these centres, as well as the establishment of. Primary
Schools of both grades in other administrative centres, is
obligatory, to a number depending on the population
places.
of these
Besides '^ j^ Kuan^ Li*, Government Schools, the founding
^^ ^ iL Kung^ Li*, Municipal, and ^J^ j^ Ssu^ Li*, Private, ^
iSchools is urged by the Government.
577b. For a Primary School (of either grade) there is
A ^ ^ Hsiao* Chang', Director {see No. 635a), who has a staff
made up of j£ ^ ^ Cheng* Chiao* Yiian^, Teachers {see No.
'^''^7), gij ^ ^ Fu* Chiao* Ylian', Assistant Teachers (see No.
>638) and 1 to 2 ^ ^ Ssu^ Shih*, Secretaries {see No. 650).
577c. Satisfactory completion of the course of a Primary
School of the Senior Grade carries with it the following
privileges :
Those who complete the course with one of the first three
ratings (1st, 2nd or 3rd) may, after a test examination, join the
Middle Schools, Normal Schools of the Junior Grade, or Middle
Professional Schools. Should they join one of these, and
complete the course, they receive the degree ]^ ^ Lin^ Sheng^,
if they attain the fij'st rating, i§ ^ Tseng^ Sheng\ if they
lattain the second rating, and jJ^ ^ Fu* Sheng^, if they attain
the third rating {see Nos. 629a and 631) ; should they attain, the
fourth rating, they are detained with the degree -^ ^ I*^Sheng^,
"for continued study and, should they again fail to qualify for
one of the three first ratings and be unwilling to remain another
year, they receive a document certifying that they have
completed the course of study of a Primary School of the Senior
Grade. Those who attain the fifth rating merely receive a list
of their examination marks.
[ 215 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
578 578. 2^ ^ Nil' HsUeh^ Female Schools. A scheme for
the establishment of such schools was brought foi-war(l by the
Ministry of Educatipn in 1907 (sanctioned by the Emperor on,
the 8th March, 1907), it being clearly recognized
that the
domestic education mapped out for females in the educational
programme of 1903 was incomplete, provision being made for the
founding of "/c ^ ^h ^ 'M Nii' Tzu^ Hsiao^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^,,
Female Primary Schools, to include, as in the case of male schools :
1. iC^^^^b^^. Nii^ Tzu' Ch'u^ TOng^ Hsiao'
Hsiieh* T'ang-, Female Primary Schools of the Junior
Grade,
2. -tC ^ M^4^^^ Nii^' Tzu3 Kao^ Teng' Hsiao'
Hsiieh^ T'ang-, Female Primary Schools of the Senior Grade,
and
3. ^TM^ 'b!^^ Nu3 Tzu' Liang' Teng' Hsiao'
Hsiieh' T'ang'', Female Primary Schools of the Junior and
Senior Grades, when both grades are combined in one
establishment (see No. 576).
Female Primary Schools of the Junior Grade accept as
pupils girls of from seven to 14 years of age ; the course of
study covers four years and from 24 to 28 hours of instructioa
are given weekly ; Female Primary Schools of the Senior Grade
accept as pupils girls of from 11 to 14 years of age ; the course
of study covers four years and from 28 to 30 hours of instruction
are given weekly.
Schools of the junior grade furnis^i instruction in ethics,
literature, arithmetic, handiwoi'k and callisthenics. Also,
instruction is given in drawing, music and singing to those who
desire it.
Schools of the senior grade follow the same programme as
do those of the junior grade with the exception that the history
and geography of China, natural sciences and drawing are added
to the obligatory studies.
[ 216 ]

'
\
PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Fn charge of each Female School is a ^' ^ T'ang^ Chang', 579
Head Schoolmistress, whose staff consists of JH ^ ^ Cheng''
Chiao* Hsi% Schoolmistresses, glj |^ ^ Fu* Chiao* Hsi^
Assistant Schoolmistresses. General affairs are attended to by
a ^f JM Ching^ Li3, Manager^ a ^ =0, Shu^ Chi*, Clerk, and a
^, f^ M ^'^liii^ Wii^ Yiian^, Steward (the latter two officials are
fomid only at schools with a large enrollment ; most schools
having a Manager only). j
579. To the number of Primary Schools there must be
added the following :
Schools ;
1. ^ ^ ^ ^, Meng2 Yang' Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Elementary
established in the Dependencies of China and having a
course of study similar to that of Primary Schools of the Junior
Grade (see No. 577).
2. ^: g ^ ^ Pan* Jih* Hstieh^ T'ang^ Half-day Schools
(holding sessions part of the day only— in the morning, the
afternoon or the evening, as the students have leisui-e time), with
a course of stiidy similar to that of Primary Schools of the
Junior Grade. These schools are found in the majority of cities
of China proper. The Acting Imperial Agent, ^ ^ San^ To^,.
at K'urun (Urga) urged that these schools be established in
Mongolia and Outer China in general with a view to spreading
the study of Chinese amongst the population of these places ;
this scheme was, however, not act^ed upon as, owing to the
existence of schools of the type ^ ^ ^ ^ Meng^ Yang'
Hsiielr T'ang^, it Avas feared that the enrollment would be
insufficient.
3. H la ^ ^ Mu^ Fan* Hsiieh^ T'ang^ also, ^ tti ^
^ :Mu2 Fan* Hsiieh^ Shu^ :Model Schools. These schools,
with a course of study of Primary Schools of the Junior Grade,
aie established at provincial capitals to serve as a model for
Primary
Schools of the Junior Grade.
[ 217 ]

TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA4
680 4. ^ M si ^ ^ (^) ^ Chien^ F Shih^ Tzu' Hsiieh
(T'ang') Shu^ Schools for Teaching the Commonly Used
Chinese Characters. According to the programme
of constitu-
tional reforms, schools of this type were to be inaugiu-ated in
1909 and the number of characters taught was to be reduced
to a minimum— special manuals to be prepared by the Ministry
of Education. By regulations prepared by the Ministry of
Education, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 10th January,
1910, these schools were estabhshed for illiterate adults and
children of the poor, with a course of from one to three years, two to
three lessons daily, and gratuitous instruction. The text books
used are the m Pj ^ "P M ^^ Chien^ I^ Shih* Tzu' K'o^ Pen^
Manuals of Common Characters, and the ^ ^ i^t fR ^ ^
Kuo2 Min- Pi* Tu2 K'o* Pen^ Popular Science Manuals, and
there is some instruction in arithmetic. Those who complete
the course of three years may join Primary Schools £)i the Junior
Grade (see No. 57.7) in the class Avhich has already completed
three years of the course.
5- ± p1 ^ ^ T'u^ Ssu^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^
Schools for
Native Tribes; these are established in provinces where native
tribes are found (for instance, in Kuangsi ; sec report of the
Governor ^^ |I^j ilp^ Chang^ Ming^-ch'i\ dated the 5th November,
1909), with a view to the training of a staft' of officials from the
V tribesmen themselves.
6. Particulars as to /\ :^ ^J> fi ^
Pa^ < "h'i^ Hsiao'
Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Primary Schools for Bannermen, and f£ |^ ]^
^/>^^ (hu^ Fang2 Man^- Ying' Hsiao^ Hsiieh^ T'ang',
Primary Schools at the Manchu Garrisons are given in Nos.
717a and 717b.
MIDDLE SCHOOLS.
580. Ffl ^ ^ Chung^ Hsiieh=^ T'ang^, Middle Schools ;
for those who have completed the course of Primary
[ 218 ]
Schools of

I'RESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
the Senior Grade {see No. 577a); with a course of study of five 581
yearp and 36 hours instruction weekly. These schools are tO
established in prefectural cities (obligatory) and in departmental koo
and district towns (optional). The enrollment o£ each is
between 300 and 400 students, who follow a course of study
similar to that of Noi'mal Schools of the Junior Grade {see
No. 61-8)., with the exception that much nioi^e stress is laid on
the study -of foreign languages.
581. By a Memorial from the Ministry of Education,
sanctioned by the Emperor on the 15th May, 1909, the
•oi'ganization of Middle Schools was revised so as to supply two
•distinct courses of : 1 . study ^ ^if Wen' K'o\ Classical
Course, and 2. '^ f'J- Shih* K'o', Scientific Course. The
•Classical Course comprises the following subjects :
A. Major Subjects : The Classics and commentaries,
Chinese language and literature, foreign -languages (English or
German— by choice— and, also, others when local surroundings
seem to demand them), history and geography.
B. Minor Subjects: Ethics, mathematics, physics, natural
history, jurisprudence, political economy, drawing and callisthenics.
The Scientific Course comprises the following subjects :
A. Major Subjects: Foreign Innguagcs, mathematics,
physics, chemistry, and natural history.
B. Minor Subjects : Ethics, the Classics, and their
commentaries, Chinese language and literatine, history, geography,
drawing, manual training, jurisprudence, jwlitical economy and
callisthenics.
In addition to the above-mentioned subjects, both courses
supply instruction in music and singing
to those Avho desire it.
582. At the head of each Middle School there is a
Director {see No. 635); insti-uction is supplied by Teachers
(^see No. 637). Also, there are one Librarian (one of the
Teachers sec No. 639), one Secretary {see No. 642), one
[ 219 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
582a Accountant (see No. 643), one Steward (see No. 641) and
to two Proctors (at schools where there are dormitories, see-
N«- 646)of
the course of the Middle
583
582a. Satisfactory completion
Schools carries with it the following privileges :
Those who complete the course with one of the first
three ratings (first, second or third) may, after a test
examination, join the Higher Schools, Normal Schools of the
Senior Grade and Higher Professional Schools. Should they
join one of these, and complete the course they receive
the degree ^ ^ Pa^ Kung'*, if they attain the first
rating, f^ ^* Yu^ Kung*, if they attain the second, and
^ ^ Sui- Kung^ if they attain the third (see Nos. 629 and
631); should the}' attain the fourth rating, they are. detained for
continued study, with the degree f^ /^ /^ Yu^ Lin^ Sheng^,
and, should they again fail to qualify for one of the three first
ratings and be unwilling to remain another year, they receive a
document certifying they that have completed the course of study
of a Middle School. Those who attain the fifth rating merely
receive a list of their examination marks.
HIGHER SCHOOLS.
583. i^^^l: Kao^ Teng^ HsiJelr T'ang^, Higher Schools;
for those who have completed the course of study of Middle
Schools (sec Nos. 580 to 582) ; having
36 hours of insti-uction
weekly and a course of study of three years. These schools are
established at the provincial capitals, each with an enrollment of
from 300 to 500 scholars, and their raison d'etre is the prepara-
tion of students for the University.
The Higher Schools have three courses of study ; subjects
obligatory in all courses are : ethics, the essentials of the C'lassics,
Chinese language and literature and callisthenics.
[ 220 ]

UESKXT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
In addition to the foregoing, the course preparatory to study
in the Classical Department (see No. 585), the Department of
Law and Administration {see No. 586), the Department of
History and Philology (see No. 587) and the Commercial
Department (see No. 592) of the University calls for the study
of history, geography, logic, conmion and financial law and
foreign languages — English is obligatory, French or German, as
the student elects, and Latin is optional.
The course preparatory to study in the Department of
Mathematics and Physics (see No. 589), the Engineering Depai-t-
Tiient (see No. 591) and the Department of Agriculture (see No.
•590) of the University demands, in addition to the subjects
common to all courses, study of the following : mathematics,
physics, chemistry, geology, mineralogy and foreign languages—
English (and in some cases German) is obligatory, French
or German, as the student elects, and Latin is
optional.
Also, for those who wish, and as an aid in the speciality they
intend to follow, instruction is given in botany, zoology,
topograpny, etc.
f
The course preparatory to stud}^ in the Medical Department
of the University comprises mathematics, physics, chemistry,
zoology, botany, Latin and foreign languages—German is
obligatory and English
or French is studied as the student elects.
Completion of the course of a Higher School can-ies with it
the following rewards and distinctions :
1. Those who graduate Avith the first rating receive the
degree ^ \ Chli^ Jen''
(see Nos. 629b and 631) and are
appointed, after a ^ ^ Fu^ Shih', Test Examination, p3 ^ fjt
^ Nei* Ko' (Tiungi Shu^ (see No. 137), at the Capital— or
^n jl'H Chih^ Chou^ (see No. 855)— in the provinces.
2. Those who graduate with the second rating receive the
degree ^ A Chii^ Jen^ (see Nos. 629b and 631) and are
appointed, after a test examination (see above), as t|l ^ ^l\ r|t ^
[ 221 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
583a Chungi Shu^ K'o^ Chung^ Shu^ {see No. 137a)— at the (apital—
|;o or as ^[1 ,^ Chi^ lisien* (see No. 856)— in the provinces.
583c ^' 'ihose who graduate with the third rating receive the
degree ^A ^1^"^^' '^

TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Interpreters {scr No. 626j, may be considered as Higher 584
Schools.
UNIVERSITIES.
o84. ^ ^ ^ Ta'' Ht^iieh" T'ang-, UniA^ersities ; for
students who have completed the course of Higher Schools {see
No. 583) ; with a thi-ee years (in the Law and Medical'
Departmeuts, four years) course. These are to be established
in all the provinces at ; pi'esent there is only one —
University
at Peking, composed of eight 5> f^ j/c ^ Fea^ K'qI Ta" Hsiieh',
Departments.
-585. ^g ^^ ±^ Chiiigi Hsnelr KS)i Ta* Hsiieh^
Classical Department; with eleven courses ol instruction:
1- j^ M ^ PI ^'1^^'"' I' Ilsueh* MenS Course in the "Tlook
of Changes." as revised in the Chou Dynasty.
2. tSj ^ ^ PI Shaiig^ Shu' Hsiieh^ Mcn^ Course in the
"Book of IIi4ory."
3. ^ W ^ PI Mao' Shih' Ilsfich^ Men-, Course in the
"Book of Odes." as revised by Mao Ch'ang.
i- # ^ 2£ 1$ ^ P5
Ch-uni Ch'iu' Tsos Chuau* Hsiieh*
]Men'', Course in the "Aniuils,'" with the commentary of
Tso-chuan.
5. M ^BM ^?^ Ch-un' ChMn' San' Clman" Hsueh^
Men^, Course in the "Annals,'' with three comujcntaries.
C. }7il 1^ ^ PT Chou' Li' llsiieh^ Mcn^ Course in the
" Book of Kites " of the Chou Dynasty compiled by Chou-kung.
7. M '1§ ^ PT I' ^>'' Hs'Jeh^ Men^, Course in the
" Ritual of Deportment,'"
H. /Tti tZ ^ PI I^i' Chi^ Hsiielr ]Men^
"Book of Kites."
Coui-se in the
9. ^ "|g ^ PT T>un2 Yii' Hsfieh^ Men^ Course in the
"Analects of Confucius."
[ 223 ]
to
585

PRESKNT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHIXA.
585a 10. ^ iP ^ PI :Meno-^ Tzu^ Hsueh^ Men; Course in t"he
to Writings of Mencius, and
587
1^- JS^PI Li^ Hsiieh^ Men', Course in Is'atural
Philosophy (of China),
585a. In accordance with p recommendation from the
Ministry of Education, dated the 10th January, 1910, and
sanctioned by the Emperor, foreigners are permitted to attend
lectures and exercises at the classical Department of the
University and brief regulations for their observance have been
drawn iip by the Ministry mentioned.
586. i^ igC fJf ;^ ^ Fa^ Cheng* K'o^ Ta' HsiiehS
Department of Law and Administi*ation: this gives
of instruction :
1- ^m^?"] Cheng* Chih* Hsueh^^ MtV,
Administration, and
two courses
. Course in,
2. VS 1^ ^ n Fa* Lii* Hsuelr Men^ Course in La^v.
587. ^^m^^ Wen^ Hsueh=^ K'o^ Ta* Hsiieh',
Department of Historv and Philolosrv: consistinof of nine
coiu'ses :
1. rlt^S^pfJ Chungi Kuo- Shih' Hsiieh' Men^
Course in Chinese History,
2. ^ H ^ ^ Pg Wan* Kuo- Shih^ Hsfieh' ^lCm\ Course
in Hi^itory of the World,
3- 1' ^h Hi ^ ^ p^ Chung^ Wai^ Tr Li^ Hsuelr MOn",
Course in Geography of China and other Countries.
i-
ft* 13 ^ ^ P1 Cluing^ Kuo- Wcn^ Hsiieh- Mcn^,
Coiurse in rhiuese Literature,
5. ^ H ^ ^ pg Yiugi Kuo- Wen- H.iieh= Men^,
Course in English Literature,
6- S ^ 5: ^ PH Fa* Kuo^ Wen- Hsueh^ Mt'n^, Course
in French Literature,
7-
. ^.
® ^ ^ pg Te- Kuo' Wen- Hsueh' Mcn^, Course
in German Litei-ature,
[ 221 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.
8-
-^^ H jJC ^ P5 E* Kuo2 Wen2 Hsiieh^ Men^, Com-se in 588
Kussiaii Literature, and
9- EJ ^ H 5C ^ PI Jih' PenS Kuo^ Wen^ Hsiieli^ Mon^ ^q^
Course in
588.
Japanese Literature.
^ f4 ;/^; ^ II K'o^ Ta* HsiiehS Department of
Medicine ; with two courses :
1. ^ P Pfj I^ Hsiieh'' Mt-n^, Course in Medicine, and
2. ^ ^ P^ Yao* Hsiieh- Men', Course in ^Pharmaceutics.
589. ^M^^ ^^^ Ko=^ Chih* K'o^ IV Hsueh^, Depart-
ment o£ Mathematics and Physics ; having six courses of study :
1. ^ Jp P^ Suan^ Hsiieh^ Men'', Course in Mathematics,
2- M. ^ PI Hsing^ Hsiieh^ Men^ Course in Astronomy,
3. ^ m^ PI Wu^ Li' Hsfieh^ Men^, Course in Physics,
'^' ib^ ?H Hua* Hsiieh^ Men^, Caurse in Chemistry,
5- i& tfi ^ ^ P5 Tung* Chih" Wu* Hsueh' M^n^, Course
in Botany and Zoology, and
6- MM^?^ Ti\Chih* Hsiieh^ Men^ Course in Geology..
590. M^^ ± ^ Nung2 K'o^ Ta* Hsiieh^, Department of
Agriculture ; with four courses :
L ^ 1^ P"] Nung^ Hsiieh' Men^, Course in Agriculture,
2- M S fb ^ P5 Nung2 I* Hua* ^Jsiieh^ Men^, Course in
the Chemistry of Agriculture,
Snrgery.
3. i^ ^ pij Lin2 Hsueh'' Mcn^ Course in Forestry, and
4- M^^ P^ Slio^' I' Hsiieh- Mcn^ Course in Veterinary
591. X ^^ ic P K^ing' K'o^ Ta^ Hsueh^, Polytechnic
Department ;
with courses :
1- ± TfC X ^ P5 T'u=^ Mul Kungi Hsiieh^ Men^, Course
in Engineering,
2. ^ ;i5 X ^ P5 Chii Ch'i* Kungi Hsiieh^ Men', Course
in Machine Designing,
3- ia 15 J^ P5 Tsao* Ch'uan^ Hsiieh^ Men-, Course in
Shipbuilding,
15
[ 225 ]
^q

592a
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL OP.GANIZATION OF CHINA.
592 4. ii 1^ t^ Jp PI Tsao" Tingi Clri* Hslieh^^ Men',
to Course in Arms jNlannfacture,
5- MM^^f^ Tien* Cli'i^ Hsiieli' Men^, Course in
Electricity,
6. ti ffl fh ^ P'3 Ying^ Yung* Hria* Hsiieh^ MCn^
Course in Industrial Chemistry,
Building.
sives, and
7. M'M^ PI Chien* Chu^ Hsiieh' Men^ Course in
8. A il ^ pi] Huo^' Yao* Hsiieli' :Nrcn^ Course in Explo-
9- U €i R7^^^ P! Ts'ai? Kung^
Hsiieh^ Men^, Course in Mining and Metalhu'gy.
Chi^ Yeli' Cliini
592. ^m^,^ Shang^^ K'o^ Ta^ HsiieV, Commercial
Department ; having three courses o£ stud}- :
1- M^l Ik i^ ^t ^ PI Yin^ Hang^'
Hsiieh^ ]SIen^, Course in Ban]ving and Insurance,
2. M ^ ^ M 3l ^ fi
Chi^ Pao^ Hsien^
^J^o' T' Chi^ Fan*. Yiin* Hsiieh^
Men', Course in Business and Transpoi-tation, and
3. II ^ JP pg Kuan^ Shui* Hsiieh^ Mcn^, Course in
Customs Administration.
o92a. 51^ ff^ fij- Yii* Pei* K'o', Preparatory Department ;
this Department came into existence at the University in
December, 1904, to prepare
students for enrollment in the
regular classes, thus playing the role of a Higher School (see No.
583). Early in 1909 its first class was graduated and, in the
Autumn of that year, these students were enrolled in the various
Departments of the University,
For tlie reason mentioned above, the Ministry of Education
submitted a report (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 2oth
April, 1909), recommending that the "^ $^i 'X ^ 'M. M ^ f}
Chingi Shih^ Ta* Hsiieh' T'ang^ Yii* Pei* K'o\ Preparatory
Department of the Peking (Metropolitan) Universitj be
[ 226]

PliKSENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
reorganized as the jy* ^jjj "^ ^ ^ ^ Ching.^ Sliih^ Kao^ Teng^ 592b
Hsiielr T'ang^, Peking (Metropolitan) Higher School. -^q
592b. $^ 1^ ^f Shih^ Fan* KuanS also ff |)$ ||f} |^ ^^ Yu^
Chi"^ Shih' Fan"* K'o', Normal Department ; organized
at the
University in December, 1904, with a programme similar to that
of Xonrtal Schools of the Senior Grade (see Nos. 618 to 620).
Its first class was graduated early in 1909. This Department
is later to be removed from University control and reorganized
as a Normal School of the Senior Urade {.sec Nos. 618
to 620).
593. The senior official of the University is the Rector
(see No. 633), and he is directly in charge of the Deans of the
'
various Departments (««(? No. 634; eight in all, there being
«ight Department).
To each Dean there are subordinated : one Preceptor (see'^o.
636), one Steward (see No. 641) and one Inspector of
Dormitories.
The Preceptor is directly in charge of Professors (see No.
637) and Assistant Professors {.see No. 638) ; the Steward
controls Secretaries (see No. 642), the Accountants (see No. 643)
and the Clerks of Works (see No. 644) ; while the Inspector of
Dormitories supervises Proctors (see No. 646), Assistant
Inspectors of Dormitories [see No. 647) and the Health Officers
{see No. 648).
In addition to the officials mentioned above, the Hector is
-directly in charge of the various Professors who are deputed to
cany on the duties of the-.positions given below ;
1- ti2 #? gllS Jl *& Chih^ Wu* Yiian^ Ching^ Li^ KuanS
Curator of the Botanical Gardens,
2. Ji^M M JM t Tnen^ Wcn^ T'ai* Ching^ Li^ Kuan',
Director of the Observatory,
3- Wj ^M MM '^ Tung* Wii* Yiian- Ching^ Li' K\ianS
Curator of the Zoological Gardens,
[ 227 ]
^^3

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,
503a 4. M ^ # M fS 1* Yen^ Hsi^ Lhr Chlngi Li^ KuanV
to
693c
Director of the Forestry Station,
5- 11 # M M m K T'u^ Sliu^ Kiian^ Cliing-^ Li^ KuanV
Librarian, and
6. g ^ ifS JI W I' Yuan* Ching^Li^ Kuan', Supervisor
of the Hospital.
593a. •^ I^ g/f Hui* I* ISo^ Universitv Council ; under
the presidency of the Rector (see No. 633). This meets for the
discussion of questions affecting the University as a whole and
the Deans (see No. 634), the Preceptor (see No. 636), the
Professors [see No. 637), t^e Assistant Professors (see No. 638)
and the Proctors make up its membership.
593b. Ife M ^ ^ ^ fi B^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
'629c and 631), are enrolled in tlie National Academy
IS "a dr Shu* Chi* Shih* (see No. 201), and are expected to join
the Academy of Sciences (see No. 594), shoidd they not desire
to join, they receive appointments in the provinces.
.3. Those who graduate with the third rating receive the
Degree oi ^^ ± ^ ^ Chin* 8hih* Ch'u^ Shen^ (see Nos. 629c
and 631), are enrolled in the Ministries as ^ ^ Chu^ fShih*
{see No. 292), and are called upon to join the Academy of
:Sciences (see No. 594), in cases of unwillingness to join, appoint-
ments are granted in the provinces.
4, Those who graduate with the fourth rating receive the
degree of [g] it ± ^ :^ T'ung^ Chin* Shih* Ch'u^ Shen^ (see Nos.
629c and 631) and remain at the University for another year's
study. Should they then fail to attain one of the three senior
ratings, and be unwilling -to remain for further study, they
receive appointments in the provinces as ^Q ^ Chih^ Hsien* (see
No. 856).
5. Those who attain the fifth rating on graduation merely
receive a list of their examination marks and are not permitted
to remain for further study.
59^- M fi P^ T'ungi Ju2 Yiian* (also :/c ^ ^ Ta*
Hsiieh^ Yiian*), Academy of Sciences (compare No. 574) ; this
institution is intended for those who complete the University
course {sec No. 584) and wish to perfect themselves in their
chosen lines of study.
The course covers five years.
At the Academy of Sciences there is no fi.xed course ;
the students themselves arrange the subjects they Avish to study —
by order of the Dean (of the University) ; under the guidance
of one of the Professors (of the Universit}) of the Department
conforming to the speciality followed. On completion
of their
studies each student is called upon to prepare a thesis which,
when appi'oved by the Department Coimcil concerned (see No.
593b), is submitted through the Rector of the University and
[ 229 ]
as 594

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
59b the President of the ^NJinistry of Education to the Emperor and
a reward is recj^uested for the author.
Students at the Academy of Sciences pay no fees and may^
with the permission of the University Council (.v^^ Ko. o93a),
he sent to various places by tne Government for studying-
.questions pertaining- to their specialities.
At the end of each year all those who are studying at the
Academy
of Sciences suhniit tlie results of their researches to
the various Deans, avIio ti-ansmit them to the University Council
for examination.
The Kector of the University (sec Xos. 593 and 633) is at
the head of the Academy of Sciences ; the direct supervision of
its afiiurs a])pertains to the Deans of the various Departments of
the Uni\ersity {ser Xos. 593 and 634).
;-i95. fJ: ^ I'y Shih^ Hsiieh- Kuan% College for Officials ;
cstaLlished at the Peking (l^Ieti-opolitan) University. At the
])resent time this College is not fisnctioning as its work— the
siippicmonting of the education of otHcials— is now cai-ried on
by the College oF Law and Administratioii (sec Xo. 623).
Completion of. the course of study of the College for
Officials carried with it the following rewards :
1. Those who graduated witJi the fii-st and second
ratings received the degree of glj f^^ I'^'i* Pang^ {sec Nos. 629b
and 631), unless, of course, they ah-eady jios.sessed the degree
of 1^ /\^ Cliii^ Jen^, and according to theii- official ])osition were,
recommended for promotion.
2. Those who graduated Avitli the third rating Avere
recommended for ])romotion, but got no degree.
3. Those who graduated Avitli the fourth rating were
detained for fiu-ther study and,, should they again fail to attain
one of the three senior ratings and be unwilling to studv further,
they received a document certify ing- that they
[ 2yo ]
had attended

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
the full coTirse of the College and were granted a one degree 595a-
promotion in rank (jjQ — |5 Chia^ I^ Chi^). ^q
4. Those who graduated with the fifth rating merely Kaa
received a list of their examination marks (^ S^ '^ WL W-
K'ao^ Shih4 Feni Shu* Tani).
595a. ft p If Shih* Hsueh2Knan^ (Colleges for Officials
(in the provinces); compare No. 595. These have been
established with the same object as were the ^ |^ |^ K'o^ Li*
l^uan^ (see No. 597); when Colleges of Law and Administration (see
Nos. 623 and 623a) have been established these will be abolished.
595b. For particulars concerning 'ft ^ i^ liX f4 Shih*
Hsiieh^ Sn^ Ch'cng^ K'o\ Accelerated Course of Studv for
Officials, at the ^ |g fg K'o^ Li* Kuan^
see So. 597.\.
596. ^ -J: fg Chin* Shih* Kuan^ College for :Metropolitan
Graduates ; established in accordance with regulations di'awn
up in 1903-— supplementary regulations Avere compiled on the
26tli September, 1904, at Peking. The aim of this institution
is to give modern education to those who have obtained the
literary degree ^ -^ .Chin* Shih*, ^Metropolitan Graduate, at
the competitions held according to the former scheme of
education (see Nos. 6-28 and 629c). The course of study
covers three years and there are 24 lectiu-es weekly. Attendance
is obligatory for ^Metropolitan Graduates of less than- 35 years
of age ; those over 35 years of age may reqiiest appointments
as District ^lagistrates in the pi'ovinces but they are compelled
to attend the local f_h ^ |t Sliih* Hsiieh^ Kuan^ (sec No. 595a)
^^' ^ IS IS^ K^o^ Li* Kuan^ (see No. 597), Colleges for Officials,
or, when these are abolished, the Colleges of Law and
Administration (see Nos. 623 and 623a).
The course of study at the College for ^Metropolitan
Graduates includes the followino' :
History, geographj', pedagogy, jiu'isprudence, politicaf^
economy, international law, strateg}', engineering, commerce
[ 231 ]

«97a
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.
697 and natural science. Optional subjects include European
tQ and Japanese languages and literature, mathematics and
callisthenics.
Those who successfully complete the three years course
are presented to the Emperor ana receive rewards according to
their attainments.
At the head of the College for Metropolitan Graduates
there is a Director {see No. 635) and, subordinated to him,
there are one Preceptor {see No. 636), one Steward {see No.
641) and one Inspector of Dormitories {see No. 645).
The Preceptor is in charge of the Chinese and foreign *
Professors {see No. 637) and the Hj; ^ Chu^ Chiao^, Assistant
Professors {see No. 638).
The Steward is in charge of the Secretary, {^see No. 642),
the Accountant {see No. 638) and the Clerk of Works {see
No. 644).
Under the superA'ision of the Inspector of Dormitories are
the Proctors {see No. 646) and the Assistant Inspectors of
Dormitories {see No. 647).
597. PI- ^ if K'o^ Li* Kuan^ Colleges for Officials
(for providing officials with modern education ; compare No.
595a).. These institutions are foimd throughout the provinces;
they are to be abolished on the institution of Colleges of Law
and Administration {see Nos. 623 to 623a).
597a. ft ^ 5§ ^ P( Shih* Hsiieh^ Su^' Ch'eng^ K'o\
Accelerated Course of Study for Officials ; this Avas instituted,
as proposed in a Memorial from the President of the Ministry
of Education (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 3rd August,
1905), at the i|.|^.|t K'o* Li^ Kuan' {see No. 597) and the
complete coiu-se covers one and one-half years. The studies
are those of the Judicial Course of the Department of Law and
Administration of the University.
[ 232 ]

I'KESENT DAY POLITICAL ORUAJSIZATION OF CHINA,
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS.
598. ^ ^ ^ ^ Shih^ Yeh^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^^ Professional
Schools; these are intended to contribute towards the develppment
of the country along the lines of agriculture, industry and trade.
From the character of the instructfon, Professional Schools may
be arranged in the following grou})s :
1- 1l ^ f^ ft it ^ B'f Shih^ Yeh* Chiao* Yuan'
Ohiang^ Hsi' So^, Schools for Training Teachers for Professional
Schools (see No. 620).
2. MM^ ^ ^^""g"' "^'eh* Hsiieh^ T'angS Agricultural
Schools {see Nos. 600 to 603),
3. X M^^ ^^g'' "^^eh^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^
Trades and Handicrafts [see Nos. 604- to 608),
Schools of
4. M^^ ^ Shang' Yeh* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Commercial.
Schools (see Nos. 609 to 612), and
5. i^ ^ ^ ^ Shangi Ch'uan^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Mercantile
Marine Schools (see Nos. 613 to 616),
Depending on the extent of their courses of study,
Professional Schools are divided into three classes :
1. i^^^^^^ Kao^ Teng^
Shih' Yeh* Hsiieh^
T'ang^, Higher Professional Schools (of the grade of Higher
Schools, see Nos. 583 to 583b),
2. '1' ^ m ^ ^ ^ Chungi Teng^ Shih^ Yeh* Bsiieh'
T'ang'^, jMiddle Professional Schools (of the grade of Middle
Schools, see Nos. 580 to 582), and
•
3. ^ ^ K H ^ ^ Ch'ui Teng^
Shih=' Yeh* Hsiieh'
T'ang^, Lower Professional Schools (of the grade of Primary
Schools of the Senior Grade, see No. 577a).
Also, ^MW^WM^^ Shih" Yeh^ Pu^ Hsi^ P'u^ T'ungi
Hsiieh^ T'ang'-, Schools of Professional and General Education
(see No. 599), and W; ^ ^ ^ I* T'u^ Hscieh^^ T'arig^, Schools
of Crafts (see No. 605), may be established at Primary and
[ 233 J •
598
\,

im:esent d^y i'olitjcal organization of china.
Middle Schools, being- considered, however, below these as
regards educational rating.
WMW:M.MW Ft ''^I'i^'' "^^ch-* Chiao* Yuan- Chiang'
Hsi^ St)', Schools for Training 'J'e;u;he,rs foi- Professional Schools,
may be considered as eqnal in grade to Normal Schools (see Nos.
618 to 620).
Completion of the course of study
Schools carries witli it the following privileges :
of Middle Professional.
Those who graduate' with the first rating may join Higher
Professional Schools and, should they do so, receive, according
to their rating, the literary degrees bestowed on graduates of
jNTiddle Schools (see Xo. 582a). Should they not care to attend
Higher Professional Schools, they receive a document certifying
completion
of the course of a Middle Professional School and are
appointed to the provinces as 'j-j'l f^jj Chou^ P'an* (see No. 85 1a),.
fM M Fu^' Ching^ {see No.' 850), or ^ f$ Clm^ Pu* (see No.
857). Those who graduate Avith the fourth rating remain for
(continued study ; should thev again fail to attain one of the
princi})al ratings, and be unwilling to study longer, they receive
a document certifying attendance at a Middle Professional
School. Those who- attain the fifth rating merely receive a list
of their examination marks.
On those who complete the course of study of fligher
Professional Schools the following ])rivileges
are conferred :
Students who attain one of the three senior ratings are
eligible for teaching and administrati\e posts at ^Middle
Professional Schools, receive the degree of ^ J\ Chil^ Jen" (see
Nos. 629ii and 631) and are enrolled as preferential candidates,
'n the ju'ovinces, for the posts of ^U '/"f'! Chih'^ Chou^ (see No.
»55), yXi P, Chih^ Hsien* (see li^o. 856) or j>\>\ fs] Chou^ T'ung^
(see No. 855a).
Those who attain the fourth rating are detained for
continued study ; should they again fail to attain one. of the three
[ 2o4 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CIIINA.
senior ratings, and be unwilling- to study further, they recei\'e a 598
document certifying attendance at a Higher Professional School
and become eligible for administrative posts at Higher
Professional Schools.
Those who attain the fifth rating merely recei\e a list of
their examination marks.
The administration of Professional. Schools is entirely similar
to that of Schools of General Education of corresponding grades
(sec Nos. 577i5, 582 and 583a).
598a. .^ ^dJ St H ^ -^: Ching^
Shih' Shili^ Yeh^ Hstieh^
T'aug', Peking (Metropolitan) Professional Schools ; these are
under the joint control of the Ministries of Education and ol
Agricultm'e, Industry and Commerce (Department of Industry ;
sec No. 464j.
598b. In the provinces the Pro'fessional Schools are under
the joint control of the Commissioner of Education {sec Xo. 827;
and the Industrial Taotai (sec Xos. 839 to 839b).
598c. ±M^ ^WM i^ 'M. Shang* Hai^ Kao^ Teng^
Shih^ Yeh* Hsiieh' T'ang"', Shanghai Higher Professional
School ; this is under the control of the ^Ministry of Posts and
Communications (see No. 787).
599. g^^^Wii^^ ShilV^ Yeh^ Pu^ Hsi- P'u^
T'ung^ Hsiieh^ T'ang*, Schools of Professional and General
Education. These are found at Primary or Middle Schools, or
at Professional Schools, and are open to those who ha\ e, at least,
completed the course of a Primary
School of the Junior (jrade
{sec No. 577). The instruction includes ^ ji f'[- P'u-^ T'ung^
K'o\ Course of
mathematics and
General Education (ethics, Chiiiese literatui-e,
callisthenics), and ^ ^ ^'j- Shili^ Yeh^ K'c',
Course of Professional Education. The latter is su])-divided into:
1. M ^ f^- Nung2 Yeh^ K'o\ Course in Agriculture,
2'. X^^^ Kung^ Yeh^ Iv'o', Course in Handicrafts. 3.
f^'HI^^-l"
4-q
599

TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
600 Shangi Yeh^ K'o\ Commercial Course, and 7ji ^ fij- Shui^
to
(Ch'an^ K'o\ Course in Marine Industries.
QQ2 The duration of the course of study, as well as the
determination' of the subjects to be taught in these schools,
depends on local conditions.
A . A(/ ricu Itu ra I Schoo Is :
600. M ^ ^ ^ Nung2 Yeh^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^ ^also
M^^^ Nung^ Wu-* Hsueh* T'ang-), Agricultural Schools.
In Peking- these schools are under the joii^t control of the
Ministries of- Education and of Agriculture, Industry and
Commerce (Department of Agriculture ; see No. 463) ;
in the
provinces they are under the control of the Commissioner of
Education {see No. 827) and the Industrial Taotai {see Nos. 839
to 839b).
601. IfJ^^H^^ Ch'ui Tengs Nung^
T'ang^, Lower Agricultural Schools ; open
comjsleted the course of Primary
Yeh^ Hsiieh-^
to those who have
Schools of the Junior Grade
(see No. 577). The course of study covers three years and 30
hours of instruction are given weekly. The instruction given
includes ^. jg fl]-
P'u^ T'ungi K'o\ Course of General
Education (ethics, ( Jhinese literature, mathematics, natural science
and callisthenics), and ^^ ^\ Shih" Hsi^ K'o\ Practical
Course. The latter is sub-divided into : 1. M ^ ^ Nung'
Yeh'' KV, Course in Agriculture, 2. t§^^p( Ts'an^ Yeh*
K'o', Course in Sericulture, 3. ^ ^ f^1"
Lin""^ Yeh* K'o^,
Course in Forestry, and 4. i^ ^ f\ Shou'' I^ K'o^ Course in
Veterinary Surgery.
602. »!< ^ B H ^ ^ ( hungi Teng^ Nung^ YehMIsueh"
T'ang^, Middle Agricultural Schools ; open
completed the icourse of Primary
to those who have
Schools of the Senior Girade
{see No. 577a). The course consists of two years in the f|^ ^
Yii* K'o\ Preparatory Section, and three years in the ;?^ fif Pen^
K'o\ Specializing Section. The Preparatory Section supplies
[ 23C ]
t

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.
instruction in ethics, Chinese Hterature, mathematics, geograph)', 602a
history, natural science, drawing, calhsthenics and foreign languages
(optional). The Special Section has the following five courses :
1. ^ ^ fif Nung' Ydi^ K'o',' Course in Agriculture, 2.
W. ^ ^'^ Ts'an- Yeh^ K'o', Course in Sericulture, 3. /^ ^ f^
I.in' Yeh* K'o', Course in Forestry, 4.
if^ ^ H f^
Shou^ T^
Yell* K'o^, Course in Veterinary Surgery, and 5, 7jc ^ 1^ fi{-
Shui' Ch'an' Yeh' K'o\ Course in Marine Industries.
Should local conditions demand it, the course of study at
the Specializing Section may be shortened to two years or
lengthened to five years.
602a. 7j^ ^ ^ '^ Shur^ Ch'an' Hsiielr Hsiao^ Schools
of Marine Industries ; the establishment of these, in all the
maritime and riverine provinces, was recommended in 1909 {.^ee
^Memorials from the ]Ministi-y of Agricultui-e, Industry and
Commerce, dated the 8th April, 1909, and the 23rd January,
1910). At jiresent this type of school is found only at ^^ ^^
Wu^ Sung\ Shanghai, aiul '^ -^ Yen^ T'ai^ Chefoo.
603. -^^ S 1^ ^ ^ K-'^o' Teng' ^xmg"
T'ang^, Higher Agricultui-al Schools ; open
Yeh^ Hsiieh^
to students who have
graduated from ^Middle Schools {see Nos. 580 to 582). The
course of study includes one year at the ^'. %^ YiV ly'o^.
Preparatory Section, and three or four years (dei)ending on the
course of study) at the 2^ f^ Pen^ K'o^, Specializing Section ;
with 36 hours of instruction weekl}-.
-At the Preparatory
Section there are taiight ethics, Chinese literature and foreign
languages (English and German for students of t]io Agricultural
Covu'se), mathematics, zoology, botany, physics, chemistry,
drawing and callisthenics. The Specializing Section is made up
of three Courses: 1. 1^ j^ f^I- Nung* Hsiieh^ K/o', Course in
Agriculture, 2. 7^ Jp fij- I-iin" Hsiieh^ K'o', Course in Forestry,
and 3. W. W ^ Pi ^lio"' I' Hsiieh' K'o', Course -in
Veterinary Surgery (at
schools on the frontier there is also a
[ 237 ]
^-.^

605
PRESEN'T DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
603a i ^ X ^4 "^'''^ ^^^^^ Kung^ K'o\ Course in Wood and Earth
j-Q
•
Defences)."
G03a. i^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Kao^ Teiig' Nung-^ Hsiieli^ T'ang^
Hiolier Agricultural School, at the M ^- IS ^Wj Nung' Shih^
Shili;* Yen' Ch'ang^, Botanical Garden at Peking ; under the
control of the Ministry of Agricultiu'c, Works and Commerce
(see No. 463).
B. Schools of Trades and Handicrafts :
604. 'X^^^M, K"ng' Yeh* Ilsiieh' T'ang^ > Schools of
Tx'ades and Handicrafts ; these are imder the joint control, at
Peking, of the Ministries of Education and of Agriculture,
Industry and Commerce (namely, the Department of Industry ;
sec No. 464), and, in the pi'ovinces, of the Commissioner of
Education {see No. 827) and the Industrial Taotai {see Nos. 839
to 839b).
605. M'^^^^^ T'lr Hsiielr T'ang-, Schools of (Vafts;
for boys over 12 years of age who have completed the course of
"Primary Schools of the Jimior Gi-ade (see No. 577). These
schools are foimd at Primary Schools of t-he Junior grade and of.
the Senior grade and the coxu'se covei's, at most, four years, at
least, six months. Instruction is su})])]ied
in two courses : 1.
"^ M ^ P'u^ T'ung^ K'o\ Course of (xeneral Education (ethics,
Chinese literature, mathematics, phvsics, cherhistry, drawing axid
callisthenics), and 2. X ^ %^ Kimg^ Yeh^ K'o\ Course in
Crafts.
Detailed regulations for Schools of Ci-afts were submitted
in 1906 to the Throne bv tl)e Ministrv of Commerce. Bv
these the enrollment of Schools of Crafts (to be equal in
educational rating to Lower Schools of Trades and Handicrafts ;
see No. 606) was fixed at 300, divided into six 3^ Pan^, Classes.
Four classes follow (for from one halt to two years) the ^ JjK f^
Su^ Ch'eng^ K'o\ Accelerated Course of Study ; the other tAvo
-classes follow (for from three to four years) the ^^f3[
[ 2:58 ]
Wan' ('h'iian^

ntESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
K'o', Complete Course. .
The
first four classes include boys of 605a
from twelve to fifteen years of age and the last two are made up ^q
of boys from fourteen to twenty years of age. The subjects of
instruction are arranged as jg fi^ T'ung^ Hsiu\ General, or ^ fi(f
Chuan^ Hsiu^, Special.
Under the former are ethics, arithmetic,
natural science, chemistry, history, draAving, callisthenics,
Chinese literature, singing and character writing ; under the
latter are metal working, wood working, lacquering, dyeing,
pottery and manufacture of articles used in writing.
By a Memorial from the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry
and Commerce (dated the 6th August, 1909), and a Memorial
from the Ministry of Finance, reporting on the former (dated
22nd August, 1909), Schools of Crafts Avere reorganized as
4» in "^ ^ X ^ •^. ^^ (^hungi
(Ti'ui Liang3 Teng' Kung^
Yell'' Hsueh^ T'ang'^, Lower and Middle Schools -of Trades and
Handicrafts (see Nos. 606 avid 607).
605a. PJW%^^§: (^hingi Shihi i^ T'u» Hsiieh^ T'ang^
Peking (Metropolitan) School of Crafts. This institution, under
the control of the Department of Industry of the "Ministry of
Asfriculture, Industry and Commerce (see Xo. 464), has been
reorganized, following the general rule, as a Lower and Middle
School of Trades and Handicrafts (see Nos. 606 and 607).
606. Id ^ I ^ ^ ^ ^'li'i^' 'i^'^ng'^ i^"»g' Yeh* Hsiieh^
T'ang"', Lower Schools of Trades and Handicrafts. These have
been established in accordance with a Memorial from the
Ministry of Education—sanctioned by the Emperor
on the
3rd January, 1909,— for those who have completed the course
of Primary Schools of the .Junior grade (see No. 577); with a
course of study covering three years. The instruction is
arranged as ^^- ji fJf P'u^ T'ung^ K'o\ Course of General
Education (etliics, CUiinese literature, mathematics, physics
chemistr\-, drawin^^ rtnd Ojallisthenics — geography, history, natural
science, music and singing ; optional), and ^ ^^ ^4
[ 2H1) ]
Shih^ Hsi'
qqq

PKESENT DAY POLITICAI- OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.
607 K'o\ Practical ('ourse (wood wovkino-, metal working, ship-
f^Q building, electricity, mining, dyeing, pottery, lacquering,
(KOR
snry eying and draAving).
607. t\*^XM^M Chungi Teng' Kungi
Yeli^ Hsueh^
T'ang', Middle Schools of Trades and Handicrafts ; open to
those who have completed the course of Primary S

PKKSENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
.iffeetiiio- workmen, factory hygiene, English, calhsthenics, etc.), 609
and I^C pt] p\ C'linan^ Men^ K'o', iSpeciahzing Course, which ^q
\^ divided into 13 courses: 1. M f^ it ^ ^'l Ying^ Yung* q^^
Una'' Hsiieh- K'o', Course in Industrial Chemistry, 2. i^ ^ Tfjf
Jan' Se* K'o^ Course in Dyeing,- 3.
;|| ^ fif Chi^
Chih^ K'o\ Coui-se in Weaving Machinery, 4. ^ ^ f4 Chien-*
Chu^ K'oS Course in Construction, 5. ^ ^ f3|- Yao^' Yeh* KW,
Course in
Pottery, G. ^ ^^J- flf Chi' Ch'i' K'o\ Coiu-.>c in
^Machinery, 7. "H ^ >{j^ Tien' Ch'i' K'o\ Course in
Electricity,
''^- M^ it ¥ ^^ 'i^'en' Ch'i' Hua* Hsiieh^' K'o\ Com-sc in
Electro-chemistry, 1). ± /fC
T'u^* Mu* ^Jf
K'o\ Coui'se in
Yood and Eirth Defences, 10.
fi^ ^| f^ Kung^ Yeh' K'o',
ourse in Mining, 11. it lIS ^-4 ^sao' Cli'uan^ K'o',
L'oursc in Shipbuilding, 12. f^ X ^^ Ch'i^ Kung'- K'o',
Course in Lacquering, and 13. U ?f||| "^ ^^- T'u^ Kao'
Hui'' Tlua* K'c', Course in Surveying and DraAving.
C. Comincrcid I Schools :
^'0'^ifrj
^ ^r^ M. ^I'fnig^ Yeh^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Commercial
Schools. These are under the joint supervision of the Ministries
of Education and of Agriculture, Tndustr\' and Commerce (Depart-
ment of C'ommerce ; see No. 465)— at the Ca])ital — and of the
Comm.issioner of Education (see No. 827) and the Industrial
Taotai (5^6- Nos. 839 to 83 9 r.)— in the ])rovinces.
610- ^j 'i ]^ 1^ ^ ^:

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
612 those "ivho have completed the course of Primary Schools of the
Senior Grade (see No. 577a). The course of study consists of
two years at the ^ ^^\ Yii* K'o^, Preparatory Section, and three i
years at the 7^ ^J[ Pen' K'o\ Specializing
Section. At the
former 30 hours of instruction are given weekly, at the latter
there are 34 hours of instruction weekl}'.
At the Preparatory Section instruction is given in ethics,
Chinese literature, mathematics, geography, history, foreign
languages, natural science, drawing and callisthenics.
The Specializing Section is made up of two Courses of
Study : -W ii fJf P'u^ T'ungi K'oS Course of General Education
(ethics, Chinese literature, mathematics and callisthenics), and
X f^ ^^hih^
f-4
Hsi* K'o', Practical Course (commercial
geogi'aphy, history of trade, foreign languages, general principles
of the
laws of trade and finance .
book-keeping, differentiation of merchandise, etc.).
the
commercial code,
ol2. m^'^M^^. Kao' Teng^' Shangi Yeh* Hsueh'
T'ang^, Higher Commercial Schools ; open
to those who have
"completed the course of Middle Schools (see Nos. 580 to 582).
The course includes one year at the ^ ^ Yii* K'o^, Preparatory
Section, and three years at the 7^ |j{- Pcn^ K'o^ Specializing
Section. In both Sections there are 36 hours of instruction
weekly.
At the Preparatory Section there is instruction in ethics of
commerce, commercial correspondence, mathematics, book-
keeping, industrial chemistr}^, foreign languages, callisthenics,
etc.
At the .Specializing Section there is instruction in ethics of
commerce, commercial correspondence, commercial arithmetic,
commercial geography, history of trade, book-keeping, differen-
tiation of merchandise, financial law, statistics, civil code,
commercial code, international law, foreign languages, laws of
commerce, callisthenics, etc.
[ 242 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
D. Mercantile Marine Schools: 613
613. ^ is ^ H Shang' Ch'uan- Hsueli^ T'ang^, ^q
Mercantile jSIarine Schools ; under the supervision— at the
Capital — of the Ministries of Education, of Agriculture, Industry
and Commerce and of Posts and Communications, and, in the
provinces, of the Commissioner of Education (5^^ No. 827) and
the Industrial Taotai {sec Xos. 839 to 839b).
614. ^ ^ (^ |& ^ 1; Ch'u^ TcngS Shang^ Ch'uan^
Hsiieh- T'ang", Lower ]\Iercantile Marine Schools ; open
to those
who have completed the course of Primary Schools of the Junior
Grade {see No. 577). The course covers two years, and 30
hours of instruction are given v/eekly. The instruction is
arranged as: 1.
j|jl '?@ ^-1 Hang' Hai^ K'o\ Course in
Navigation, and 2. ^ fj^ ^3|- Chi^ Lun^ K'o', Course in Marine
Engineering. The former includes instruction in ethics, Chinese
literature, mathematics, geography, general principles of
navigation and the transport of cargo by water, callisthenics,
etc. ;
the latter comprises ethics, Chinese literature, mathematics,
physics, chemistry, general principles of marine engineering,
practical machine drawing, callisthenics, etc.
615. 4t^"|^|§^^ ChungV Teng^ Shang' Ch'uan^
Hsiieh" T'ang^, Middle Mercantile Marine Schools ; open to
those who have completed the course of Primary Schools of the
Senior Grade {see No. 577a).
the ^ fij-
The course includes two years at
Yil'' K'o\ Preparatory Section, and three years at
the /ji ^\ Pen' K'o^, Specializing Section ; there arc 30 hours
of instruction weekly at each Section.
The Preparatory Section furnishes instruction in ethics,
Chinese literature, mathematics, geography, history, natural
science, foreign languages, drawing and callisthenics.
The Specializing Section is sub-divided into : 1. ^% \^ ^Jf
Hang=^ Hai^' K'o\ Course in Navigation, and 2. :j§ |^ f4 Chi^
Lun- K'o^, Course in Marine Engineering. As W 3^ f^ @
[ 243 ]
«., p.

PKKSI^XT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
\
616 P'u' T'ling^ K'o^ Mn*, Subjects of General Education, there are
to taught in hoth these Courses : ethics, Chinese literature, ,
giy mathematics, physics, chemistry, geography, drawing, foreign
languages and callisthentics. Also, as ^ ^ flj- g Shih^ Hsi*
K'o^ Mu'*, Practical Subjects, instruction is given in :
1. In the Course in Navigation: legislation affecting the
mercantile marine, uaA'igation, general principles of marine
engineering, shipbuilding (as a science), etc.
2. In the Course in ]Marine Engineering : mechanics,
dynamics, applied dynamics, general principles of electricity, etc.
616. Wi 'S '^ M ^ ^ ^^>^o' Teng3 Shang^ Ch'uan'
HsUelr T'ang^, Higher Mercantile ^Marine Schools ; open to
those who have completed the course of ]Middle Schools (see Xos.
580 to 582). The coiu-se of study is of five and one half yeai-s
duration for the |^ X^ flj- Hang^ Hai^ K'o\ C'ourse in Naviga-
tion, and. of five years duration for the ^ ^.^ ^^\ Chi^ Lun^ K'o^,
Course in Marine Engineering ;
34 hours of instruction weekly.
The subjects making up the Course in Navigation are
ethics, Chinese literature, foreign languages (English is
compulsory; Kussian, French, German, Japanese and Korean are
optional), mathematics, physics, chemistr}-,
•
commercial law,
commercial geography, general principles
of law, commercial
legislation, navigation, shipbuilding (as a science), the mechanics
of shipping, ship hygiene, financial law, marine law, etc.
The Course in ^Marine Engineering provides for instruction
in ethics, Chinese literatm-e, foreign languages (as above),
mathematics, physics, dynamics, chemistry, electricity, etc.
617. At Middle Professional Schools there ma}- be
established :
1-
programme.
;"'] P^ Pieh"^ K.'o\ Special Courses with shortened
2. j^ fij- HsLian^ K'o\ Selected Coiu-ses ; for providing
instruction in one or other branch of professional education.
[ 244 J

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,
3. ^ Xj] p^ Cliuan^ Kung^ K'o\ Specializing Courses ; for 617a
those who have completed the course of Professional Schools and ^q
wish to further pei'fect themselves in their chosen speciality (the o-.^
course covers one year for the Course in Agriculture, or two
years for the Course in Trades and Handicrafts), and
i- -^ f^ ^4 Chuan^ Hsiu^ K'o\ Special Courses at
Mercantile Marine Schools.
617a. At Higher Professional Schools there may be
estalilished :
1 . ^ X^J f^I" Chuan^ Kung^ K'o\ Specializing Courses ; for
those who have completed the course of Professional Schools and
wish to further perfect themselves in some speciality,
2-
?ll f^ HsiJan' K'o\ Selected Courses ; for selected
branches of professional education (course covering one year),
3- ^ M^M.M^ WV ^^hih^ Yeh* Chiao* Yuan^ Chiang^
Hsi- So^, Courses for Training Teachers for Professional Schools
{see No. 620),
'i- * ¥ K H ^ ^ Chungi rp.^^gs gj^ii^c Yeh-' Hsueh^
T'ang^, Middle Professional Schools, and
5- ^H^^W-ii^^ Shih^ Yeh* Pu^ Hsi^ P'u'
Schools of Professional and General
T'ung HsUeh* T'ang^
Education {see No. 599).
617b. The following schools may be considered as Profes-
sional Schools :
1. W.Wj^^ K"iig' Wu* Hsiielr T'ang^, Mining Schools,
2- M f# it ^ Wt ^^ung- Wu* Chiang^ Hsi^ So^ Agricul-
tural Schools {see No. 770c),
3. M # ^ ^ Nung2 Lin^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^,
Agriculture and Forestry,
Schools ol
^- ^ # ^ ^ Sen^ Lifi^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Schools of
Forestry, and
5- E MM'^¥i Ts'an^ Yeh* Chiang' Hsi^ So% Schools
of Sericulture (in Chekiang
; reorganized, in accordance with a
[ 245 ]

618
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Memorial from the Ministry of Education of the 6th May, 1909,
as a Higher Agricultural School ; see No. 603).
In addition to the abOve-mentioned, by the programme of
measures to be accomplished by the Ministry of Agriculture,
Industry and Commerce during the period 1908 to 1914
(sanctioned by the Emperor on the 8th April, 1909), the
following schools, which come into the category of Professional
Schools, ai*e to be established in the provinces :
In 1909 :
M^'M^ ^A Ts'an^ Yeh^ Chiang^ Hsi^ So^ Schools of
Sericulture, and
^^ B It H ^r Ch'a' Wu-^ Chiang^ Hsi^ Tea Growing.
So^ Schools of
In 1910 :
M # ^P ^ ^^""g' Lin^ Hslielr T'ang^ Schools of Agriculture
and Forestry (see above).
In 1911 :
iM B W^ ^ K"ns' Wu* Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Mining Schools
(see above).
In 1912 :
M ^ ^- B ^^ "'ung2 Shih^ Pan^ Jih* Hsueh^ T'ang^,
Agricultu.ral Schools with half -day sessions (compare No. 579).
In 1913 :
Surgerv.
iJt ^^ l^ ^ Shou^ I' Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Schools of Veterinary
In 1914:
§1 it^ ^fi ^ Mei^ Shu'* Hsiieh- T'ang", Schools of Fine Arts.
Normal Schools :
618. ^iPtE'^-^ Shih^ Fan* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Normal Schools
(Pedagogic Institutes).
the profession of teaching.
These schools train pupils for following
Normal Schools are arranged as :
1- ^^W. U la f^ ^ Ch'ui Chi2 Shih^ Fan" Hsiieh^
T'ang^ Ljower Normal Schools,
[ 24G ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
2. ^^ 0[Tl
It ^ ^ Yu^ Clii^ Shihi Fan^ Hsueli^ T'ang^ 618i.
Higher Normal Schools (see No. 618b).
3. ^ 7- 0i}J M ^ ^ Nu3 Tzu^ Shih^ Fan^ Hsuch^ T'ang'-i,
Female Normal Schools (see No. 619), and
4- MMW: M.M^ ?JX Shih2 Yeh'' Chiao'' Yiian- Chiang^
Hsi' So^, Schools for Training Teachers for Professional Schools
{see No. 620).
618a. ^ 1^ ^tjj It p ^t
Ch'u^ Chi^ Shihi Fan^ Hsiieh*
T'ang^, Lower Normal Schools ; for the training of teachers for
Primary Schools of the Junior Grade and Senior Grade (see
Nos. 577 and 57 7 A). The full course of study covers five years
hours of instriiction are given weekly.
The establishment of Lower Normal Schools at all the
principal towns of Departments and Districts is to be compulsory.
At present they are found only at provincial* capitals. The
instruction has been arranged in two courses, i.e. ^ ^ ^ $4
Wan^ Ch'iian^ HsLieh* K'o\ Complete Course, and ^ ^ fif
Chien^ I' K'o', Abridged Course. Also, in the principal towns
ol Departments and Districts there have been instituted ^j)j It '^
^ ^ Shih^ Fan* Ch'iian^ Plsi^ SoS Normal Institutes, at which
scholars Avho have completed the Abridged Course of the
Lower Normal School (at the provincial capital) act as teachers.
In addition to the above-mentioned, there have been
instituted at Lower Normal Schools : a ^ ]}§ fij-
Preparatory Section, for providing preliminary
Yii* Pel* K'o\
instruction for
those who desire to join Normal Schools, and /J> ^ HfU |t ^ ^ Bt
Hsiao^ Ilsiich^ Shih^ Fan'* Chiang^ Hsi^ So^, Courses for
Teachers of Primary Schools, for supplementing the education
of Primary School Teachers who have attended the Normal
Institutes mentioned above.
The Complete Course of Lower Normal Schools includes
instruction in ethics, reading and commenting oti the Classics,
Chinese literature, uedagogy, history, geography, mathematics,
I 247 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
natural science, physics, chemistry, character writing, drawing-
and callisthenics— foreign languages, agricultural and commercial'
subjects and crafts are optional.
The Abridged Course provides for instruction in ethics,,
pedagogy, Chinese literature, history, geography, mathematics,,
natural science, drawing and callisthenics.
Eligible
for enrollment at LoAver Normal Schools are those
"vvho have completed the course of Primary Schools of the
Senior Grade (see No. 577a). At _
these schools there SLve
Primaiy Schools where the students give probationary lessons.
At the head of a Lower Normal School there is a Director
(sec No. 635). Subordinated to him are Teachers (see No.
637), .
Assistant
Teachers (see No. 638) and Proctors {see
No. 646;.
In charge of the Primary School of a Normal School there
is a >J^ !^ p ^ 'g* Hsiao^ Hsueh^ Pan^ Shi¥ Kuan\ Primaiy
School Inspector, who controls the /J^ ^ Ws M. Hsiao^ Hsiieh^
Chiao^ Yiian-, Primary School Teachers, and the JB, W ^ Shu*'
Wu* Yiian^, Steward (see No. 641).
Completion of the course of Lower Normal Schools carries
with it the following privileges :
Those who graduate Avith one of the three senior ratings
are eligible for appointment as teachers in Primary Schools
of various types and receive the degree of ^j^ ^^ ^ ^ ;^ Shih^
Fan^ K'o^ Kung* Sheng^. The first rating carries with it sixth
class rank (l/U :^ po fj Chia^ Liu\ P'in=* Hsien^);
the second
rating places the graduate on the list of preferential candidates
for the post of ^^ ^ Chiao* Yii* (see No. 857) ; the third rating
places the graduate on the list of preferential
the post of pjll ^ Hsiin* Tao* (see No. 857).
candidates for
Those »vho attain the fourth rating on graduation are given
a diploma and are eligible for employment as Assistant Teachers
at Primary Schools and, after a period of obligatory service, may
[ 248 ]
1
k
I

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIO.V OF CHINA.
be given the degree of |i]5 f£ ^ M ^ Shihi Fan* K'o^ Kung* 618b
ShGng\ with the title ^ll| a^ Hsiin'' Tao* (see abo\-e).
Those who attain the fifth rating merel}' obtain a document
certifying
attendance at a Lower Normal School.
618b. @ I^ ^tiJ la J^ ^ Yu^ Chi^ iShil.i Fan* Hsiieh'
T'ang^, Higher Normal School ; furnishes training for teachers
for Lower Normal Schools (see No. 618a) and Middle Schools
{see Nos. 580 to 582). The course of study covers three years
and there are 36 hours of instruction weekly. These. schools are
established at the Capital and at all provincial capitals and the
students are drawn from the ranks of graduates of Lower
Normal Schools (sec No. 618a) and Middle Schools (see Nos.
580 to 582).
Daring the first year students of Higher
Normal Schools
follow the -^it.^ll- Kung^ Kung* K'o\ General Course, comprising
ethics, the origin of the Classics, Chinese literature, Japanese
literature, English literature, logic, mathematics and callisthenics.
From the second year begins the '^f^ f-f Fen^ Lei* K'o^,
Specializing Courses, made up of :
1. Chinese literature and foreign languages,
2. Geography and history,
3. Mathematics, chemistry and physics, and
4. Botany, zoology, mineralogy and physiology.
General subjects taught in all these course.^ are.: ethics, the
essence of the Classics, pedagogy, ps^'chology and callisthenics.
The Specializing Conrses cover three years and those who
com]>lete them may, should they wish, take the /j[J ^ jfif Chia^
Hsi'- K'o^, Supplementary Course, which extend.- one year and
calls for the presentation of a thesis on its completion.
There are later to be instituted I^ fff ^}\ Chuan^ Hsiu^
K'o', Special Courses, and ^^S^ ^}\ Hh,iian^ K'o',' Selected Courses.
On completion of the coui\se of Higher Normal Schools
the following privilege- arc granted :

TKESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Those who graduate with the first rating- receive the degree
of Wl lii $\ ^ A i^hili' Fan^ K'o^ Chii^ Jen^, are ehgible for
teaching positions at Middle Schools or at Lower Normal Schools
and hecome preferential candidates (^ 5t ^" ffl
Chin* Hsien^
Pu^ Yung*) for the post of j^ [g f|4 § Nei* Ko^ Chimgi gi^.^i
[see No. 137). They are granted, at the same time, fifth class
rank (Ifn jE n" i? ^^'hia^ Wu^ P'in^ Hsien^).
Thpse who attain the second rating on graduation are
granted the degree of || |g ^3f ^ A Shih^ Fan' K'qI Chii^
Jen^ [sec aho^e), are eligible for teaching posts as mentioned
above and become preferential candidates for the post of rf» ^
fjf l^t ^ Chmigi Shii^ K'o^ Chnngi Shu' (see No. 137a).
Those who graduate with the" third rating receive the
aegrec of ^ijj ||T ^.l\ ^ A Shih^ Fan* K'©'. ChiiMen^ (^e.- above),
are eligible for emplo}ment as teachers in various schools (as
above) and become preferential candidates for the post of nj f^
Ssu' Wu* (see No. 296). Those who attain the fourth rating
receive a diploma, are eligible for employment as Assistant
Teachers at Middle Schools or Primary Schools of the Senior
Grade and, ;>,fter one years obligatory- service, receive the degree
of m li ^' ^ A Shih^ Fan* K^o' Oliii^ Jen' and the title
^ ^- ^^ ^ # Chung^ Shu' K'o' C^hungi Shu^.
Those who complete the com-se with the fifth rating receive
a document certifying attendance at a Higher Normal School
and are eligible for temporary employment as Assistant Teachers
at Primary Schools of the Senior Grade.
At Higher Normal Schools there are found: 1. Middle
Schools (see Nos. 580 to 582), and 2. Primary
Schools of
the Jr.nior and Senior Grades (sec Nos. 577 and 577a). Also,
should necessity arise, there may be established ; 1.
^ ^Jf Pan* Jih* Hsiao' Hsueh^ K'o\ Half-day
rrf^ >J»
Courses of
Primary School Instruction (see No. 579), and 2. >J, p ^
[ 250 ]

PRESENT .DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
^ 7^ Hsiao' Hsiieh* Pii' HsP K'o\ Supplementary Courses 6l8o
of Primary School Instruction.
^q
The establishment of a iJt ^ 1f ^ If Chiao* Yu* Po^
q^q
Wu^ Kuan', Pedagogic Museum, is obligatory at Higher
Normal Schools.
The Administi'ation of Higher Normal Schools is similar
to that of Higher Schools {see No. 583a). For the schools
functioning within Higher
Normal Schools there are : a
*|< ^ 1$ ^ '^ Chungi Hsiieh^ Pan* Shih* KuanS Director of
the Middle School, i^ ^ ^ B,

HESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
610a Eligible for admission to Female Normal Schools are girla
over 15 years of age who have completed
the course o£
Primary Schools of the Senior Grade {see No. 578.) The object
of Female Normal Schools is to train teachers for Female
Primary
Schools. The course covers four \'ears and 34 hours
instruction are given weekly. The instruction includes ethics,
pedagogy, Chinese literature, history, geography, mathematics,
natural science, drawing, sewing, handiwork, music, singing
and callisthenics.
For girls wishing to join the ^jfj ^
^4 Shih^ Fan* K'o%.
Pedagogic Section, and needing improvement in their education,
there may be instituted a ]^ li^ ^-4 ^^i^ ^^^'^^ K'o\ Pi-eparatory
Section, with instruction similar to that supplied during the
third and fourth vears of studv at Female Primary Schools of
the Senior Grade.
Oblioatorv at Female Normal Schools is the establishment
of : Female Primary Schools {see No. 578) and Elementary
Schools (for children of tender age) {see No. 575), at which the
students of the Normal Schools act as teachers.
At the head of a Female Normal School there is a ^ "^
Chien^ Tu\ Mistress Subordinated to her there are ^ ^
Chiao* Ilsi', Teachers, glj % ^ Fu^ Chiao'^ lisi^ Assistant
Teachers, and ^.^ Chien' Hsiieh^, Proctors. Further, there arc
the /> # ^ ^ :! Hsiao=^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Vawg" Chang%
Inspectrcss of the Primary School, and the ^ ^ ^ P^ ;^
Meng' Yang^ Yiian' Yiian'' Chang^, Inspectress of the
Elementary School.
To the staff of Female Normal Schools there ma}' be added
a Manager, a Secretary and a Steward {see No. 578).
619a. '^^UiKl'Mi^^^ Ohingi Shihi Nii* Tzu^
Shih^ Fan"* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Peking (Metropolitan) Female
Normal School ;
established in accordance with a Memorial from
the Ministry of Education (sanctioned bv the Emperor on the
[ 252 ]

PKESEXT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.
4th Jul J, 1908). At first only a f^ ^ jfj}
Chien^ I* K'o', 620
Abridged Course of Study, was supplied, the course covering ^q
two years. Later the ^ ^ ^ Wan^ Ch'uan^ K'o\ Complete ag-
Course of Study, was instituted, covering four j^ears.
620. g ^ # M it ^ ^r ^hih^ Yeh* Chiao* Yuan^
Chiang^ Hsi- So-^, Schools for Training Teachers for Professional
Schools; open to those who have completed the coarse of ^Middle
Schools (sre Kos. 580 to 582) or Lower Xormal Schools (see
No. 618a) and desire to devote themselves to teaching at the
various Professional Schools (^see No. 598), Schools of
Professional and Gieneral Education (see No. 599) and Schools
of Crafts (src No. 605). They
are established in the
Agricultural (src No. 590), Poly technical (see No. 591) and
Commercial (see No. 592) Department of the University or at
Higher Agricultural Schools (see No. 603), Schools of Trades
and Handicrafts (see No. 608) and Commercial Schools (see
No. 612).
These schools are arranged as: 1. M^^jlM.^^Bt
Nung^ Yeh^ Chiao* Yiian^ Chiang' Hsi^ So^, Schools for Training-
Teachers for A gricultural Schools, 2. j^ i| ^j[ M ^ ^ Ff
Shang^
Yeh* Chiao^ Yiian- Chiang' Hsi^ So', Schools for
Training Teachers for Commercial Schools, and 3. T.f+c^fl^
It ^ B^ l^""g' Yeh^ Chiao^ Yiian^ Chiang'^ Hsi^ So', Schools
for -Training Teachers for Schools of Trades and Handicrafts.
The coiu'se of the first two covers two years ; the course of the
latter covers three years for the ^ ^ jfif Wan^ Ch'iian'' K'o\
Complete Course, or one year for the ^ J^ ^}\ Chien' I* K'o^,
Abridged Course.
Special
Schools :
621. .^ PT ^ ^ Chuan- Men^ HsUeh' T'ang-, Special
Schools ; their courses of study place these in the category of
Higher Schools (compare No. 583b).
Special Schools include :
[ 253 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATIOX OF CHIXA.
621 A 1- "^WlJivM^^: I^^ei-* Chon* Fa^ Clicng* HsiieM
T'ang^, College of Law and Administration for Princes and]
Noble?, at lacking (No. 622).
2. fJi^^^^ Fa-* Cheng* Hsiielr T'ang^,
'
Colleges of'
Law and Administration, at Peking and in the provinces {see
No. 623),
^- fi ^ ^ ^ F^' I^ii' Hsiicli' T'ang-, College of Law,
at Peking {see No. 624),
4. ^ ^ 1^ I^ Hsiieh^ Kuan', College of Interpreters, at
Peking {see Xo. 625),
5. j^' ^ ^ ^ Fang^ Yen^ Ilsiielr T'ang^ Colleges of
Languages, in the provinces {see No. 626),
6. ^^^^-"'W' MM^m-^^^ ^ieng" Wen^ Kao^ Teng'
Hsueh^ T-ang', Higher School of Mancliu and Mongolian
Tjonguages {see No, 627), and
7. ffl 4 ^ ^ Ch'iV Fn* Hsiielr T'ang^ College of
History and Philology at Ch'iifu {see No. 627a).
621a. In addition to the a])ove-mcntioned, the following
schools, under the joint supervision of the Ministry of Education
and various other Go^'crnment ofiices, may be considered as
Special
Schools :
1- m^'M'M^^ Kao^ Teng^ Hsinr Ching^ Ksiieh^
T'ahg^, Higher Police Schools, at Peking and in the provinces —
directly supervised by the Ministry of the Interior {sec No. 522).
2. ^J^tJC^M 'jLVai=^ Chengi Hsiieh^ T-ang^, Financial
(Political Economy; College, at Peking — directly supervised by
the Ministry of Finance {see No. 568),
3- ft f# !^ ^ &li* Wu* Hsiieh^ T'ang-, Customs
College, at Peking— directly supervised by the Board of Customs
Control {sec No. 252),
4. IM !? M i *^ ^
I-^i' Chiini Kuei^ Chou* Hsiieh^
T'ang^, Military School for Princes and Nobles— directly
supervised by the Ministry of War {see No. 713),
[ 254 ]

PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
5. li Llj 5& 4|( P ^ T'ang2 ShaiT^ Lii* Kxing^ Hsiieli^ ^^Ib
T'ang^, Kaihvay and Mining College at T'angshan— directly
supervised by the Ministry of Posts and Communications [see
No. 786),
^
6. ^'M^'M. Cluli'^ Fien^ Hsiieh== T^lng^ College of
Mongolian and Tibetan Languages, at Peking— directly supervised
by the Ministry of Dependencies {see No. 499), and
7. ji 12 P ^ ^'^"' 55 ]

PUESEXT DAY POLITICAL OKO AXIZATION OF CHINA.
622 622. "i: ^ '^ gr ^.^ Kuel' Chou^ Fa' Clieno-* llsiicli*
T'ang^, Collc

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
and administrative education ; the Lecture Course has been 622a
extended to three years — one year of general education and two to
years of special (legal and administrative) education ; and a qoo
1^ flffl f4 Yii^ Pei* K'o\ Pre'paratory Section, with a course of
study of two years duration, and providing 32 hours instruction
weekl}', has been introduced. At the Preparatory Section thei"e
are taught : ethics, Chinese literature, history, geography,
mathematics, natural science, drawing and callisthenics.
All males between the ages of 18 and 30 years who are
Clansmen, Princes or bearers of hereditary titles— as Avell as
their sons— if they are not in the Government service or enrolled
in Government schools, are obliged to join the College. Children
of Clansmen,
as well as Manchu and Chinese officials of the first
two ranks, are accepted at the College, on completion
of the
course of Middle Schools (see Xos. 580 to 582), after a test
examination.
Supplementary Pegulations for the College
of Law and
Administration for Princes and Nobles (providing for the changes
mentioned above) were drawn up by the Curator and sanctioned
by the Emperor on the 21st December, 1909.
622a. At the head of the College of Law and Administra-
tion for Princes and Xobles there is a |,|j {^ Tsung^ Li^, Curator.
Subordinated to him there are : 1. two Directors (see No.
635), 2. one J§ |^ T'i^ Tiao*, Preceptor, 3. Teachers (number
not fixed ; see Xo. 637), 4. two Proctors (see No. 646), 5.
^ f2 'B* Shu^ Chi* Kuan\ Secretaries, 6. Accountant (see No.
643), 7. Steward, and 8. Tutor (sec No. 640).
623. :^ ^iTl VS fl^ ^ ^ Chingi Shihi Fa* Cheng"* Hsiieh^
T'ang", College of Law and Administration, at Peking ;
established in accordance with a jMemorial from the Ministry of
Education, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 2nd Februaiy,
1907, for the purpose of preparing students for a judicial or
administrative career. The course of study covers five years ;
17
[ 257 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OE CHINA.
the first two years are spent at the ^ ^ Yii* K'o\ Treparatory
Section, and the remaining three at the IH ^ Cheng' K'o',
Specializing Section. The latter has two courses of study :
1. J&. Y^ ?^ Cheng* Chih* Men^, Cc>in-se in and 2. J^ ^ P']
Administration,
^^^ Lii* Men^, Course in Law.
At this College there are also found : 1. |j!j f?{- Pieh-* K'o',
Special Course, of three years duration, and 2. |f ^ flj-
Chiancy' Hsi^ K'o^, Lecture Course,. covering one year and a half,
providino- lectures,onadministrativeand financial laAV, for officials.
For the Preparatory Section there are yearly accepted,
after a test examination, 200 students. They must be between
the a.o-ei-' of tAventy and twenty -five years, of good behaviour,
physirally strong and educated to the standard reached by
Mif'dle Schools (see Nos. 580 to 582). For the Special Course
t^iere are yearly accepted, after a test examination, 100 students.
These must be less than 35 years of age, be employed at the
various
literary
Ministries or other Government offices, or possess
degrees — not higher than ^ A Chii^ ,Icn^, Graduate
(Bachelor of Arts). For the Specializing Section of the College
there are chosen 200 students from the ranks of those who have
completed the course of the Preparatory Section,
corresponding education, after a test examination.
or externs of
The subjects of study at the Preparatory Section include :
ethics, Chinese literature, Japanese, history, geography, mathe-
matics, natural science, logic, general outline of law, principles of
financial law and callisthenics. The Course in Administration of
the Specializing Section provides instruction in : ethics,
" Institutes of the Reigning Dynasty," laws of the Ta Cli'ing
Empire, State law, constitutional law, administrative law, civil
law, criminal law, commercial ,
law, general international law,
special international law, political, economy, financial law,
sociology, history of international relations, statistics, Japanese,
English and callisthenics. The subjects taught in the Course in
[ 258 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Law of the Specializing Section are : ethics, " Institutes of the 623a
Reigning Dynasty," h\ws of the Ta Ch'ing Empire, history of
Chinese legislation, history of foreign -legislation, constitutional
law, administrative law, civil law, criminal law, commerical law,
•civil law proceedings, criminal law proceedings, general interna-
tional law, special international law, prison administration,
Japanese and callisthenics.
At the head of the College of Law and Administration, at
Peking, there is a Director (see Xo. 635). He has subordinated
to him : L One Preceptor [see jS^o. 636), 2. Teachers (number
not fixed ; see Xo. 637), 3. Two Tutors (see No. 640), 4.
Librarian {see No. 639), 5. Steward (see No. 641),
6. Secre-
tary (sec No. 642), 7. Accountant (see No. 643), 8. Tavo
Clerks of Works (see No. 644), and a ^ ^ fij- IJj}. ^ 'g* Chiang^
Hsi^ K'o^ Pan'' Shih'* Kuan', Inspector of Lecture Course for
officials (see above).
623a. 'iJ^itJC^'M Fa^ Cheng^ Hslieh^ T'ang-, Colleges of
Law and Administration, in the provinces. The course of study
of these Colleges is similar to that of the Special Course of the
College of Law and Administration at Peking (see No. 623) ; the
duration of the course is not uniform in all provinces. In Chihli
the course covers two years — half a year at the f$, fif Yii^ K'o^,
Preparatory Section, and one year and a half at the TJ^f^j- Pen^ K'o^,
Specializing
Section ;
in
Anhui the course includes two years for
the fM ^ M (^'liien^ I^ K'o\ Abridged Course, and one year for
the ^ ^ ^'i Pu^ Hsi^ K'o^, Supplementary Course; in Chekiang
the course covers one year and a half, etc.
The enrollment of the Colleges of Law and Administration
varies in different- provinces (in Chekiang it is 200, in Chihli 120,
and in Shantung and Anhui 60).
Instructions from the Ministry of Education, dated the
9th March, 1907, directed that the provincial Colleges of Law and
Administration introduce— following the example of the Peking
I 259 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
623b College of Law and Administration {see No. 623), a course of
to ^ It ^ -^ 14 i:\Aen^ Yii* Hsueh^ Chuani K'o\ Prison Admini-
624 stration, as a speciality to which students of the first section of
Higher Schools (preparing to attend the Department of Law of
the University ; see No. 583) may devote themselves for a year
and a half.
623b. For particulars as to ^ '^M^ P(
• !^su' Fa*
Chiang' Hsi^' K'oS also ^ ^l] ^ ^ M Shen^ P'an* Chiang^ Hsi^
So^, Courses of Lectures on Law, instituted at Colleges of Law,
see No. 758b.
624. fi ^ ^ ^' Fa^ Lil^ Hsii^h^ T'ang^, College of
Law, at Peking ; founded in accordance with a Memorial from
the President of the Ministry of Education— sanctioned by the
Emperor on the 3rd August, 1905— with the object of providing
judicial education for oflncials. The course of study
covers three
years (also, there is a j^ /jJJ .jfjf Su^ Ch'eng^ K*o^, Abridged Course^
of one year and a half).
At the College are taught : laws of the Ta Ch'ing, Ming
and T'ang Dynasties, legislation now in force, history of
legislation in China (from olden times), general outline of law,
principles of political economy. State law, Koman law, civil law,-
criminal law, constitutional law, commercial law, civil and
criminal law proceedings, international law (general and special),
administrative law, prison administration, judicial practice, laws-
of commercial companies, laws of bankruptcy, general principles
of finance, foreign languages and callisthenics.
At the Head of the College of Law at Peking there is a
Director {see No. 635); subordinated to him are: 1. The
Preceptor {see No. 636), 2. Eight Teachers {see No. 637),.
3. Librarian {see No. 639), 4. Steward {see No. 641), 5.
Secretary {see No. 642), 6. Accountant {see No. 643), 7. Clerk
of Works {see No. 644), 8. Inspector
[ 2G0 .]
of Dormitories (see No..

TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
645), 9. Proctors (sec No. 646) and 10. Assistant Inspector 535
of Dormitories (sec No. 647).
625. ^^i^ I^ Hsiieh^ Kuan^ College of Interpreters, at
Peking ; established with the object of preparing young men
who have completed the course of Middle Schools (see Nos. 580
to 582) for transacting affairs dealing with foreigners. The
enrollment is 200 ; the course of study covers five years and
36 hours of instruction are given weekly. There are five
courses for instruction in foreign i.e. languages, 1. ^ "^ ^i^
Yingi Wen^* K'o\ Course in English, 2. f^ ^ ^4 Fa'^ Wen^
K'oS Course in French, 3.
f|^ ^ ^Jf E* Wen* K'o', Course in
Russian, 4. f^ '^ ^3f Tc^ ^yen^ K'o', Course in German, and
5. H ^ i5C # Jil^' JPen^ Wen- K'o', Course in Japanese.
In addition to language study, in each of the courses
mentioned. above there is instruction during the first two years in
^ jM ^' ^^'^'^ T'ung^ Hsiieh", General Education (ethics, Chinese
literature, history, geography, mathematics, natural science,
physics, chemistry, drawing and callisthenics), and, during the
remaining three years, in !^ P^ ^ Chuan^ Men" Hsiielr, Special
Education (international law, political economy and pedagogy).
Young men between the ages of 12 and 20 years, having
a good knowledge of Chinese, free from impediments in speech
and physically strong, are accepted as |Jf^ ^ Fu* Hsiieh^, Special
Students. They are not distinguished from the ordinary students
as regards study and privileges granted.
At the head of the College of Interpreters there is a
Director (see No. 635). He is in charge of a staft' madie
up of: 1. Preceptor (see No. 636; also gij ^ =^ Fu-* Chien^
TuS Assistant Director), 2. ^ P5 ^ |^ ^
Chuan^ Men2
Hsiielr Chiao* Yiian^, Teachers of Special Subjects, 3. ^j> ^
^Wl ^ ^^ai* Kuo- Wen^ Chiao^ Yuan^ Teachers of Foreign
Languages, 4. ^ Jl ^ f^ M P'^^' T'ung^
Yiian^, Teachers of General Subjects, 5.
[ 2G1 ]
Hsiieh^ Chiao*
Bjj ^ Chu* Chiao*,

n.'RSENT DAY ^^OLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Assistant Teachers, 6. Steward {see No. 641 ; also ^Ij ^ ^
Fii* Chien^ Tu', Assistant Director), 7. Secretary {see No.
642), 8.
i(^ ^ 1^ Shoui Chihi Kuan', Treasurer, 9. Clerk o£
Works (see No. 644), 10. Inspector of Dormitories (see No.
645), 11. Proctor (see No. 646), and 12. Assistant Inspector
of Dormitories {see No. 647).
Completion of the course of the College of Interpreters
carries with it the following privileges :
Those who graduate with the first rating receive the
degree of ^ \ ^ M Chu^ Jon^ Ch'u^ Shen\
are enrolled as
preferential candidates for the post of ^ ^ Chu' Shih* (sec No.
292)— at the Capital— or ifJI'/fl Chih2 Li" Chou^ (see No. 851)—
in the provinces, and join the Faculty of the University (in Avhatever
department they choose) or are sent abroad for furtlier study.
Those who complete the course with the second rating
receive the degree Chii^ Jen'- Ch'u^ Shcn^ (as above), perform
duty as interpreters at the Wai Wu Pu in Peking,
title |?3 Pj|] rfi ^ Nei" Ko- Chungi Slmi (see No. 137),
with the
or are
appointed to the provinces for interpreting, or for dealing with
affairs concerning foreigners, as ^D ,^ Chih^ Hsien" (see No.
856). A staff of interpreters and Consiils for service abroad is
chosen from the ranks of those who attain the second rating.
Those who attain the third i-ating receive the degree of ;^ ^
Chii' ,Jen^ (see Nos. 629b and 631) and are appointed, at the
Capital,
to the various Ministries as Officials of the seventh rank
(sec No. 299) or, in the provinces, as 3^ ^]] T'ung^ P'an"* (see
No. 849a). They may also take positions as teachers of foreign
languages
ia Middle Schools. Those who attain the fourth
rating remain for repeated study ; should they again fail to
attain one of the three senior ratings, and be uuAvilling to study
longer, they receive a document certifying
attendance for the
full period at the College of Interpreters and are eligible for
employment as teachers of foreign languages. The students who^
[ 2G2 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
graduate with the fifth rating merely
receive a Hst of their 625a
examination marks. tO
625a. ^ ^ ^ Wen^ Tien' Ch'u*, Committee for Diction- q2q
ary Compilation ; at the College of Interpreters. This Committee
is to compile a dictionary for English and Chinese, French and
Chinese, Russian and Chinese, German and Chinese, and
Japanese and Chinese. Each dictionary is to be arranged in
three divisions, i.e. Chinese Language — Foreign Language,
Foreign Language— Chinese Language, and Special Expressions.
The Committee is under the supervision of the Director of
the L'ollege of Interpreters (sec No. 625) and consists of : 1.
a llg ^ Tsu»g3 Tsuan^ Chief Compiler, 2. Two ^ ^ Fen^
Tsuan^, Compilers, 3. a ^ ^ Fan' P, Translator (Interpreter),,
and 4. a ^ ^ Shu^ Chi^, Secretary.
626. yj W ^^ Fang^ Yen^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^, -Colleges of
Languages, in the provinces. The object of these institutions is
identical with that of
'
the College of Interpreters at Peking
{see Ko. 625 ; compare also No. 311), i.e. to prepare men
qualified for diplomatic service and for teaching
in Middle
Schools {see Nos. 580 to 582). The course of study is arranged
in two sections : 1. Preparatory, providing a course in English,.
a course in Russian and a course in Japanese, extending over
two years, and 2. Special, with a course covering three
years.
The Special Course supplies instruction in : arithmetic,
Chinese, geography, history, chemistry, philosophy, psychology,
international kiw, natural science and callisthenics. The
Preparatory Course includes the study of : arithmetic, the first
principles of algebra, Chinese literature, geography, history,,
principles of chemistry, principle of natural philosophy, the
Classics, natural science, drawing and callisthenics.
As students at the Colleges of Languages there are accepted
those who have completed the course of a Middle School.
[ 263 ]

626a
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
The description of the organization of Colleges of Languages
to given above is that of the College in Fengt'ien province ; those
627
®^ other provinces are of practically similar organization.
Completion of the course of study of Colleges of Languages
carries with it the privileges attained by those "who complete the
coui'se of the College of Interpreters at Peking (see No. 625).
626a. 75f W ^ ^ M Fang^ Yen=^ I* Hsi^ So^ Practical
Courses in Foreign Languages ; held at Moukden. These were
instituted for the benefit oE substantive and expectant officials of
^ ^ Fengt'ien province. They owe their inception to a
Memorial of the ex-Governor-General of Manchuria, f^jH:^ Hsii"
Shih^-ch'ang^, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 25th April, 1909.
The students attending these courses are divided into two
groups : one group is taught at day sessions (the
full course
covers two years) and one group attends night sessions (the full
course coveirs three years).
627. MM^^^ ^ 'M Man2 Meng^ Weh^ Kao^ Teng^
Hsiieh- T'ang% Higher School of Manchu and Mongolian
languages ; established in 1908, at Peking, to provide men
versed in the ]Manchu and Mongolian languages. The
school has two Courses: 1. j^ ^ ^ ^ij- Man^ Meng^
Wen^ K'o\ Course in Manchu and Mongolian Languages,
and 2. ^ jJc f-j- Tsang^ Wen'^ K'o', Course in Tibetan. Each
Course, in turn, is made up ^
of two sub-divisions : 1 .
Yii* K'o\ Preparatory Course (covering two years)
^ 7fi[
^^
and 2.
Pcn^ K'o', Specializing Course (extending over three years).
Also, there is a ^Ij ^3[ Pieh"* K'o\ Special Course,
with a term of
three years, for those not over 35 years of age who possess a
literary degree not higher than ^ \ Chii^ Jen', Ciraduate
(Bachelor of Arts), or are in the Government service.
The enrollment of the Preparatory and Specializing Courses
is 120 for each; that of the Special Course is 80.
[ 264 -]

PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL, ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
As students at the Higher School o£ ]Manchu and 627a
Mongolian Languages there are accepted persons who have
completed the course of Middle "Schools (580 to 582). At
first, as an exception, there Avere accepted as students persons
not over 25 years of age who were well versed in Chinese and
had some knowledge of ]\Iancliu and Mongolian. _
The subjects of study include philosophy (Chinese), Chinese
literature, general outline of law, history, geography, arithmetic,
natural science, physics, algebra, trigonometry, general principles
of financial law and political economy, statistics, criminal law,
administrative law, international laAv, topograjshy, drawing and
tracing, constitutional legislation, laws of the Ta Ch'ing Dynasty,
theory of colonization^ geography and history of Manchuria,
Mongolia and Tibet, calhsthenics, etc. Russian, Japanese and
veterinaiy sui-gery are optional subjects.
At the head of the School there is a Director {see No. 635).
He has a staff consistiiig of: 1. Preceptor {see No. 636),
2. "^M^'X^kB. ^Jan^ Meng== Yu^ Wen- Chiao* Yiian',
Teachers of Manchu and Mongolian, 3. Wt^ ^M^^Wi ^
Tsang'* Yii^ Tsang^ Wen- Chiao^ Ytian-, Teachers of Tibetan,
4. # ti f^ P ^ 1 Ko^ (liung* K'oi Hsiieh' Chiao* YuanS
Teachers of Sciences, 5. ^>C^^;^^^M^^* ^^^«n^
Yingi Wen^ Tung^ Yang^ Wen^ Chiao* Yiian^, Teachers of
Russian, English and Japanese, 6. Steward {see No. 641),
7. Secretary {see No. 642), 8.. Treasurer {see No. 643), 9.
Clerk of AVo-ks {see No. 644), 10. Inspector
of Dormitories
{see No. 645), 11. Proctor {see No. 646), and 12. Assistant
Inspector of Dormitories {see No. 647).
627a. itfi .f . ^ ^ Ch'iii Fu^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^ College
of History and Philology at Ch'iifu {see No. 621 ; compare,
also. No. 621b). This College was established on the recom-
mendation of ^ ^B, ^ lA^ng" Ting^-feni, late Provincial Judge
of Ilupeh {see No. 830), see Decrees dated the 6 th and 14th
[ 205 ]

PltESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
628 January, 1907, with sums granted by the Throne, at the district,
town of Ch'ijfu (in the^ j-J*) f^ Yen^ Chou^ PV prefecture
of Shantung), the birth-place and burial-place of Confucius.
The College has two courses of study :
Jl^ ifj[ Yti* K'o^,,
Preparatory Course, similar to the programme of Middle
Schools {see No. 580), and jhf-l" Cheng'* K'o', Specializing Course,,
supplying instruction in the (Classics, history and literature.
For the Preparatory Course there are accepted scholars
who have completed the course of Primary Schools of the Senior
Grade (sec No. 577a); for the Specializing Course there are
accepted scholars who have completed the Classical Coiu'se o£
Middle Schools (see Nos. 580 and 581) or the course of Lower
Normal Schools (see No. 618a).
At the head of the College there is a ^ § Chien' Tu^,,
Director {see No. 635); to this position
the above-mentioned
Liang Ting-fen was appointed {see report of the Ministry of
Education, dated 7th February, 1910).
A college similar to the College of History and Philology
at Ch'iifu has existed for many years in Hupeh province under
the title of ^ -^ !^M 'i's'^n' i^^' Hsiielr T'ang^ (compare
also No. 621b).
EXAMINATIONS AND LITERARY DEGREES.
628. It has already been mentioned {sec No. 574) that
the occupancy of public posts in China was dependent— until a
short time ago — upon the possession of literary degrees (of
Metropolitan Graduate, Provincial Graduate or Licentiate—
with their various gradations). These degrees were obtained at
M S^ K'ao^ Shih^ Examinations, of tliree kinds: I. ^ ^.
Hsiang^ Shih'*, Provincial Examinations (held, as a rule,
triennially, in the autumn, at the provincial capital), followed by
2 ^ ^ Hui^ Shih*, Metropolitan Examination (held at
[
26G
]

PRESt;\T DAY I'OLITJCAi. OliG ANIZ ATK)X OF CillN'A.
Peking the following spring), and 3. ^^ ji^ Tien* Shih*, Palace
Examination (following immediately after the Metropolitan
Examination), after which the award of final degrees Avas made.
Also, there were special examinations— in celebration of
auspicious public events— styled }^^ |j^ En^ Shih^, Examinations
held by Imperial Favour. The Provincial and ^Metropolitan
Graduates were respectively styled ^ K'o^ and tp Chia'^ (the
comljination of the tAvo terms jfJ[ t}3 K'o^ Chia^, commonly
meant "Graduate").
On the 2nd September, 1905, following a ]Memorial from
^ 11" 01 ^"i^'sii" Shih^-k'ai^, ex-Governor-General of Chihli, an
Imperial Decree was promulgated recognizing that the system
of competition for literary degrees was effete— as events had
shown—and directing its abolition from the year 1906. At the
same time the various Governors-General and Governors Avere
inst.iicted to take steps towards increasing the number of
schools— the completion of the courses of these to replace the
competitive examinations as a means of obtaining
the various
literary degrees. HoAvever, as a special case {see report of
the Committee of Ministers, dated the 19th ^larch, 1906)
permission has been granted for holding the examinations in
1909 and 1912 for the degrees of ^ g' ^ Pa'^ Kiing* Sheng^
and ^^ ^ Yui Kung^ Sheng^ (see No. 629a).
At present, a transitory period, the Higher Schools
(previous to 1909) and, furthermore, the University — completion
of the courses of which serves as a means of attaining the highest
literary degrees— having graduated no classes, the acquisition of
degrees is possible only
to those Avho have been educated
abroad—after passing examinations at the Ministry of Education
and at the Palace {see Xos. 630 and 652c to 652e).
All Avho attained literary degrees previous to the promiilgation
of the Edict (of 1905) mentioned above have been directed, vf'iih.
a view to the advancement of their education, to join the
[ ->G7 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
6S9 ft ^ ft Shih* Hsiieh^ Kuan^ (see Nos. 595 and 595a), the
to li ± It Chin* Shih* Kuan3 (see No. 596) or the M M t^ ^^'o'
629a LiVKuan^ (see Nos. 597 and 597a).
629. By the old system of examinations, abolished Ly the
Decree of the 2nd September, 1905 (see No. 628), a person
wishing to obtain the first literary degree ^ ^ Hsiu* Ts'ai- (see
No. 629a)— such a person was designated as |^ ^ Chiin* Hsiu*,
had first to pass an examination before the Magistrate of his
district. A certificate of merit from the Magistrate enabled the
candidate for literary honours lo style himself ^ ^^ T'ung^
Sheng\ Avhich may be taken as equivalent to " Student."
The candidate ranking first on the Magistrate's list received
the distinguishing title of ^ "^ An^ Shou'.
629a. % ';^ Hsiu* Ts'ai', Licentiate; the first literary
degree (literary designation, ^ ^ Sheng' Yiian^). This
degree was awarded by the Literary Chancellor (see No. 827a)
at examinations held in prefectural cities (the highest candidate
on the list also received the title ^ ^' An^ Shou' ; compar^^ No.
629). The successful candidates were divided into two groups:
PM ^ Fu* ShengS Licentiates of the First Class, and if ^
Tseng^ Sheng\ Licentiates of the Second Class. Also, the
highest candidates were granted ^ 'X, Kao^ Huo^, Government
Stipends, and for this reason they were known as ]^ ^ Lin'
Sheng^or S jp ^ Lin^ Shan^ Sheng^, Stipendiaries.
The Licentiates as a whole Avere known generally as ^ ^
Kung* ShengS Senior Licentiates, z.e., 1.
,^, M ^ ^^^^ Kung*
Sheng\ Senior Licentiates by Imperial Favour — having
passed at one of the so-called ,g, gj^ kn^ Shih* (see No. 628),
2- ^ M ^ Fa^ Kung'* Sheng\ Senior Licentiates of the First
Class— having passed at the examination held every 12 years,
3- ilj m. ^ Fu* Kung* ShengS or ^ ^ r^ ^"i' ^""8"*
Sheng\ Senior Licentiate of the Second Class— senior by virtue
of the d«ie of their success at the examination or because of
[ 2G8 ]

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
their age ; Unsalaried Licentiates, and 4. f^ H ^ ^^^^ Kung^ 629b
Shpng\ Senior Licentiatiss of the Third (Jlass— those having
shown noteworthy achievements at the regular examination.
Also, Licentiates of the First Class (Fu* Sheng^ ; see abo\'e)
might obtain the degree of
|5^ ^ ^ Fu* Kung* Sheng^ by-
purchase.
629b. I^ /\_ Chii* Jen^ (literary designation, ^ ^
Hsiao* Lien"-), Provincial Graduate (Bachelor of Arts) ; the
second literary degree ; conferred at the so-called ^ ^ Hsiang^
Shih* {see No. 628) by the JE ^ 'g' Cheng'' K'ao^ Kuan^
(literary designation, ;/c 1^ ^ "^^^ Tsung' Ts'ai" ; ordinary
designation, ^^ ^ ^ Ta'* Chu^ K'ao^), Examiner appointed from
Peking.
Of some ten to twelve thousand competitors, commonly
described as ;J; ^ Shih* Tzu', Scholars, barely three hundred at
the utmost received degrees. The successful candidates, whose
names appeared in an official list styled n| Ji^ |^ Lung^ Hu^
Pang^, were said to have r|4 ^ Chung' Chii^, Attained a Degree,
and were thenceforth known as :|^ ^ Chii^ Jen^, Promoted Men.
In addition to the list of successful scholars, about forty
candidates, whose showing was adjudged as scarcely inferior to
their successful companions, were enrolled in a secondary list,
styled glj ^ Fu^ Pang^, a description of proxime accessit, their
names in this manner securing the honour of publicity although
they failed to secure the degree.
The first on the list of graduates received the honorary title
of ^ TC Cliieh* Yiian^, the following four were styled |^^ 5^
Ching' K'uei-, while the next thirteen received the designation
j^ K'uei^ or ^]^ ^ Hsiang' K'uei^. Finally, the degree of ;^^
Chii^ Jen^, was sometimes bestowed as an honorary reward upon
candidates over 80 or 90 years of age who had presented
themselves at successive examinations without success— on their
complying with certain specified requirements.
[ 2G9 ]

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHlJfA.
629c G29c. i^i Chin* Shih'*, ]\[etropolitan Graduate (Doctor);
the third and highest literary degree ; conferred at the ^ ^
Hui* Shih^ (see Ko. 628) following a ^ si^ Fu* Shih^ Test
Examination. Those proving successful at this examination
(usually some three hundred and twenty-five to three hundred
and fifty out of six thousand competitors) were known by the
general designation of ^ ^{^ Kung*
Shih'*. Some were
distinguished further, i.e. the first as ^ 7^ Hui* Yiian^, the
second to the fifth as ^^, 5^- Ching^ K'uei-, and the sixth to the
thirteenth as ^ ^ Hui* K'uei^ The degree of Chin^ Shih*
was ])estowed only, after the so-called ^ ^ Tien'* Shih^ (see No.
628), Palace Examination. The essays composed at this
examination were scrutinized and classified by a special
committee of Imperial Revisers, called f^ ^ ;;t E Yiieh* Chiian'*
Ta* X'h'en-, and the confirmation of the degree was made after
the tfJl ^ Ch'ao^ K'ao^, Court Examination, at which the theme
of the essay to be composed Avas selected b}' the Emperor himself.
The examinations completed, the successful scholars were
received in audience by the Emperor and those highest on the
list received various posts at the National Academy (see supra);
the others were given appointments either to provincial posts—
District Magistrate — or to minor positions in the Six Boards at
Peking or the Grand Secretariat.
The scholar ranking first among the ^letropolitan Graduates
received the title of ;}jj^- ^ Chuang* Yrian^. The recipient of
this, the highest literary award, attained the rank of f|^ f||
Hsiu^ Chuan* (see No. 200a). The graduate ranking second in
order of merit at the Court Examination received the title of
(§ fl| Pang- Yen3 and the third that of ^ ^^ T'an* Hua'; both
these cimdidates were invested with the rank of |^ jff Pien^
Hsiu' (see No. 200b). The three graduates mentioned made up
the — tp I^ Chia"', First Class, of the year and were styled
'M± Ik^j Chin^ Shih* Chi^ Ti*.
[ 270 ]

PRESENT DAY POMTICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHINA.
Those graduating highest in the Second ('lass, ZL Ej^ Ki'h^ 629d
'Chia^, at the Court Examination received the title of ^ Jjj^ -^q
Ch'uan^ Lu^ and were invested Avith the rank of ;^ ^ C'hien^
T'ao^ (see No. 200c) ;

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHIXA
directing their bestowal on students completing
the various types of schools in a satisfactory manner.
the courses of
There are five distinct examinations held at the schools :
1- eg ff^ # ^ ^in' Shih- K'so^* Shih% Periodic
Examination (once a month),
2. m m n M Hsiieh^ Ch'ii K'ao^
Examination (held twice a year), and
'
Shih% Semestral
3- ^ ^ -^ U Hsiieh^ Xien^ K'ao^^ ShihS Annual
Examination.
The above-mentioned examinations are carried on by the
administration of the school concerned.
and
4. ^ m^^U Pi' Yeh* K'ao^ Shih^ Final Examination, \
5. ^^^U Shcngi Hsiieh- Iv'ao^ ShihS Examination
for Advancement to a School of Higher Gradino-.
The two last-mentioned exammations are carried on— at
Peking— by officials deputed by the Ministry of Education and—
in the provinces— by deputies of the Governor-General or
Governor.
At all examinations the " one hundred mark total " is used.
Conforming to the percentages received in the examinations
students are arranged according to five ratings : 1. :^ f^ ^
Tsui* Yu^ Teng', Excellent (80 to 100^, 2. ff ^ Yui Teng^,
Good (60 to 80), 3. ^^ Chung' Teng\ Satisfactory (40 to
60), 4. ~F ^ Hsia-i Teng^ Unsatisfactory (20 to 40), and 5.
:1 T ^ Tsui* Hsia* Teng^ Very Poor (1 to 20).
Dependent on the type of school and on the attainments of
the candidates at the final examinations, the following degrees
are conferred (in ascending scale): 1. ft ^ P Sheng^ 2.
H ^ Fu* 8Mng\ 3. if /^ Ts-ngi Shengi, 4. /^ ^ Lin'
ShOngS 5.- ff ;^ ^ Yu' Lin^ SliengS 6. -^ J( Sui* Kung*,
^- fl M Yu' Kimg\ 8. ^ ^ Pa- Kung\ 9. M ^
Kung* Sh^ngS 10.
gij ^ Fu* Pang^, 11. ^ \ CM^ Jen^,
r 272 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
and 12. jg ± Chin* Shih* (of two grades, i.e. |rI ii ± ffi :^ 632
T'ung2 Chin* Shih* Ch'u^ Shen^ and ig ± ^ :^
Ch'ui Shen^).
Chin* Shih*
For particulars as to which schools appertain the various
degrees see the descriptions of the se ral types of schools.
ADMINISTRATION OF SCHOOLS,
632. |§ Ji Tsung^ Li^ Curator; at the head of the College
of Law and Administration for Princes and Nobles {see No. 6 22 a).
This post is held by a Prince or High Ofl^cial of the Empire.
at the head
'632a. ^ ^^ Tsung^ Pan*, Curator ; formerly
of the Military School for Princes and Nobles. This post is now
abolished {see No. 713a).
633. ;;c^l!iiE^ Ta* Hsiieh^ Tsung^ Chien^ Tu^ Eector of
the University; 3a, at the head of the University {see No. 593).
634. iK^^^P:^^ Ta* Hsueh^ Fen^ K'o^ Chien^
Tu^, Department Dean ; at the head of the Faculty of a
Department of the University {see No. 593) ; directly subordinate
to the Rector of the University {see No. 633).
635. ^ § Chien^ Tu\ Director. This official is found at
Middle and Higher Schools {see Nos. 582 and 583a), Middle
and Higher Professional Schools (^ee No. 598), Normal Schools
of Lower {see No. 618a) and Higher {see No. 618b) Grades,
College of Law and Administration for Princes and Nobles {see
No. 622a)j Colleges of Law and Administration, at Peking {see
No. 623) and in the province {see No. 623a), College of Law
{see No. 624), College of Interpreters {see No. 625), Colleges of
Languages {see No. 626), College of Manchu and Mongolian
Languages {see No. 627 \ '^^ollege of History and Philology at
Ch'iifu {see No. 627a), etc. He is the direct and administi-ative
chief of these institutions.
635a. ^ ^ Hsiao* Chang^, Director ; at Primary Schools
of both grades {see No. 577b) and at Lower Professional Schools.
{see No. 598).
18
[ -^73 ]
^O
635a

xssaEST st^ix canrA.
t^-i's- ^^ TSoar ""-:?' -r" Hri". V; : ja
i-rti - -^"er Sc^-3iZ S: :
11 MHii'i f~
Jj^
:s*. «is^
' X«L &S\ wmtL. «i& ti:
At
-r? iZ^
liif U:
E ^- :
*« :"
:t X^
Tiw* «r ft
rtar Imt Xos. Z
5«L «3i6>
^1 TTT). H Hill I^Jhi^j iif
If.
rr '1*
I

""SlE^EyT 5'iT F^-TLfTTlAi ''JTEfiAJniXATIWiT "Vy "^WTWJL.
Sckool£ar : :' ^hs ((mf Sbl 713a); ^
to idke - . , ? .
Pmeceg-c^'
^ f? "
"5^
sBf . laasffiff ; ssbsBOiafiaae^ as
C-.nii^ fif L«r aoid A: ^-attHn aft P^ai^ C^e* ^Si«. S23) 1t»
tii£ Fi.mc|iior (Tssr 'S9. isr^jh.
---'- ~. ^MM §*«* ^"^ T'k' 'Iffl«^* SfiewRBHl; aft l&e
ir!iz~T7'-:~ ji?« ^Msu MCS> and aft ttBois fJVA^e (s£ lafaMf nefeegs f^s!?
_ - ^ 1? S ^li^ Wi(* Cfaagfy SttEflpramfi : j^ Rotkbtw"
Seo:< -
: :
~ ' jiv Gnde^ H%&er SduMiki, ese. |£ H ^
»a^ Was" Yiid«' ^ BM^^M. ^^ ^"^ ^^ Twa^^
Ssgward ; at odko* fsthoolE.
Tk SlUL'iJMHt B sabBfiniaL at «fe IFatt»

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
644 644. mBt Tsa^ Wu^ Kuan^ or ^i ^ ^
Tsa» Wu*
to Ytian^, Clerk of Works ; at the University and Higher Schools
fifiO ^^^ schools o£ corresponding grade ; subordinated to the Steward
(see No. 641).
645. ^ ^ f^ ^ Chai^ She* T'i2 Tiao* (at the University),
W^^ Chai* She^ Chang', ^ ^ ^ Chai* Wu* Chang^ or
^ ^ ^ M Chai* Wu* Wei^ Yiian- (at other schools—where
there are doniiitories)— Inspector o£ Dormitories ; subordinated,
at the University {see No. '593), to the Dean (see No. 643), and,
at other schools, to the Director (see No. 635) ; appointed from
the ranks o£ Professors or Teachers (sec No. 637).
646. ^ ^ 'g* Chien^ Hsiieh^ Kuan' or ^ ^ M.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
651. Scheme of gradation of schools of various types 651
^
i^ ic ;^ ;^c @ k
m m m ^ m m
m m m n m m.
m m M,
4t tp
^
^
I
^
[ 277 ]
m
la

662
^
652 a
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
CHINESE STUDENTS ABROAD.
g52. ^^.0 ^M^ ^^'^ ^
Yu2 Hsiieh^ Sheng^ Cliien' Tu^ Chnl^ Inspectorate
Kuau=^ LP Jih* Pen»
of Chinese
Students in Japan ; at the Chinese Legation at Tokyo.
At the head of the Inspectorate is a ^ =^ Chien^ Tu\
Controller, appointed from the Legation Secrett\ries,
on the
recommendation of the Chinese ^Minister at Tokyo^ by the
Ministrj^ of Education.
The Inspectorate is arranged in four sections or depart-
ments :
Section.
1- B.^ ^ Shu'' Wu* K'o\ Section of General Affairs,
2.
•§• It f^ Hui* (K'uai^) Chi* K'o\ Section of Accounts,
3. ^ f^ ^ij- Wcn^ Tu^K'o\ Section of Correspondence, and
4. j§ ^. fij- T'ung^ I* K'o^, Translating (Interpreting)
Each Section is under the control of fj[ ^ K'o^ Chang%
Section Chiefs, who are assisted by two or three fj[. ^ K'o.^
Yiian^, Secretaries.
At the Inspectorate there is also a ^ ^^ ^ Pien^ Pao* So',
Office for Compilation of Reports, under a ^ JM M ^^"an' Li'
Yiian^, Superintendent, where official reports, giving necessary
information as to the Chinese students in Japan, arrangements
for their education, etc., are compiled, and ten |^ f^ ^ Tzu^
I* Yiian'^, Consulting Experts, appointed, on the recommendation
of the Controller, by the Minister.
652a. Jt H ^ f^ J^ Yu2 Mei^ Hsueh'^ Wu* Ch'uS Office
for Selection of Students for America; established in 1909 at
Peking. This Office is under the control of the Ministries of
Foreign
Affairs and of Education. Under the control of the
Office there is the ^ ^ ^ ^ $§ Yu^ Mei^ I^ Yeh* Kuan^
Preparatory College, from which students are selected for
despatch to America.
[ ^78 ]
j

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIC ATIO-V OF CHINA.
By an agreement between the Chinese and American 652b
Governments, dated 1908, the former bound itself to despatch, -^o
yearly, for four years (beginning from 1909), 100 students to
America ; thereafter 50 men are to be sent yearly.
The control of Chinese students in America as regards
allotment to various schools, etc., rests with a specially appointed
^ ^ Chien^ Tu\ Controller.
652b. ^ j{\ M ^ ^^1^ ^^"' Chou^ Yu- Hsiieh^' Shengi
Chien^ Tu\ Controller of Chinese Students in Europe ; this post
was established iu 1907 with a view to control of all Chinese
students in Europe. Practice having shown the unsuitability of
the system of control, a Memorial from the Ministry of Educa-
tion (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 7th November, 1909),
arranged
for the -
appointment of five Controllers,
England, France, Germany, Russia and Belgium,
to reside in
and be
subordinated to the Chinese Ministers at London, Paris, Berlin,
St. Petersburg and Brussels respectively.
Regulations relating to the control of students in Europe,,
similar to those for students in Japan, are to be later drawn up.
(see No. 652).
652c. Having studied abroad for a period of not less than
three years, possessing a diploma from a Middle School, or for
a period of not less than four year, possessing no diploma, and
having successfully completed the course of study of Government
Universities or of Special Higher Schools, Chinese students on
their return to Peking are called upon to xindergo examinations
of three types : 1. ^ ||^ Chen^ Lu*, Test Examination, 2.
IE J^ ^ Si^ Cheng^ Ch'ang^ K'ao^ Shih% Ministerial Examina-
tion, and 3, ^ gj^ T'ing^ Shih*, Examination at the Palace.
6 5 2d. The Test Examination is held at the Ministiy of
Education and consists of foreign languages and subjects of
gen( -al education. On satisfactory completion
of this examina-
tion students are admitted to the Ministerial Examination.
[ 279 ]
'
Q^Qu

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,
652e 652b. At the Ministerial Examination {see No. 652c)
•^Q there are set three examination papers, i.e. one of foreign
fifi2F langiiages and two of selected special educational subjects.
Those proving successful at this examination are arranged, in
order of merit, in three classes : 1. ^ f^ ^ Tsui* Yu^ Teng',
Excellent, 2. f§ ^ Yu^ Teng^ Good, and 3.
t\t ^ Chungi
Teng^, Satisfactory.
Those attaining the grade of "excellent" receive the degree
oi ^ -j^ Chin* Shih*, Doctor, and those graded as " good " or
"satisfactory " receive the degree oi S^ \ Chii' Jen^, Bachelor.
The candidates at the examination themselves select the
special education in which they wish to be examined. The list of
special subjects numbers seven : I. ^ Ea* i|St fij- Cheng* K'o\
Legal and Administrative Subjects, 2. ^ ^j{- I^ K'o\ Medicine,
3. jg fij- Nung2 K'o.\ Agriculture, 4. X |^ Kung^ K'oi,
Polytechnics, 5. ^Wt^^ l^o^ Chih* K'oS Natural iSciences, 6.
^f^ Shang^ KV, Commercial Subjects and 7.
^SC f4 Wen^
K'o\ Literature. The literary degree attained is
qualified by
the
speciality examined in i.e. '^]^ ^^ ^ \ Fa* Cheng* K'o^
Chii' Jen'^, Bachelor of Law and Administration, or ^ p\ j^ i;
II K'qI Chin* Shih*, Doctor of Medicine.
The final confirmation of literary degrees is made only
after the examination at the Palace (see No. 652c), which takes
place in the f^ ffl ^ Pao-^ Ho^ Tien*, with Princes and High
Officials of the Empire as the examiners.
652f. The Ministerial Examination is held yearly, in the
8th moon, and is carried on by the officials folloAving :
1- ± i^ 1" Chu=^ Shih* Kuani, Chief Examiners (number
indefinite) ; supervise the preparation of examination papers and
their subsequent marking.
2- S ^ 'B* Hsiang^ Chiao* Kuan\ Assistant Examiners
(the number of these depends, on the number of candidates to be
examined).
[ 280 ]

IMIESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
3- ^ ^ '§r Chien^ Lin^ Kuan', Supervisors
; charged 653
with the supervision and control of candidates Avhile the
examination is in progress and assist in compiHng the examination
marks.
4. tl i^ 'i*
T'i2 Tiao^ KuanS Proctors ; distribute
examination papers and maintain order in the examination hall
etc,
5- B,B "^ Shu* Wu" Kuani, Stewards.
^' 'K ^ '^ Shou^ Chang' Kuan^, Collectors ; receive
completed examination papers (marked with secret designations)
from the candidates and hand same to the Examiners.
' • 5M fel" W
^ii' Feng^ Kuan\ Sealers of Examinations ;
seal the examination papers of candidates with a secret designation—
on the first page.
^- ^ ^ 'B* Chien^ Ch'ang' Kuan\ Inspectors; watch
that no abuses take place in the examination hall.
9- ^^^MiM^ Nei* Ch'ang^
Shih^, Examination Censers ; appointed
Chien' Shih* Yij*
from the ranks of
officials of the ^Ministry of Education to keep a watch for
of the above-enumerated officia/ls.
malpractices on the part
Should any irregularities be detected they present jNIemorials
accusing the guilty parties.
653. ^ E ^.;^ij ^ ^ ^ Pg P ^ Ch'ing^
Tao' T'leh*
Pieh* Kaoi Teng' Chuan^ Men=^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Privileged
Special Higher School at Tsingtau
; established in 1909 it the
initiative of the German Government, which allotted three
hundred thousand marks for preliminary expenses and bound
itself to contribute seventy thousand marks yearly towards its
upkeep — the ^Chinese Government contributed forty thousand
marks as preliminary expenses and has bound itself to pay forty
thousand marks yearly, for the first ten years, towards its
mainteaance. The object of the school is to enable Chinese to
receive a modern education in their native land.
[ 281 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
The school is organized into two sections :
1- %ijm M Yu^ Pei^ PanS Preparatory, or W ^^ "^ W
ii^jS Ch'iii Chi2 Hsi2 P'u3 T'ung' Hsiieh^ Pan', General
Education Section ; with a course o£ six years. For this section
there are accepted scholars between the ages of 13 and 1 5
years, who have completed the course of a Primary
the Senior Grade, after a test examination.
School of •
2. j^ ^ ||£ Kao^ Teng^ Pan\ Higher Section, consisting
of four courses : 1 . f^ jl^ f-4 Pa^ ^ heng"* K'o\ Course in Law
and Administration, 2. ^ ^c-J-
I' K'o', Course in Medicine,
3. in f4 l^^"ng^ K'o', Course in Technology, and 4. M ''^ ^1"
Nung^ Lin^ K'o', Course in Agriculture and Forestry. Each of
these courses covers three years, — with the exception of the
Course in Medicine, which is made up of a four years course at
the school and a year of training, immediately after, at one o£
the city hospitals. For the Higher Sectiori there are accepted
scholars who have successfully completed the Primary Section
course of study and after a test examination, scholars possessing
a diplomaci from a Middle School.
At the head of the Tsingtau '^'^hool there is a
Chien^ Tu', Director, appointed by
5/-
the German Government.
This official is charged with the supreme control of the affairs
of the school.
For the supervision of the instruction, as regards its
conformity to the programme
of education of Chinese Govern-
ment schools, there is a |§ ^ ^ Tsung^ Chi^ Ch'a^, Chief
Inspector, appointed by the Ministry of Education and
independent of the Dii-ector.
The teachers of Chinese are appointed on the recommen-
dation of the Shantung Commissioner of Education, and the
local M ^ *§* Shih'' Hsiieh^ Kuan', Inspectors
have the right of supervision of the school
[ _282 ]-
of Education

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
/
;
For attendance at examinations the Ministry of Education 654
deputes a special official who, with the Director and the Chief
Inspector, signs diplonias bestowed on graduates.
On completion of the course of study of the Tsingtau School
students join the University at Peking for further study or are
appointed to various Government offices— according to their
courses of studv.
At the school there has been established a f^ ^ ^ I^ Shu*
Chii^, Translating Office, for the translation of text books from
German into Chinese.
Regulations for the school at Tsingtau, in 18 articles, were
drawn up by the Ministry of Education and received Imperial
Sanction on the 14th August, 1909.
PUBLIC LIBRARIES.
654. .^ If} H ^ It Chingi Shih^ Tni^ iShu^ Kuan%
Metropolitan Public Library
Memorial from the Ministry of Education, sanctioned by
^
; established in accordance with a
Imperial Decree of the 8th September, 1909, not only for old
and modern Chinese books but for foreign works as well. By
the Decree mentioned it was directed that there be delivered to
the Metropolitan Library : 1. Old plates of the ^ Sung*, and
the tC Yiian*, Dynasties, k^pt at the Grand Secretariat, 2.
" Great Record " of the Emperor Yung^ Lo* yjc M :k. -^ Yung'
Lo* Ta' Tien', from the National Academy, 3. A full collection
of books labelled in Chinese ffl j^ ^ § Ssu'' K'u'^ Ch'Lian'
ShuS from the hall '^ W- ^ Wcn"^ Chin^ Ko^ at m JUJ Je" Ho^
and 4. All the works previously kept at the jB^ ^ [1| ^ Pi*
Shu' Shan^ Chuang', Summer Palace at Jehol.
For the librar}' there were granted, close to the
t* ^ P^J Te^ Sheng* Men^ gate (see No. 801b), two plots of
land known as J'fH 'M Ching* Yeh^ Hu^ and }f ji jpgj Hui*
[ 283 ]

UESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
654a T'ung^ Tz'u^, belonging to the Imperial Household and under the
control of the ^ ^ ^ Feng* Ch'en' Yuan^' (see No. 90).
^ The general supervision of the library appertains to the
Ministry of Education ; the real control is vested in a ^ ^
Chien^ Tu\ Director, who has a staflF made up of |'J|J ^
'^ Fu*
Chien^ Tu^, Assistant Director, and fg |^ T'i'^ Tiao*, Proctor.
At the Metropolitan Library there is to be established a
l^" ^ f* ^ # Ku' Wu* Pao' Ts'un^ Hui*, Museum of
Antiques.
654a. ^ § ft T'u' Shu^ Kuan'*, Public Libraries, in the
provinces; these are tc be opened throughout the provinces,
according to the scheme of constitutional reforms of the Ministry
of Education (see report of the Ministry dated the 18th April,
1909), in 1910; at present they are fovmd only in Shantung,
Shansi, Heiluiigchiang and some others. Libraries are under
the general supervision of the Commissioners of Education (see
No. 827) who are styled, as supervisors of the Librarians, "^^ Jg
Tsung^ Li^
General Regulations, in 20 articles, for the Metropolitan
and Provincial Public Libraries have been drawn up by the
Ministry of Education {see report of the Ministry dated the 27th
January, 1910).
Public Libraries at provincial capitals are designated ^ ^
HI ^ If ^Jou^ Sheng^ T'u' Shu^Kuan% those at administrative
centres of prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments and districts
are called '^ J^ ^ j]] 1^ H ^ If Mou^ Fu^ T'ing^ Chou^
Hsien* T'u^ Shu^ Kuan' (article 3).
Public Libraries ar€ to consist of a ^ § ^ Ts'ang^ Shu^
Shih*, Library, ^ ^ ^ Yiieh'' Shu^ Shih^, Reading Room, and
g$ ^ ^ Pan" Shih^ Shih*, Office (Chancery) (article 5).
The general supervision of libraries at provincial capitals
appertains to the Governors-General or Go's ernors ; at adminis-
trative centres of prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments and
[ 284 ]

I'KESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
districts the Commissioners of Education exercise the supreme 655
control. The actual management of affairs appertains to the tO
^ ^ Chien^ TuS Directors and J| |i T'i' Tiao^ Proctors qqq
(compare No. Q54).
At places where there are few duties at the library there
may be appointed a ^ J]| Kuan' Li', Supervisor, alone, this
position being associated with that of Director of the Association
for the Fostering of Public Education (sec No. 829a)
Director of a School (article 6).
or of
It is arranged tliat ^Ij gf] J^ K'an' Yin* So', Printing
Offices, with ^ ^n Bf l"ai' Yin* So', Typesetting Offices, may
be established at Libraries (article 12).
MILITAF^Y FORCES OF CHINA.
655. As a basis for the formation of a modern military
force in the Chinese Empire a scheme was drawn up by the
Committee for Army Reorganization (see No. 416), imder the
presidency of Prince Ch'ing, and submitted to the Emperor for
sanction on the 12th September, 1904.
The modern troops of China (so-called "New Troops" to
distinguish them from the "Troops
of the Green Standard and
of the Eight Banners") may be divided into two categories:
L I^ ^ ^'^^^ Chiiii', Land (general for the Empire) Forces,
and '2.
'y^ [J§ I^ Hsun^ Fang^ Tui*, Reserve Forces (or
"Provincial Troops").
A. Lii Chi'in or Taxiid Forces:
656. P^ 1^ Lu* Chiln', Land Forces; made up of:
1. S f/i 1^ Ch'ang2 Pei* ChiinS Kegular
- Army—
in this
the term of service is 3 years ; at present it is in the process
of formation and its full complement of ^ -f" i?^ |^
San^ Shih^
Lui'' Chen*, 36 Divisions, will not be reached until 1913,
2- Wi ti "^ Hsfi* Pei* Chlin', Pveserves of the First Call—the
[ 285 ]

PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL OTIGANIZ ATION OF CHINA '
656a term of service here is 3 years; for eacli division of the Regular
Amny there is to be a division of Reserves of the First Call,
corresponding to it in all respects except that there will be two,
instead of three, batallions in each regiment (the complement of
a division of the Reserves comprises 8,640 men in the ranks and
1,200 camp followers and there are eight "yings"), a.id
3. f^ H W- Hou* Pei* Chiin', Reserves of tlie Second Call
(army of reserve, militia)— -the term of service of these troops is
4 years; in Avar time this branch of the Army will furnish a
brigade of four batallions which is given a number as a division
-of the Resrular Armv.
In China there is as yet no conscription and 0f J£ Hsin^
Ping^, Recruits, are enrolled through the ^^ E^ £^ ^ Cheng^
Ping^ Tsung^ Shu^, Head Recruiting Offices, established at the
provincial ^ ^ j^ Tu' Lien' (rh'u^ {sec Nos. 695 and 700b).
The determination of physical fitness for military service is made
according to the ^ f£ f(i!] ^ AIu* Ping^ Chih'* Liieh*,, Short
Regulations Concerning Recruiting (forming one of the enclosures
to the Memorial of Pi-ince C^h'ing," already mentioned in
No. 655).
656a. From the types of arms used (tl.e Chinese Army is
arranged as: 1. -^ ]^ Pu^ Tui^ Infantry, 2. ,% ^^ Ma^ Tui^
Cavalry. 3. '^ W P'ao"' Tui", Artillery (in its turn sub-divided
into 1. II l?^ gj Ff Lu* Lu^ P'ao^ Tui^ Field Artillery, and
2. '^ihMiB K"0* Slian^ P'ao^ Tui*, Mountain Artillery),
4. I ^ Ff Kung' Ch'eng^ Tui^ Engineers, 5. ff g; Ff Tzu^
Chung'* Tui% Troops for Transport of Supplies. Also there are
the following auxiliary corps: 1. ^ f^ Chiin^ Hsii", Commissariat
Corps, 2. ^ g: Chun^ I^, Medical Corps, 3.
,|| ^
Ma' 1\ Veterinary Corps, 4. ^^ Chih^ HsiehS Ordnanc
Corps, 5. vlj H Ts'e^ HuiS Topographic Corps, 6. :^ ^^
Chdn^ Yueh'', Music Corps, and 7. ^ J£ Hsien^ Ping\
Gendarmerie.
r 286 1

PRESENT DAY POl.ITICAL ORGANIZATION OF C.IJN'A.
656b. As reg^ards administration, the Chinese Army is 656b
thus divided: 1. §k Chen^ Division, 2. "^ Hsieh^, Brigade, ^q
3. ^ Piao', Regiment, 4. ^ Ying'', Batallion (in infantry); qkqb
Division (in cavalijy and artillery), 5. J^ Tui^, Company (in
infantry); Squadron (in cavalry); Battery (in artillery), 6. ^p
P'ai'', Platoon (in infantry, in time of peace ; in time of war, H^
Shao*); Half a Squadron (in cavalry\ and 7. i^ P'eng', Squad.
656c. |ji| Chen^, Division ; the largest organized unit in
time of peace. The regulations provide for the combination of
three divisions into a ^ Chun\ Corps, and the
Chiin into a ;/*; ^
combination of
Ta* Qhiin', in time of war.
In time of peace a division is made up of two brigades of
infantry, each of which consists of two regiments
of three
batallions each, one regiment of artillery, having nine batteries
(54 guns) and eighteen machine guns, one regiment of cavalry,
made up of twelve sqiiadrons, one batallion of engineers, consisting
of four companies, one batallion of troops for transport of
supplies, having fo,ur companies, musicians (51, including a
bandmaster and three servants), and gendarmerie. In time
of peace a division numbers 12,512 men; in Avar time,
21,000 men.
656d. jjfj^ Hsieh^, Brigade (numbered 1 to 72, in
consecxitive order, following the numerical order of the divisions),
"^he brigade is found only in the infantry and consists of two
regiments (it is, however, permissible for a division to have two
regiments of cavalry instead of one, which form a^^ [^ •— ^
Ma^ Tui^ I' Hsieh^, Cavalry Brigade).
656e. ^ Piao\ Regiment ; this organization
unit is found
in infantry, cavalry and artillery. In the infantry, regiments
are numbered 1 to 144, in consecutive order, folloAving
the order
of their respective divisions, and brigades {see No. 656d) ;
cavalry and artillery regiments bear the same number as do their
respective divisions. A regiment of infantry consists of three
[ 287 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
656^' batallions ; cavalry and artillery regiments are made up of three
divisions.
656f. ^ Ying2, fundamental unit of all branches of the
Army (in infantry, Batallion ; in cavalry and artillery, Division):
the complement of this unit differs for the various branches and
auxiliary parts of the Army.
In the infantry a batallion consists of four ^ Tui*,
Companies, and numbers, in time of peace, 659 men,
war, 1,240 men. Companies are designated
as :
in time of
gJi ("h'ien^,
Company of the Vanguard, 2. ^ Tso^, Left Company, 3.
Yu*, Right Company, and 4. ^ Hou*, Company of the Rear- (
guard, the complement of a company
:;j^
is five officers and 149
soldiers, in time of peace,or, in time of war, 294 soldiers. Each
company is divided into three ^ P'ai^, Platoons, composed of
three |J|3 P'eng^, Squads, each, in time of peace, or three P^ Shao*,
Platoons, of six ID P'eng'', Squads, each, in time of war^
Platoons are designated as '^ Tso^, Left, Ffl (Jhung^, Centre, and
i^ Yu*, Right, while squads are designated l)y the numbers of
their respective companies —from one to nine, in time of peace,
and from one to eighteen, in time of war—and the first squad is
styled g^ i^ T'ou^ P'eng^, Head Squad. Each squad is made
up of tM'O sergeants and twelve privates.
A cavalry division consists of four ^ Tui^, Squadrons, and
numbers, generally speaking, 363 men and 260 horses.
It is divided into two ^ P'ai^, Half — Squadrons left and — right
which, in turn, are subdivided into two fjj P'eng^, Squads,
bearing the numbers (in the squadron) one to four. The
complement of a cavalry squadron is three officers, 78 cavah'ymen
and 64 !^ ,|| Chiin^ Ma^, Cavalry Horses.
A division of field artillery (there are two in a regiment as
a rule—should conditions where operations are being carried on
demand it, there may be only one division of field artillery, or
even none, the divisions of mountain artillery being correspondingly
[ 288 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
iucreased) consists of three ^ p^ P'ao* Tui"*, Batteries, Q^'7
having- ^ /^ !^ P'ao* Liu* Tsnn\ six guns, each. Its ^
complement
is 568 men and 270 horses.
A is battery made up of three ^ P'ai^, Platoons (left,
centre and right) df three ^ P'eng-, Squads, each, which bear
the numerical designation of the battery —from one to nine.
A division of mountain artillery, having 18 mountain guns,
Is organized exactly similarly to a division of field artillery.
The complement of a battery is five officers, 181 men, 48
horses for guns and five chargers.
A batallion of engineers, similarly to the infantry, is
composed of four ||^ Tui^, Companies, and numbers 667 men, ia
time of peace,, or 1,250 men, in time of war. The companies
are designated as van, left, right or rear and are distingaished
by their specialities: 1. Bridging Company, 2. Sapptirs
Company, 3. Telegraph, Telephone and Search-light Company,
and 4. Mining Company.
A transport ])atallion is divided similarly to a batallion of
engineers but, in consequence of the great
niunber of men it
operates for, it has in the ranks 748 men in time of peace, and
1,640 men in time of war.
MILITARY RANKS.
657. By temporar}' regulations, drawn iqj hy the Geneml
Staff of tlie Army and sanctioned by the Emperor
November, 1909, there were introduced some changes
on the 11th
in the
military ranks— their number was increased (Ia, 8 p., 9a and 9 a
were added) and they were made equal to the correspoudiiig ci^ il
ranks.
658. Tlie new regulations (see No. 657) provide for
fourteen iank< for officers and siib-officers of ti'e L&nu
Forces :
10
[ 280 ]
af^,;^
t

PRESENT /day Political okganization of china.
1. :k ^W-^^' Chiang^ Chun', or 'jj^ :^ Chiang' Chiin',
Field Marshal ; 1a (of the rank of a Grand Secretary — see No.
131— of the civil service). This rank is bestowed on very
eminent generals (see below).
2. lE^iM Cheng^ Tu' T'img\ General ; 1b (of the rank
of a If, 'M Tsung^ Tu'— see No. 820— of the civil service) ; holds
the position of Commander of a Corps (see No. 661).
3.
glj ^ $jc "Fu^ Till T'ling^ Lieutenant-General ; 2a (of
the rank of ^ Jfe
Hsiin'^ Vii^—see No. 821—of the civil
service) ; holds the position of Commander of a Division {see No.
661).
4. WjUM Hsieh- Tu' T'ung% Major-General ; 2b (of
the -rank of :{[i!3^MTii' Cheng* Shih^—.ye^ No. 826—of the
civil service) ; holds the iwsition of Commander of a Brigade
(see No. 661), Chief of Staff of a Corps {sec No. 662) or
Commander of an Artillery Corps (see ^o. 670).
Eanks Nos. 2 to 4 form what is known as the _ti ^ Shang^
Teng^, Highest Class, made up of H |S ^^^^ Chi", Three
Grades.
5. JE ^ fl Chcng^ Ts'an' Ling», Colonel ; 3a (of the
rank of ^% ^ ^ An* Ch'a^ Shih^-^ec No. 830—of the civil
service); holds the position of Commander of a Eegiment (^cf
No. 661), Commander of Engineers of a Corps (see No. 671),
Senior Adjutant of a Corps (see No. 663), Arms Inspector of a
Corps (see No. 668), Chief of Staff of a Division (see No. 662),
Judge AdA^ocate of a Corps (see No. 672), or Corps Surgeon
Uee No. 675). ^
6-
gij ^ fS Fu* Ts'an' Ling^ Lieutenant-Colonel ; 3b (of
the rank of ^ jl f^
Yen" Yiin* Shih^—5ee No. 835—of the
civil service) ; holds the position of Second in Command of a
Regitaent (5(?

itKSKXT ]).V\' rOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Orticcv oE a Division (sre No. G73), Jiulge Advocate of a
Division (sec No. 672), Siu'geoii of a Division {see Xo. 675),
Corps Vcteiinarv Suviicon {see Xo. 676} or Secretary oE the First
Class {see No. 664).
Ranks Xos. 1 to 6 are ])estowe:l bv Ini])erial Decrees
(m n. ^-^1"^'"' Vang')-
'• m^ {jI Hsieh^ Ts'an^ LiiigS Captain; 4a ((^f ilic
rank of J^ j^ Tao* Yiiau-— see Xo. 838— of tlie civil servi

PRESE^fT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA.
659 'il sel^'ice) ; holds tlie position o£ Commander of a Platoon (.see
No. 661), Assistant fSnrgeon {sec No. 675), Divisional Chief of
(Signalmen {see No. 678), Yetevinary Siu-geon of a Division or
Battalion {see No. 676), Senior Clerk {sec No. 664), Bandmaster
{see No. 679) or llegimental Standard-Bearer {see No. 666).
10. %j}^. ^ Hsieh^ Chihi^ Hsiao*, Snh-Lieutenant ; 7a
(lanlving with the ^ {^ Chih^ Hsien^— see No. 856— of the civil
service) ; holds the position of Adjutant of a Company {see No.
663), Brigade and Regimental Chief of Signalmen {see No. 678),
Assistant Surgeon {sec No. 675) or Clerk {see No. 664).
The ranks Nos. 8 to 10 form the ;^ ^ Tz'ii^ Teng^ Lower
Class, divided in three grades (compare above). The ranks Nos.
7 to 10 are bestowed according to the recommendations of reports
^ Tsoii* Pu^).
H- p] f# ;^ Ssni ^Yx& Chang^^ Ensign ; 8a (ranking with
the ^ ^ Ilsien^ Ch'cng'^— see No. 857— of the civil service); one
of the §H ^Y ^ "^ t"^ Wai* Chihi^ Knan^, " Snpernnmerary
Officers' Pvanks."
12. ± ± Shang* Shih\ Sergei-nt
Hsiin^ Tao^—6\-e No. 857—of the civil
(ranking Avith a %]\\ ^
service).
13- 4* i C'hnng^ Shih^ Sergeant
'ranking with a l^ ^ fg
civil service).
of the First Class ; 8b
of the Second Class; 9a
Hsien'' Chn'* Vw^—see No. 857—of the
14. ~pr J: Hsia* Shih^ Sergeant of the Third Class ; 9b
(ranking H sun' Chilen -sec No. 857— of the civil
with a : ^
service).
Ranks Nos. 12 to 14 ])elong to tlie category of ^ ^It Chiin^
ShihS Petty
Ranks Nos. 11 to 14 are bestowed by the officer in command,
Officers-' Ranks.
on persons serving under him (^* ^ Tzu' Pn^).
659.' In accordance with the new regulations {see No. 657)
those of the rank of Colon'el, or lower, have their ranks fiu-ther
r
''92
]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
defined by the indication o£ this or that type of arms or this or 65&A
that auxiliary corps (compare No. GoBa). Thus, a Colonel may
be designated : 1. # ^ i^ jE # M Ching^ Ch'a' Tui^ Cheng"
Ts'an^ Ling^, Colonel of the Military Police (or Gendarmerie)
2. ^ i^ IE ^ fl Pu' Tui^ Cheng" Ts'an^ Ling^
Colonel of
Infantry, 3. ^ M IE 3 fl Ma^ Tui^ Cheng" Ts'an^ Ling',
Colonel of Cavalry, 4. Ji^ i^ IE # ^I P'ao' Tui^ Cheng" Ts'an^
Ling', Colonel of Artillery, 5. X 7^ Fl^ IE # fl Kung^ Ch'eng^
Tui" C^heng" Ts'an' Ling', Colonel of Enghieers, 6. ^^ M FJ^ jE
P H Tzui (]hung" Tui" Cheng" Ts'an^ Ling^ Colonel of Troops
of Transport, 7. ^ Wi JE ^ vl ^M ('hiin^ Ilsii^ Fu" Tu^ T'nng',
Commissariat Lieutenant-
Gener;il, 2. ^ g g!j ^ ^^ Cluing I^ Fu" Tu^ T'nng', Lieutenant-
General of the Medical Staff, and 3.- MM M i% 1^ ^'1"^*
Hsieh" Fu" Tu^ T'ung', Lieutenant-Cieneral of Ordnance.
G59a. Of late, for the designation of military ranks in
Chiiicse literatnre (especially in new^})apers), the Japanese terms
are l)ecoming more and more current. P)y these the military
ranks are divided into three classes, which, in turn, arc sub-
divided into three grades :
First Class: ;fc}If Ta" Chiang", General, t|t}}f Chung^ Chiang^
Lieutenant-General, and ^ ^ Shao" C'hiang", ^Major-General.
[ 293 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
659b Second Class : ^^ ^ Ta' Tso^ Colonel, f|i ^ Chuiigi TsoS
^Q LIcntenant-Colonel, and ^}} ^ Sliao^ Tso^, Captain.
^/jQ
Third Class :
^i^ ^^ Ta* Yii'*, First Lieutenant, t\i §>J
Chung^ Yu"*, Second Lieutenant, and ^ ^^ Shao'' Yii'', Sub-
Lieutenant.
659ii. Naval ranks correspond to those of the Amny, with ;
the exception that they are jnefixed by ^ t^ Hai' Chiin\ Naval,
thus: I. X^'^.lEWiM Hai^' Chiin^ Cheng-* Tu^ .
g^
T'ung
Admiral, 2. ff ^ glj ^ ^^
^.3
Hai^ Chiini Fu* Tu^ T'ung^ Vice
Admiral, S. -^ W Ufj '^•> M Hai^ Chiini Hsieli^ Tu^ T'ung
Kear-Admiral, 4. ^ ig iE # fl Hai^ Chuni Chrng* Ts'an^
Li^.g^ Post-Captain, 5. \§ W- M 3 M Hai^ Chiin^ Fu* Ts'an^ i
Ling^ Commander, 6. M W- Vih ^ fl
Hai^ Cluing Hsieh^'
Ts'an' Ling^, Lieutenant-Commander, 7. \% ^ JB ^^t ^^i^ I
Chun^ Cheng* Chfin^ Hsiao*, Senior Lieutenant, -8. ^ :^ j
glj % ti^ Hai^ Chiiu'^ Fu* Chihii Hsiao*, Lieutenant, and !
.1). MW-^iW-f^ ^iii' ^'liiin' Hsieh^ Chiin' Hsiao*, Midshipman. |
659c. The .fapanese terms for the various naval ranks \
(compare No. GoDa) arc :
'-
First Class : 'MW-±^ Hai^ Chiini Ta* i^;]
Chiang*/ Admiral, |
^ 4^ W l^ai^ Chiini |
Chungi e^iiang*, Vice-Admiral, and
f# W 'P ^ Hai^ Chihi' Shao* (Chiang*,
Second Class : %
Hcar-Admi.-al .
% j^ \^. Hai^ Ch.mi Ta* Tso^ Post- i
Captain, ^M % ^ ^ Hai^ Chiini Chnng^ Tso^ Commander, and !
W ^ P ^ Hai-^ Chun' Shao* Tso^ Lieutenant Commander. I
Third Class '
'M '^ -X Wi -Hai^ Chiin' Ta* Yii*, Senior I
Lieutenant, yg ^ rji gif Hai^ Chiin' Chung' Yii*, Lieutenant, j
and f-§ 2g ^ if Hai^ C hun' Shao* Yii*, Midshipman. |
660. Posts existing in the Army may be arranged under \
the following categories: L Line, 2. Staff; 3. Adjutancy, I
4. Secretarial, 5. Orderly and Convo},, 6. Colours, 7. 1
Remount, 8. Arms, 9. Arsenal, 10. Artillery, IL Engineer,]
12. Judicial, 13. Commissariat, 14. Administration of Com- :
[ 2^'-t J I
|
'

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
missariat Office, 15. Medical, 16. Yeterinary,
-V
17. Medical 661
Department Administration, 18. Signal, 19. Music, and 20. tO
Camp-follower., qqq
661. Posts of the Line : 1. HI J^ 'g* Tsnng^ T'ung' KuanS
Corps Commander, 2. f^ iljij "g* T'ung^ Chih^ Kuan', Division
Commander, .3. ^ |g 'l^* T'ung' Ling^ KuanV Brigade
Commander, 4. i^;^ ^ 'g* T'ung" Tai^ Kuan\ Regiment
Commander, o. ^ W. *^ C/hiao^ Lien* Kuan\ Second in
Command of a Regiment (in time of peace, "Regimental
Instructor," and acts parti} .as Chief of Stafi' and Adviser to
the "Commander ; later, Avhen all Commanders will he drawn from
the ranks of officers who have received a proper military
education, this post will be abolished), 6. ^ ^ 'g' Kuan* Tai*
Kuan', Battalion Commander, 7." "^ ^ %' Tu^ Tui** Kuan',
Second in Command of a Battalion, 8. ^ ^gf Tui^ Kuan^,
Company Commander, 9. ^^ ;^ P'ai^ Chang', Platoon Chief,
10' IE Cheng'* Mu*, Senior Sergeant (one to a ?([nad),
11. S'J @ -^1^'* Mu*, Second Sergeant (one to a squad),
12. lE ^ Cheng* Ping', Private of the First Class (four to a
squad), and 13.
(eight to a squad).
^!j ^ Fn* Ping*,
Private of the Second Class
662. Staff Posts : A. Corps staff: 1. |||!#^'g' Tsung^
Ts'an' Mou^ Kuan', Chief of Staff. 2. — ^ # p; t I' Teng^
Ts'an' Mou'- Kuan^, Senior Assistant Chief of Staff (two ui all),
and 3. Z:^3 II "g' I^ih* Teng' Ts'an' :\Iou2 Kuau^, Junior
Assistant Chief of Staff (two in all). B. Division Staff: 1.
IE # i^ 'g* Cheng* Ts'an' Mou^ Kuan', Chief of Staff, 2.
H %? # ^ t Krh* Teng^ Ts'an' :\rou2 Kuan', Senior Assistant
Chief of Staff (one), and 3. Z^#^'^ San^ Teng=^ Ts'an' Mou^
Kuan', Junior Assistant Chief of Staff (one).
663. Adjutancy Posts: 1. f^ |^ 'g' IIu* (Tuin' Kuan',
Senior Corps Adjutant (one), 2.
ifl 1g 'g* Chung^ Chiin' Kuan',
Senior Division Adjutant (one), 3. ^ ^ '^
[ 295 J
Ts'an' Chiin^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA
663a Kuan\ Senior Brigade Adjutant (one), 4. ^^ ^^ Cliih^
^Q Shili'' Kuan^, Adjutant (one in each Corps, Division, Brigade
QgK and Kcginient), and o. p] f^ ;^ Ssu^ Wu* Chang^ Adjutant
(in the infantry, four for a battalion oi- one for each company ;
in the cavalry, one for a division ; in the artillery, three for a
division or one for each battery ; in the engineers and troops of
transport, four for a battalion or one for a company).
663a. Concerning glj '"^ Fu'* Knan\ Adjutant
Palace Guards, see No. 103 d.
of the New
664. Secretarial Posts: 1. — ^ "^ ffi 1^ I' Teng' Shu^
Chi* Kuan^, Sea^tary cf the 1st Class (four for a corps and
three for a division), 2. Zl ^ ^ 12 'if
^'ili'
'^"^^"-ig'
i^l'^^'

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
corps, thirty for a division, ten for a brigade, eight for a 666
regiment, eighteen for a battalion of infantry, engineers or troops -^q
of transport, and for a division of artillery, and tAvelve for a
division of cavalry.
666. Colours Posts : ^
-j§t "^ Chang=^ Ch'i" KuanS
Colour-Bearer (one for a regiment— of infantry),
667. Remount Posts: ^ Ml ^ Ch'a^ Ma^ Chang^
Remount Officer (one for artillery and cavaliy divisions ; two
for a battalion of troops of transport).
668. Arms Posts: 1. |§ ^ ^ '^' Tsimg^
Chiin^ Hsieh*
Kuan\ Corps Inspector of Arms (onej, 2. IE i^ |)| 'g' Cheng*
Chiin^ Ilsieh^ Kuan\ Division Inspector of Arms (one)
3. hIJ ^ |)1§ 'B* 1" 11* Chiin^ Hsieh* Kuan\ Rogimcnt Inspector of
Arms (one), and 4. i^ ;^ ^ Chiin^ Ilsieh' Chang^, Inspector
of Arms in a» Division of Artillei-y (one).
669. ^ ^^ 0j Chiin^ Hsieh* Ch ir, Arsenal (for a corps;
the staff is arranged for a corps of two divisionij). Supervision
of the making, distributing and storing of ai'ms is carried on at
the Arsenal. At its head there is a |^i fj^ '"g* Tsung" Pan*
Kuan\ Chief, mIjo has the following subordinated to him :
I. Two ^^'^ Ch'a'-Hpieh^ Kuan', Inspectors of Arms, 2. Three
f] j^ 'g' Ssui K'u^ Kuan\ Arsenal Overseers, 3. One ^ ^ §
E "'g' San^ Teng^ .Shu^ Chi^ Kuan\ (lerk of the 3rd Class,
4. Two tl^^ Ssu^ Shih^ Shengi, Clerks, 5. Two oj^^^ Ssu^
Shu^ ShOng', Writers, 6. One ^ g Hu^ Mn\ Convoy
Sergeant, 7. Eight g^ -E^ Hu'^ Ping\ Convoy Privates, 8. Two
|g @ Chiang* Mu"*, Senior Mechanics, I). Eighteen fl^ DjJ Ig
Hshx^ Hsieh* ChiungS Arms Repairers, 10. Two ^ Jfii ^ B
Shou^ K'u* Ping^ Mu\ t^enior Watchmen at the Arsenal.
II. Eighteen ^ iff & Shou^' K'u^ Ping\ Arsenal Watchmen,
and 12. Five j^ ^ Huo=* Fu\ Cooks.
670. Artillery Posts : fg ^ jyi^ f| f
Ling^ Kuan\ Chief o: Artillery of a Corps.
[ 297 ]
r'ao"* Tui* Hsieh^
a»yr\

671
to
674
I'lnCSEXT DAV roi.ITlCAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHINA.
{) 7 1 . Engineer
X
Posts :
^ 3ZS,
A fl ^ KuMgi Ch'eng'^
Till' Ts'-an^ Jjing^ Kiiun', Chief of I'lngineers of :i C-orps.
672. Judicial Posts : 1.
||| ft ^ 1^ Chung'
Chih^ Fa*
Kuan\ Corps Judge-Advocate (one), and 2. IE ^% fii '^'
Cheng' Chih'-^ Fa* Kuan\ Di^'ision Judge-Advocate (one).
In accordance with a Memorial fronn the Ministry of War,
sanctioned by tlie h'.mperor on the 27th ^larch, 1909, at all
composite brigades (jlJ J^ ]'§j Hun' Ch'Ong^ Hsieh^), as well
as at brigades which arc independent (so-called ^ j^ ]'^,
Tu^ LP
Hsieh-), there will be for the time being — until these brigades
are assimilated by the various divisions— the post of gl] ^Jl ff^ 'g*
who Avill have
Fu^ Chih^ Fa* Kuan\ Brigade Judge-Advocate,
subordinated lo him :
one "^ ^ ^ ^*^su^ Shih* Sheng^ (.sec No.
664), two wl # ^ Ssu^ ShuiShcngi (.see Xo. 6G4) and two ^&
Hu^ Pingi {see No.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Writers,
to
7. One ^ g Hu'' ]Mu*, Convoy Sergeant, 8. Twelve 675
^ |£ Hu^ Ping', Convoy I'rivates, and 9. One {}(, ^
FuV Cook.
G75. Medical Posts: 1. W. 'M W^ Tsnng^
Kuan\ Corps Surgeon (one\ 2, IB ^ ^ 'g* Cheng'
Kxiani, Division STu-geou (one), 3. glj Ig ^ 'g*
Huo^
CiiLin' P
Chun^ I^
Fu'^ Chun^ I^
Kuan', Pegiment Surgeon (one), 4. i^ § ^ Chiin^ I^ Chang^,
Battalion Siu-geon (in the infantry, engineers and troops of
transport; — one for each) and Division b'urgeon (Cavalry and
artillery— one for each), 5. ^ :rfe I^ Sheng\ Assistant Surgeon
(one for a battalion of infantry, engineers or troops of transport
and one for an artillery division), and 6. ^ -Ea I' Ping^
Hospital Attendant (four for a battalion of infantrj
, engineers
or troops of trans2)ort and for a cavalry division ; three for an
artillery division).
GTO. Veterinary
Posts : 1.
'^§, Mi W "^ '^'sung^ Ma^ I^
Kuan', Corps Veterinary Surgeon (one), 2. IE ^li ^ IS* Cheng^
Ma^ I' Kuan', Division Veterinary Sin-geon (one), 3. ^VJ.^M'B'
Fu' ]\Ia"^ I' Ku.an\ Kegiment Veterinary Surgeon (one), 4.
Ml m ^ ^^^^ I^ Ciiang^, Battalion Veterinary Surgeon (for
troops of transport, one ; for a di\ ision of ca\alry or artillery,
one), and 5. ,^ ^ ^ ^I'^" I^ Sheng', Assistant Veterinary
Surgeon (one for a battalion of troops of transport and one for
an artillery division).
(577. s$^ fii) Chiin^ T' Chii^, Medical Office (for a corps;
the staff is arranged for a corps of two divisions). At the head of
this office there is a |^. |/j| 'g' Tsung-^ Pan^ Kuan'. He has under
his control : 1. TwojH C^ ^ "^ Cheng^ Chiin' I' Kuan', Senior
Surgeons, 2. Two 1^ § :^ Chun' I' Chang^, Surgeons, 3. Ten
^^ I^ Sheng', Assistant -Surgeons, 4. One }E ^i Wl '^
Cheng* Ma-^ I' Kuan',
^ 1^ g
Senior Veterinary Surgeon, 5. Four
I' Ping^ Mu", Senior Hospital Attendants,
6. Two
p] Uli' ^'^'^ii^ ^'-^C)* Kuan', Pharmacist, 7. One H ^ ^ f6 W
[ 29

678
to
680
mESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF C^INA.
San^ 'Tong-^ iShu^ Chi" Kuani, Secretary of the 3rd Class,
8. Three ^ '# >^ iSsu^ Shu^ Sheng\ Writers, 9.
'
One ^ g
Hu^ Mu'*, Convoy Sergeant, 10. Six ^ |£ Hu* Ping\ Convoy
Privates, 11. ]^orty ^ |^ I^ Pi"g^ Hospital Attendants, and
12. Five i/C ^ Huo' Fu\ Cooks.
678. Signal Posts: 1. ^ ^ ^ Ssu^ Hao" Kiian\ Chief
of Signalmen of a Division (one), 2, p] M :^
Chang^, Chief of Signalmen of a Brigade (one), 3. p] ^ ^
^svi'^ Hao^
Ssu^ Hao* Chang', Chief of Signalmen of a Regiment (one),
^' M @ Hao* Mu", Senior Signalman of a Battalion (one ; in
infantry, engineers and troops of transport) or of a Division (of
cavalrj and artillery — one), and 5. ^ S^ Hao" Ping\ Signalmen
(two in each company of infantry, engineers and troops of
transport, Uvo to a squadron of cavalry, and two to a battery of
artillery).
679. :Music Posts: At the head of a MMM. Chun'
Yiieh" Tui", Company of Musicians, there is a f^ '^ Tui*
Kuan', Chief, who has subordinated to him: 1. j^ :^ P'ai"^
Chang^ Bandmaster (one), 2. Two "- ^ ^ |^ I' Tcno' YUeh*
Pins:', ]Musicians of the 1st Class,
'& 5
o.
Six H ^ ^^1^ Erh*
Tcng"5 Yiieh" Puig', Musicians of the 2nd Class, 4. 12
H ^ -M ^ San^ Teng^ Yiieh" Ping', :Musicians of the 3rd Class,
5. 24 ^ ^ §f^ ^ Hsueh^ Hsi^ Yiieh" Ping', ^lusic Pupils,
and 6. Five ^^ ^ 'Huo^ Fu', Cooks.-
680. Camp-follower Posts: 1. E @ Chiang" ^NIsi", Senior
jNlechanic (one to each battalion, of infantry, engineers or troops
of transport, and to each division of cavalry and artiller})?
2. ^^ ^ Ch'iang^ Pi"gS Armourer (fovu-
infantry, engineers and troops of transport;
in a battalion of
tAvo in a division of
cavalry;, 3. ^ {g T'ieh' Chiang", Metal Worker (four
in a
battalion of infantry, engineers and troops of transport; three in
an artillery division), 4. ^ [£ P'ao" Chiang", Ordnance
Mechanic ('three in an artillery division), 5. ^ l£ Chang'
[ 300 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Chiniig^ Blacksmith (eight in a battalion of troops of transpoit
four in a cavalry division ; six in an artillery division), 6.
tJC [S
Mu^ Chiang*, Carpenter (four in a battalion of engineers and
troops of transport; three in an artillery division), 7. ^ }£
P'i- Chiang'*, Shoemaker (four in a battalioi^.of infantry and
troops of transport ; two in a battalion of engineers ; two in a
cavalry division ; three in an artillery division), 8. "^ Hi ^
Pei* Pu^ r*i"8S Private of Reserve (one in each squad),
9. \^ ^ Huo^ Fu\ Cook (nine in a corps, fi\ e in a division,
two in a brigade, two in a regiment, thirty -eigflit in an infantrv
battalion, eighteen in a cavalry division, thirty-one in an artillery
division, forty in an engineers battalion and forty-one
battalion of troops of transport), 10. ^ ~^ ^ (
in a
."hia* Ch'e^
Ping^, Private of Transport Troops (four in infantry and
engineers battalions and in cavalry division ; six in a division of
field ai'tillery), 11. Hi^ ^ ^ Wei*' Yang^ ¥u\ Foragers (four
in infantry and engineers battalions and in a cavalry division ;
six in a division of field artillery ; eighteen
in a division of
mountain artillery), 12. .M ^ § ^''^^^ Fu^ Mu"*, Senior
Stableman (eight in a battalion of troops of transport, four in a
division of cavalry and three in a division of artillery), 13. ^ ^
Ma^ Fu', Stableman (seventy in a battalion of troops of
transport, thirty-two in a cavalry division, and thirty-nine in an
artillery division), and 14. ^ |lt i^ Kuan^ To* Ping^, Packer
(eighteen in a division of mountain artillery).
REVIEWS OF TROOPS
G81. Kegulations drawn up l3y the Ministry
of War—
sanctioned l)y the Emperor on the 12th April, 1908,— call lor
reviews of the troops every three years. With this object in
view, the Emperor appoints,
on the recommendation of the
Ministi-y of War, an oflftcial skilled in military matters as :
[ 301 ]
; 681

682
to
691
PRESENT DAY POLITICAJ- OKGAXIZ AT I OX oF CtllXA.
6«^- ^ Hy ;^ £ llsiao^ Yiieh^ Tu^ Cli'cir, liisi)ector-
(icneral ot" Troops, avIio makes a coinph^le inspection of a ceiiain
conconrsc of troops. To assist liim tlic folknvlng staff is
organized
683. % fH Ts'a)i' V, Advisor (one); assists the Inspeetor-
General in making plans, ^nper\ ises the most unportant and the
confidential correspondence, and has a genei-al control of all
questions of expenditnie.
684. ^:^?f3f^IiyM 1*"'
^''"8-'
^'^''''' l^^'-'^o' ^^"eh*
yiiaii^, Inspector of fnfantry : ins])ccts the infantry as regards
its efficiency.
68o. .^i^lfl^Hgm M:v' ringi KV llsiao^ YLieli*
Yiian-, Inspector of Ca^iilry :
efficiency.
686. }i|^ ^;^ ^i|. 1^tl jiy H P'ao' Pingi
ins]iects the eavrJry as I'cgards its
K'o^ Hsiao' Yiieh*
Yiian^, Inspector of Ai-tillery ; inspects the artillery as regards
its efficiency.
687. I i^ 14 i^ H M 1^^"'§'' l'i"g''
K'^' ^•^i-'^o' Yiieli^
Yiian-, Inspector of I'^ngineers.: inspects the engineers as regards
efficiency and organization.
6S8. f^ 1^ f4 t^ H M '^"^^"'
^'ii'S'
K'o^ Hsiao^ Yiieli*
Y'iian^, Inspector of Troops of Transport ; inspects the troops
of transport as regards efficiency- and organi/.ation.
689. ^ H i^ ^ ^ Chnni Ilsii' Ilsiao^ Yiieh' Yiian^,
Inspector of the Commissariat ; inspects the commissariat—
audits accounts, scrutinizes its books and bills.
690. S^ ^ i^ H M

PRESEXT DAY POEITICAL GKGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.
692. ^ fi- /^ 1] M F Tai* Ko*
Chen* Ta* Ch'en^ or ^ if p) ^ j^ |^ ]f^ ^. # II ^ 'JC Tu^
Pan* Hsihi* Lien^ Chin* Chi^ Lu* Chiin^ Ko* Chen* Shih* I^),
Chief of Staff of Metropolitan Circuit (Post abolished by
Imperial Edict ol 26th September, 1910, and functions ti-ansferred
to the ]Ministry of War).
[ 303 ]
+q

696
to
698
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OliGANIZATION OF CHINA.
696. On the Staff" there are : #
|i 'g* Ts'an' I* K nan'
Adviser, ^ ^ Wen- An% Secretary, [^ ^ Sui^ Yuan*
Adjutants, 5t ^ "^ ILsien^ Feiig^ Kuan\ Orderlies, }^ ^
Ch'ing' Shii\ Writers, ^ ^ Ma^ Pien', ]Mounted Orderlies,
H ^ ^ Hu^ I'ing* Chang^ Convoy (Jhief, and 'l;;!^ ^ Hiio'^ Cooks.
Fu^
The StaflTis arranged according to the needs of the circuit,
as detailed in reports from the Governor-General (or Governor).
696a. If P II Tsung^ Ts'an^ I*, Senior xidviser : this
post exists in Manchuria alone {see report of ^ ifr ^| Hsii'^
Shlh^-ch'angS dated the 13th January, 1908).
697. The Staff is arranged in three ^ Ch'u*, Offices,
which, in turn, are subdivided into ^^ K'o^, or j]^ Ka^, Sections.
The Offices are under |i|, |/jf Tsung^ Pan^ and ^ fj Pang' Pan*
(see Nos. 698, 699 and 700) : at the Sections, likewise, there are
il 1^ T'i^ Tiao', Proctors, ^ |§ H Pang' T'i^ Tiao', Assistant
Proctors, or f^j- ^ K'o' Chang^, Section Chiefs. To these
officials there are attached : ^ j^ Wei^ Yiian^, Orderlies, ^ ^
Wen^ An^, Secretaries, and j^ Ch'ing' Shu', Writers (the
number depends on the volume of affairs— compare No. 696).
The offices are designated as : 1. £^ •j)^ ^ Ping' Pei-
Ch'u"*, Office of the Inspector-General (for details see No. 698),
2- # it ^ Ts'an' Mou^ Ch'u*, Office of the Quartermaster- ":|
General (see No. 699), and 3.
Office of Militxary Schools (see No. 700).
$j(_ ^^ j^ Cliiao' Lien* Ch'u*,
698. ^i§M Ping' Pei^ Ch'u*, Office of the Inspector-' Jj
General, with the & ig ^ |^| f^ Ping' Pei* Ch'iv* Tsnng^ Pan%'
Inspector-General, at its liead. This Office is responsible that
the troops confirm to military regulations and that they obey
orders ; is in charge of the issue of rewards, judicial proceedings,
current supplies, and the preparation of supplies for the
commissariat artillery and medical branches. It is subdivided
(in Manchuria) into five Sections : 1. ^' J^J 7f4 1^'^t)' Kung^
[ 304 ]
'

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATIOX OF CHINA,
K'o^, Section for Examination o£ ]\Iei-it (of Staff), 2. ^ fifl flf 698a
C'h'ou^ Pei* K'o', Section of Readiness (Preparation), 3.
Ifl ^ ^ Hsiang^ Hsij^ K'o', ( ommissariat Section, 4. M ^ ^4 «qQb
r Wu* K'o\ :Medical Section, and 5. fi '^- f?!- Chili^ Fa' K'oS
Judicial Section.
698a. In some other places (for instance, in the provinces
of North China) the Sections (not .ifjf K'o', but |^ Ku^) are
desig-notcd diftei-entlv : Hi ^* 3^ C'hun' Hsii^ Ku^, Commissariat
Section, and l^i g ^ Chiin^ I^ Kn^ Medical Section.
698b. In the provinces of South China the Office of the
Inspector-General (see No. 698) has the following Sections :
.1.
M n't $-'[ ^^^'^^ T'ao^ K'o', Section of Organization of Troops and
Battle Preparation, 2. f^ '^ fjf Chih" Fa' K'o', Judicial
Section, and 3. |^ i% ^jj- Chhig' Li^ K'o', Commissariat
Section.
699. # i^ ^ Ts'an' Mou^ ^^'h'u*. Office of the Qnarter-
master-General, with the #^^11 if
Ts'an' Mon^ Ch'u'*
examines the quartermaster organization
Tsung-^ Pan-*, at its head ;
and arranges for its proper administration ; collects and cojiipilcs
statistical military information concerning China and neighbouring
states. This Office is subdivided (in Manchuria) into foiu-
Sections: 1. ^ ^ 7f3[ Mou' Liieh* K'o', Strategical Section,
2- tM M f'! Tiao* Ch'a' K'oS Intelligence Section, 3. 5I i( fJf
Yiin-* Shu' K'o', Section of Transport of Troops, and 4. v|i] -^ fij-
Ts'e* Liang^ K'o', Topographical Section.
699a. In some other places (for instance, in the provinces
of North China) the Sections— called ^ Ku^— a-re as above with
the exception of the ^0:] $| ^ Ts'c'* Hui^ Ku% Topographical
Section.
699b. In the provinces of South China the Office of the
Quartermaster-General (sec No. 699) has the following
Sections :
1- jM ft f4 Yiin" Ch'ou^ K'o', Strategical and Transport
20
[ 3or) ]
f^

702
TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
700 Section, 2. |^ ^ fij-
('hien^ Yiieh^ K'o^. Intelligence Section,
to and 3. JHjJ ff ^>^ Ts'eMIui* K'o', Topographical Section.
700. fjc ^ j^ Chiao^ Lien^ Ch'u^ Office o£ ^Military
Schools, with the $kM^ 11 M Chiao* Lien" Ch'u" Tsung'
Pan^ Chief (and f^ ^ Pang^ Pan*, Assistant), in charge. This
Office supervises military schools— draws up schemes and
regidations and arranges instruction and textbooks for them. It
is subdiA'ided (in Manchuria) into four Sections : 1 . ip :i^ ?f4"
Hsueh^ Wu* K'o\ Section of Instruction, 2. j^ £c fIj. Hsiao*
Ping' K'o', Section of Revision, 3. |^ ^ 5f3[ Pien^ I* K'o\
Translating Section, and 4. f^ [Jj^ fif Hai^ Fang^ K'o', Section
of Coast Defence.
700a. In some places (for instance, the provinces of North
China) the Section of Instruction (see No* 700) is styled ^JC ^ ^
Chiao* Yii* Ku^.
700b. In the provinces of South China the Office of
Military Schools (see No. 700) has the following Sections : 1.
Ijll M ^4 Hsiin^ Lien* K'o\ Section of Drilling, and 2. f^ ^ ^4
Chiao* Yii* K'o\ Section of Education.
MILITARY PRISONS.
70L ^ ^ 1^ fjt Lu* Chiin^ Chien' Yii*, Military Prisons;
regulations for these were drawn ,up ])y the Ministry
of War and
sanctioned by the Emperor on the 26th September, 1908. They
are of two types : 1.
ojj ^ Pu* Chien\ Prison at the Ministry
of War— under the supervision of the Department of Military
Law ; see No. 432—and 2. || ^ Chen* Chien\ Prisons for the
Divisions, under the supervision of the pI "^ ^ Ssu^ Ling* Ch'u*,
Staff of the Division. The latter are for culprits whose
sentences are from one month to ten years ; those serving longer
sentences are imprisoned at the Prison at the Ministry of War.
Military
702. Following is the personnel of the administration of a
Prison :
[ 306 ]
•

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
A. ^ ^ M ^i^uan^ She'* Yiian^, Substantive Officials : 703
1- ^ M. Allien* Chang^, Prison SupcrvisQv- (4a or 5 a), -^0
2. ^ SlJ Chien"* Fu*, Assistant Prison Supervisor (oA or 6a ; >yr\r>,
one), 3. n\ .^ ^ Ssu' Shu^ Sheng^ Clerk' (7a; two),
4. _-^^2^ II Teng=^ Chien^ Tsu^, Warder of the 1st Class
(ranks as ^ @ Hu" Mu*; sec Ko. 665), 5. H ^ ^ ^- Erh*
Teng^ Chien^ Tsu^, Warder of the 2nd Class (ranks as ^ ^
Hu^ Ping^ see No. 665), and 6. j^ ^ Huo^ Fu^ Cook.
B. |ff ^ ^ Cho^ P'ai^ Yiian^, Deputed Officials:
1. ^ ^ ;g Wei" Pingi Chang^ Chief of Sentries, 2. ^|^g
Wei* Ping^ Mu*," Chief Sentries (from the ranks of sergeants),
and 3.
f|j Jr. Wei* Ping\ Sentries (from the ranks of privates).
MILITARY POLICE (GENDARMERIE).
703. f^ ^'^ ^ [if Lu* Chfin^ Ching' Ch'a^ Tui*,
Military Police (Gendarmerie of the Line) ; the organization of
this body was first brought forward in 1908, wheij temporary
regulations for its administration were drawn up by the Ministry
of War and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 6th Ma}'. The
object of its inception is " to keep a watch as to the manner in
which officers and men of the Army and Navy perform their
duties."
The Military Police were first organized at Peking, consist-
ing of one ^ Ying-, Battalion, of men who had completed the
course of the Gendarmerie School established at the Ministry of
War (see No. 715e): later these police were organized in yX it
Chiang^ Pei^ (see a Memorial from ^ |3 t^ Hsvi* Shao*-cheng\
dated the 29th September, 1909), to the number of one f^ Tui**,
Company. Also, there have been established ^ ^ j^lf
Lien* Hsi'
So', Courses for Preparation for Service in the Military Police.
703a. m^^^ m Lu* Chim^ Cniing' Ch'a^ Ch'u*,
'Office of the Military Police (Gendarmerie Office) ; this is to be
[ 307 ]

705
I'KESENT DAY P01.IT1CAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
704 ct^tablislied in rekin' for the supei'vision of the provincial
tQ ^Military -Police and will be uncl'!i' the control of the of War.
Ministry
704. W-W-W^W-M fif!] Ln^ Oluin^ Ching^ (jh'a^ Tui*
Police :.
One
Ying-2 Chih% Staff of a Battalion of Military L
^ 41? '^ Kuan^ Tai* Kuan', Battalion Commander {sec IS^o.
661), 2. One ft ^ 'g* Chilr Shih* Knan^, Battalion Adjutant
(.«(?r No. 663), 3.
[5^ 'g*
Tui^ Kuan^, Company Commander
Tthree, conforming to the number of companies; see Xo. 661),
4. ^. ^ P'ai" Chang^, Platoon Commander (six, conforming to
the number of platoons; see No. 661j,-o. p\ f^ ^ Ssu' Wu*
Chang^, Company Adjutant (three, conforming to the number of
companies: see No. 663), 6. 12j£ g Chcng^ Mu"*, Senior
Sergeants {see No. 661), 7. 12.
glj @ Fu* Mu^, Junior
Sergeants {see No. 661), 8. 96 JE ^ Cheng^ Ping\ Privates^
of the 1st Class {see No. 661),- 9. One %% ^ Chun' Hsu^
Chang^, Battalion Commissary Officer {see No. 673), 10. One-
^ |g ;g Shu' Chi* Chang^, Senior Clerk {sec No. 664),
11. One 1^ § :^ Chiin' I' Chang^, Battalion Surgeon {see
No. 675), 12. One ,@fj g % Ma=' P Chang^ Battalion
Veterinary Sm-geon {see No. 676), 13. Five q] fj :^ Ssu^
Shu' Shcng', Writers {see No. 664j, 14. Eight ^ ^ I' Pingi,
Hospital Attendants (four of these are ^ -^ ^ ^Ma'^ I' Ping^,
Veterinary Hospital Attendants; see No. 675), 15. Five ^ ^
YLw^ Ping', Convoy Privates (ir^^ No. 665), 16. Three ^j ^
Ma^ Fu' Mu*, Senior Stablemen {see No. 680j, 17. 24 P^^^
Wei* Yang-^ Fu', Foragers {see No. 680), 18. 12 j/t ^ Huo*
Fu', Cooks (.sv^-No. 680) and 82 horses.
705. 1^ ^ ^ '^ ^ If f^lj Ln* Chiui' Chlng^ Cli^a" Tui*
Tui^ Chih", StafF of a
Comijany of :Military Police: 1.
W 'g*
One
Tui' Kuan', Company Commander {see No. 661), 2. ^|.' -^
P'ai- I hang', Platoon Commander (two, conforming to the
number of platoons; see No. G61), 3. One ^. f^ ;^ Ssu' Wu*'
[ 308 J

. Companies,
TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Chang^ Compaii}^ Adjutant (see No. 663), 4. Four j£ g 706
Cheng'* Mu*, Senior Sergeants (see No, 661), ,5. Four gj{ Q
Fu* Mu^ Junior Sergeants {see No. 661), 6. 32 jE ic Oheng\
Ping', Privates of the ,1st (Jlass (see No. 661), 7. One WJ§^
Ssii^ Slui' ShengS Clerk (see No. 664), 8. Two ^ ^ I' Ping',
Hospital Attendants (sec No. 675), 9. One ^ i^ Hu* Ping\
Convoy Private (see No. 665), 10. One ,1| ^ g Ma^ Fu'
Mu-*, Senior Stableman (see No. 680), 11. Eight 3^- ^ ^
Wei* YangS Fu^ Foragers (see No. 680), 12. Four j-f( ^
PIuo^ Fu', Cooks (see No. 680), and 27 horses.
J3. Reserve Forces ( Hsi'in Fang Tui) :
706. 5^ "05 pf Hsiin' Fang2 Tui*, Reserve Forces (Pro- ,
vincial Troops; see No. 665). Temporary regulations referring
to troops of this type wei'e drawn up by the Ministry of War
and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 29th June, 1907. In
time of peace they are to be employed in catching thieves and
robbers ;
in time of war tney are to act as auxiliary forces to the
troops of the line. These troops are to be organized from the
various branches of the old troops.
In the various provinces there may be (not more than five)
^ Lit'', Roads or Detachments, of Reserve Forces designated :
gy Ch'ien'^, Vanguard, f^ Hou% Reai'-Guard, )\^ Clumg^, Centre
(Middle), ^ Tso^ Eeft (Eastern), and ;g' Yu\ Right (Western).
Each Detachment is commanded ])y a /^ p§ 'g* T'lmg^ Ling'
Kuan\ Detachment Commander- ((Jhief : compare No. 661).
The comjjlement of a Detachment is not fixed except that
it nuist not exceed 10 ^ Ying^, Battalions (Divisions; compare
No. 656f) of ^{Tf Pu^ Tui*, Infantry, and .l^I^f ^la^ Tui*, CaAalry.
Each infaiitry battalion consists of : three P^ Shao*,
of eight |||j l*'eng^. Platoons, each. Each Platoon is
made u]) of nine j£ ^ (^hcng* Ping\ Privates of the 1st Class,
and a f-f ;^ Shili^ (.'hang^. Sergeant (Platoon Chief, Headman).
The general number of men to a battalion is 301.
[ 30!) ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OIIGANIZATION OF CHINA.
706a Each cavalry division consists of three jl|^ k>hao'*, Sqiiadrons.
to of four Ifjl] P'-jng'', Squads, each. Each S(]uad is made up of
706b
"i"^ JE ^ Cheng* PingS Privates of the 1st Clats, and a ff ;g
Shih'^ Cliang^, Sergeant (see above). A division
usually numbers
189 men and 135 horses.
706a. The General Staff of a detachment (f^ Lu

PRESIONT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
'06c. MtM— ^:t U ^la^ Tui* II Ying^ C:luh' ChihS 706c
General Staff o£ a cavalry division: 1. One ^ ^ '^ Kuan^ Tai"* tO
Kuan', Division Comraander (ire No. 661), 2. Pfl'g* iShao^ Kuan\ «q«
Squadron Commander (Ihree,
sqnadrons
to conform to the number of
; see No. 706), 3.
If^| ^ Shao'* Chang', Second in
Command of a Squadron (thi'ee, conforming to the number of
squadrons; see No. 700), 4. 12 ff* ^ Shih^ Chang', Sergeants
(conforming to the number of squads ; see No. 706), 5. 108 j£^
Cheng* PingS Privates of the 1st Class (see No. 661), 6.
One ^ IE ;i: Shu' Chi' Chang', Senior Clerk (see No. 664), 7.
Five p1 ^ ^ Ssui Sl^^l Sheng', Writers {see No. 664), 8.
One ^ ^ g Ku' Hao* Mu\ Signal Sergeant {see No. 678), 9.
Six ^ M :^ Kn' tlao^ rir.gi, Signalmen (see No. 678), 10.
One ^ Hii* Mu", Convoy Sergeant (see No. 665), 11.
16 If Ki Hu^ Ping', Convoy Privates (see No. 665), 12.
12 jjHc ^ Huo^ ¥u\ Cooks (iTf No. 680),/ 13. 12 ^ ^
Mu' Fu', Stablemen (see No. 680), and 135 horses.
706d, For particulars as to the ^ pj §^ f^ J^ Hsiin^
Fang" Ying- Wu* Ch'u*, Staff of Reserve Forces in Manchuria,
see No. 805 A.
707. m ^M M M 7h m 'M Vj Pt Sii' Sheng'
Fei^ Hua^
Shui' Shih^ Hsun' Fang' Tui*, River Flotilla of Kiangsu
Province ; organized in accordance with a Memorial from the
late Governor ^^ ^ f^ Ch'en^ Cli'l'-fai"*, sanctioned by the
Emperor on the 12th August, 1908. The % Chun^ Squadron,
is divided into five '^ Y'ing^ (the First, Second, Third, Fourth and
Fifth), which, in turn, are sub-divided Into five ilf^ Shao'' each
(P|> ClmngS aij Ch'ien-, ^ Tso', 1^ Yu^ and ^ Hou*; see No."
706). A Hfl Shao* consists of eight :^|J ^ Hua* Ch'uan-, Boats,
having a crew of six |^ ^ Ping^ Fu\ Privates (one acts as '^C ^
II uo' Fu', Cook) each.
At the head of each !^ Yin-g^ (corsisting of 40 boats,
and cre-ws numbering 240 men) there is a '^ ^ Kuan' Tai^
[ 311 ]
-

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
708 Flotilla Commander,
Avho has subordinated to him on his own
boat (called ^ |^ P ^ Hsien^ Feng' Shan' Pan^l eight "^ -^
Kuan^ Chang^, Officers, and 17 Privates (see above).
In charge of tlie entire squadron is the ^ f^ T'ung' Ling',
Squadron Commander, who has on his own boat (called ^ '^ jjft
Kuan^ K'uai* Ch*L:an^) seven Officers and 38 Privates. The
total complement of the squadron (of 206 boats) is 253 Officers
and 1,323 Privates— 1,576 men in all.
MILITARY SCHOOLS.
708. In the general regulations for ^'^ ^ ^ Lu-* Chiin^
Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Military Schools, of 20 articles, drawn up by the
Committee for the Reorganization of the Army
and sanctioned
by the Emperor on the 12th September, 1904, there was put
forth the following scheme for training officers far the New
Armv :
On completion of the course of Primary Schools of the
Junior Grade, students join the [J^ !^ >'J^ ^ ^ Lu^ Chiin^
Hsiao' Hsiieh"
here— of three
T'ang^, Primary Military School.
years duration—
rbeing completed,
The course
they advance
to the 1^1 ^ Pj< !p ^ Lu^ Chuni Chung^ Hstieir T'ang-, Middle
Military Scliool, where the course of study covers two years.
After finishing their studies here, and having served four months
in the infantry (or cavalry, artillery, engineers or ti'oops of
transport) as private of the 1st Class and sergeant, the
students—called Pi ^ A ffi ^ -L^i* Ohun' Ju* Wu^ Sheng',
Cadets—join the :E^ "g* ^ ^ Pingi Kuan^ Hsueh' T'ang^
School for Military Officers, where they remain for one year and
a half. When graduated from this Institution they again join
the army, in the ranks, with the title of ^ ^ 'g*
Hsiieh^ Hsi'
Kvian', Sub-Officer, for a further period of six months, after
which they return to the school for examination. Those who
,[ 312 ] .

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
attain a satisfactory rating
in the examination are definitCiV
appointed as officers and receive commissions as Commanders of
Companies or Platoons {see No.
the most distinguished may join
(5 61). After two years service
the ^ I^ :/v ^^^ ^ Lti* Chiin^
Ta* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Military Academy, for a coiu-se of study of
two years duration, and, on graduation from this institution,
they receive the title of ^Military Staff Officer {see No. 184l).
708a. Under the old system, for those who wished to
follow a military career there were similar examinations as for
the civil careei', consisting of examinations as to knowledge of
military ''
Ching," Classics, with the addition of various tests,
chiefly exercises of physical strength, skill in riding, in drawing
the bow, in lifting "the weight" and in fencing. These
examinations were abolished— as well as the degrees conferred—
in 1901 {see No. 629i>).
70J>. 1^ :f: /> ^ ^ Lu^ Chiini Hsiao^ Hsiielr T'angS
Primarv jNIilitary Schools (Lowei* Corps of Cadets); for those
who have completed the course of Pi'imary Schools of the
Junior Grade ; with a course of study covering three years.
These schools are found' at the Capital, in the provinces, and at
the ^fanchu Garrisons. Regulations for their administration,
drawn up by the Committee for the Reorganization
of the
Armv, were sanctioned by the Emperor on the 27th February,
1905. The enrollment varies from 90 to 300 students
(dependent on local conditions) and the attendance of [Jfj jp
Fu* Hsiieh^, Special Students (between the ages of 15 and 18
years) is permissible.
In addition to the subjects of general
education (ethics, Chinese literature, history, mathematics,
geographv, etc.), instruction is given in the elementary principles
of military sciences.
At the head of a Pi-imary ^Military School there is a |lf, ^^
Tsung=^ Pan'', Supervisor. -He has subordinated to him :
1. One ^. m Chien^ Tvx\ Director, 2. One J^ p T'i^ Tiao"^,
[ -13 ]
708a
to
709

FKKSENT DAV POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
709a Inspector, 3. JE'^k M. (^lihang^, Instructors, 6. One ^ *^' 1^ Kuan\ Surgeon
(acting also as !i ^ ^ |^ M ^ei* Sheng^ Hsueh^ Chiao*
Yiian-, Teacher of Hygiene), 7. One -^ ^ Wen^ An*,.
Secretary, 8. One ll^ ^ ^ M i^hou^ Chih^ Wei' Yiian^,
Treasurer, 9. One ( ^ jm ji] ^ hih^ Ying^ Ssu^ ShihV
Steward, 10. One ^ ;$ S] ^ Kuan^ K'u* t^su^ Shih%
Overseer of Accoutrements, 11. Three ^ ^ Ssu' Shu^, Clerks,
12. Three ^ ^ Ch'ai^ Pien% Messengers, 13. Two ^ -Ea
Hao'' Ping\ Signahneu, and 14. 40 -^ ^ Fu^ V, Servjints.
709a. flWi^ "M: Wu^ Pei^ Hsiieh^ T'ang-, Military
Preparatory School ; with a course covering 2 to 3 years.
The establishment of schools of this type took place previous to
the promulgation (in 1904) of the general regulations for
Military Schools {sec No. 708). On completion of theii studies
at these schools the best scholars— aged 20 to 28 years— were
advanced to the J§ /jK P^ ^ p ^ Su^ Ch'eng-^ Lu* Chun*
Hsiieh^ T'ang" {see No. 711a).
The Wu^ Pei* Hsiieh^ T'ang- have now been reorganized
into Primary Military Schools (see No. 709).
710. P^ ^ Fjl i^ ^ Lu^ Chun^ Chung^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^
Middle Military Scliools (Middle Corps of Cadets) ; open to
those who have completed the course of Primary Military
Schools (see No. 709) ; with a two years course of study.
These schools are to be established in the provinces of Chihli,.
Shansi, Hupeh and Kiangsu.
Regulations for Military -Middle Schools have not as yet
been promulgated.
711. 1^- :i: ^ 'g* P ^ Lu* Chfini Ping' Kuan' Hsueh^
T'ang^ School for
^Nlihtary Officers; for those who have
[ 314 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
completed the course of Militaiy ^Middle Schools (see Xo. 710) 711a.
and have served m the ranks for four months (see No. 708);
with a course of study covering one year and a half. This
school is to be established at Peking but the regulations have
not yet been published.
711 A. Pllp: ii /ij^ P
f
^ lai* Chiini Su^ Ch'ong' Hsf.eh^
T'ang-, School for Military Officers with Abridged Course ;
established in accordance with a Memorial from the Ministiy
of War, in 1905, at f^ ^ J§ Pao Ting
Fu. The enrollment
is 1,140 and the course of study extends over two }ears and a
half, or one year and a half, as instruction in the stibjects of
general education i.-^, or is not, supplied.
Those following the one year and a half course (^ —•
|^
Ti'' I^ Pan*) make a special study of military sciences dm-ing
the complete course ; those following the two year and a half
course (^ H ^f Ti* Erh* Pan*) study siibjects of geYieral
education for one vear and militarv sciences during" the reniainins:
one year and a half
On satisfactory' completion of the course the students serve
in the ranks for three months, Avith the designation -^ ^ ^
Hsiieh^ Hsi^ Kuan' (compare Ko. 708).
At the head of the School for Alilitary Officers with
Abridged Course there is a |l|, |/]|! Tsung* Pan', Superintendent.
Subordinated to him are: 1. One JE. ^ M Cheng* Chien' Tu\
Director, 2. One glj ^ ^ Fii* Chieni Tu', Vice-Direcfor>
3. One JE^^M Cheng* T'i^ Tiao*, Inspector, 4. One SlJ$i|i
Fu* T'i^ Tiao*, Assistant Inspector, 5. jE ^ P Cheng* Chiao*
Yiian^, Teachers, 6. gO 1^ M Fxi* Chiao* Yfian- and f; fJt M.
Clui* Chiao* Yiian^, Assistant Teachers, 7. Five f^ % K'o^
('hang^. Section Chiefs, 8. [^ ^' Tui* Kuan', (^ompany
Commanders (10 in all : 120 stvidents form a |^ Tui', Company),
9. ^p 'g* P'ai* Kuan^, Platoon Commanders (40 students form a
^p i"ai^ Platoon; there arc 30 Platoons in all), 10. jE ^ ^
[ 315 1

PRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
711b Clit-ng* Hsiieh^ Chang', Instructors (10— there being 10
IQ companies), 11. U^l ^ -^ 1''"^ Hsueh- Chang^ Assistant
„.- Instructors (20 in all; two to each company), 12. Two -^ 'g*
I' Kuan\ Siu-geons (acting also as Teachers of Hygiene;
compare No. 709), 13. Four -g^ ^ T' Sheng', Assistant
Surgeons, 14. Two Mi M *^ ^^^"^ ^' Kuan^ Veterinary'
Surgeons (acting also as Mi ^ JE ^ ^ ^^^^ Hsiieh^ Cheng*
Chiao'' Yiian^, Teacher of Veterinary Sciences, and ^H^gljfji;^
]\Ia' Hsiieh^ Fu^ Chiao* Yiian^, Assistant Teaclier of Veterinary
Sciences), 15. One — ^ ^ |g /g* I^ Tcng^ Shu^ Chi* KuanS
Secretary of the 1st Class, 16. Three Zl ^ ^ fg 'g' Erh*
Teng' Shu^ ('hi* Kuan\ Secretaries of the 2ud Class,
17. One 11^ j^jE^M Shoui (^hih.i Cheng* Wei^ Yiian^
Treasurer, 18. Three 1}^ ^ glj ^ ^ Shou' Chihi Fu* Wei^
Yiian^, Assistant Treasurers, 19. One '^ Mi IE ^ M. ^^'''^"^
Ma^ C/heng* Wei^ Yiian^, Inspector of Horses, 20. Three
W ^M wH ^ M K^'^"^ ^^^^ Fu* Wei* Yiian^, Assistant Inspectors
of Horses, 21. Three ^ H wj ^ Chih' Ying* Ssu^ Shih*,
Stewards, 22. Three ^ M^^i^ Kuan^ K^u* Ssu^ Shih*,
Overseers of Accoutrements, 23. Two ^ ^ ^ ^ Kuan'
Yao* Ssui g],j|^4^ Pharmacists, 24. 16 ^ ^ ;^ Ssu^ Shu^
Shcng\ (Uerks, etc.
71 iR. ^ 4y- ^ ^ Chiang* Pien* Hsiieh' T'ang^ Courses
for Military Officers and Sub-Officers. These have been
instituted in the provinces of Chihli m '^ /{§ # ^ ^ Pei'
Yang^ Chiang* Pien* Tlsiieh^ T'ang-j, Hupeh and Kuangtung,
and elsewhere. The term of study (in Chihli) is of eight months
duration and the enrollment is 120. On completion of the
coiu'se Officers receive appointments in the troops of the line.
711c. ^ JE^ ^ Chiang-* W\\^ T'ang'', Courses of Military
Instruction ; instituted at provincial capitals for officers holding
high rank in the Xew Army but who have not received the
military education outlined by the Committee for the Reorgaui-
[ "K- ]

ilESENT DAV POJLITJCAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHINA.
zatiou of the Army {see No. 708). The piogramme of studies is suuilar to tl\at of the '^ ^ ^ ^ Chiang*
711©
Pien^ Hsiieh^ ^
T'ang"-^ of Chihli and Hnpeli {see No. 71 1b) and these courses
function, for military officers, simihii-ly to the fi: ^ f^ Shih*
Hslieh- Kuan^ ^see No. 595.v) and |^ ^ l^" K'o* Li^ Kuan^ (.5^^
ISo. 597; for civil officials.
711D. # g $ '^ Pien^ Mu"* Ilsiieh^ T'ang^,
Schools for
Sergeants. ^ ^ ^ Hsiieh"- Ping' Ying^ Instruction Battalions.
^ '^: ^ 'Mi.
»^^i'" Ying- Ilsiieh- T'ang-, Instruction Commands.
The two latter are for training soldiers for the position of
sergeant.
712. m % :k .JP ^' Lu^ Chuni Xa^ Hsiieh^ T'ang',
.Military Academy, also m If ^ % ^^ ^ ^ I-^^' (^liun' Ts'an'
Mou^ Ta^ Hsiieh"^ T'ang^ General Staff College. By regulations
drawn up by the Committee for the Reorganization of the Army,
in 1905, this school is to he estahlished at Peking
and is to be
under the supervision of the General Staff {see No. .184i5y.
Temporarily the enrollment is to be 40 officers, between the ages
of 20 and 27 years {sec Xo. 70(S). The course of study will
cover three years.
At the liojid of the Military Academy there will be a ^' ^
Chien' Tu', Director. lie will be assisted by: 1.
|ft| UC ^
Tsung^ Chiao' Hsil, Senior Professor, 2. ]E Wi ^ Ch.'ng^
Chiao' Hsi", Assistant Senior Professor, as Inspector, 3. ^^ ^
Chiao^ Hsi^, Professors of scit'uces of general education and
special military sciences (also acting as |^ ^ ^ Fan^ I* Kuan',
Translators), 4. ?! ^ i ^ Han' Wen^ Chu^ ChiangS
Professor of Chinese Literature (acting at the same time as
^H'g'l'ien' Tsuan' Kuiui', Keviser), 5. ^ ^ ^Vcn2 An',
Secretary (sinuiltaneouslv ser\'ing as Pi'oof-reader ; compare^
abuve% fi. II 1% ^: i^ Tsa" \Vn' Wei^ Yiian-, Stewai'd, 7. -^
^ [' Kuan', Surgeon, H. ^ 3|T Ssu' Sliih% Assistant SteA\ard.
(see above), 9. )% %} Ch'ing' Shu', Clerk, 10. ^ l^ Shu^
[ 317 ]
„^^

RESEXT DAY rOMTICAi. OKGANIZATIOX OF CHIXA.
712a ShihS Writer, 11. ^^ Ma' Vkn*, Mounted Petty Officer
to Orderlies, 12. ,% g Ma^ Mu*, Mounted Orderlies, 1:5. ^ g
713 Ch'aii :Mu', Messengers, 14. JillJ prj jg ^]uni' Yin* Chiang^
Printers, and 15. ^^ Fu^ I^, Servants.
712a. 2^ 'q* Jp ^* Chiin^ Kuani Hsiielr T'ang^ Military
Stati' Officers College (at Paotingfu).
Previous to the establish-
ment b£ the Military Academy (.sty? No. 712) this institution
serves as the school for training officers for staff posts (see No.
184l), It is under the supervision of the General Staff (iye No.
184b), Avhich issued su])plemeiitary regulations for its adininis-
ti-ation in 1909— these were sanctioned hy the Emperor on the
6th September of the same year.
For enrollment in this college there are accepted well-
behaved young men aged 25 to 30 years who have completed the
course of a Primary Military School (or a school of the
corresponding grade), or of a ^Military ("oliege al)rdad, after a
test examination in Chinese and foivigii languiiges, goieral
educational subjects and military sciences. Plie course of study
covers three years (formerly there were two courses of study :
ii J^ ^Jf Su^ Oh'eng^ K'o', and ^ 5^ ^i| Shr-n^ Tsao' K'oS the
former exteudhig over one year and a half only;.
''IS. m'W'WiW^^. Lu* Cliiin^ Kuei' Clum* Ksueh'
T'ang^, ^Military School for Princes and Nobles : lounded, in
accordance with a Memorial from the (V)mmittee for the
Reorganization of the Army (sanctioned by the Emporoi-
on the
19th October, 1905), with the o})ject of ti-aining the sons of
Princes and Nobles for military service. The duration of the
course was fixed at five years (lately, on a :\remorial from the
Ministry of War, dated the 7th March, 1908, it has been reduced
to three years).
The enrollment is 120 students, arranged in three ^ PanS
Sections, of 40 students each. Eligil)le
for admission to the
school are the sons of : 1. Princes, 2. Clansmer holding posts
[ 318 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
not lower than the fourth rank, 3. Metropolitan and Provincial 713a
Manchu and Chinese military and civil officials holding posts not
lower than the second rank. The age limit for students is 18 to
25 years.
Those who complete the course of study with the first rating
are enrolled in the army as lieutenants, are attached to the
Ministry of AVar as ^ ^ Chu^ Shih* {see No. 292),
to the provinces as jg ^J] T'ung' P'an* {see No. 849a).
or are sent
Those who graduate with the second rating are enrolled in
the armv as sub-lieutenants, are attached to one of the Ministries
as ^ n^ ^ fc J^ ^1^'i' P'in' Pi' 'i^'ieli' Shih^ {see No. 293) or
-t po ^b ^ 1* Ch'ii p;jn3 Hsiao^ Ching^ Kuan^ {see No. 299),
or are sent to the provinces as ^[1 ^ Chili' Hsien* {see No. 856).
At the Military School for Princes and Nobles there is a
^ 16 t II lEE ^leng-^ Ch'i2 Shih^ Chueh^ Pan', Special Section
for Hereditary Mongolian Princes (regulations for this were
•drawn up by ^ |jj |g ^ Pei' Le^ Tsai' Jun', Tsai Jun, Prince
of the 3rd Degree, the superintendent of the school, and
sanctioned by the Emperor on t|ie 20th February, 1910).
713a. At the head of the Military School for Princes and
loobies there isa'^JM[^^f;f^5g^^ Kuan^ Li^ Lu"
Chuni Kuei* Chou' Hsiieh^ T'ang=^ Shih^ Wu*, Superintendent,
appointed from the ranks of Princes of the Blood (the post
of li il Tsung^ Pan'*, Curator, was- abolished on a Memorial
from Prince g^ P Tsai^ Jun", dated the 20th February, 1910).
Directly subordinated to the Superintendent
are: 1. Director
{see No. 635), 2. Preceptor {see No. 649), 3. ^ if !^ JE ii(
(^ P'u^ T'ungi Hsueh^ Cheng* Chiao* Yiian^ Teachers of
subjects of general education, 4. ^ iS ^ »'] ^ M ^'^^ T'mig^
Hsiieh^ Fu^ Chiao* Yuan^, Assistant Teachers of subjects ot
general education (there are six Teachers and Assistant Teachers
in all), 5. Three S^ W: Ws ^ I'ingi Hsiieh^ Chiao" Yuan^
Teachers of military sciences, 6. One jE M W Cheng* P Kuan',
[ 319 ]

714
to
715b
PKKSKXT DAY POMTJCAL ORG AN 1 7. AT lOX OF CUIXA.
Surgeon, 7. 'J'wo g|j -^ ^' Vi\* V Kuan', Assistant Sru-geons,
S. Throe Teachers \.ser Xo. 637) acthig- as ^ |^ Fan^ l\
Interpreters, 9. Two ^ ^JC jE Ijt li Hau^ Wen=^ Cheng-* Chiao*
Yiian-, Teachea-s of Chinese literature, 10. Two -^ sA
Han^ Wen^ Fu* Chiao* Yiian-, Assistant Teachers of Chinese
literature, 11. Six ^ ^ Vha? Chang^, Inspectois of Dormitories
(compare No. 645), 12. One Secretary, 13. One i^ ^
^ ^ Shoui Chih' Wei^ Yiian^, Treasurer, 14. Two ^ [r. -j
^ Chihi Ying' Ssu^ Shih*, Steward, 15. Five ^ ^ Ssu' Shu^
Clerks, doing- duty as ^ij ^p Shua^ ^ i^ F Ping', Hospital
Yin', Printers, 16.
Attendants, 17. Two '^ i£
Four
Hao*
Ping-', Signalmen, 18. Three y^ 5^ ('h'ai' Pien', Messengers,
19.
prj 7" Men- Ting', ^Vatchmen, and 20. ^ f^ Fu^ T%
Servants (there are 40 W'atchmen and Servants).
714. According- to the programme of the Committee for
the Reorganization of the Army there are still to be established :
1- ^^^^f^^^ I'"' Tui^ Chuan' Men- nsuelr T'ang^
Special Infantry School, 2. f^ ^f ^ P"] ^ ^ Ma^Tui*
Chuan^ Men- Hsiielr T'ang^,' Special Cavalry School, and
3. 0C it ^ n ^ ^ l"ao^ Tui^ Chliani Men" Hsiieh- T'ang^,
Special Artillery School. To these institutions officers of
the corresponding- branches of the army will be sent for further
prefecting themselves.
715. For the training- of officers for the aiuxiliary branches
of the army (compare No. 656a) there are the foUowhig
schools :
715a. :?: g; ^ ^' Chiin^ 1' Hsiielr T'ang^ :\[ilitary
Medical Schools (for instance, at Tientsin, where it is styled
ft fT- M ^ II Pei^ Yang- I^ Hsiieh- T'ang'^.
715b. ,1 ^ f^ ^ Ma^ P IlsUeh^ T'ang^ and m M ^ 'M.
Shou^ I' Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Military Veterinary Schools (for
instance, M i^ M W- Wi W ^ 'M Nan- Yang' Lu^ Chini' Shou*
1* Hsiieh- T'ang^). \
r ^20 ]

niESEXT DAY TO-LITJCAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
715c. ^ ^ Jp ^ Wei^ Sheiig^ Hsiieli^ T'ang^, Military 715c
Schools for Assistant Surgeons (^lilitary Sanitary Schools)— for ^q
instance -^ ^^^ M W- §1 ^ ^ ^ ^^^' Yang^ Lu* Chuni Wel^
^-j^q
Shcng' llsiielr T'ang".
7lDi). M *^M W^M.
^^^'* Cliiin^ TE'e-* Hni* Hsiieh^
T'ang-, Schools for Military Draftsmen (tor instance, at Peking :
J?. M M W- il It ^ ^ Chingi
Hsiich" T'angO, or ilij If ^ ^
Shih^ Lu* Chiin^ Ts'e* Hni*
Ts'e'' Hui* Hsiieh'
T'ang^, Schools for Draftmen (for instance, in Manchuria^
ill H W ;1 H ^ 1: Tnngi Sani Shcng^
Ts'c* Hui^ Hsiieh^
T'ang"). Both are under the control of the General Staff (see
No. 184r,).
rioE. ^ J£ ^ ^ Hsien-t Ping^ Hsiieh^
T'ang^,
(lendarmerie Schools (for training men for service in the Military
Police— (>endarmerie ;— (see No. 703). In Manclmria, ^ ^ ^
^- &m*^ Tungi Sani Shi'ng^ Hsien'' Ping^ Hsueh^ T'ang^.
715f. & X ^^ I'ii'g' Ivimgi' Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Military
Technical Schools.
716. The des])atch of military students abroad is carried
on according to regulations drawn up by the Committee for the
Keorganization of the Army in 1904 and 190o. There are
chosen for study abroad (on their satisfaction of certain
requirements, with regard to age and good behavior)
students from the following :
a number of
1 . Those who have completed the course of the j^fi^ ^ 'M.
Wu^' Pei^ Hsiieh^ T'ang- {sec No. 709a), the
f^'l^, ii /jK P ^
I.n* (nam' Su^ Ch'cng^ Hsnelr T'ang^ (see No. 711a), or the ^ ^
M.'mW^^M. Lii' Chiiui Kuei* Chou^- Ilsuelr T'ang^ (seeH^o. 713).
2. Those studying at the |^ ^ 1^ ^ ^ L"* Chiin^
Chung^ Ilsiieh* T'ang- [scr No. 710), or other schools, and
3. Bannermen students.
While abroad, military students are under the control of the
Chinese ^linisters and ]\Iilitarv Attaches. On their return to
21
[ 321 ]

717a
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
717 Peking they undergo an examination at the Ministry of War and,
+Q according to their attainments in this examination, are arranged
in three classes : f^ ^ Yu^ Teng', J^-^ ^ Shang* Tcng^, and
r^ ^ Chung^ Teng^
Those who attain the first class receive the rank of
glj '^ ^
Fu* Chiin^ Hsiao* {see No. 658). Those attaining the second
and third classes receive the rank of ^ ^ ^ Hsieh'^ Chiin^
Hsiao"*
{see No. 658). On all three classes there is conferred the
degree of ^ A Chii^ Jen^ {see No. 652e), qualified by the
speciality of the recipient (five in all ; compare No. 656), i.e.
1- r^ ip: # J?^ fif Lu^ Chiin^ Pu* Pingi K'o', 2. m W- ^ ^ t(
Lu* Chiini Ma^ Pingi K'o', 3. M*^^^^^- L^* Chim^ P'ao*
Pingi K'oS 4. H ^ X |S ^4 Lu* Chun^ Kung^ Ping^ K'o^
and 5. H ^ |^ g i5 f^^ Lu* Chiin^ Tzu^ Chung* Ping' K'oV
(compare also No. 659.)
717. Until 1902 the children of Clansmen of the Imperial
House and of Bannermen were taught in special schools styled :
^ ^ Psung^ Hsiieh^, Schools for Clansmen of the Imperial
House, and A i® "W ^ P^^ ^l^'i'^ Kuan'^ Hsiieh^, Government
Schools for Bannermen. In the year mentioned a reform was
instituted by virtue of which, instead of schools of the type
spoken of, there has been begun the establishment of ^ ^ Hsiieh'
T'ang', Schools, not distinguishable in title or programme from
the common schools (primary, middle and higher), except that
only children of Clansmen of the Imperial House and Bannermen
are eligible for admission (for this reason the title of the school
is followed by the phrase '^^'MM/KM Tsung^ Shih* (}hiiehi
and middle schools of this
Lo'' Pa^ Ch'i^). Recently all primary
kind have been placed under the general control of the Committee
at the Ministry of Fiducation {see No., 4 11).
717a. Therr are at present the following schools
for Clansmen of the Imperial
Peking
[ 322 ]
House and Bannermen at

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
1. -Mm mmmm/\ mm ^mmcinng'shih'Tsung^ 717b
Shih* Chueh^ Lo'' Pa^ Ch'P Kao^ Teng^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Higher to
School for Clansmen of the Imperial House and Bannermen, at
Peking ; this is under the 'control of the Ministry of Education
and at it there is a 4* ^ |5 Chung^ Tcng^ Pan\ Section Avith a
Middle k^chool programme (see No. 583b).
2. Eight /\ ;^- ;^ ^ /J^ ^ ^ Pal Ch'i^ Kao^ Tcng^
Hsiao^ Hsiieh^ T'ang'', Primary Schools of the Senior Grade for
Bannermen (title is shortened by omitting Ching Shili Tsung
Shih, etc.; see No. 579)
3. 15 A ^ m ^ h ^'M
Schools of the Junior Grade for
Nei* Wu^ Fu^ San^ Ch'i^
Hsiao^' iRsfieh^ T'ang-, Primary School for the Three Superior
Banners (sce-l^o. 97).
5. iB ^ # ^h ^ ^

PKKSliNT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
cendants of : 1. Manchus who aided the first Emperors of the
Ta Ch'ing Dynasty in conquering- China, at the beginning of the
17th century, 2. (Uiinesc subjects of the Ming Dynasty who
transferred their allegiance to the Manchus, and 3. Kharach'in
]\Iongols who transferred their allegiance
to the Manchus at the
time of the conquest. Accordingly, the Banner Forces are
divided, by nationalities,
into : 1.
jf^l '3'!'l A
^
Man^ Chou^ Pa^
Ku^ Pa^
Ch'i-, Mauchu Banner Troops, 2. ^ 7^ A M ^i^ng^
Ch'i^ Mongol Banner Troops, and 3. M^ AM Han* Chlin^
Pa^ Ch'i^, Chinese Banner Troops.
The troops of each nationality are, further, divided under
eight banners or divisions, nameh' : 1. ^^^ Hsiang^ Huang^
Ch'i-, Bordered Yellow, 2. JEMM ^'hC'"g' Huang^ Cli'i^,
Plain Yellow, 3. JE Q 1^ Chcng^ Pai* Ch'i^ l^Iain White,
^' MQM Hsiangi Pai2 Ch'i-, Bordered White, 5. JEtlM
Cheng^ Hung2 Ch'i^, Plain lied, 6. Ig-^lM Hsiang^ Hung^'
Ch'i2, Bordered Eed, 7. aE^M ('li^ng' Lan^ Ch'i^ Plain
Bhie, and 8. ^M M Hsiang^ Lan^ Ch'i^ Bordered Blue.
The three first mentioned are called the Jl H iffi 't^hang'* San^
Ch'i', Three Superior Banners ; the remaining five are styled
tlie T 3£ i^ Hsia-* Wu=* Ch'i^ Five Inferior Banners.
From their stations the Banner Forces are styled: 1. ^ ^
Ching^ Ch'i^, Metropolitan Banner Forces, and 2. .|i ||§ Chu*
Fang-, Banner Garrisons (see below ; No. 743).
The Metropolitan Banner Forces are sul^divided into:
1- ^ M: -'^^i^ Ch'i', Household, or Inner, Banners (for
particulars, sec No. 97), and 2. ^Y ;^ Wai'' Ch'i^, Outer
Banners.
The Outer Banner Troops are stationed in Peking and the
adjacent suburbs and are imder the supervision of the fg ^p ^
Chih^ Xien' Ch'i^, General Headquarters of the Banners, to
which one of the Lieutenant-Generals of each of the Banner
•Divisions (see No. 7)0) is appointed annually.
, [
324 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
The cliief contingent of the Banner Forces is the so-called 719
^ i^ ^' H^i^^o^ Ch'i^ Ying^, Banner Corps of the Line (compare ^0
No. 97p>), and is drawn from the 24 Banner Divisions (eight wqi
Banners of each nationality ; compare above).
Although the Banner Forces played the chief part in the
conquest of China and in the consolidation of the power of the
reigning Dynasty, nevertheless, at the present time, they have
lost any military importance, the more so as a large percentage
of the men em-olled in the forces see no service, or perform
duties having not the slightest connection wuth military affairs.
The representatives of the three nationalities composing the
Banner Forces form a peculiar caste— or military clique — holding
a predominant position in the Empire and serve as a support to
the power and influence of the Manchu Dynasty. Eecently,
howevei-, the Government has taken steps for the gradual
equalization of the rights -of the Banner Forces and the mass of
the population (see No. 186).
(^7\&. Wii% Tu^ T'ung\ Lieutenant-General ; 1b. There
are 24 of these ; one to each national division of the Banners
{sec No. 718).
719a. For particulars as to the ^ ^^ Tu^ T'ung^, acting
as Military Lieutenant-Governors (of Chakhar and of Jehol)
see Nos. 897 and 898.
720. glj gr> -^^ Fu* Tu^ T'ung^ Deputy Lieutenant-.
General; 2a. There are 48 in all; two to each national division
of the Banners {see No. 718).
720a. For particulars as to the glj ^f-, i% Fu'' Tu^ T'ung^
acting as Assistant ^lilitary Lieutenant-Governors, and as
Deputy Lieutenant-Generals of provincial Manchu Garrisons
sec Nos. 802 and 745.
"21. $\} B 3 fl ^^i"* '^^'u' Ts'an^ Ling', Adjutant-
General; 3a. There are two to each of the 24 Banners (except
[ -325 ]
'

729
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
722 the Mongol, which have but one each). They are appointed
%Q
from the ranks of Colonels (see No. 722).
722. li ^' # M Hsiao^ Ch'i* Ts'an^ Ling', Colonel; 3a;
in command of a sub-division or ^ g|jj Chia^ La^ (Manchurian
Chalan),
of whicli there are five to each Manchu and Chinese
Banner. In the Mongol
sub-divisions to each.
Banners there are but two of these
723. g!l^i|#fl Fu* Hsiao^ Ch'i^ Ts'ani Ling%
Lieutenant-Colonel; 4a ; one to each Chalan or sub-division (^see
No. 722).
. 724.
PO ff ^:^ Yin* Wu^ Chang^ Ching\ Adjutant;
5 b ; conducts the con'espondence of a Banner.
725. ^$\]Bm^ Wei=^ Yin* Wu* Chang' ChingS
Assistant-Adjutant.
^'^Q' i£ H Tso' Ling% Captain ; 4a. Of officers of this
rank there are from 70 to 80, in each of the Manchu Banners,
and from 30 to 40, in each of the Chinese Banners, Each is in
charge
of some 70 to 100 of the Household- Bannernieu. In
some cases they hold their rank by hereditary right, either as
^ ]g Hsiin' Chin* or as "tg- ^ ^ ff Shih* Kuan^ Tso' Ling3.
Those who are appointed by various processes of selection are
designated J^ (\t Kung^ Chung^, ^ ^ Fen^ Kuan', and
^ 1 f£ M Lun2 Kuan' Tso' Ling'.
726a. ^ @ f^ ^ Pa: * Ko* Tso' Ling', Half Tso Ling.
This title was formerly in use but at the present it is almost— if
not completely— obsolete. It designated Captains of companies
(see No. 726) of less than one hundred.
727. ^ H .^* Hsiaoi Ch'i^ Hsiao*, Lieutenant; 6a.
Officer? of this rank are drawn upon to fill the post of ^ |pl ^
Pu* Chuni Hsiao* (see No. 799).
728. ^'^.^|p^^ Wei' Shu* Hsiao^ Ch'i' Hsiao*
Sub-Lieutenant; 8b.
729. $^ ff Ling' Ts'uiS Corporal.
[ 326 ]

itEbEXT DAY roLlTlCAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
730. ^ Cf Ma^ Chia^ (Manchurian Ukesen), Private of 730
the 1st Class. Also called |^ ^ Hsiao^ Ch'i^. tO
"31. ^ M ^ Ao* Erh^ Pii^ (MaiK-hurian OrLo), Private 734
of the 2nd Class. Also called ^ '^ ^ Lu^ Chiao' Ping^ 'J liis
rank is found in the ^ '^ Han"* Chiin^ Chinese Banners only
[see No. 718).
732. ^ ^ JS Yang'^ Yii* Ping', Supernnmeraries, or
Juniors; awaiting appointment as j^ ^ Ma^ Chia', or ^ ^ ^
Ao"* Erh^ Pu*, as vacancies occur {see Nos. 730 and 731).
732a. ^ H^ Hsien^ San' (Manchurian Sula), Bannermen
at Large ; without position or pay.
733. From the Banner Forces not coming within the
Banner Corps of the line (see No. VlS) there are organized
various divisions, as follows: 1. f^ % ^ Hu* Chiin^ Ying^,
The Guards Division (see No. 734), 2. flt) ^ # Clrien- Fciigi
Ying-, Vanguard Division {see No. 735), 3. ^ !^ .f- Pu'
Chun^ Ying^ Gendarmerie Division {see No. 736 ;. for details see
No. 797), 4. ^\ IJ- i^ Hno=^ Ch'i' Ying^ The Artillery and
Musketry Division '{see No. 737), 5. f^ ^ '^ Chien'' Jui*
Ying% The Light Division (see No. 738), o. ^ it '^ Hu*
Ch'iang^ Ying"^, The Marksmen for Tiger Hunts {see No. 739),
7- iP 11 # ShGn^ Chii Ying", The Peking Field Force (see
No. 740), 8. 1 OIJ H A ;^ ^ ^ # Yiian^ Ming^ Yuan^
PaM.^h'i- Hu* Chiin^ Ying', 'J'he Yiian Ming Yiian Division of
the Banner Force (see No. 741), 9.
i^^ ^ j^ Hsiang^ Tao*
Ch'uS The Guides (sec No. 742), and 10. ± M ilm M M
Shang^ Y''ii^ Pei"' Y^'ung^ Ch'u^, The Imperial Hunting Department
(see No. 742a). ,,
734. M'^'^ Hu^ Chiin" Ylng^
(common designation, j

PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CH1*A.
734a Bannermen of Peking, to whom it secures the advantages of
^Q substantial increase in pay and prospects of a promotion of one
—OK degree. The principal duty assigned it is to furnish detachments
of guards for the Imperial Palace {sec No. 104). This division
consists of eight sections, corresponding to the eight Banners,
and each is under the command of a uM ^ M- iM ^^^* Chiin^
T'ung** Ling^, Captain-General (2a). The other ranks are :
1. MM-W^ IIu* Chiin^ Ts'ani Lingl Colonel (3a; 32
Mongols and 80 Manchus), 2.
gl] ^ |^ # H Fu* Hu* Chiin^
Ts'an^ Ling^, Lieutenant-Colonel (4a ; 32 Mongols and 80
Manchus), 3. ^ "^ ^ Hu* Chun^ Hsiao\ Lieutenant (6a;
681 Mongols and 204 Manchus), 4. ^WW^^ ^^^"'
Shu"* Hu^ Chiin^ Hsiao*, Sub-Lieutenant; 8b, 5. ^^ Hu*
Chiin^ Privates (14,075 in all).
734a. For particulars concerning \}q pM W- '^ ^^^^ ^^^*
Chiin^ Ying^, The Imperial Guards, see No. 97a.
''So. mi%^ Ch'ien^ FcngV Ying-, .
Vanguard Division.
This is composed entirely of Manchus or Mongols of all
Banners. In time of peace this division performs service
without the Palace ; when the Emperor goes abroad it precedes
the Imperial chairs at a distance of 1 to 2 li. In time of
war it is sent forward to open battles and prepare a way for the
success of the main forces.
The Vanguard Division is divided into two '"Wings"
(or Sections) : 1. Left (including the bordered yellow, ])lain
white, bordeied white and plain blue Banners) and 2. Right
(including the plain yellow, plain red, boixlered red and bordered
blue Banners). These are commanded by the ^ ^ 3IJ ^ |^ ||
Tso^ P Ch'ien^' Fcng^ T'ung^ Ling^ "and :& M M B M M
Yu-* I" Ch'icn^ Feng' T'ung' Ling^ Conmiandants of the Left
and Right Wings of the Vanguard Di\ision ; 2a. The other
ranks are : 1. Si B ^r vl Ch'ien^ Feng' Ts'an^ Ling^ Colonel
of the Vanguard Division (3a; four in each Wing), 2. 'nij ^
[ 328 ]

I ^
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.
^ ^ Ch'ien^ FSng^ Shih* Wei% Imperial Guardsmen of the 736a
Vanguard Division (4a; four in each Wing), 3. ^ ^ BO ^ tO
^ Wei' Shu* Ch'ien' Feng.^ Shih* Wei*, Deputy Imperial 737
Guardsman of the Vanguard Division (-53; two in each Wing),
^- HU ^ 1^ Ch'ien^, Feng' Hsiao*, Sergeant of the Vanguard
Division (6a ; 48 in each Wing), 5. ^^mM^ ^^^^'
Shu* Ch'ien^ Feng^ Hsiao*, Sergeant of the Vanguard
Division ; 8 b, and 6.
"^i ^ Ch'ien^ Fcng^
Privates of the
Vanguard Division (899 in the left and 865 in the right Wing).
735a. For details regarding ^ 31; ^ ^ Nei* Ch'ien'
Feng^ Ying-, The Household Vanguard, see No. 97c.
736. ^ ^ ^ Pu* Chiin^ Ying'^; Gendarmerie Division.
For details see No. 797. ;
737. iJ^ 1^ ^ Huo' Ch'i* Ying'^ The Artillery and
Musketry Division ; consisting of ^ Nei*, and ^(> Wai*, or.
Inner and Outer, Detachments. The first is stationed at
Peking while the second is at ^ 1^ ]^ Lan^ Tien* Gh'ang' (a
short distance from the Summer Palace HI §J§ §} Yiian* Ming^
Y^ian^).
The pq 'X 1% ^ Nei* Huo' Ch'i* Ying^ is formed from the
^ ^ Pao^ I' of the several Banners {see No. 97).
The Artillery and ^Musketry Division is composed of
Manchu and Mongol Bannermen and is under the command of
^ j^ Tsung' T'ung^, General Commandants (number riot fixed ;
Princes of the Blood). At the head of each Detachment there
is a ^ ;g; I* Chang', Brigadier; 3a. The other ranks are:
!• ^ Ifi Ying- Tsung', Commandant of a Garrison (Deputy
Brigadier; four in each Detachment), 2. % % W: % ^ ^
Nia^s Ch'iang^ Hu* Chun^ Ts'an^ Ling*, Colonel of the Imperial
Begiment of the Artillery and Musketry Division (3a; four in
each Detachment), 3. % % M M ^ M ^'^^^^ Ch'iangi
Hsiao^ Ch'i^ Ts'an' Ling^, Colonel of the Artillery and Musketry
Division; 3a, 4. glj ,^ ft ^ ^ # M Fu* Niao' CViang^
[ P>29 ]

PlIESENT DAY POLITJCAJ. OltG AXIZATION' OF CHIXA.
738 Hu* Chiin^ Ts'an^ Ling'? Lieutenant-Colonel o£ the Imperial
Regiment of the A rtillery and Musketry Division ; 4a,
5. ^ ^ fi? nk ^ ^ Kuan^ Niao3 Ch'iang^ San* Chih* Kuan',
Musketry Adjutant, 6. ^ gc '^^ WL 'I^ t' K^an' P'ao' Ch'iang^
San* Chih^ Kuan', Artillery Adjutant, 7. >^ flf ^ ^ ^
Niao^ Ch'iang' Hu* .Chiin^ Hsiao*, Lieutenant of the Imperial
Regiment of the Artillery and Musketry Division; 6a, 8,
,^. ^f^
i^i^fe jSiao^ Ch'iang^ Hsiao' Ch'i^ Hsiao*, Lieutenant of
Artillery and Musketry; 6a, 9. If ^ ^ St ^^ Kuan'' P'ao*
Hsiao' Ch'i^ Hsiao*, Lieutenant of Artillery; 6a, 10. ^ f^ ^
^ Niao** Ch'iang' Hu* Chiin', Musketeer of the Imperial Guard,
IL >% fl^ i^ 1^ Niao" Ch'iang' Hsiao' C'h'i', Musketeer, and
12. g(^ 1^ P'ao* Hsiao' Ch'i^, Artillery-man.
738. f>|^ '^ Chien* Jui* Ying^ The Scouts, or the
Light Division; quartered near the § iJj ^a Hsiang' Shan'
Yuan*, or ^ ^' ^ Ching* I^ Yiian^, the Imperial Hunting
Park, North-west of Peking. This division was formed in
the fourteenth year of the reign of f^ [^ Ch'ien Lung (1749),
because of the frequent revolts North of the Great Wall, the
best men being recruited to it from the gij ^ ^ Ch'ien^ Feng'
Ying^ {see No. 735). At the present time these troops have
merely a nominal existence.
At the head of the Light Division there are |,i 1^ Tsung*
T'ung^, General Commandants (number is not fixed ; this post
may be held by Princes of the Blood). The Division is divided
into two Wings and in command of each there is an ^ :^ I*
Chang', Brigadier ; 3a. The other ranks are : 1. HU P^ # ^
Ch'ien^ Feng' Ts'an' Ling', Colonel of the Light X>ivision ;
3a, 2.
gij fi m^il Fu4 Ch'ien^ Feng' Ts'an' Ling', Senior
Lieutenant-Colonel of the Light Division ; 4a, 3. ^ gf] ^ ^
^ Shu^ Ch'ien' Fengi Ts'an' Ling', Jimior Lieutenant-Colonel
of the Light Division; 5 b, 4. m^-^ Ch'ien^ Feng' Hsiao*,
Lieutenant; 6 a, 5.
glj ^y ^^ Fu* Ch'ien' Feng' Hsiao*,
[ 330 ]
HI

PkESENT DAY FOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. -
Sub-Lieutenant; 8b, 6. 35 ^ Ch'ien^ Feng', Private of the 739-
1st Class of the Light Division, and 7. ^ g|) ^ Wei^ Ch'ien^ tO
Feng', Private of the 2nd Class of the Light Division.
739. ^^t^ ^^^' Ch'iang^ Ying^,
The Marksmen for
Tiger Hunts ; 'recruited from the best marksmen of the Three
Superior Banners (see No. 718). In commstnd of these
marksmen there is a ||g ^ Tsung^ T'ung', General (/ommandant
of the Marksmen for Tiger Hunts. The other ranks are :
^- W,vM Tsung^ Ling^, Brigadier of a Wing (six in all)
-• ^ ^ ^ ^^^^ Ch'iang' Chang^, Senior Marksmen (21
in all), 3. ^ |j^ glj M Hu^ Ch'iang' Fu^ Chang', Junior
Marksmen (260 in all) and 4. ^ |^ Hu' Ch'iang', Marksmen
(600 in all).
740.. ;|f j^ -^ Shen^ Chi' Ying^. The Peking Field
Force (Divine Mechanism Regiments).
This force, drawn from
the elite of the Banner Troops of all three nationalities forming
the ^ 'jj^ Ching' Ch'i^ (see No. 718), was organized
in 1862—
because of the disastrous campaign of 1860—and numbered 18
to 20 tliousand men, supplied with the three types of arms,
using modern breech-loaders and drilled in European style.
This force no longer exists.
741. MMM A1MMW-'B Yiian^ ^Jing'
Yiian^ Pa^
Ch'i^ Hu* Chiin^ Ying'^. The Yiian Ming Yuan .Guards Division
^f the Banner Forces. This is a division organized and appointed
to guard the Summer residence of the Emperor. This residence
is now at the [5H ffl HI I" ^^^' Yi'ian* (at
the foot of the hill
l§ ^ lU Wan^ Shou* Shan'), as the Yiian Ming Yiian Palace
was destroyed by the European troops in 1860, after the taking
of Peking.
At the head o£ this division is the ||| ,^ Tsung' T'ung%
General Commandant of the Yiian ]\ring Yiian Guards Division
of the Banner Forces. The other ranks are : 1. 'q- ^§, Ying^
Tsxuig^, Commandant (Assistant General Commandant ; eight in
[ 331 ]
w^

PRESENT DAY rOl.ITICAL OKvjtaxx i^ai HJIN UF CHINA.
.74lA all ; 3a), 2. ^ ^ # fl Hu^ C'huni Ts'aii^ Ling',
4.Q
Colonel of the
Yiian Ming Yiian Guards Division of the Banner Forces (3a ;
742a ^^^^^^ "^ ^^^^' ^- wlJ MW-3% ^'"' Hu^ Chiin^ Ts'an^ Ling^
Senior Lieutenant-Olbnel of the Yiian Ming Yiian Guards
Division of the Banner Forces (4a; 16 in all), 4. ^- ^ ^
- The
^ fg Shu" Hvi* Chiin' Ts'an^ Ding^ Junior Lieutenant-Colonel
of the Yiian Ming Yiian Guards Division of the Banner Forces
(32 in all), 5. ^ ^ ;^ Hu* Chiin^ Hsiao^ Lieutenant
of the Yiian Ming Yiian Guards Division of the Banner Forces
(6a; 128 in all), 6. U\\MW^ ^u^ Hu^ ^^^n" HsiaoS
Sub-Lieutenant of the Yiian Ming YiJan Guards Division of
the Banned Forces (8b ; 128 in all), and 7. ^ !^ Hu* C^hiin',
Privates of the Yiian Ming
Banner Forces (compare No. 734).
Yiian Guards Division of the
741 A. For particulars as to the [H IIJJ^^ j^ ^ 1|^ -^
Yiian2 Ming2 Yuan^ Nei* Ch'i" Hu* Chiini Ying^, the Guards at
the Summer Palace, Yiian ]\Iing Yiian, etc., sec No. 97d.
742. ^ ^ ^ Hsiang^ Tao" Ch'uS The Guides. This
is a department furnishing outriders, etc., for Imperial progresses.
At its head is the Jjl, $^ Tsung' T'ung^ General Commandant of
the Guides, app.o!i>ted from the A M fi'J tl5 ^ P^^ Ch^' Fu*
Tui T'ung' (see )Nq. 720), the ^ ^ ^ ^ lixi* Chiini T'ung^
Ling3 (see No. 734)', and the hi] ^ ^ ff Ch'ien^ Feng^ T'ung'
Ling' (see No. 735}. For manning this department there aj'e
deputed officers and privates from the ^ % ^ Hu^ Chiin^ Ying^
Hu* Chiin^
(see No. 734 ; an indefinite number of ^ ^ ;^
Hsiao^ and ^ ^ Hu* Chiin^), and from the m^^ Ch'ien^
Fengi Ying2 (see No. 735) ; four Bll ^ f# It Ch'ien^ Feng^ Shih*
WeiS and an indefinite number of rij || ^ Ch'ieu" Feng'^ Hsiao*
and-f]^^ Ch'ien^Fengi).
742a. ± H H ^ Jt Shangi Yii'- Pei^ Yung^ Ch'uS
Imperial Hunting Department.
[ 832 ]

ilESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
743. li pj' Clm-' Fang', Manchu Garrisons Without, 743
Peking (see No. 718). These are divided into three classes as ^q
follows :
'
743a. I^ ^ %t 1^ Chji Fu3 Chu* Fang^ Garrisons of the
" Military Cordon." These are at 25 cities of Chihli, surround-
ing Peking. The nine garrisons nearest Peking are styled the
^b :fLM Hsiao^ Chiu^ Ch'u*, Nine Small Posts.
743b. ^ |(^ fj: |?jfj Ling2 Ch'in^ Chu- Fang^, Garrisons at
the Imperial Mausolea (for details sec No. 571).
743c. ^ ^ li \l)j Ko* Sheng' Chu* Fang', Garrisons
stationed in the Provinces; at 1. ^ fti i^ Kuei' Hua^ Ch'eng-,
^ Jl ^ S"i' Yiian* Ch'engS and ± j^[ J^ T'ai* Yiian' Fu', in
Shansi, 2. H jf\ jf^ Ch'ing^ Chou^ FuS and ^. j>\>\ W
ChouS
in Shantung, 3. \^ ^ J{^ K'ai' Feng^ Fu% in Honan, 4.
jX ^ /j^ Chiang'^ Ning' Fu^ and Ig >^ )^ Chen* Chiang^ Fu^ in
Kiangsu, 5. i^ 'Jvl /f^ Hang- Choui Fu^ and ^ ^f Ch'a* P'u^
Fu'^ Chou^ Fu^, in Fukien, 7.'
in Chekiang, 6. fg '}l}}\ f^ Hang' Chou' Fu', in
[ 833 ]
744
\

PKESENT DAY POLITICAJ. OKGAXIZATIOM OF CHINA,
744a Chekiang. 5. f^ j^] J§ Ching^ Chou' Fu», in Hupeh, 6.
to ^ M Ji^ Nitig' Hsiao* Fu', in Kansu {see Nos. 744b and 900),
'• ^ ^'^^ ^'^''^'"^' "^"^ *''*'' ^" Szechwan, and 8. ^ jl'H /i^
745a
Knang^ (Jliou^ Fu*, Canton, in Ktiangtung.
744a. For details as to the ^ jg i^ 'If ^
Ch'eng^' Chiang^ Chiin', see No. 899.
Sui^ Yiian^
744b. For details as to the ^ M y^ % Ni"g^ ^^^^^
•Chiang^ Chiin^ see No. 900.
•Chnn\
. 744D.
744c. For details as to the "^ ^ }^ !^ I^ Li' Chiang^
see No. 866.
For details as to the ,f, M B ^ ^ Jlf IP^ Wu^ Li»
Ya^ Su^- T'ai^ Chiang^ Chun\ see No. 879.
744e. For details as to the Chiang Chiin in Manchuria
see Nos. 802 and 803.
745. glj IPj ^ Fu* Till T'ung^ ^lanclni Brigade-Geiieral ;
2a; literary designation, i^ ^^ pj Ta"* T'ung^ C'hih''. They reside
in ten provinces, at : 1. ^ {fc i^ Kuei^ Hua* Ch'eng', in
Shansi, 2. ^ >>H }^ Ch'ing^ C^hou^ Fu^ in Shantung, 3. yX t^M
Chiang^ Ning^ Fu^, and ^ JX /i^ Chen* Chiang^ Fu^, in Kiangsu
—so-called ;^, P glj Ifj ^^ Chingi K'ou^ Fu< Tu^ T'ung^ 4.
.|g >>H Jj^ Fu^ Chou^ Fu-'', in Fukien, 5. ^ JH /f Hang^ Chou'
Fu', and ^ ^ Ch'a" P'u^ in Chekiang, 6. ^J j^ J^ Ching^
Chou^ Fu^, in Hupeh (two ; one ^ ^ Tso^ I^ and the other ;;^ ^
Yu* I^), 7. ®^j|^ Hsii An^ Fu^ in Shensi (two ; one ^^ Tso^
r and the other :^ ^ Yu* I'}, 8. f^^^/?^ Ning*-' Hsia'' Fu', and
i?; #1 /T^ Liang' Chou^ Fu^ in Kansu, 9. J^ U ^ Ch'eng^
Tu^ Fu^, in Szechwan, and 10. ^ ^'|>j f^ KMiii^g^jChoj^^F^^ii^
Kuangtung (two ; one p ^j'J>[
T'uBg% and the other ^ ^ gi] |f) J^^
T'ung=').
gl] ^) fife Man^ C hou^ Fu* Tu^
Han* Chiin^ Fu* Tu^
745a. The g|J ^> j^^ Fu' Tu^ T'ung' of Chihli province
(one at 1^ g 1^ Mi* Yiin^ Hsien* and the other at Uj ^ 13
[ 334' ]

PKKSENT DAY TOLITICAI. ORGANIZATION OF CHINA
Shan^ Hai^ Kuan^ are connected with the garrisons of the 745b
*'
military cordon" (see No. 743a).
745 b. For details as to the ^^%^%M^^ Li' Fu* Tu^
T'ung^
^q
and the i^ ^ Q H^ -^ glj ^, ^ Ta' Erh^ Pa^ Ha^ T'a?
Fu" Tu^ T'ung^ see No. 867.
745c. For details as to the M fb l!«^ S'J IK Wt

747
to
748
!'I:ESKNT day POLITJCAI. OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Musketry ;' compare No. 735), 9.
f;| f^ Lirig^ Ts'iii^ Corporal
(also, ^^^^UiU ^^i^"' Ch'iangi Ling' Ts'ui\ Corporal of
Musketry, or ^ j% f^ P'ao^ Ling^ Ts'ui', (^rporal of Artillery),
10. mB Hsiao\ Ch'i^ Private (also, ^^B if ^"iao'
Ch'iangi Hsiao^ ( li'i^, Musketeer, or ^ ^ H P'ao^ Hsiao^
Cli'i^, Artillery -man ; compare No. 737).
747. 7J^ fifj ^ Shui=' Shih' Ying^ Marine Battalion of the
Banner Forces. This does river service in provinces where
Manchu Garrisons are stationed (^scc No. 743c), for instance,
Fukien, Kuangtung, etc.
748. ^ ^ Wei- Ch'ang', The Imperial Hunting
Preserves ; in, and about, fl JnJ Je* Ho= (jfc {*i jj^ Ch'eng^ Te"
Pu^). For guarding these there was formed, in the reign of
^ ^^ K'angi Hsi^ (1661-1722^, a detachment called the
^M^^ Shou^ Wei' Ch'ang- Ping^ (Guards of the Hunting
Preserves. At the head of these Guards there are the
M ^ IE li ^ Wei^ Ch'ang=^ Chcng^ Tsung=^ Kuan^, and the
H ^ fA Ifi ^ Wei' Ch'ang3 Fu* Tsung= Kuan^ Chief
Controller {3\) and Deputy Chief Controller of the Hunting
Preserves (i-esiding at Ch'cng' Te' Fu^ ; sre ahove). The
remaining ranks are : 1. ^ J^ ^ ;^ Wei' Ch'ang^ P
Chang^, Brigadier of the Hunting Preserves ; 4a (two in all),
2. 155 ^ Fang' YiiS Captain ; 5a (eight in all), 3. }^ ^ ^
Hsiao^ Cli'i' Hsiao^ Lieutenant ; 6a (eight in all), 4. '^ fg
Ling^ Ts'ui\ Corporal, and 5. • ^ Hsiao^
,|f
Ch'i', Private
(of the last two ranks there ai-e about eight himdred and
fifty men).
The Imperial Hiuiting Preser^•cs are under the general
supervision of the Military Lieutenant-Governor of Jehol
{see No. 897), in which district it is situated and
where it forms a separate sub-prefecture, ^ ^ ^ Wei^
Ch'ang^ T'ing' (see No. 897).
[
3:]G
]

itESEXT DAY VOIATIGAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
THE OLD CHINESE ARMY.
749. ^ ^. Ln^ Ying^ The Ai-mj o£ the Green Standard,
or old Chinese Army. These troops are divided into ^ ^ Lu*
Lu"*, Land Forces, and 7|c M Shui-^ Shih\ Marine Forces, and
the hulk of the forces of this category in any jfi-ovince are under
the command of a |^ § T'i' Tu^ (see No. 750), General-in-
Chief, and are styled ^^ ;^ T'i^ Piao^ or T'i Tu's Command.
The lesser oi: portion these forces— allotted to the
|^^^ ^ Tsung^
Tui (see No. 820), or to the ^ gte Hsim^ Fu^ (.^ce No. 821)—
are called, respectively, -^ ^" Tu^ Piao', and JfeE ^. Fu^
Piao\
(sec ,
No.
Under the orders of the ^g jt |I| ^ Ho" Tao* Tsung^ Tu»
820d; and of the Jf 5^ 'gl -g Ts'ao^ Yun" Tsung' Tu^
[see No. 834) there were formerly separate military organizations
styled the }pj frS Ho'- Piao^ and the vf ^M Ts'ao' Piao^
The' forces under the command of the General-in-Chief—
the Jlf^ T'i^ Piao'—are divided into |^^* Chen-* ?iao\ Brigades,
these, in turn, being sub-divided into |^ ^ Hsieh^ Piao*,
Territorial Kegiments. The llsieh are made up of ^ Yiug^^
Battalions (of about 500 infantry and 250 cavalry each), Avhich
are composed of two P^j" Shao*, Patrols, each— a Right and a
Left. The Patiols arc distributed throughout two or four ^
Ssu\ corresponding to the ^^ Hsiin*, or military posts of different
districts.
The Armv of the Green Standard is distributed throusrhout
the Empire, in towns, si.itions and villages, and,
In addition to
doing military duty, performs various other services— in connection
Avith policing, the posts and the customs.
750. {^ ^ T'i' Tu', Provincial Commander-in-Chief, or
General-In-Chicf : 1h (common designation, J^ -^ T'i" T'ai' ;
epistolary style, 1^ P"] (. hiiu^ ^Icn^). This officer is in command
749
^O
750

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
760a of the bulk of the troops of the Green Standard {sec No. 749)
to
stationed in a particular province.
750b Provincial Commanders-in-Chief are stationed in fourteen
provinces, i.e. at 1. jg ^'|»[ T'ung^ Chou^, in Chihli, 2. fe '^ ^
Sungi Chiang-i Yu^ (one ; the Jt j^ H # Chiang^ Nan^ T'i^ Tu^)
and Jf fO ,^ Ch'ingi Ho^ Hsien*, in the prefecture of v§ ^ Jj^
Huai-^ Ani Fu' (one ; the jl 'J^ J| ^ Chiang^ Pei' T'i^ Tu^), in
Kiangsu, 3. M P5 ;^> Hsia* Men^ T'ing^, in the prefecture of
^ "M ffi Ch'iian^ Chou^ Fu^ in Fukien, 4. ^ f)^ }^ Ning^ P'o^
Fu^ in Chekiang, 5. |^ ^ !^ Ku^ Ch'eng^ Hsien^
in the
prefecture of ^ ^ ^ Hsiang^ Yang^ Fu', in Hupeh, 6. '^ ^, M
Ch'ang' Te« Fu', in Hunan, 7. ^ ^ }^ Hsi^ An^ Fu% in
Shensi, 8. -^ j>^ Jf^ Kan^ Chou^ Fu', in Kansu, 9. )^ W^ M
Ch'eng^ Tu^ Fu^ in Szechwan, 10. ^ ji>] jf Hui* Chou^ Fu^
in — Kuangtimg the so-called ^ ^ [^ 1^ J§ '^ Kuang' Tung^
Lu^.Lu^T'i^Tui, 11. iS^jj^ Nan=^ Ning^ Fu^ in Kuangsi,
12. ;A: JM 1^ Ta* Li^ Fu^ in Yunnan, 13. ^ If /f^ An^
Shun* Fu^ in Kweichow, and 14. j^ |Jl /f Su^ Le^ Fu^ or
^if ^MM Kai Shih- Kai Erh^ Kashgar, in Hsinkiang.
750a. In the provinces of Shansi, Shantung, Honan,
Anhui and Kiangsi— there being no ^^ ^ T'i^ Tu^— the
Governors are invested with the duties of Provincial Commanderin-Chief.
Accordingly, they are styled ^ f^ ^ Chien^ T'i^ Tu^
Governors and Generals-in-Chief (for instance, [ll y^ U^^, M.
H ^ Shan^ Tungi Hsiin^ Fu^ Chien^ T'i^ Tu', Shantung
Governor and General-in-Chief of the Forces in Shantung
Province).
750b. In addition to if^ ^ TT^ Tu^ (also [T^ ^ ^^ ^ Lu*
Lu* T'i^ Tu^), Commanders-in-Chief of the Land Forces, there
are also Tfc ^fp $| § Shui' Shih^ T'i' Tu\ Naval Commanders-in-
Chief. There are two for the provinces -lying along the
Yangtze—;g \X :^ M M M Ch'ang' Chiang^ Shui' Shih-i T'i^
Tui (at :^^}U T'ai*
P'ing^ FuS in Anhui) and ^IMMHWj'^^'R
[ 338 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Hui* Pan* Cli'ang=^ Chiang^ Fang^ Shou^ Sliih* I'^ (at Jf p P'u^ 751
K'ou^, or iX ?^ (^ Chiang^ P'u^ Hsien*, in the prefecture of tO
jl ^ fl^ Chiang^ Ning^ Fu^), and one for. the province of
Kuangtung—K "M :^ M ^ 'M Kuang' Tung' fehui' Shih^ T'i^
Tu' (at J^ P5 Hus Men2, in the prefecture of ^ j^j )^ Kuang'
Chou^ Fu^).
In the provinces of Chekiang and Fukien the Commanders-
iu-Chief perform, simultaneously the duties of Naval
Commanders-in-Chief and are, accordingly, designated '^ fX.
7kMM^ # ^^lie" Chiang' Shui^ Lu* Shih^ T'i^ Tu\ and
n^M^K^^^i^M Fu^ Chien^ Shui^ Lu* Shih^ T'i^ Tu',
respectively.
'^1* 1,^ 1^ Tsung^ Ping^, Brigade General; 2a (common
designation, |g -^ Chen* T'ai'^ ; literary designation, ^^ ^
Tsung^ Jung^ ; epistolary designation, ;f; ||[ ^Ij Ta* Tsung^
Chih'*) ; commanding a |^ '^ Chen* Piao^, Brigade (see No.
7-49), of which there are from two to seven in a. province.
There" are seven Brigade Generals in Chihli province, two in
Shansi, ihree in Shantung, five in Kiangsu, two in Anhui, three
in Kiangsi, four in Fukien, five in Chekiang, three in Hupeh,
three in Hunan, three in Shensi, five in Kansu, four in Szechwan,
seven in- Kuangtung, two in Kuangsi, fovir in Kweichow, six
in Yiinnan, four in Hsinkiang, and three in Honan— 75
in all.
751 A. In the province of Chihli the Brigade Generals,
m^MB^ T'ai^ Ning2 Chen* Tsung^ Ping', at ^ jf\ I*
Choui, and ,1| ^ ^ |§ £^ Ma^ Lau^ Chen* Tsung' Ping', at
M M S^ ^^a' Lan3 Yu*, in the prefectm-e of ^ ^ '}}] Tsun^
Hua* Chou^—
Commanding the brigades stationed at the Imperial
Mausolea (Western and Eastern ; see Nos. 569 and 569b) bear
the title of minister of the Household and, therefore, are officially
designated as |g || ^ ^ ^ jj^ ;;^ g Chien' Tsung' Kuan^
Nei* Wu* Fu^ Ta* Ch'gn^ (see No. 76).
-
[ 339 J
751^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
751b 75 1b. Certain of the ^^& Tsung^ I*i»g\ Brigade Generals
•to {•''fc No. 751), are in command o£ naval forces and,
7'S2h capacity, are directly
in this
subordinated to the Naval Commanders-
in-( 'hief— four in Kiangsu, one in Kiangsi, one in Hupeh, one in
Hnnan, three in Chekiang,
two in Fvikien and five in
Kuangtung. cX^-S
752. glj ^ Fu^ Ching , Colonel ; 2b (common designation,
^ ^ Hsieh^ T'ai*; literary designation, glj ^ Fu* Jung-); in
command of a "^ .^ Hsieh^ Piao\ Kegimeiit (see No. 749).
752a. ^ ^ Ts'aa^ Chiang*, Lieutenant-Colonel; 3a
(common designation, ^ J^ Ts'an' Fu^; literary designation, ^
^ Ts'an^ Jung^).
The Lieutenant-Colonel acting as Commandant of a
Governor's Brigade (^,^ Fu^ Piao^; see No. 749) is colloquially
called :/c iM ^•

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
7521. H ^\> 3r|> ^
E^ Wai* Wai* WeP, Sergeant ; 9b. 752i
7o2.J. 4' 1^

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
serve as a place of banishment of condemned officials (compare
the expression M ^i W- "^ Wj 't] B ^ Fa' Wang' Cliiini T'ai^
Hsiao* Li'* Shu^ Tsni*.
The general control over the i\'Iilitary Post Stations in
Mongolia (situated on the so:called M Wl M W '^
^^ Le* T'ai*
Chiln' T'ai^, Military Post Road of Altai) appertains to
the Military Lientenant-General of Ch'ahar (^see No. 898).
Officials proceeding on duty by this road are given special
posting-orders, called ^ -^ K'an* Ho^, by the Alinistry
of War.
In Manchuria the Military Post Stations (they
abolished and have been replaced by the ^ fS ^
ai'C now
Wcu^ Pao*
Chii^, see below) were under the control of I''
|f: ?(^ ^ ^ Chan*
Ohien' Tu^, Inspectors of Military Post Stations (in the province
of Kirin) or 1|| ig it P Hsihi^ Tao^ ^Military
Couriers (in the province of Fengtien).
Tntendant of
In addition to the Military Post Stations there were (and,
of Hsin-
to some extent still are, for instance, in the province
kiang) j^ T'ang^, Military Couriers Bureaux, under the control
of $1 :|| T'i2 T'ang2 (compare Nos. 435a and 435 u).
Of late there has been manifested a tendency of gradual
abolition of the Military Post Stations, as well as ]\Iilitary
Covu'iers Bureaux, and the establishment, instead, of ^ ^ ^
Wen' Pao* Chii^, Offices for the Transmission of Government
Correspondence (divided into '^^ M ^ Wen^ Pao^ Tsung'
Chu' and ^ ^ ^ ^ Wcn^ Pao* Fen' Chii^ Head and Branch
Offices), with § il Tui Pan^ or !§ Jf Tsung' Li^ Superin-
tendents, in charge (this post, for instance in Manchuria, rs
associated with that of local 1?^ i^ fli ]Min^ Cheng* Shih^ ; {see
No. 807). These offices, being administered on more economical
lines than was the case with the Military Post Stations, some-
times serve several provinces simultaneously (for Instance, the
'^ ^W^^M ^^'^"' I'ti' ^'a"g2 Wcn^ Pao* Chii^; see report
[ 342 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
from ?i A .^ Change Jen2-chun% and $^ ^ Tuani Fang^ dated 755
29th November, 1909).
OFFICE OF GOVERNMENT DROVES.
75o. ^^^x\mm%.mmm^^m chang^ chu iia*^
K'ou^ Liang^ I^ Mu* Ch'un^ T'ung^ Hsia^ Tsung^ Kuan^,
Superintendent
o£ Government Droves of Horses and Cattle
in the two Wings of the Ch'ahar Herdsmen in the Territory
surrounding Kalgan ; imder the control of the Ministry of
War. This post was established by virtue of an Imperial
Edict of the 15th December, 1909, which was promulgated
in reply to a Memorial, from the Ministry of War, pointing
out the malpractices in breeding of horses- and cattle in the
territory of the left and right wings
of the Ch'ahar Herdsmen
(the duties appertaining to this post were previously performed
by the Ch'ahar |f> ^ Tu^ T'ung^, see No. 898).
TIk, herds of horses and cattle (57 in all) under the control
of the Superintendent are distributed, according to the general
division of the Ch'ahar territory {see No. 893), into ^ ^
Liang^ I*, Two Wings, in charge of which are the '^ W^ W. ^
Tso^ I^ Tsung^ Kuan^, Supervisor of the Left Wing, and
^ S- US ^ Yu^ I^ Tsung"^ Knan^ Supervisor of the Right
Wing. The direct management of each drove is invested in a
^ ^ Mu* Chang^, Supervisor of a Drove, and a ^ glj Mu*
Fu^, Assistant Supervisor of a Drove.
To the Superintendent there are attached :
|;^ ^ 1^ Pi^
Shu^ Knan^ Chief Secretary, j;^ ^ 'g* Tsung^ Ho'^ Kuan^»
Chief Reviser, and -^l\ ^ K'o^ Yiian', Secretaries (in an
indefinite inimber), arranged in four sections : 1. "^ )tM f4
Wcn^ Tu^ K'oS Section of Correspondence, 2. ^ -g jf3{ Mu*
Yang^ K'o^ Breeding Section, 3. ^ gj- |"|- Hui^ Chi* K'cS
[ 3i3 ]

-
I
PIIESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
-
,
' —
* - _ - _ . . -
766 Accounts Section, and 4. ^, ^ ^ Shu* Wu^ K'oi, Section
of General Aftairs.
For the advancement of the knowledge of breeding— a very
important part of military administration— there are to be
established MR^S^^ Liang^ P Mu* Ch'un^ Hsiieh*
T'ang2, g(.y(j Schools, and ^^ |g ^ Mu^ Fan* Ch'un', Model
Droves, etc.
NAVAL FORCES OF CHINA.
756. Most of the war vessels of the Chinese fleet are
divided into the following four squadrons : 1.
4fc ?¥ ;i^ ^ffi Pei'
Yang2 Shui^ Shih^ Peiyang Squadron, 2. '^ if^ 7]^ ^ Nan^
Yang^ Shui^ Shih^, Nanyang Squadron, .3.
ijig ^ 7j^ ^^ Fu^
Chien* Shui^ Shih\ Fukien Squadron, and 4. ^ M 7K M
Kuang' Tung^ Shui^ Shih\ Kuangtung (Canton) Squadron.
In addition to these there are the so-called j^ ^ i^ Hai^
Ping^ Ying', Marine Battalions (Flotilla): 1. ^ y^ ^ ^ ^
Kuang' Tung^ Yii* Lei^ Ying', Kuangtung (Canton) Torpedo
Boat Flotilla, at ^ J^ Huang^ P'u^ (Whampoa), 2. -^ -^ ^
ll ^ Nan^ Chiug^ Yii^ Lei^ Ying^ Nanking Torpedo Boat
Flotilla, at ^ ;^ Nan^Ching^ (Nanking),- and 3. jtf -^ |§ ^
M^ ^ Yen^ T'ai^ Hai^ Chiin^ Lien* Hsi^ Ying% Training
Battalion of Yenfa^i (Chefoo), at ^ ^< Chih^ Fu* (Chefoo).
The general superintendency of all the naval forces of
China is invested, as has been already stated, in the '^ ^ ^
Hai' Chiin^ Ch'u*, Naval Council, at Peking (see Nos. 185c and
185d), which, in its turn, is subordinated to the ^ |/j|t^ ^:A' £
Ch'ou* Pan* Hai^ Chiin^ Ta* Ch'en^, Presidents of the
Commission for the Reorganization of the Navy (see No. 185a).
The direct command of the fleet appertains to the ^ ^ f^ ^
Hai^ Chiin^ T'i^ Tu^, Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Forces,
to whom there is attached, at Shanghai, the f^N ^ ^ ^ JS
Hai» Chiini Shih* Wu* Ch'u*, StaflT of the Commander-in-Chief
[ 344 ]
^,

TKESENT DAY I'OI.ITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
of the Naval Forces, directed by the # ^ 'g* Ts'an^ Mou^ 756a
Kuan S Chief of Staff. Other StafF-Officers are : 1.
glj 'g' Fu^ tO
Kiian^ Adjutant (one), 2. )^ ^3 ^ Chi^ Kuan^ I'hienS 7573
Engineer-Officer (one), 3. ^ ft^ ^'^-^^^ ^'l^i" Chang-^, Senior
Councillor (one), 4. ^ f]* '^ (Jhu' Chi* Ivuan^ Councillor
{one), 5.
lil? H 1* Pi* Shu^ Knan\ Secretary (one), 0.
|ig! §
'^^ Pi* Shu^ Kuan^ Pn% Assistant Secretaries (three), and
7. ^ § Chiin^ I', Surgeon (one).
756a. For the ranks of line officers of tlie fleet see
No. 6o9b; for the corresponding Japanese terms see No. 659c.
756b. For particulars as to the 7K 0f|l ^
#
T'i^ -Tu^, Naval Commanders-in-Chief, see No. 750b.
Shui^ Shih^
'7^6c. For particulars as to the ;7fc ^\fi '^ Sliui^ Shih'^
Ying^, Marine Battalion of tlie Banner Forces, see Ko. 747.
757. For the training of Naval Officers, as well as for
the building and repairing of vessels, there are now in China the
following establishments; 1. 7ic ^ ^ ^ Shui^ Shih^ Hsiieh'^
T'ang"-, or ^§%^M Hai^ Chfini Hsiieh^ T'ang-, Naval
Schools {see No. 757a), 2. 5^ |g p/f
Tsao^^ Ch'uan^ So',
Shipbuilding Yards (see No. 757b), and ^ ^ Ch'uan' Ch'ii^
Docks (see No. 757c).
151 A. At present there are three Naval Schools in China :
1. KW^7\lMW^^M. Chiang^ Nan^ Shui' Shih^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^,
Kiangnan Naval School, at ^ ^ Nan'^ Ching\ (Nanking), 2.
% -^ 'M % ^ 'M. Yen^ T'ai^ Hai' Chiini Hsueh^ T'ang^,
Yen'tai Naval School, at ^ ^^ Chef 00, and 3. M%W^^^
Kuang' Tung^ Hai^ Chiin' Hsiieh'- T'ang^, Kuaugtung (Canton)
Naval School, at ^ ;?^ Huang" P'u^ (see No. 756).
757b. For
shipbuilding yard
the construction of vessels there is a sjjecial
at ^ ^'f'{ Foochow, the so-called Mi M. ^ ^
Ma' Wei' Ch'uan^ Ch'ang' (^lamoi Arsenal). Also, ships are
built at the \L M ^ "^ M Chiangi
Nan^ Chi' Ch'i* Chii^,
Kiangnan Arsenal (at J^ t^ Shang^ Hai^, Shanghai).
. [
345 ]

757c
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
For the equipment of. vessels with the necessary armaments—
to guns, , shells, etc.^— there are the fflowing arsenals : 1. ^ !^
758 'M ^ M Kiiang^ Tung^ Tsao^ Ping^ Ch'ang^ Kuangtung
(Qanton) Arsenal, 2. M "M iK M M 7^ M Kuang^ Tung^ Huo'
Yao* Chih"* Tsao^ So^, Kuangtung (Canton) Powder Mills, and
3. M^^iM )m Han^ Yang^ Ch^iang^ P'ao^ Chn^ Hanyang
Arsenal, at ;^ j^ Hanyang, in Hupeh.
757c. For repairing vessels there are the following
dockyards: 1. M J^ ^ ^M Kuang^ Tnng^ Ch'uan' Wv.\
Kuangtung (Canton) Dockyard, at ^ ^ Huang^ P'u' ; sec No.
756, 2. K "M ^ iM Chiang^ Nan^ Ch'uan^ WV, Kiangnan
Dockyard, at _t r@ Shang" Hai^ Shanghai, and 3. Mi ^ M i,i
Ma'' Wei^ Ch'uan^ Wu^, Mawei Dockyard, at Foochow.
JUDICIAL ESTABLISHMENTS AND PRISONS.
A. Sheu P^an T'^ing or Judicial Estuhlishmcnis :
,758. Until lately the local administrative officials in China,
to Avhom were attached judges and prison officials, performed
judicial functions. The Imperial Decree of the 6tli November,
1906, which directed a general revision of the government
organization, also affected judicial establishments— the Board of
Punishments (see No. 438) was reorganized as the Ministry of
Justice (see No. 440), and the Court of Judicature and Revision
(see No. 215) was reformed as the Stipreme Court of Justice
(see No. 215a), specially charged with the supervision of all
judicial matters of the Empire. At the same time the Chinese
Government determined to sharply define the scope of adminis-
trative and judicial officials and, with this object in view, began
the organization of quite independent judicial establishments, socalled
^ f*]} fgj f5 Shen^ P'an* Ya^ Men^ free from any control
on the part of the administrative authorities (compare the
expression ^'^5^1^ Ssu^ Fa* Tu^ Li'*).
[ 34G ]
These began to function

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF" CHINA.
first at Peking; later they were founded in Manchuria and at 758
Tientsin. Their establishment throughout the Empire will take
place accoixiing to the following schedule : in 1909-1910, at
provincial capitals and ports open to foreign" trade ; in ^911-
1913, at the chief cities of prefectures, sub-prefectures, depart-
ments and districts ; in 1913-1915, at marts and villages.
The organization of judicial establishments is based on:
1. Memorials from the Supreme Court of Justice, dated the
12th December, 1906, and from the Ministry of Justice, dated
the 4th December, 1907, and the 25th August, 1909, and 2.
Regulations for Judicial establishments, ;^ |^ ^ fill] ;^ Fa*
Yiian* Pien^ Ohih^ Fa*, compiled by the Committee for Drawing
up Regulations for Constitutional Government and sanctioned by
the Emperor on the 7th February, 1910, with the enclosures:
1. '^fe f ^ S^ ff ffl W ^1 ^ 5g Fa* Kuan^ K'ao^ Shih* Jen"^
Yimg* Chan* Hsing^ C-hang^ Ch'eng\ Provisional Regulations
for Competitive Examination and Appointment of Judicial
Officials, 2. u] m U i^ ^ii W f7 ^ f^
Ssu^' Fa^'Ch'u*
Yii* Fen^ Hua* Chan* Hsing^ Chang^ Ch'eng^, Provisional
Regulations Defining Judicial Districts, and 3. ^ ^]^ ^ M ~^
^f\]M^iWM # If fr m fs (-h'u' Chi'^ Chi^ Ti* Fangi Shen^
P'an* T'ing^ Kuan^ Hsia^ An* Chien* Chan*-Hsing2 Chang^ Ch'eng^
Provisional Regulations Defining the Scope of Local and.
District (Courts according to the Gravity and Type of Cases.
Judicial establishments are divided into : i^ ^ ^ ^ij ^
Kao^ Teng^ Shen^ P'an* T'ing', Courts of Assizes, 2. ^ -fj
® Ti* Fang^ Shen' P'an^ T'ing^, District Courts, and
^ fJj
3. ^ IS ^ ^Ij j^ Ch'ui Chi^ Shen^ P'an* T'ingi, Local Courts
(for details see Nos. 759 to 761).
For pai'ticulars as to the ftinctions of the "Supreme Court of
Justice see No." 215a, and the Supplement, No. 215a.
758a. ^%Mm%^ ^li^'"' P'an* T'ing^ Ch'oii^ Pan*
Ch'u*, Offices for the Organization of Judicial Establishments ;
[ 347 ]

768b
to
758D
I'KESENT DAY POLITICAL OKG ANIZATION OF CHINA.
founded in all provinces, under the direction of the $1 ;^ f^ Ti*
Fa* Shih^ (see No. 831) or ^ ^ f^ An* Ch'a* Shih^ to
function until the introduction of judicial establishments in the
provinces has been completed.
758b. For training officials for service injudicial establish-
ments there have been instituted at local Colleges of Law and
Administration {see No. 623a), or at the ^ f\} M W M J^
Shen^ 'an-* T'ingi Ch'ou^ Pan* Ch'u* (see No. 758a),
^H^^Ki Shen^ P'an* Yen^ Chiu^ So' (also, ^ fl M^^ff
Shen^ P'an* (^hiang^ Hsi^ 80^, ^I f^ ^- ^ gTf Ssu^ Fa* Yen^
Chiui So^ or WI 14 Ssui Fa* Chiang^ Hsi^ K^o^),
Courses in Jurispi^udence, covering one year, and providing ior
an enrollment of from 60 to 120 students (dependent on 1 cal
conditions).
758c. ;^ ,11 ^ ^ Fr

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
758e. The new scheme for judicial establishments (see 758b
No. 758) foreshadows the appearance of ^ ^ Lii* Shih\ ^O
Attorneys (Advocates; also ^ ^ ^ Pien* Hu* Shih'*) in ciril ygg
and criminal cases. Special regulations defining their rights and
duties (^ $f>W-^ltk I-^i'" Shih^ Tan^ Hsing* Fa^)
are to be
drawn up by the Committee for Revising and Compiling Civil
and Criminal Codes.
758f. Those desiring to serve in judicial establishments
are called upon to pass two examinations. On the successful
completion of the first examination they are attached to Local
and District Courts for practice (^ ^ Hsiieh^ Hsi^, Practising)
for two years, after which they undergo the second examination.
On successfully passing this they are enrolled as Expectants for
posts in Judicial Establishments (so-called ^ ^ ||^ ^ Hou*
Pn^ T'uii Shih* and M^^^ f£ Hou^ Pu^ Chien^ Ch'a^
Kuan';.
7.59. m^^f^}B Kao^ Teng^ Shen^ P'an^ T'ingV
Courts of Assizes (sec No. 758). Within the scope of these
Courts come: 1. Appeals (J^ ^ K'ung^ Su*) against j udgments
(not final, ^[J J^ P'an* (3hueh=^) of District Courts, of the first
hearing (^ — ^ Ti^ V >Shen^), 2. Appeals (J^ ^ iShang*
Kao*) against judgments (not final) of District Courts, of the
second hearing (^ ~ ^ Ti* Erh' Shen^), 3. Cassations (|^ ^
K'ang^ Kao'^j of judgments (final, J^ ^ Chiieh^ Ting*) of
District Courts, and 4. Cases concerning ^ ^ Tsung' Shih*
(sec No. 39) and '^ ^ Chiieh^ Lo- (see No. 40), not within the
scope of the Supreme
Court of Justice.
Covu'ts of Assizes consist (depending on the volume of
affairs) of one (or more) ^ ^ ,^ Min^ Shih* T'ing',
Section of
Civil ('ases, and one (or more) ^'l] ^ ^ Using- Shih"* T'ing'^,
Section of Criminal Cases. \
At the head of a Court of Assizes is a ^^ 35c T'ing' Ch'eng^
President of the Court, and at tlie head of a Section there are
[ 349 J

759a
to
760
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
^ ^ T'ing^ Chang^, Section Chiefs, appointed from the ranks
of 1^ ^ T'ui^ Shih"*, Cmu't Members, of the respective Section.
Originally Courts of Assizes consisted of two f^ K'o\
Sections : ^ Min^ flj- K'oS Civil,
Criminal,
and ^l] ^jf Plsing^ K'o\
Avith three (six at Peking) ^ |^ f^ ^ Ho^ I^ T'ui'
Shih*, Collaborating Members of the Court.
At Coxu-ts of Assizes there are found : ^ |^ Tien^ Pu"*,
Ai-chivists, ^ ^ Ciui^ Pu*, Registrars, i|^ "^ Lu'' Shih*, Writers
and Cat Peking and ports open to foreign trade) f^ ^ 'g* Fan'
!* Ivuan\ Interpreters (Translators).
Courts of Assizes are found at :
n i Ching^
1. Peking, ^ fj}j j^ ^
Shihi Kaoi Tcn^^ Shcn A^3 P'an^ T'ingS and
2. Provincial capitals. For details see the Scheme for Judicial
Establishments {see No. 758), section 4, articles 25 to 32.
759a. For particulars as to the ^ %^ ^ ^ M K^o^
Teng^ Shen^ P'an* Fen^ T'ihg', Branch Courts of Assizes, see
No. 760b.
759b. :kM^^^ Ta^ Li^ Fen' Yuan*, Branches of the
Supreme Court of Justice (sec Supplement to No. 21 5a), These
may be established in provinces distant from Peking, at the local
Courts of Assizes (see No. 759) ; composed of a _^ ^ @ ]Min'
Shih* T'ing'^, Section of Civil Cases, and a ^l] ^ ^ Hsing^
Shili^ T'ing^, Section of Criminal Cases.
760. M':^W H M Ti' Fangi Shen' P'an^ T'ing', District
Courts (see No. 758). Within the scope of these are :
'
1. Cases
without the scope of Local Courts or the Supreme Court of
Justice (for the first hearing ; ^ — ^ Ti"* I' Shen^) and 2. For
a second hearing, A. Appeals against judgments (not final) of the
Local Courts and B. Cassations of judgments (final) of Local
Courts.
District Courts are composed (dependent on the volume of
affairs) of one (or more) ^^^ Min^ Shih* T'ing^
Section of
Civil Ca,:es;, and one (or more) ^ij ^ ^ Hsing- Shih^ T'ing-,
[ 350 ]

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Section of ('riminal Cases. Also, there are two (or more) 760a
5^ 13: -f1^ ^ '^^^^ Jen'* T'uii Shih*, Independent members of the ^q
Court (deciding cases singly). 7fiOB
At the head of a District Court is a ^ ^ T'ing^ Chang'
(at the Capital ^ gc T'lrig^ Ch'eng'), President of the Court
(holding, at the same time, the position
of Chief of one of the
Sections) ; each Section is xmder a ^ ^ T'ing^ Chang', Section
<
'hief, appointed from the ranks of ^^ ^ T'ui^ Shih*, Members
of the Court, of the respective Section.
Formerly the District Courts were divided into two fl} K'o',
Sections : ^ ^ Min^ K'o^ Civil, and ?flj p^ Hsing^ K'oS
Criminal,, with three (in Peking twelve) '^ ^ ^ft ^ Ho* P Pui^
Shih*, Collaboi-ating Members of the Court, in each. At the
head of the Court was a J^ ^ ig T'ui^ Shih'* Chang', Senior
jMember of the Court.
At District Courts there are found : ^
^ Tien' Pu*,
Archivists, r^ ^ Chu' Pu*, Registrars, || ^ Lu'' Shih*,
Writers, ^ ^'^ Ch'eng* Fa^. Li^, Ushers, and (at Peking and
ports open to foreign trade) |^ ^ 'g* Fan^ I* Kuan^, Interpreters.
District Coiu'ts are established at: 1. Peking, ]^ fjfi p3
^h ij^M'Jj ^ ^ M Chiang' Shihi Nei* Wai* Ch'eng'' Ti*
Fan^' Shcn' P'an* T'ing^ Metropolitan
District '^'ourt of the
Inner and Outer City, and 2. Each prefecture and independent
department (one).
For details as to District Courts see the Scheme for Judicial
Establishments (see No. 758), section 3, articles Nos. 17 to 24.
760a. For particulars as to the M ^^ ^ f"^} ^ M Ti*
Fang' Shcn' P'an* Fen^ T'ing', Branches of District Courts, see
No. 761a.
760b. M ^ ^ P] ^ M- I^ao' Teng'
Shen' P'an* Fen^
T'ing', Branches of Courts of Assizes (see No. 759a) ; may be
established at places distant from provincial capitals,
at the
Local District Courts (see No. 760). These are composed of a
[ 351 ]

761
to
76lA
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CFIIXA.
^ ^ ^ Min'^ Shih'' T'ing^, Section of Civil C'ases, and a JflJ ^^
lising-^ Shih^ T'ing^,
Section of Criminal Cases.
761. la IS ^ ^ij j^. Ch'ui (^jji2 ^i^^j^-6 23caj^4 T'ingS Local
Courts (5

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
•
^
two (or more) 3^ f£ |{| ^ Ta" Jen'' T'lii^ Sliih*, Independent 762
Members of the Court. to
B. Chien Ch''a THug or Prosecuting Attorneys^ Offices : 704
762. At judicial establishments of the various grades there
are found 1^^ ^ Chien^ Ch'a^ T'ing^, or Prosecuting Attorneys'
Offices, namely : 1. "At the Court of Assizes, ^ ^ 1^ ^ ^.
Kao^ Teng^ Chien^ Oh^a= T'ingS 2. At the District Court,
^~:^W.^M^ Ti* Fang^ Chien^ Ch'a" T'ing\ and 3. At the
Local Court, Jg] |5 yff^ ^ ^ Ch'u^ Chi" Chien=^ Ch'a' T'ing^ (for
details see ^os. 763 to 767).
For details as to the ||{ '^^M Tsung^ Chien^ Ch'a^ T'ing\
attached to the Supreme Court of Justice, see No. 222.
Duties appertaining to the Prosecuting Attorneys' Offices
include : the initiation of cases of criminal prosecution, the
making of searches, the enforcement of sentences, etc.
763. U ^ ^ 'M M Kao^ Teng=* Chien^ Ch'a^ T'ingS
Prosecuting Attorney's Office at the Court of Assizes {see Nos.
759 and 762); composed of a ;^ ^ ;g Chien^ Ch'a'^ Chang^
Senior Prosecuting Attorney, and two (or more) /^ ^ '^ Chien^
Ch'a^ Kuan', Prosecuting Attorneys. Also, at this office, there
are foimd m fg Tien^ Pu^ Archivists, ^ ^ Clm^ Pu*,
Registrars, and.||^ ^ Lu^ Shili*, Writers.
763a. If. i^m^m Tsung^ Chien^ Ch'a* Fen^ T'ingS
Branches of Attorney-General's Office {see Supplement to No.
222) ; established at Branches of the Supreme Court of Justice
{see No. 759b).
764. M -J^ t^ ^ M Ti* Fang^ Chien^ Ch'a^ T-ing\
Prosecuting Attorney's Office at the District Court {see Nos. 760
and 762) ; composed of a 'f^^^ ^ Chien^ Ch'a^ Ohang% Senior
Prosecuting Attorney, and two (or more) 1^^ ^ Chien^ Ch'a^
'l^'
Kuan\ Pn ;ecuting Attorneys. Also, at this office there are
m ^ Tien^ V, Archivists, ^ ^ Chu^ Pu^ Registrars, and
^1 ^ Lu* Snih*, Writers.
23
[•353 ]

I'KKSliXT DAV POLITICAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHINA. »
764a 764a. Wi ^ ^^^^ I'^ao^ Toug'
Chleu^ Ch'a- FOn
to T'ing', Prosecuting Attorney's Office at a Bmnch of the Court o.
766a Assizes (see No. 760i}).
765. ^J |g /^ ^ H Ch'u^ Chi- Chien^' Ch'a^ Tnng',
Prosecuting Attorney's Office at the Local Court (sec Nos. 761 and
, the
762) ; composed of from one to two (or more) ^ ^ ^}^ Chieu'
Ch'a- Kuan\ Prosecuting Attorneys and ^ ^. Lu* Shih*,
Writers.
'
'765a. M ~^ ^ ^^ M^ '^j' Fangi Chien^ Ch'a' Fen^
T'ing\ Prosecuting Attorney's Office at a Branch of the
District Court (xce No. 761a).
C. I^7'is()ns :
766. At the Capital, for the imprisonment of offenders,
there are, at the Ministry of Justice, two prisons: ^ ^ Nau^
Chien', Southern, and 4fc ^ Pei^ Chien^, Northern (see No. 457),
formerly under the supervision of the ^^^ 1 'i" Lao^ T'ing\
Prison Office, but, since the abolition of this office in 1907,
administered by the Jt >jp rJ Tien^ Yii^ Ssu', Department of
Prisons (see No. 449). On the change of control the organiza-
tion of these prisons was re\ ised (^sce a Memorial from the
Ministry of Justice, dated the 17th September, 1908), in that,
instead of the former two Jg .^ T'i- Lao', Prison Inspectors,
posts were established for two ^ ^ Hj^^ Tsung^ Kuan^ Shou^
Chang^, and, instead of ^ ^ Ssu^ Yii*, Warders, there were
appointed IE W 4$[ ^ Cheng* Kuan^ Shou^ Chang' (two ; from
ranks of 'tpa

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
departments, |^ g Li* Mu* {see No. 851 a); in districts, Sl ^ 766r
Tien' Shih' {see No. 857).
766b. In the scheme for reform of judicial establishments
there appears a measure with regai'd to prison aiFairs providingfor
the institution, at the Capital (in 1909, see Memorials from
the Ministry of Justice, dated June, 1907, and 31st March,
1909), as well as in the provinces, of so-called f^ |^ ^ Pt Mu^
Fan'* Chien' Yii*, Model Pi'isons. At present these prisons are
to be found in the provinces of Kuangsi {see Memorial from
'^ 1^ 1^ Chang^ Ming^-ch'i-, dated the 8th December, 1909)»
and Yfinnan (see report from Ji^ H ^ Shen^ Ping^-k'un^ dated
the 21st September, 1909).
In connection with tlie prison reform it is proposed to
abolish, in the provinces, the posts of "^ ^ Ssu^ Yii*, |^ g Li*
Mu*, and m ^ Tien^ Shih' {see No. 766aj.
Regulations referring to prisons (g^ ^ ^ glj
Chien'^ Yii*
Kuei^ Tse^), and defiuiiig penalties to be iutiicted on pi-ison
udministrations (^ fJt 'g* ~^MWi^ M"J
^'Jiieni Yii* Kuan^ Li*
Cheng' Fa- Kuei'^ Tse^), were drawn up in 1909,
to be
promulgated in 1910, and, accordingly, the organization of the
new (model) prisons, treated below, has been arrived at,. chiefly,
from the above-mentioned Memorial from Chang ]Ming-ch'i (and,
to some extent, on the report of Shcn Ping-k'un).
At the head of the Model Prison (in Kuangsi)
is a
j£ ^ 1f^ 'g' Cheng* Tien^ Yii' Kuan', Prison Inspector; 5b (in
Yunnan, ill ^^j^ 'g*
Tien'' Yii* Kuan'). To liim there are sub-
ordinated : 1. Eight :§* ^ ;^ K'an' Shou^ Chang', Senior
Warders; 8a (in Yiinuan, three ^^ ^ 8hou' AYei* ('hang'),
2. 60 ^ ^ K-an' Shou^ Warders ; 9a (in Yiinnan, ^ ^
Shou' Wei'), 3. Two ffe ^l U

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA
767 mentioned ranks do not exist in Yunnan, but there are five
^ la ^ Shu^ Ohi^ ShengS Clerks).
The general supervision over the affairs of the prison is
invested in four Sections: 1. ^ fi^ ?4 Wen^ Tu' K'o\ Section
of Correspondence (^ § ^\ Wen^ Shu^ K'o^ in Yunnan),
2. #• If ^4 Hui^ Chi* K'o\ Section of Accounts, 3. X H f^
Kung^ Yeh* K'o^ Section of Handicrafts, and 4. ^. f^ fif Shu*
Wu* K'oS Section of General Affairs (|,| ^ $| Tsung^ Wu*
K'o^ in
Warders,
Yunnan). . At the head of each Section are Senior
as ?^ ;^ K'o^ Chang', Section Chiefs (one ^ ^
K'o^ Chang^ to each Section in Yunnan), assisted by four ^i[ p
KV Yiian^, Secretaries ; 9a (one fJf ^ K'o^ Yuan^, iti Yunnan).
'
. In Yunnan province there is also the ^ t^ ^
Shou^ W ei*
K'o^, Secret Service Section, directed by a fif -^ K'o^ Chang^.
At the Model Prison in Kuangsi, in, the Summer of 1909,
there was opened a ^ i^ J^ ^ Chien' Yii* Hsiieh* T'ang^
Prison School, for training officials for service in prison
administrations, of two Sections: 1. ^ ^ jfj{. Kao^ Teng^ K'o\
Higher Section (with a course of study extending over one year,
an enrollment of 50 students and 16 subjects of instruction), and
2- ^ ^3^ fif K'an^ Shou' K'o^, Section of Guarding (prisoners)
(with a course of study of half a year's duration, an enrollment
of 120 students and eight subjects of instruction). It has been
arranged that this school be reoi-ganized, in September, 1910, on
the lines of the Japanese ^ ^ ^ ^ Ching' Chien^ Hsiieh^
T'ang', Police and Prison Schools, and it is to be^nnexed to the
local Higher Police School (see No. 522).
In the province of Hunan, in connection with prison
administration, there are ^Hf M"^ '^
So^ Courses in Prison Administration.
Chien^ Yii* Ch'uan^ Hsi'
767. ^^M K'an^ Shou^ So^, (also ^ i& M Kuan'
Shou^ So'), Houses of Detention ,•
established at District Courts
{see No. 760) and, in some instances, at Local Courts {see
[ 356 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
No. 761). These are administered by from two to four^ ^ j^/f 767a
'g- K'au^ Shou^ . So^ Kuan^ (also ^ 'g* So^ Kuan^), Warders
^^
of Houses of Detention; 8b.
At the -^mMyf^"^ M.Ching' Shihi Ti^ Fang^ K'ani
Shoir So^ House of Detention of the Metropohtan District
Court {see No. 760), there is found the post of ^^^^ K'an^
Shou=* So^ Chang^ (also ^^ So^ Chang^j, Senior Warder of
the House of Detention; 6b.
For particulars as to the House of Detention of the
Supreme Court of Justice, see No. 221. -
767a. ^M^Jx Hsi- I^ So\ Workhouses ; under the
supervision of the Ministry of the Interior {see No. 514).
Here
are incarcerated, and employed in handicrafts, offenders
condemned, for petty crimes,
to some months imorisonment.
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE.
768. The direct superintendence over all measures directed
towards the development of agriculture, industry and commerce,,
a^ well as a general control over all establishments ha^'ing
reference to these, appertains to the Industrial Taotai (see Nos.
839 and 839a) who, in this instance, is subordinated to the
Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, from which
he receives all necessary instructions.
769. M X ® ^i ^ Nung2 Kungi Shang^ Tsung^ Chu^
Head Bureaux of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce.
Previous to the establishment of the post of Industrial TaOtai
{see Nos. 768 and 839-839a) these bureaux performed duties
which now appertain to this official. They are still to be found
in provinces to which the said Taotai has as yet not been
appointed (compare the Menwriai from the Ministry o£
Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, referring to the province
of Kweichow, dated the 21st January, 1908), and are composed
[ 357 J
76»

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
770 of four Sections: 1. MBM Nung^ Wu* So', Section of
Agriculture, 2. X ^ Bf Kung^ Wu* So', Section of Industry,
3- ^ ^ ^ Shang^ Wu^ So*, Section of C/Ommerce, and
4. BW^ Shu* W^i* So', Section of General Affairs.
770. M 'W Nung2 Hui*, Agricultural Guilds. In
9,ccordance with a report from the Ministry of Agriculture,
Industry and Commerce, dated the 20th October, 1907, these
are established : at provincial capitals,
\ m m n ^ung^ wu*
Tsung^ Hui*, Central Agricultural Guilds ; at the chief cities of
prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments
Branch , Agricultural Guilds ; at
and districts, j^ ^
Wu* Fen^ Hui*
^ ^ Nung2
towns and villages.
B^^ft ^""""g' Wu* Fen' SoS
Agricultural Associations (or Sections of Agricultural Guilds).
The establishment of these .
Guilds, Branches and Sections
commenced in 1908 and it was provided that their coipplete
inauguration be finished in 1910.
Central Agricultural Guilds have a ||, J|! Tsung^ Li',
Chairman, and a tSr^JJI Hsieh^ Li'^, Vice-Chairman, elected from
the ranks of |f ^ Tung'^ Shih*, iMembers (of which there are
from 20 to 50), who must be approved by the Ministry of
Agriculture, Industry and Commerce.
Branch Agricultural Guilds consist of a
|^^ J^ Tsung^ Li^
and from 10 to 30 H ^ Tung'
Shih*, ^Members, while Sections
of Agricultural Guilds are
(the maximum is 5).
At Central Agricultiu-al
€stablished : a ^ ^ ^ ^ Nung- Yeh*
Agricultui-al School (^see No. 600), and a ^ ^
composed of ung"* Shih*
Guilds there are, or will be
Shih^^ Shih'* Yen-* Ch'ang^, Botanical Garden (by 1910 this is to
be established at all Central Agricultural Guilds).
At Branch Agricultural Guilds, as well as at Sections of
Agricultural Guilds, there are, or will be, established : a ^ ^
^ P ^ Nung^ Shih^ Pan* Jih* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Agricultural
[ 358 ]
Hsueh^ T'angS

PKESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
School with Half-day Sessions {see No. 61 7 u; compare No. 770a
579 ; to be estal)lished in 1912), and a ^^^^^ i% Nnng^ ^O
Shih' Ven^ Slmoi ]i,,i4 Oli'ang-s, Society for the Diffusion of
Agricultural
77()A. -^^ 0ifj ^
Knowledge Tto he instituted in 1912)
^ II ^ ("hingi Shih^ Nung2 Wu^ Tsung^
liui^, ^Metropolitan Central Agricultural Guild {see No. 770).
This, as ])roposed in a ^Memorial from Uie Ministry of
Agriculture, Indiistiy and ( 'ommei'ce, sailctioned hy the Emperor
on the 6th .July, 1911, is a development of the former ^ li|| j^
X ^ ^ Chi' Fu^ Nimg=' Kungi Hsiieh^ Hui*, Society for the
Encouraiiement of Ao'ricultnral and Industrial liiducation abont
Peking. In the new Society the designations ^ ^ Ifui'*
Chang^ Chairman, and g|J •^ ^ Fu* llui^ Chang-, Vice-
('hairman, have become || Jl Tsung^ Li^ and ^ Ji Ksich^ Li^
(compare No. 770), and there have been instituted HI ^ ^" §fu
j^ Kung' Yell* Yen- Chin^ So', Courses in Handicrafts.
770B. :^0^M^^lt^ ^l»V Sl'ili' N""g' '"^'^il^'
Shih* Yen^ Ch'ang^, Metropolitan Botanical (iarden ; opened
in 1908. Here is found a i^ ^ M H ¥ ii' ^^'^o' '^^eng^
Nung'^ Wii* Hsiieh'^ T'ang^, Highei- Agricultural School {see
No. 60aA), and the )^ ^ ^ Nung^ Wu* Chii^ Agricultural
Office {sec No. 463).
770c. In Manchuria, as proposed by f^ -tfr ^ Hsii''
Shih^-ch'ang' {see his Memorial of the oth December, 1908, and
the reply of the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry an(/
Commerce, dated the 27th December, 1908),
at the main cities
of prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments and districts there
are established ^^^ Nung^ Cheng* T'ing', Agricultural
Offices, administered by ]^ *v^ Niuig'^ Kiian^, Experienced
Agriculturalists (Agricultural Officials) of the sixth, seventh,
eighth and ninth ranks, ® i I^ Shih'*, ^Mechanical Engineers,
^ ^ Chi* ShoiiS Workmen, ^ fg Shu' Chi*, Clerks, and |^ ^
KiiH'' Shih*, Attendants.
[ 35!) 1
^^q^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
— ' — •—• r
770d 770d. In addition to the institutions mentioned above
to there are to be established the following, having as their object
wwj
the facilitation of the study, and the assisting of the develop-
ment, of agriculture, forestry, sericulture and tea planting :
1- M f# B ^ J^ ^'""g' Wu* Chiang^ Hsi-^ So',
Agricultural Courses (see No. 617b),
2- M # ^ ^ N^^"g' Lin^ Hsiielr T'ang^, Schools of
Agriculture and Forestry (by
in all the provinces; see No. 617b),
1910 these are to be established
3. M^M'M Fi Ts'an^ Yeh^ Chiang^ Hsi^ .So^ Courses
in Sericulture (to be instituted in 1909-1910; Ar

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
i-e^ it ^ V\ Hua^ Hsiieh- Iv'o', Chemical, and f^ ^ flj- Clii^ 771a
Ch'i* K'o\ Mechanical (there is to be instituted also a jgi \\^ 1^ ^q
^ J^ Li^ Hua"* Yen^ Chiu^ So^, Bureau of Chemical Research), „„q
^- Wl X W. ^fJ 0? Ch'iian* Kung^ (Jh'en^ Lieh-* SoS Exhibitions
for the Encoiu-agement of Industry ; to be established in 1911 at
all places open to foreign trade (for details as to the ^Nleti-opolitan
Exhibition see No. 771 a), and 5. |§ X %^ Hsiu'* Kung^ K'o\
Embroidery Workshops {see Xo. 464).
77lA. ^ 1^ fj X 15$ ?!l m Chingi Shih^ Ch'uan^ K.mg^
Ch'en" Lieh'' So\ ^Metropolitan
Exhibition for the '
J^ncourage-
ment of . Industry [_scc Nos. 464 and 771); founded at Peking in
1906 {see Memorial from the Muiistry of Commerce, covering
Regulations). The Exhibition is administered by two |||1 J|^
Tsung" Li", Superintendents, who ai-e assisted by two \^, i%
Hsielr Li^ Assistants, and two |K; f^ ^ !Shu* Wu* (.Ihang^
Stewards. It is an-nngcd in four Sections: 1. ^^,1^ Chih^
She^ Ch'u^ Exhibition Section, 2. % 1^ ]^ K'ao'^ Yea^ Ch'u^
Techiiical Section, 3. |^ ^ J^ Tiao* Ch'a^ Ch'u*, Information
Section, and 4. ^^ "^ '^ Shou^ Chih^ Ch'u*, Treasury.
To each Section there are attached two Jjg ^ ||_ Li^ Shih*
Yuan", Expositors.
In 1 908 the Exhibition was gutted by fire. Repairs were,
however, eflfected in 1909.
At the Metr()ix)litan Exhibition there is found a ^ ^ ^
Ch'iinn* Yeh' (Jh'ang'^, Workshop for the Encoiu-agement of
Industry.
Eor particulars as to the jf? f(IJ X
|^ rfi^i |^ ^ Ching^ Shilr
Kuiig' Yell' Shih* Yen' So^, ^Metropolitan Experimental
Workshoj), established at the Exhibition, sec Xo. 771.
772. p^- I5S 5V €r Sliangi Ch'uan^ Kung' Ilui', :Mer-
cantilo Marine »Societies {see Memorial from the jMinistry of
Commerce, dated the 2(]t]i ^March, 1906) ; established at com-
mercial toAvns interested in the mercantile marine. These
[ 3(J1 J

774
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHINA.
773 Societies, are of two grades :
||g ^ Tsiiiig^ Hiii*, Central
+Q Societies, and ^ ^ Fen^ Hni*, Branch Societies. The former
are directed by a |jg Jg Tsung^ Li^, Chairman, and a fj^Jj ^
Hsieh^ Li^, V ice-Chairman, while the hitter have a Cliairman
alone. The establishment of Mercantile Marine Societies
throughout the Empire must be completed b}' 1913.
773. Conforming to regulations drawn up by the jNIinistry
of Commerce in 1'906, wheneA-er China participates in ^ ^ Sai^
Hui*, Exhibitions, abroad pi-ovision is made for the organization
of a separate Chinese section (^ jl^ ^ ^ Hua^ Shang^ Sai*
Hui^), for the direction of which theie is appointed a ||f, ^ ^ Bf
Tsung^ Shih* Wu^ So', Committee, undei- the direction of a ^ ^
"Chien' Tu\ Inspector (the duties of Inspector are, in some
instances, carried on by the accredited Di))k)matic Repre-
sentative).
773a. r^ Pa 11 # Kuo2 Nei> Sai^ Hui*, Imperial J^xhibi-
tion. In accordance with the s(.-heme of constitutional reforms,
drawn up by the Ministry of Agricidtiu-e, Industry and Com-
merce, this Exhibition is to be opened in 191a (pro]iarations
are to be begun in 1913).
773b. mm ^ ^ ^^^'"i" I^"0" Sai^ Hui^ International
Exhibition. Conforming to the scheme of constitutional reforms
(compare No. 773a), this Exhibition is/to be opened
(preparations are to be started in 1915).
in 19ir
774. j^ ^ Shang-^ Hui'*, Chambers of Commerce. Regula-
tions draAvn up by the Ministry of Commerce (sanctioned by the
Emperor on the 11th January, 1904), provide for the establishment
of these, in the place of jireviously existing commercial
associations of various kinds (j^j ^ -^ J^ Shang^ Yeli* Kung^
So^ ^" f^ $5j ^ Shang' Wu"" Knmg^ Hui^, etc.), at provincial
capitals and important commercial (;entres. At the former, as
well as at the most important commercial cities, such as Tientsin,
Chcfoo, Shanghai, Hankow, (Chungking, Canton and Amoy, there
[ ^502 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
are found j^ S H ^ Shang^ Wu* Tsung' Hui*, General 774a
Chambers of Commerce, while at other places there are established ^q
Wi B ^ ^ Shangi Wu* Fcn^ HuiS Branch Chambers of
Commerce, which are, to some extent, subordinated to the
Oeneral Chambers of Commerce.
At General Chambers of Commerce there is a |^^ jg Tsimg'
Li', Chairman, and a |^ /|| Hsieh^ Li', Vice-Chairman, who are
•elected from the ranks ot U ^ Tung^ JShih^, Members (20 to 50
in all), while Branch Chambers of Commerce are composed of a
Chairman and from 10 to 30 members.
The scheme of constitutional reforms drawn up by the
Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce provides for the
establishment : of General Chambers of Commerce, in 1910; of
Chambers of Commerce abroad (so-called ^ j^^ j^ ^ Hua'
S'-.ang^ Shang^ Hui*), in 1911 ; of Branch Chambers of
Commerce in China, in 1911 ; of Branch Chanibers of Commerce
abroad (so-called ^ ^ M ^ ^ 's' Hua^ Shang^ Ti* Fang^
Shang^ Hui*), in 1914.
774a. M ^ M M ^Jf Shangi Lii* Chiang' Ming'' So',
Associations for the Study and Explanation of Commercial
Laws ; to be established in 1915.
774b. ^ pO Pj| f\] If Shangi P'in' Ch'en' Lieh^ Kuan^,
The preliminary organization
Commercial Exhibitions (Stores).
of these is to be started in 1911 and they Avill be gradually opened :
in 1912, at provincial capitals and ports open to foreign trade ;
in 1914, at prefectural capitals and important commercial centres; '
in 1916, at the chief cities of departments and districts.
775. ^l^MS^ Kung3 Cheng* Tiao* Ch'a^' Chii^
IMining Committees ; organized, in accordance with regulations
framed by the Ministry of Commerce (sanctioned by the Emperor
on the 27th November, 1905), for the general supervision of
jnining affairs, in all provinces. Ea^h is directed by a |,^ ^
Tsung' Li'^, President, a ';% J^ Hsieh^ Li^ Vice-President,
[ 3G3 ]
^^g

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
776a and a number of ^ #, H P, Kung^ Wu* I* Yiian^, Mining^
^Q
Advisers.
y^Q New mining regulations (sanctioned by the Emperor on the
21st September, 19(17), left, for the time being, the Mining
Committees unchanged, with the exception that there were
• attached
to them a number of ^ ^ ^ M, Kung^ Wu* Wei*
Yiian'^, Deputies for Mining Affairs, and ^M i^ ^ ?t^ %' Kung'
Wu* Ku* Wen* Kuan^, Consulting Experts for Mining Affairs
(see No. 468).
At present the Mining Committees are being gradually
abolished (compare a Memorial from p^ |^ f| Ch'en^ K'uei^-
lung^, late Governor-General of Hukuang, dated the 1st July,
1909), and their functions transferred to the Industrial Taotai
(see Nos. 839 and 839a ; f| ^ fif Rung' Wu" K'o', Mining-
Section).
775a. Previous to the establishment of Mining Committees
in 190a (see No. 775), mining affairs were supervised
in the
provinces by ^ |^ ^1 ^ Kung' Wu" Tsung^ Chii^, Central
Mining Offices, and ^ ^ S B'T ^-1^'a^ Kung^ Kung^ So^, Mining-
Offices.
775b. ^ ^ ^ ^ Kung3 Wu* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Mining
Schools (see 1^0 617b) ; to be organized in all provinces in 1911.
776. 5^ pI Kimg^ Ssu\ Companies
or Associations.*
Conforming to commercial laws, drawn up by the Ministry of
Commerce and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 21st January,
1904, these may be classed in four groups: 1. a" ^ S W
Ho^ Tzu^ Kung^ ^su\ Co-partnerships, 2. -^ ^f ^
PI i^ ol Ho* Tzu' Yu^ Hsi.en^ Kungi Ssu\ Limited
Liability Co-partnerships, 3. 3^! :^ 5^ W] Ku' Fen^ Kung' Ssu',
Joint-stock' Companies, and 4. ^ ^ ^ |I| ^ p]
Ku* Fen^
Yu^ Hsien* Kung^ Ssu^, Limited Liability Joint-stock Companies.
For (the direction of) the business of any company there is
formed a -^ ^ ^i} Tung^ Shih* Chii', Board of Directors,
[ 364 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
consisting of from three to thirteen J^ ^ Tung' Shih^, Directors, 776a
elected at a general meeting of shareholders from the ranks of ^q
holders of ten shares or more in the company concerned. At the
i^i^i^
first general meeting of, the shareholders there are elected at least
two ^ H A Ch'a2 Chang' Jen\ Auditors.
Companies must be registered at the Company Registration
Bureau, S p1 S ^ j^ Kungi Ssu^ Chu< Ts'e' (^hu^ (see No.
465b). Temporary regulations as to registration of companies
have been compiled by the Ministry of Commerce (consisting of
18 articles).
776a. Registration of trade marks is done, following rules
and regulations framed by the Ministry of Commerce (originally
in 1904) by the ^^ ^ Shang^ Piao^ Chii^ (also ^ fj- ^
Chu* Ts'e* Chii^), Trade Marks Registration Bureau (see No.
465d), and by the j^ tl S tl ^ ^ Shangi Piao^ Kxia* Hao*
Fen^ Chii*, Branch Trade Marks Registration Bureaux, at
Tientsin and Shanghai.
COLONIZATION.
777. Of late years the Chinese Government has paid
special attention to the question of colonization, which is now
being carried on under official auspices along
the Northern
border of the provinces of Shansi, ('hihli, Shensi and Kansu, in
Manchuria, in Inner Mongolia (especially in the Cherim league),
about Hsining (on the border of K'uk'unor), in Szechwan (on the
Tibetan border) and in Yunnan (on the border of Tongking).
In the province of Shansi (the territory of the T'umet tribe,
wnich occupies the region adjacent to Kuei Hua Ch'eng)
colonization was started, I'oughly speaking, in 1902, and the
following Colonization Bureaux have been gradually
called into
activity : 1. M Hj M B kB ^ ^^^i^ Hua' K'en' Wu' TsungS
Ch'i^, Central Colonization Bureaux at Kuei Hua Ch'eng (K'u
[ 365 ]
'

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OUGANIZATlOiN' OF CHINA.
778 K'u Ho To), 2. ^ M M B "t^ }m l^^^'i'S'
^'^'''"' ^'en^ Wu^
Feii^ Chii-, l^raiich Colonization Bureau at Feng Chen T'ing,
3. ^'^MB^^ ^'''S' ^'i'an' K'en« Wu^ Fen^ Chu',
.Branch Colonization Ijureau at Ning- Yuan T'hig, etc.
Later, colonization penetrating Chilili, the folloAving ^vus
establi.hc.1 : m ^^ M & M M B ?I ^ P ^ ^-'l^'a^ ^ "a'
Erh' Ts(r' I' K'eu^ Wu* C^hang^ Chia' K'ou^ T.sung^ Chir, Central
Colonization Bureau of the I^eft Wing
of the Ch'aha)> at
Kalgan.
In the province of Kansu a Colonization Bureau was
established (on a Memorial from the ^ ^ C'hiang^ C'luin', -^ :^
T'ai"^ Pu^ dated the 14th DeceniDer, 1908), in 1908, styled
m m nMM^M B li M l^-^^'"' I"^^"' ^'i"g' Hsia^ Mau=*
Ying- K'en^ Wii^ T.sung' Chii^, Central Colonization Bureau of
the Afancliu Garrison at Ninghsia, established with Imperial
sanction.
In addition to the above-iuentioned, Colonization Bureaux
(Central and Branch) have been called into being at other places
in the Empire.
778. ^MMB :k^ Tu' Pan^ K'en-^ Wu^ Ta^ Ch'en'',
Superintendent of Colonization Affairs. This title is held by the
Chiang^ Chiin^ at Sxu^ YiJan^ Cli'eng^ (.sec Nos. 744, 744a.
and 899).
To him there are attached the foUov.ing •
1. One |j| ^
Tsungs (^h'a^, Chief Inspector, 2. Six ^ ^ Chi' Ch'a^
Inspectors, 3. One ^ ^ Ji Wen' Iisun^ Tu", C'ivii Orderly
Officer, 4. One j^ ^ If Wu' Ilsiui' Pu-', IMilitary Orderly
Officer, 5. One ^ £0 ^ M ^'hien^ Yin'' Wei' Y'iian"', Keeper
of the Seal, 6. Tavo ^ if ^ Han' T'ung^ Shih', Chinese
Interpreters, 7. Two ^ j^^ Mci.p, r'ung' Shih'', jMongolian
Interpreters, 8. Four HI ^ ^ 1* T'ou^ Teng' Ch'ai^ Kuan',
Deputies of the first rank, 9. Six ^ ^ -§ 'g' Krh* Teng^
Ch'ai^ Kiian^ Deputies of the second rank, 10. Ten .^ ^ ^
[ 866 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORQANI2ATION Ol CHINA.
'g' Saii^ Teng-' Ch'ai^ Kuan^ Deputies of the third nmk, and 779
11. Tu-entv ^ .^ Fui I*, Servants. ^q
In addition to the otiicials mentioned above, for the
Sviperintendent of Colonization Attkirs, there is a : 1. ^ ^ ^
Wen^ An^ Ch'u*, Chancerv (see Xo. 779), and 2. i^ ^ ^
Shoui Chih^ Ch'u^ Treasury {.sec Xo. 780).
"''9. ^M ^ ^^'•^'ii' An^ (•h'u^ Chancery (5f

TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA
782 ^ Ch'eng- Slien^ Wei' Yiian^, Judicial Commissioners,
7. Four
to ^^BWi'^M.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
RAILWAYS.
783. Railways, all under the supeivision of the Ministry
of Posts and Communications, may
be classed under four
headings : 1. *^ ^ "^ ^ Kuan^ K'uan' Kuan^ Pan*, Government
Built and Operated Railways, 2. ja^'g*!^ Chieh*
K'uan^ Kuan^ Pan*, Government Operated Railways Built with
Loan Funds, 3. ^ Uf j^* P Chieh* K'uan^ Shang^ Pan*,
Private Railways Built with Loan Funds, and 4. ^ ^ Shang^
Pan*, Private Railways (built with private funds).
At the head of Government Railways there is a ||i |^
TsungS Pan*, Chief, and a ^ ^ Hui* Pan*, Assistant.
At the head of Private Railways thei'e is a |^ J^ Tsung^
Li% Chief Manager (may be ^ p || Jf Tso*Tan* Tsung^ Li',
Actual Chief Manager, or rg & |,| Jf Ming^ Yii* Tsung' U\
Honorary ('hief Manager) and a ^ JJ. Hsieh^ Li^ Assistant
Manager.
During the construction period, on important railway lines
there are sometimes appointed a -^ |^ Tu^ Pan*, Superintendent,
and a 1^ ^ Pang^ Pan*, Assistant. Construction work is
carried on in g Tuan*, Sections, which are directed by |§ ^
TsungS Pan*, Chiefs, and ^ |f. |/J Pang^ Tsung' Pan*, Assistant
Chiefs.
On all —Government Railways or Private— there are found
^ X ^ p1 Tsung^ Kungi Ch'cng^ Ssu^ (also ^^M Q^i"
Shihi Chang'), Chief Engineer, and l-lj X M IJ ^'"* ^^""g'
Ch'eno2 Ssu^ (also XM ^ Kung^ Ch'eng^ Shih^, |lj ^ M Fu*
Chi* Shihi, or ^ gp (^hi* Shih^), Engineers.
For the ^ ^ )^ T'ieh' Lu* Chii^ Railway Bureaux, the
personnel has, as yet, not been defined.
784. M^'MW Hu* Lu* Hsun^ Ching', Railway Police;
conforming to a Memorial from the Ministry
24
r 369 ]
of Posts and
783
to
784r

785
to
786a
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Communications, dated the 7th July, 1909, these poHoe are to
be organized on all Kailways— (Toverninent or J*rivate. The
Ministry is now engaged in arranging the personnel
of this force
and, in this connection, has consulted with the high othcials of
provinces in which there are railways.
785. ic JJS ^ ^ T'ieh^ Lu^ Hsueh^ T'ang^ Kailway
Schools ; there is one for each railway, ioundcd with the object
of training employes for tlie various Invanches of railway
work.
785a. The scheme of constitutional lefonns drawn up b}'
the Ministry of Posts and Communications, sanctioned by the
Emperor on the ^i8th A])ri], 1909,
at Peking, in 1909, of : 1. xV ^ || ^ ^
cm lied for the establishment
Shih^ Yeh* Hsiieh'
T'ang^, Professional School (at the ^linistry), and 2. A
^ ^ ^ PO ^ ^ Tien* Ch'i* ..Ohuani :\lcn-^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^,
School of J^^Iectrical Engiucerino,.
786. jf jU ^iM^^ 'T>ang'^ Shan^
'
Lu^ Knng^ irsfieh^
T'ang^, Pailway and Mining School at- T'angshan (in the
province of Chihli ; .sec No. 621a).
In 1909, in consequence of internal di'-iscnsions, rliis school
was reorganized (see report from the ^NTinistries of l^ducation and
of Posts and Communications, sanctioned by the Emperor on the
6th June, 1909)j as follows : to consist of two Sections, namely,
1 .
Jl* ^ fif- Chtmgi Teng- K'o\ Middle Section (with the
curriculum of a jMiddle School and a course of stud} covering
three years), and 2. j^ ^ fij- Kao^ Teng^ K'o\ Higher P -ction
(with the rating of a Higher
Professional School and a course
of four years). The head of the school is now a g^^ Chien' Tu^
Director (instead of the former |f, fj^ Tsung^ Pan'*; see No.
635). He is assisted by a WL^^ ^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
1- ff§ ^ S ^ ^4 Lii* Kung^ Kungi Kung* K'o\ General, and 787
2. ^m^ ?^^ Lu* Kung3 Chuani Men^ K'o', Special. tO
The course of study in each covered two years.
787. ±UM^WM ^M '^l^ang^ Hai^ Kao^ Teng^
Shih^ Yeh-^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Higher
Professional School at
Shanghai (see No. 598c). Previous to 1909 this school was
under the supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry
and Commerce ; in that year it was placed under the control of
the Ministry of Posts and Communications. It furnishes
instruction in a ^^ fif T'ieh^ Lu^ K'o\ Railway Course,
which is arranged in two Sections : a ^ fij- Yu^ K'o\ Preparatory
Section, with a three or four years' course of study, and a ;;^ jfij-
Pcii^ K'o\ Specializing Section, Avith a three years'
term. At
the last mentioned there is a tft ^ Chung^ Hsiieh^, Sub-section
with the cun-iculum of a Middle School.
788. ^ ii H ^ B^

preseJnt day political okganization of china.
790 (and until' 1909) under the superintendency of the :|t ^-^ ;:^ S
to PeP Yang' Ta* Oh'en^ (see No. 820b). In 1909, as directed
701 ^y Imperial Edict, dated the 4th May, this company wa&
transferred to the control of the Ministry of Posts and
Communications (see report of the latter, sanctioned by the
Emperor on the 26th August).
TELEGRAPHS AND TELEPHONES.
790. In 1908 the teiegraph lines of the Empire were
redeemed by the Government and their administration was
invested in the Ministry of Posts and Commimications, which
directly manages telegraphic affairs through the ^ i^ 'Sl Tien*
Cheng^ Ssu^, Department of Telegraphs {see No. 478), and the
±WM^^ Shang* Hai^ Tien^ Cheng* Chil^ Bureau of
Telegraphs at Shanghai. The latter is directed by a |j| |/j|
T^ung^ Pan^ Chief, assisted by a H ^ H g^ Tsung'- Kuan*
Tien^ Cheng*, Superintendent of Telegraphs.
At the head of ^ ^ ^ Tien* Pao* Chii^, Telegraph
Offices, are |§ IJ}^ Tsiuig^ Pan*, Chiefs. To them arc attached
JI ^ a I^i' Shih* Yiian^, Managers, ff Jjf Llng^' Pan', Chiefs-
of Reliefs, and glj || fj£ Fu* Ling^ Pan', Assistant Chiefs of
Hellefs.
790a. The scheme of constitutional reforms drawn up by the
jMinistry of Posts and Communications pro^'ides
for China's
affiliation with the M ^ M ^ "^ ^ Wan* Kuo" Tien*
C-heng* Kimg^ Hui*, International Telegraph Union, in
191.3.
791. Telepliony "is also under the supervision
of the
Ministry of Posts and Communications and^ in the latter'sscheme
of constitutional reforms, it is arranged
'
that telephone
installation throughout the Empire shall be completed in
1916.
[ 372 1

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
.- i
- i
I m
- ^^
Telephone fe cations are divided into: 1. '^ f§ |Ji ^
Hua'^ Tsung^ Chli^ Central Stations and 2. 'H f^ ^ ^ Tien*
Hua* Fen^ Chii^, Branch Stations,
BANK OF COMMUNICATIONS.
792. ^ ii i^ tl Chiao' T'ung^ Yin^ Hang', Bank of
Communications ; established, as proposed in a Memorial from
the Ministry of Posts and Communications (sanctioned by the
Emperor on the 7th December, 1907), with the object of assisting
in the development of shipping, railways, telegraphs and posts.
Of the total number of shares issued, 40% were taken up by the
Government and 60"/;, were issued to the public. The ^|i fj
Tsung^ Harig^, Head Office, of the Bank is in Peking ; ^
Tien* 792
^^
Fen^ Hang', Branch Offices, were first established at Tientsin,
Shanghai, Hankow, Amoj, Chinkiang and Canton. Later, at
important commei'cial centres of China, as avcII as abroad, there
are to be opened Branch Offices or fi^ ^| ^^ Tai* Pan"' Hang',
Agencies.
For the Head Office, as well as for each Branch
Office, there is a |§ |/J Tsung^ Pan*, Superintendent,
and to this official there is attached one g|J |§| Fu* Pan*,
Assistant.
At the head of the || -^ ?! J^ Tsung^ Kuan' Li' Ch'u*,
Board of Directors (at Peking), there is a ||| J|| Tsung' Li^,
President, and a f^ i|| Hsieh^ Li', Vice-President. To render
them an}' assistance that may be required there are deputed a
niunbei' officials from the personnel of the Railway Administra-
tion. The President and Vice-President are appointed by the
Ministr}' of Posts and Communications.
Shareholders, at a general meeting, elect four U ^ Tung'
Shih*, Supervisors, who keep
a watch over the actions of the
[ 373 ]

I'KESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Board of Directors. For Braucli Offices the sliareliolders elect
two ^ ^ Chien^ Shih\ Inspectors. Other posts in the Bank
(for instance, pj |^ Ssu^ Chang'*, Book-keepers, and others) are
held hy persons chosen by the Superintendent.
At the Branch Office at Tientsin the post of |^ f)^
Tsung* Pan*, Sujoerintendent, has been abolished and the
management of affairs there placed under the direct control of the
Head Office at Peking (ser Memorial from the Ministry of
Posts and Communications, dated the 28th April, 1909).
[ 374 ]

PART III.
METROPOLITAN PREFECTURE
AND MANCHURIA; PROVINCIAL
ADMINISTRATION AND
DEPENDENCIES OF CHINA.

PEKING AND THE METROPOLITAN
PREFECTURE.
793. M ^ JM Shun^ T'len^ Fu», The ^Metropolitan 793
Prefecture. In charge of this prefecture is the J^ ^ Fu^ Yin^, -i-q
Prefect of the Metropolitan Prefecture (3a ; literary designation, «q^
^M ^^ Ta* Chingi Chao\ or ^ ^^ Chingi Chao^), who is, at
the same time. Governor of Peking. This official, in his capacity
of Prefect, is not subordinated to the ^ i^ f|^ Pu* Cheng* Shih^
(see No. 826) of Chihli province. As Governor of Peking he
has subordinated to him : -1. j^ 3^ Fu^ Ch'eng^, Vice-Governor
of Peking (4a; litei-ary designation, glj ^ :^{c Fu* Ching^ Chao^),
and 2. }^ t\i Chili* Chung\ Sub-Prefect of Shun T'ien Fu ; 5a.
793a. ^^ Chien^ Yin^ (or, more explicit, ^ ^ jlH ^
]^ J^ p ^^ Chien^ Kuan^ Shun* T'ien^ Fu^ Fu^ Yin^
Shih* Wu*), Governor Adjoint. This title is usually borne by
one of the Presidents or Vice-Presidents of the various
Ministries.
794. The personnel of the staff of the Prefect of the
Metropolitan Prefecture includes the following : 1. One 5^ f'jj
T'ung^ P'an* (also ^, /f jf ^]J Chingi Fu^ T'ung^ P'an*, or
M 'H jI ^!l Liang- Ma' T'ung^ P'an*) 6a ;_ (see No. 849), 2. Two
^ ^ Chiao* Shou* (also M ^ J^ W= ^ ^
Shun* T'ien^ Fu'
Hsueh^ Chiao* !Sliou*) ; 7a {see No. 850), 3. Two |Jl ?g Hsiin*
Tao* (also )li 5^ jj^ ^ |jll ^i Shun^ T'ien^ Fu' Hsiieh-' Hsun* Tao*); •
7a (.5^^ No. 850), 4. One i^^ |» Cliing^ Li'; 7b (see No. 850),
5. One ^ ^ Chao* Mo^; 9B,^ee No. 850), and 6. One ^ f^
Ssa^ Yii*; 9b [see No. 850).
794a. The central administration of the Metropolitan
Prefecture is concentrated in two districts : :/c ® !^ Ta* Hsing'
I 377 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF (JHIXA.
\ ^
795 Hsieu* (the Eastern Section of Peking), and '^ Z^ ^ Wan''
to P'ing- Ilsicn^ (tlie Western Section ol" i'eking). At the head of
795d
each of these there is a ^l] 1^^ Chlh' Hsien-^ (also /K ,^ ^D ,^
Chinoi iJsieu* Chih' Hsien^) ; 6a {sec No. 856). To these
officials there are attached J^ ^ Hsien^ Ch'eng- (also J^ ^»,^^
C'hing^ Hsien* Hsien^ Ch'eng-); 7a {src No. 857).
795. As regards territorial authority, to the Prefect
of the Metropolitan Prefectnre there are subordinated : 1. Four
^ T'mii^ (see No. X46), 2. Five jf\ diou' (srr No. 846), and
3. 19 I^ Hsien^ (see No. 846).
795a. -M m m ^^ m m ^a Tung'
T.u^ Pu^' T.ao''
T'ingi T'ung'^ OhihS Suh-Prefect for Police Affairs of the
Eastern ^^ection of the Metropolitan Prefecture (compare No.
849); resides at j§ jfj T'ung' Chou'. lender tlie control of thi^
official there are two departments and five districts.
79515. m l^ m ^^ m m ^D Nan-^ Lu^ Pu^ Tao*
T'ingi T'ung^' Chili', ^uh-Prefect for Police AtFairs of the
Southern Section of the Metropolitan Prefecture (comj^are No.
849); resides at ^ ^ Huang- Ts'un\ in the district of ;/^ JMj ^
Ta* Hsing' Hsien*. This official has a department and six
districts under his control.
795c. m^W^mM^^ Hsi' Lu* Pu-^ Tao* T'ing' T'ung^
Chih\ Sub^Prefect for Police Affiiirs of the Western Section of the
Metropolitan Prefecture (compare No. 849); resides at M J^ t^ I
Lu* Kou^ Ch'iao^, in the district of ^^-^pj^ \Van^ P'ing^ Hsien*.
Under the supervision of this official there are a department
and four districts. m
7951). ;|fcI2§Jil^^>I^ *U Pei^ I^^'* I'^^' Tao^ Tnngi
T'ung^ Chih\ Sub-Prefect for Police Aifairs of the Northern
Section of the Metropolitan Prefectnre (compare No. 849),
resides at ^ || j^ Kung=' Hua' Ch'eng^ to the South of
^ ^ ji] Ch'ang' P'ing^ Chou'. The authority of this official
extends over a department and four districts.
[ 378 ]
j

UKSEXT DAY POMTICAJ, ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
"•' lWr:,o* Yincr^, 795,
of the ]Metr(t|>o]itan T refect ure. This Corps is. ^q
^li^Hl

798
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
797 on the 20th February, 1910, and composed o£ four ^^ K*c^,
to Sections: 1. ^'iJCP( ^^'^^^ Cheng* KV, liiection of Giyil
Affairs, 2. jp f^ fjf Hsiieh^ Wu* K'o\
Section of Educational
Affairs, 3. Jg ^ fif Tu* Chih^ K'o', Section of Financial
Affairs, and 4, p\ '^^^ l^su^ Fa* K'o', Section of Judicial
Affairs.
At the head of each Section there is a ^ f|< Ohih* Chung^
(see No. 793).
The Constitutional Reforms Office assimilated the ^ ^ ^
Chings -^Y,j4 (jh'u*. Office of Police Affairs, and the Si^llH^
Hsiieh^ Wu* Tsung^ Hui* Ch'u*, Head Office of Educational
Affairs, both of which were formerly at the Prefectural Office.
797. -^ "^ ^ Pii* Chiini Ying-,
The Division of
Gendarmerie (see No. 736). With the new Police of the
Ministry of the Interior (see Nos. 500 to 518), this body
performs police duty in the city and suburbs of Peking, and
maintains public order. Members of the Gendarmerie patrol the
streets day and night, watch the city gates (for details see No.
801), arrest malefactors, etc.
At the head of the Division of Gendarmerie there is a
3^ ^ ^ ^ Pu* Chiin^ T'ung' I^ing^j Geiieral Commandant of
the Gendarmerie (1b ;
MH^^
also bears the designation t^'M'^ht^^
T'i2 Tui Chiu^ Men* Hsiin" Pu^ Wu' Ying^ and,
accordingly, commonly called % 1^^ ^^ M ^^^^"^ ^^^^" '^'^^ Tii^)-
For particulars as to his administration sec No. 798.
798. S>W.M^ Wi F] T>u* Chiini T'ung^ Ling^ Ya"
Men2 (see No. 797), also J| ^ f^ p^ T'i^ Tu^ Y^a^ Men^ Office
of the Gendarmerie. The personnel of this office includes :
1- iS M Ifl 1^ Tso^ I* Tsung^ Pi'ig\ Senior Police Provost, or
Lieutenant-jjreneral of the Gendanuerie.(of the Eastern section
of the city) ; 2a, 2. y^ Wi M ^ Yu* P Tsung^ Ping\ Junior
Police Provost, or Lieutenant-General of the Gendarmerie (of
the Western, section of the city); 2 a, 3. ^ r] Tso^ Ssu^, First
[ 380 ]

TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Department, administered by a IR ff Lang' Chung', Department 799
Director, a ^ ^h HIS Yuan* Wai* Lang*, Assistant Department to
Director, and two ^ ^ Chii^ Shih"*, Secretaries, 4.
::^ pi Yu* oqq
Ssu', Second Department, administered by two ^ ^> g|$ Yuan^
Wai* Lang', and one ^ ^ Chu^ Shih*, and 5.
"ffl ^ ^ Ssu^
Wu* T'ingS Chancery, directed by a ^ f^ Ssu> Wu*,
Supervisor, At the Departments and the Chancery there are
also found ^ ijifi j^ Pi' T'ieh^ Shih\ Clerks, and || ^j> fjj ^
E^ Wai* Ssu"^ Yiian*, Supernumerary Officials.
799. For policing pin-poses Peking is divided into two
districts: 1. -^^M Tso' I\ Eastern and ;^ ^ Yu* P, Western.
At the head of each there is a ^ H^ I* Yii*, Deputy Provost ;
3a, to whom there are subordinated :
glj ^ ]|^ Fu* I* l^U'* (also
^ MM i'J Pang^ Pan'' !•* Yii*), Senior Assistant Deputy
Provost; 3a, and ^ ^ Wei^ I*
)|»J' Y'ii*, Junior Assistant
'Deputy Provost; 4a. At the head of the 'g* J^, Kuan^ T'ing',
Guard Stations (24 in all, three to each of the eight Banners),
are ^ ^^ Hsieh- Yii^, Police Majors ; 4a, who have suboi-dinated
to them: 1.
glj )|i| Fu* YiH, Police Captain; oa, 2. ^ ^^
Pu* Chiini Hsiao*, Police Lieutenant; 5b, 3. ^^- ^%^t
Wei^ Shu* Pu* Chiin^ Hsiao*, Deputy Police Lieutenant; 6a,
4- fl fi Ling3 Ts'ui\ Police Sergeant, and 5. ^% Pu*
ChUn^, Police Privates (Policemen).
800. v, %^^%mn % fi 2 ^ Ching^ Shih^ Pu*
Chiin^ T'ung^ Ling' Hsiiu* Pu^ Wu=* Ying*, Five Battalions of
the Police of the General Commandant of the Gendarmerie.
These are:M Ji 1* ^ Hsiin^ Pu' Chung^ Ying^, Central Police
Battalion, % f|[ |^ ^ Hsim* Pu^ Nan* Ying*,
Battalion, ^^ Ji 4b i^ Hsiin* Pu' Pei' '^ing*,
Southern Police
Northern Police
Battalion, ^ Ji ^ ^ Hsiin* Pu' Tso^ Ylng*, Left (Eastern)
Police Battalion, and ^ Ji :^ ^ Hsim* Fu' Yu* Ying*, Right
(Western) Police Battalion.
[ 381 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
801 The general supervision o£ the fiAe i nttalions appertains to
to tlie General Commandant of the Gendarmerie and his assistants
801a ^*^^' ^^- '^98). The direct

PRESENT DAY POLITiCAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
towevs repeating the signal given, and the men of the ^^ |pl ^ 801b
Pu* Chiin^ Ying^ immediately gathered at the places appointed
for each guard station. At present there are no signals from the
gates, nor are there any signal guns. Nevertheless, posts
appertaining to signalling from the gates—now sinecures—^have
been retained, namely ; 1 . i§ MM W Hsin* P'ao* Tsung'
^ fg
Kuan^, Controller of Alarm-signal Guns ; 4a, and 2*. ^
^ ^ Chien^ Shou^ Hsin"* P'ao* Kuan^, Assistant ( "ontroller of
Alarm-signal Guns ; 5a.
801b. As has been already stated (see No. 801), the city
of Peking has 16 gates, nine to the p^ ^ Nei* (Jh'eng^, Inner
(Tartar) City (also styled ^ ^j Pei^ Ch'cng^, Northern City) and
seven to the ^l> t^ Wai' Cli'eng^, Outer (Chinese) City (also
styled ^\> ^ l^ Wai^ Lo" Ch'eng^ Surrounding City, or f^ ^
Nan^ Ch'eng^, Southern City).
To the Tartar C!ity there are three gates on the South— the
central one is the j£ [^ P^ Cheng"* Yang- Men^ (colloquially,
a^ pg Ch'ien- Men-), the Eastern is the ^ ^ P^J Ch'ung- Wen^
McnS (colloquially, n^ ^ P"] Ha^ Ta^ Men^ or v^ f ^ pi] Hai*
Tai* Men'O, and the Western is the ^ f^ P5
(colloquially, }\\^ >^ P^J 8hun^ Chih* Lion--, in *
Hsiiani Wu^ Men^
place
of the
designation ]|[^ ^ \^^ 8hnn^ Ch'eng^ Men^, used during the Yiian
Dynasty). On the North there are two gates— the one to the
East is called the ^ 5g pt] An^ Ting* ^len^ (during the Yuan
Dynasty ^ J,^ P^ An^ ChtMi^ Men^) and the one to the West is
the f* H^ pi]
'le- ShOng* Men^ (during tlie Yiian Dynasty
f^ W> F1 ^hicn"* Te- Men^). On the East there are two — gatesthe
Southern is called tlie ^ ^ P5 C^h'ao^ Yang^ Men'
(colloquially, ^f f[^ pt] Ch'i^ Hua" Men*), and the Northern is
the ^ if pi] Tmigi Chih^ Men'. On the West thei-e are two
gates— that to the South is the ^i^\^^ Fu< (colloquially, ^ ||fj pfj P'ing^
('h'eng' Men'
Tse^ Men'),
North is the ^ jf p^ 11 si^ C^hih^ Men'.
and the one tc the
[ 383 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF ClIIXA.
802 To the Chinese C'ity, on the South there are three gates—
.^ Feng*
the central one is called the :^ ;^ P^ Yung^ Ting* Men^^ that to-
the East is the ^ -^ p^ Tso' An^ Men^ (colloquiall} , J^ ^ P^
or yl ^ PI Ohiangi Ts'a^ Men^) and that to the West is the
^ ^ P^ Yu* An^ Men^ (colloquially, ^ j^ P^ Nan- Hsi' Men^).
To the Chinese City, on the East there is the ^ ^ P^ Kuang*
Ch'iii Men^ (colloquially, -^^ ^ pf] Sha^ Wo^ Men-^), and, on the
West, the ^ ^ P5 Kuang^* An' Mcd^ (collo([uially,- ^ 1^ P^
Chang^ I'^ Men^). At the North-eastern corner there is found
tli6 ^ t^ P^ Tung^ Pien^ Men^, and, at ilie North-western corner
there is the @uj ^ pf] Hsi^ Pien^ Men^.
GOVERNMENT OF MANCHURIA.
802. The government of Manchuria, prior to 1907, was
organized on a purely military basis and headed hj ^f^
Chiang^ Chiin^, Military Governors, who were assisted by glj ^
5^ Fu- Tu^ T'ung^, Military Deputy Lieutenant-Goveinors.
The former were tlie official heads of provinces and resided at
the provincial capitals : Moulcden (Chinese designation, ^ ^
T'ien\ or \>^ y^ Sheng* Ching^), Kivin (Chinese designation,
^ -^ Chi' Lin^), and Tsitsihar (Chinese designation, ^ ^^ H^ IS*
(Mi'i^ Ch'i^ Pla' Erh'). The latter were in charge of Military
Departments— called
" Fu Tu Tungships" — of the provinces,
of Avhich there were : four in Feng T'ien province (^ ^ Feng*
T'ien', '^ >}\\ Chin' ChouS |^ j\\ Chin^Chou^ and a ;^ Hsingi
Ching'), six in Kirin province (^ # ,^ ^ Chi^ Lin^ Wu^ X.a^,
m.-^^ Ning^ Kti^ Ta^ f|5 11^ Ij^ Po^ Tui Na*, H ki. San^
HsingS ^ fJ ^ p^ A* Li-eh^ Ch'n^ K'a^ and 1% ^ Hun^
Ch'rni^), and five in Heilungchiang province (M f| Q^ Hei^ Lung^
Chiang', or '^ jt^ Ai^ HunS ^ M ^ Mo" firh^^ KenS ^ ^
U^M '^^I'^i' ^"H'i' Ha^ Erh^ If ^ Hu^ Lan^ and Rf- -^ M 11
Hu' Lun^ Pei' Erh^).'
[ 38-t ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
For the city of Moukden there was a civil administration,
similar to that of Peking, headed by the ^ ^* Fu' Yin' and
^ ^ Fu^ Ch'eng^, and including five Boards (Ministries),
corresponding to the Boards of Revenue, of Ceremonies, of War,
«f Piuiishments and of Works at Peking.
Following a tour of Manchuria (in the winter of 1906)
made hy ^ iM" ^ Hsii^ Shih^-ch'ang\ President of the Ministry
of the Interior, and ^ |g Tsai' Chen*, President of the Ministry
of Commerce, and in consequence of a joint jVIemorial siibmitted
by them with regard to the condition of affairs there, a change
was effected in the system of government of that section of the
Empire. By Imperial Decree of the 20th April, 1907, a general
reform of the government of Manchuria was made, by which the
a Governor-
^'^ T^ Chiang^ Chiin' were abolished and replaced by
General and tliree Governor?. The officials appointed to these
mew posts were commanded to draw up a detailed scheme for the
government of the Thi-ee Eastern Provinces.
In obedience to the Imperial commands of the Decree
mentioned above, Hsii Shih-ch'ang, at the beginning of May,
1907, submitted a Memorial (which received Imperial sanction)
containing the scheme called for, and providing for a system of
government which, with few exceptions (see
a ]\Iemorial from
Hsi Liang, dated the 7th August, 1909), has been in operation
since that time.
The main idea of the administrative reforms proposed by
Hsii Shih-eh*ang in his Memorial, as well as that gradually
being attained by the Central Government since 1876, has been,
^n the one hand, the bringing of the system of government into
Le. the abolition of the
harmony with that of the rest of China,
posts of Military Deputy Lievitenant-Governors (Fu Tu
T'ung) and their replacement by those of Taotais, Pi-efects,
Department Magistrates and District Magistrates, and,
on the
other, the introduction, as an experimental '•al, of the system of
25
[ 385 ]

PKESENT DAY POI.ITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
803 provincial govcniment which Avas framed by
tlie Committee o£
iQ Constitutional Reforms in 190G and A\'hich will eventually be
80"^
introduced throughout the Empire.
During the three years since the promulgation of the
Imperial Edict of the 20th April, 1907, many reforms have been
attained in Manchuria. Almost everywhere (Moukden and
Hsing Cliing excepted) the posts of Fu Tu T'ung have been
abolished and in their place are found those of Taotais. Many
ncAV administrative divisions, especially in the provinces of Kirin
and Heihmgchiang, have been made, and many posts and
government establishments, pro'^ed worthless by experience, have
been discarded (for details see below).
803. :^ H ^M B # 'i^'-"g'
S'^i^' ^h(tug^ Tsung^ Tu\
(xOA ernor-General of the Three Eastern Provinces. This official
is the administrative head of the government of Manchuria and
has his residence at ^Nloukden (later he will transfer his official
residence to the prefectiu-al city of Ch'ang ('h'un). As regards
the Banner Forces, he ranks as Chiang Chiin, this title being-
accorded to his |)Osition (com])are Nos. 744 and 820).
804. ^ IM Hsiin^ Fu^ Governor ; one for each province.
With reference to the Banner Forces this official has the authority
of a g!j |f> ^ Fu* Tni T'ung^, ]Sranchn Brigadier-General
(compare Nos. 745, 745f and 821).
Governors reside at the provincial capitals, i.e. Moiikden,.
Kirin, and Tsitsihar (there is a project to abolish the governorship
at Moukden and to transfer the residence of the Kirin Governor
to Ninguta and that of the Heilungchiang Ciovernor to Aihun).
«05 25i: :& # ^ Tso=^ Yu* Ts'ani Tsan\ Senior and
thmior Councillors (attached to the Governor-General). These
officials superintended : the first, the Chancery, and the second,,
the Council at the Governor-General's Yamen.
'j^ MM Ch'eng'-^ Hsiian' T'ing', Chancery. Here were
considered : the most important and most confidential affairs of
[ 381) 1

I
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION Of CHINA.
the three provinces, reports to the Governor-General and to the 805a
Governors, and the selection, appointment and transfer of officials
of lower than the fourth rank. It was arranged in a number of
fif K'o\ Sections. At the head of the "if fjf Shou' K'o^ First
Section, there Avas a ^ ^ Ch'ien^ Shih*, (/hief Secretary ; -iB,
while at the head of the other Sections there were ;^ ^ Ch'ien^
Shih*, Secretaxies (5a ; one for each). Also, ther€ was a definite
nnmber of — ^ 7f3[ ^ 1' Teng^ K'o^ Yiian'', Assistant Secre-
taries of the first rank ; 5 u, ;^ ^ fif M Ei'h^ Teng^ K'o^ Yiian^,
Assistant Secretaries of tlic second rank ] 6 a, and ^ ^ ^-^ J^
San^ Tong^ K'o^ Yiian'^ Assistant Secretaries of the third
rank ;
7a.
If ti M Tzui P T'ingi, Council (compare No. 823).
'
This
was in charge of the examination and discussion of local
legislation, regulations and rules. It consisted of two fif K'o^,
Sections, headed by ^ ^ Ch'ien^ Shih*, Secretaries ; 4b. Its
membership was made u]) ot specially appointed officials and well
known citizens styled f^ ^ I* Yiian", Members of the Coimcil,
glj 1^ ^ Fu* I'* Yiian-, Assistant ^Members of the Council,
$M 3'b ^ M. ^*^^ Wai* I* Yiian^, Supernumerary
Council, and || ^^ % Kii^ Wen* Kuan\ Advisers.
Members of the
In the Summer of 1909 the posts of Senior and .lunior
Councillor were abolished, and the Chancer}- and Council were
reorganized. For managing the correspondence of the Governov-
(icneral a Chancery of the genera! type, headed by ^ ^^ ^
V'\^ Shu^ Yiian^, was instituted at the same time (^compare
No. 822).
805a. -^^^t^M Hsihr^ Fang2 Ying*
• Wu^"
Ch'uV
Staff of the Reserve Force Divisions (forces of the category of
y§l^^W Hsun2 Fang2 Tui*; sec No. 706); found in each
proA'ince. This was developed from the former ^ ^^ ^ Ying'
\Yu* Ch'u"* (Military Secretariat of the Governor-General and
Governors; see No. 824) and Is in charge of the reorganization
[ -^-* ] %

I'KKSKNT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
806 of the old troops (see a ^Memorial from Hsii Sliih-ch'ang, dated
to
gQg^
the 13th January, 1908; compare No. 706).
At the head of the StafF there is a ||| if Tsiiiig^ Tau\
Chief of Staff, who is assisted by two 'Assistants— f^ f| Pang^
Pan^ and ^ ^f^
Hui* Pan^
For carrying on the affairs of the Staff there are four ^3!
Ku^ Sections : 1 . ^
M J^ Wen^ Tu^ Ku^ Section of
Correspondence, 2. # ft I^ Hui* (K'uai^) Chi* Ku^ Accoimts
Section, 3. H J^ |^ Chi* Ts'ao^ Ku^ Instruction Section, and
4. :^ ^ S^ K'ao'^ Ch'a^ Ku^, Inspection Section. Each
Section is in charge of a •;^ ^ |,^ ^ Wt-n^ An* Tsung^ Li^
Chief Secretary.
"To the Staff there are attached : 1 . ft ^ 'g'
Chih'^ Shih*
Kuan', Adjutant (one), 2. ^ ^ Wei^ Yuan% Orderly Officers,
and 3. ^ ^ ^ ^ Chi^ Ch'a' Wei^ Yiian^ Eevisers. •
In tlie province of Fengtien, in addition to the above-
mentioned, to the Staff there is attached a y}^ M^ 7^ ^ ^ ^ *^
Shui^ Shih^ Hsiin'^ Ch'uan' Kuan' Tai* Kuan', Chief of the
River Police (along the Liao river). His permanent residence
is at ig n: ^ T'ung-' Chiang^ Tzu' (also Jl HI P T'nng'
Chiang^ K'ou').
806. ^ vi H Chiao^ She* Ssu^ Bureau of Foreign
Affairs ; headed by a ^ ^ ^ fii Chiao' She* Ssu^ Shih^,
Commissioner for Foreign Affairs (3a ; compare
No, 832).
This Bureau has been established in the provinces of Fengtien
and Kirin for dealing w4th affairs concerning foreigners. To
these Bureaux there .are attached —' ^ f^ 'g*
I^ Tcng^ I*
Kuan\ Interpreters of the first rank, and H ^ ^ 'g' Frh*
Teng^ I* Kuan', Interpreters of the second rank.
8b6A. ^ f^ If, ^ Chiao' She* Tsung^ ChuS Head Office
of Foreign Affairs ; established at Tsitsihar and takes the place
of a Bureau cf Foreign Affairs (compare No. 806)
[ 388 ]
for the

PUKSENT DAY POLITICAL ORGA.V'lZATION OF CIIIXA.
province of Hellungchiang. At the head of this OtRce there is 806b
a 1^. il Tsi.ng-^ Pan^ Chief .
_ tO
«06b. m m fL "M ^m ^^ B m M Hei^ Lung^ Chiang^ g^^
Sheng" T'ieh^ Lu* Chiao^ She* TsungV (M\\ Head Office of
Railway Foreign Affairs of Heihingchiang Province, and ^ /^
T'ieh^ Lu* Chiao^ She*
W ic 5^ ^ 2$ ^ ^

PRESEN'r DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
808 808. ^^% Tu" Chih^ Ssu^ Bureau of Finance; headed
to ^y '^ J^ !^ Sj f^ Tu* Chih^ Ssu' Sljili^ Commissioner of Finance;
oil 3b. This is found in the provinces of Fengtien and Kirin
(the post of Commissioner of Finance, formerly existing, for
the province of Heilungchiang, was abolished in the Summer of
1909 and the duties appertaining to it were transferred to the
Commissioner of Civil Affairs; compare No. 807)
for the
superintendency of financial affairs, the collection of taxes, etc.
At the Bureau there are stationed -^ ^ j^ ^ I^ Teng' K'u"*,
Kuan^, Treasurers of the first rank ; 6a, and Zl ^ j$ 'g* Erh*
Teng^ K'u* Kuan\ Treasurers of the second rank ;
809. H p Wl T'i^ Hsiieh^ Ssu\ Bureau of Education;
supervised by a fi f^ ^ f^ T'i^ Hsueh^ Ssu^ Shih^, Com-
missioner of Education ; 3a (compare Nos. 827 to 828a) ;
established in each of the three provinces of Manchuria for the
superintendence
7a.
of educational affairs. At this Bureau there
are foimd : 1. — ^ |^ 'g* I^ Teng^ I* Kuan\ Interpreters of
the first rank; 6a, and H ^ |§ 'B' ^rh'* Teng* I* Kuan',
Interpreters of the second rank (compare No. 806), and 2.
— ^
-"^^ IM 1^ W Teng' Pien^ Hsiao"* Kuan^, Eevisers of the first rank,
and H ^ IM '^ 'B' ^"^1'^^" Teng^ Pien^ Hsiao* Kuan\ Eevisers
of the second rank.
810. Ji ^^ W] T'i2 Fa-* Ssu', Bureau of Judicial Affairs;
directed by a $| y^ "^ f|^ T^^ Fa* Ssu^ Shih^ Commis- i
sioner of Judicial Afiairs (3a ; see No. 831b); established
in all the px-ovinces for the administration of judicial
affairs.
811- MB "^ Ch'i- Wu* Ssui, Bi,i-eau of Banner Affairs;
directed by a ]^ ^% pj f|^ Ch'i^ Wu* Ssu^ Shih^, Commissioner
of Banner Affairs ; 3a. This Bureau was founded for Fengtien
province alone, for the superintendency
of the affairs of Manchu
Bannermen. In the Svmimer of 1909 it was abolished and
replaced by
the :
[ 890 ]

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,
«11'^- MB^ Clri" WtiMjIi'u', Department ofBaaiier 811a
Affliirs ; headed ]jy a ||, Jl Tsung-^ 1,1', Chief Controller, a %Jj Jl ^O
Hsieli^ Li\ Controller, and a ^ |(f Pang-^ Pan", Assistant
g-g^
Controller.
In 1908 similar Departments wei'e established for tlie
provinces of Kirin and Heihmgcliiang.
Tlie Department of Banner Afiaii-s of Heihmgchiang
consists of three pf K'o\ Sections : 1. *^ '^^ ^^
Chiin^ Shili*
K'oS Section of Military Affairs, 2. ^ ^ f^ :Min-" Shih* K'oS
Section of Civil Affairs, and 3. ^, f^ ^ Sim* Wu^ K'o\
Section of General Affairs, At the head of these Seetions there
are ^}\ ^ K'o^ Chang^, Section Chiefs, -who are assisted hy
glj ^ ^ ¥n' K'oi Chang^ Assistants.
^1^- M B ^ ^leng^ Wx^' 8sn', Bnrean of MongoHan
Affaii'S ; directed by a M B ^ iM ^^e'lg^ Wn" Ssn^ Shili',
Connnissioner of ^NlongoHan Affnirs ; Sn. This was projected
for establishment in Fengtien ]:)i-ovince for the supervision of
the affairs of the ten Mongolian Banners of the Clierim league
appertaining to that provmce {.icr Nos. 886 and 892). Its
pro])osed staff inchidcd — ^ |^ t 1> Teng^ I* Kuan', Inter-
preters of tlie first rank ; 6a, and H ^ ^ ^ Erh* Teng'
I* Kuan'. Interpreters of the second rank ; 7a (compare Nos, 806
and 809).
In the Summer of 1909 the ]iost of Commissioner of
Mongolian Affairs was definitely abolished and the duties
appertaining
to it vested in the
812a. ^ f§ If ^ Meng- Wn* Tsung' Chir, Head Office
of Mongolian Affairs. In charge of this oflfice is a |f^1 ^
Tsung^ J^an*, Chief, to whom there are subordinated a f;^ p|
T'i^ Tiao*, Proctor, and a number of ^^ I* Ts'an' Mou- Kuan^
Councillors (the number is indefinite). Formerly, at the head of
the Head Office of Mongolian Affairs there was a =^ |^f Tu^ I'an^
[ 391 1

PKESENT J)AY VOIATICAL OKG AXIZATION OF CHINA.
Superintendent, but, with a view to economy, this post was
abolished.
The Head Office of ^Mongolian Affairs is divided into four
|j[ K'o\ Sections : 1. '^ M ^cn" Tu^'
''^^^ K'o^ Section of
Correspondence, 2. ^ ft /fif^^^^^* ^^^^'^ K'o', Accounts Section,
3- flll# , Surveyors.
For the judicial examination of questions between Mongols,
at the Head Office of Mongolian Affairs there has been organized
^^ ^ ^ 1^3^ Shen^ Ch'u"*, Judicial Department, administered
bj a jE ^ 1* ChC^ng* Shen^ Kuan', Judge, two ^ ^ If
P'ei'^ Shen^ Kuan', Assessors, two ji ^ T'ung^ IS Interpreters,
and three dI g Ssu^ ShuS Clerts.
At the Head Office of Mongolian Affairs there is a ^ ^f ^
^ Hu* Wei* lla^ Tui*, Cavalry Escort, made up of a 1= ^
Kuan^ Tai*, Escort Chief, three Pf^ 'g* Shao^* Kuan', Junior
Officers, 12 ff ;^ Shih^ Chang% Sergeants, 108 jE ^ Cheng*
Ping', Privates, one #12;^ Shu^ Chi* Cbang^ Clerks, four ^ §
^ Ssu^ Shui Shengi, Writers, one fi ^ @ ^^"' ^^^0* ^Slu', Senior
Signalman, six ^ ^ |c Ku^ Hao* Fing', Signalmen, ten ^ ^
Hu* Pingi, Guards, and 12 ^ ^ Huo=* Fu', Cooks—in all, 158
men and 131 horses..
The Head Office of Mongolian Affairs is at Moukden {see
No. 901), and th-re are Branch Offices (^ ^ Fcn^ Chii''), in
other places (for instance, at |I^ ^ ^ T'ao' Nan^ Fu^).
[ 392 ]

PKE6EXT DAY TOLITICAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHINA.
81215. ^ W M B '^ ^"'li' Lin' Meno-3 Wii^ rh'n\ 812b
Bureau of ^Mongolian Aftahs in Kiiiu Province; founded in
1908 and headed by a |||j J|g Tsung'^ Li\ Superintendent. ^^^
813. 1^^ p1 Cli'uan" Yeli^ 8su', Bureaux of Industry;
beaded by ||/J ^ 1^! fliCh'iian* Veli^ Ssu^ Shih'', ('ommissioners «f
Industrial Alfai)'s ; 3 15, ^\ itb a stafi" including —- ^ ^ + I^
IV-ng^ I* 8hih\ Engineers of the first rank ; 6a, and H ^ ^ it
Erli'' Tcng^ I* Shiii*, Engineers of the second rank ; 7a.
The projected establishment of Bureaux of Industrial
Affairs was not carried out, their [)lace being taken by :
813a. $]} ^ it Ch'iian' Yeh^ Tao*, Industrial Taotais ;
4a (compare Nos. 839 to 839i5); up to now foimd only
provinces of Fengtienand Kirin.
in the
814. i{^ m li Hsiin- Clung- Tao% Police Taotai ; 4a
(compare Xps. 840 to 840b). This post Avas established for the
province of Fengtien alone and, later— in the Summer of 1909—
it was abolished and the duties appertaining to the Police Taotai
were invested in the Comm'ssionei- of Civil Affairs (compare No.
807).
815. At each of the Bureaux under the administration of
p\ fl^ Ssu^ Shih^, Commissioners, or ^ Tao*, Taotais,
one -^ 1^ Ch'ien^ Shih^, Secretary
there is
: 4iJ or OA. Each Bureau
consists of ^i[ K'o\ Sections, under the management of ^Ij- ^
K'o' Change Section Chiefs, who have attached to them a
number of
^-j- ^ K'o^ Ytian', Secretaries.
810. l^'«^''i' ^ M -^ ilm M tis^in' ^i"g"' 1^^'^' '^^^*>
Military-Administrative I'aotais ; 4a (compare No. 844). There
are 1 1 Taotais of this categoi-y in Manchuria : four in the
province of Fengtien (residing at Yingkow, Antung, Liao Y iian
Chou and Lin Chiang Hsien), four in the province of Kirin (at
Ch'ang (.;h'un, Hun <
Ui'un, San Hsing and Harbin) and
three in Heihmgchiang province (at T'o Lo Shan Pei>
Aihu'^ and liiu-unpir, or Hailar).
[ 31)3 ]
to

816a
to
818
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
8 16 A. E£ If ji ^j pg Piiig^ Pei* Tao^ IV Men^ Office
of tlie Military-Administrative Taotai (compare No. 844c) ;
divided into jfij- K'o\ Sections, the number of Avhich varicp in
different localities, for instance,
at the Office of the Taotai at
Ch'ang Ch'nn (.sre No. 816) there are four .Sections: 1. |f,^f4
Tsuno-3 Wn* K'o', Section of General Affairs, 2. ^ i^ ^Jf Nei'
Chcng^ K'oi, Section of Civil (Internal) Affairs, 3. ^j. ^ fl[
Wai'* Chiao* K'o\ Section of Outer (Diplomatic) Relations, and
4- •*& II Jit Sliou^ Fa^ Ch'u'', Eeg-istrv. At other places thcrO
are the f
olloAving- Sections : ^ # jf4 Pien^ Wu* K'o\ Section of
Frontier Affairs, M B Pt ^^'e»' ^^'i'' ^^'o\ Section of
Colonization Affairs, etc.
^ ^ B ± E
Tu^ Pan^ Chi^ Lhr Pien^
817
Wn^ Ta^ Cni'cn" and ^ ^M M a 'M B :k ^ I'^ng' i"^"^" Yen^
Chi^ Pien' Wu* Ta* Ch'en^ Frontier Commissioner of Kirin
Province and .Vssistant Frontier
Commissioner residing at
Yenchi (in Kii'In province). Potli these posts were established
because of the disjnite which cropped ii]) in 1907 between Japan
and China as to the sovereignty of the district about Chientao.
The Frontier Commissioner, having militarv and civil authority
in his guai'dlanship of the borders of Kirin province, is sub-
ordinated to the Governor-General of Manchuria but, at the
same time, has the privilege of direct rfjiorts to the Empei'or
(compare No. 845a).
i04 ]
i

^ ||j|
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Administering each Head Office of Salt Transport is a 819
Tl^^ Pan^, Director,
to whom there are subordinated a
number o£ |§ fH T'i^ Tiao"*, Proctors, and other officials.
At Yingkow there is a "^ ^^M M Kuan^ Yen'' Ts'ai*
Yiin'* Chii^, Government Agency of Salt Transport.
For the prevention of the illegal transport of salt, at Ch'ang
Ch'un and other places, there are established ||: ^^ |^ ^ Chi^
Ssu^ Tsung^ Chii^ Head .Offices for the Prevention of Salt
Smuggling, with a corps of gxiai'ds—mounted and foot.
M^M Ch'u^ Yen^ Ts'angS Salt Stores. These are found
at the principal cities of Manchuria and are divided into |^^, ^
Tsung^ Ts'ang', Head Stores (for instance, at Ch'ang Ch'un)^
and ^ '^ Fen^ Ts'ang^, Branch Stores (for the organization of
'
salt affairs in other provinces see Nos. 835 to 835c and 841).
PROVINCIAL ADAIINISTRATION.
A. Higher Administration :
• 819. Z: + i: tt ^' Krh* Shilr Erh^Hsing^ Sheng^ The
Twenty Two Provinces, : namely 1 . '^^ Chih^ Li^ (literary
designation, aK m Yen^ Yun^ and ^^ If, Chingi Chi'), 2. Jl i^
Chiang^ Sui (literary designation, ^ Wu^), 3. ^ it An^ Huii
(literary designation, i\% AYan^ or Huan^), 4. JX ffl Chiang^
Si'' (literary designation, j|^ ^ i^n* Ohang^), 5.
li| ^ Shan^
Tuug^ (literary designation, ]X\ ^ Shan^ Tso^ %, Tung^),
6. UJ ^ Shau^ Si^ (literary designation, \\\ -^ Shan^ Yu*, ^
Chin*), 7. M ^ Ho2 Nan^ (literary designation, % Yu*),
8. 1^ 1^ Shen^ Si^ (literary designation, || f|l Kuan^ Chung\
^ Ch'in^, and m Lung^), 9. -^ l" Kan^ Su^ 10. fj |f Hsin^
Chiangi (more complete '^ M M M. ¥ ^^'^"^ ^^^* ^^"^^ Chiang^
Sheng*), 11. fg ^ Fu^ Chien" (literary designation, ^ Min'),
12. fftX ^^^' (Jhiangi (literary designation, ^ CW, or |g
Yueh^), 13. 'i^ :}t; Hu= Pei» (literary designation, ^ ^fc Ch'u'
[ 39-5 ]

PRESENT DAY POMTICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.
819 ^e^^ or ffj Ao"), 14. Ji^j]^ Hu^ Xan^ (liteiary designation, ^^
Ch'u^ Nan'^ or ^g Hsiangi), 15. ^ j\\ Ssu* Ch'uan^ (literary
designation, ^ Shii^), 16. ^ ^ Kuang^ Tung^ (literary de-
signation, -^. ^ Yiieh* TungO, 17. ^ p'9 Kuang' Si^ (literary
designation, -^- ^ Yueh"* Si'), 18. g '^ Yiin^ Nan" (literary
designation, ^^ Tien'), 19. ^ Kuel* Choii^
j]*\ (literary
designation, ^^ Ch'ien^), 20. ^ ^ Feng^ T'ien^ r shorter, ^
; literary designation, ^ ^ 8heng* C'liing\ 5^. ^ Liao^
Feng'*
TiingS or jl ;^ Kuan' Tnng'), 21. ^ ^j^^ Chi' Lin^ (shorter,
^ Chi'), and 22. M f| ^ Hei' Lung^ Chiang' (shorter, JX
Chiang').
819a. The modern division of the Chinese Emjiire into ^
Sheng^, Provinces, dates from the time of the ^ Yiian^,
Dynasty (the 14th century) Avhen, in addition to the departments
of the Central Government, styled f^ ^- ^ Chung' Shu' Sheng^,
thirteen Pi'ovincial Governorships were established, imder the
title of f{* ^ i=i -g* Chung' Shii' Hsing- ShOngl The ^ling
Dynasty (1368 to 1644) inherited this system and, with some
slight changes, retained it— the title of the Piovincial (iovernors,
in the first instance, was altered to /^ ^ ^^i 1^ f^ Ch'cng*
Hsiian' Pu* Cheng'* Shih^ and, later, this Avas supei'seded by
^ JM Hsiin'' Fu^, Provincial Governor (the present designation;
see No. 821). Also, in the 16th century, the appointment of
III "M Tsung-^ Tu', Governors-General {see No. 820), was
commenced.
The fifteen provinces of the Ming Dynasty
Mere : Shan'
Tung', Shan' Si', Ho' Nan"-', Shen^ Si^' Fu- Chien^ Chr' Chiang',
Chiang' Si', Hu^ Kuang', Ssii* Ch'uan', Kuang' Tung', Kuang^
Si', Yiin^ Nan', Kiiei^ Chou", 4t ]g_ *| P.'l' Chih^ Li* (Chih
Li), and vl ^ Chiang^ Nan^ (or ^ if *| Nau^' Chih=' Li*).
In the reign of K'ang Hi (1662-1722) the province of jln
Hui was formed from a portion of Kiang' Nan', the latter then
becoming (^hiang' Su' ; similarly, Kan' Su* was formed by the
[ 3i)G ]

PKKSENT DaY political ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA
partition of Shcn^ Hsi^ and Hu* Kuang' was divided into two 819b
provinces which received the designations of Hn^ Peh' and Hu' vq
Nan^, At the same time the provinces were entitled ]g ^ op^
Chih^ Sheng^, a designation hy which they ai-e still generally
recognized (compare above).
The province of Kan^ Su'* Hsin^ Chiang^ was called into
being by an Edict of the 17th November, 1884, absorbing
Eastern Turkestan and the Departments of Ilami, Pali K'un and
Urumtsi (later Hi and Tarbagatai) ; compare
No. 802.
Nos. 862 to 867.
For the government of the three ^Slanchurian provinces see
For snb-divisions of the provinces, as regards administration,
see No. 846.
819 b. a reform of the system of provincial government, in
the sense of enlarging, or more exactly defining, the scope of
authority of tlie existing organs of local administi'ation,
as Avell
as of new estal>lishments, in connection with the gradual
al.iolition of various posts recognized tis not answering the purpose
of their inauguration, has been going forward since 1906. Since
their promulgation, all changes in the provincial government
system have been, and will continue to be, made according to
" regulations regarding the reform of the official system of the
])rovinces
" drawn uj) by a special connnittee (|l|i )^ fj* (jjlj ^^ g^
Tsung' Ho=^ Kiian^ CJhih* Ta' Oh'en'j, sanctioned by the Emperor
•ni the 7th July, 1907. These regulations are referred to beloAv
in varions instances.
820. li # Tsung^ Tu\ Governor-General; 1r, official
Chih'
designation, (jjlj 1^. Chih'' (Mm^; collo(pn'ally called fjjlj ^
T'ai^; literary designation, (jjl) ^ Chih* Hsien% ({jlj /j^ CMn'h^ Fu^
'i^=^' ^ m llilj Tsung^ ChihS ;/; m. ft Ta* Shu'-t'ai^ and f,\\i
Shuai*. Being, ex officio , invested with the title of President
of file !\Iinistry__of^Var and l)oing, also, ex___officlp, an
Associate President of Ihc Court of_C'ensors C^ ^ ^ f^ ^} ^
[ 397 ]

tQ
820b
•
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Ch'a-^ Yiian* Yu^ 'IV Yii* Shih' ; 5

PUESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
established ill 1861 and existed until 1870, Avhen tbe functions 820o
appertaining to it were handed over to the Governor-General of Iq
Chihli who, therefore, now bears the title of 4{l 'Jf^ :^ S Pei^ oon
Yang^ Ta* Ch'{;-n-, KSuperintendent
Ports. Similarly
of Trade for the JNorthern
tiie Governor-General of the Liano- Kiano-
j)rovinces is referred to as the ^ 'J^ ;J'c E
^an* Yang" Ta*
Ch'en', Superiiitendent of T]-ade for the Southern l*orts (compare
No. 476).
820c. M ^ 'M M ^

82lA
C
I'ltESKNT DAY POLITICAL OllG ANIZ ATION OF CHINA.
821 ^ ?pI Nan^ Ho^ residing at yf fH ^ Ch'ing^ Chiang^
P'u^ (in
to the prefecture
o£ v§ ^ /^^ Iluai^ An^ ¥n\ of Kiangsu province),
wliose duties Avere transferred to tlie Liang Kiang Governor-
General, 2. One in cliarge of tlie J^ v"! Tung' Ho", residing at
^ ^ 'J'H
^ ''i^ Ning^ Cliou', Sliaiitimg province, Avhose duties
were handed over (in February, 1902),
to the (governors of
Honan and Shantimg, the latter, accordingly, being styled
M JI M it Kuan^ Li' Ho^ Tao^ ^ ^ inf xl Chien' Kuaii^' Ho^
Tao^ or MMX^B ^''''eni Ho' Ktuig^ Shih^ ^Vu^ and
3. One in charge of the 4t |SJ ]*ei^ Ho^, Avliose duties are now
performed b}' the Governor-CJeneral of Chihli.
For ])articulars as to the military division under the orders
of the Director-General (as |£ A[J ff g[t Ping^ Pu-* Shih* Lang^,
Yic^e-President of the Minit^try of War), designated tlie ynj ^
"~
Ho' Piao\
see No. 749.
821. l{^ ^ Hstin" Fu', Governor ; 2b ; official designation,
M ^ ^""'^ Yiian'', coUocpiially called, Jfe ^ Fu' T'ai?, epistolary
style, rft ^ Chung^ Ch'eng^ and :^: i\i ^ Ta^ Chung' Ch'eng^
literary designation, ^ ^ Fti' Chiin', ^ ^ Fu^ Hsien^, and gf|l
Shuai'*. This official, ex officio, bears the titles of [f^ |^ olJ "^
Hli LuVChiin' Pn* Shih'' Lang-, Vice-President of the ^^linistry
of War, and ^, ^ p^ ^i] ^', ^ ^ Tu^ Ch'a^ Yiian^ Fu^ Tu^
Yii* Shih', Vice-President of the Censorate {see No. 209), and,
accordingly, styles himself ^p ]^
Pu* Yiian^. For the date of
origin of the post of Governoi- see No. 819a.
The Governor, within the territory under his jurisdiction,
enjoys the same power and authority
(see No. 820), i.e. to him appertains the highest
sections of the provincial administration.
as the Governor-General
contiol over all
821a. There are now fouj-teen (Tovernors : 1. iT^^(v^ Jfe
Chiang' Su^ Hsiin^ Fu', Governor of Kiangsu province, residing
at M 'M fl? Su^ Chou^ Fu', Soochow, 2. ^WlMW. A"' Hui^
Hsiin^ Fu', Governor of Anhui piovince, residing at ^ ^ }^
[ 400 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Ani Ch'ing" FuS Anking, 3. 0! M 5$^ H C'hingi
Hsi' Hsun«
Fu*, Governor of Kiangsi province, residing at ^ -^ ^ Nau*
Ch'ang}FuS Nanch'ang, 4.
J;^ ff ^ lE Che^ Chiang^ Hsiin^
Fu^, Governor of C-hekiang province, residing at ^ ji^ J^ Hano^
Choui Fu^ Hangchow, 5. M ^MM Hu^ Nan^ Hsiin^ Fu',
Governor of Hunan province, residing at ;^ J»^ ^ Ch'ang'' Sha^
Fu^ Changsha, 6. M ^ 'MM Ho=^ Nan' Hsiin^ Fu', Governor
of Honan province, residing at ^ ^ jf^ K'ai^ Feng^ Fu% 7.
{]|
MMM Shan^ Tnng^- Chiin^ Fu^ Governor of
Shantung
province, residing at J^- |^ jj^ C hi* Nan^ Fu^ 8. ^MMM
Shen^ Hsi^ Hsiin^ Fu^, Governor of Shensi province,
m^J^
i-esiding at
Hsii An^ Fu3, 9. \\l M '^ M Shan^ Hsii Hsiin' Fu^
Governor of Shansi province, residing ^t j^ J^ )^ T'ai* Yiian"
Fu', 10. l/f iiJ^^ Hsin^ Chiang^ Hs'in' Fu^, Governor of
Hsinchiang province, residing at ^ ([j J^ Ti^ Hua* Fu^,
Urumtsi, 11. i^ ® ^ 15 Kuang^ Hsi^ Hsiui^ Fu^ Governor of
Kaangsi province, residing at :|^ |^ /jJTp Kuei* Lin,^ Fu', 12« ^
il'i'I ?^ ^ Kuei* Chou^ Hsiin"'^ Fa^ Governor of Kueichow
province, residing at ^ J^- ^ Kuei* Yang^ Fu^, 13. "^ M' ^M.
JM Chi^ Lin^ Hsiin^ Fu^, Governor of Kirin province, residing at
^' # /^ C^hii Lia2 FuS Kirin, and 14. mmXimM Hei^
Lung^ (Jhiang^ Hsiin* Fu', Governor of Heilungchiang province,
residing at ^ '^ n^ ^ Ch'i^ Ch'i" Ha' Erh^ Tsitsihar hre No.
804).
The Governors of the provinces of Kiangsu, Anhui, Kiangsi,
Chekiang, Hunan, Shensi, Hsinchiang, Kuangsi, Kueichow,
Kirin and Heilungchiang are, to some extent, subordinated to the
respective Governors-General {i.e. of Liang Kiang, Minche
Hukuang, Shenkan, Liang Kuang, Yiin Kuei and Manchuria i;
see No. 820a), for instance, the more important reports from these
Governors, to the Throne, must pass through the hands of th-
Governor-General concerned and the latter presents them as joii
Memorials, ^ ^ Hui* Tsou*, from himself and the Governor.
20
[ 401 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
ggg The Governors of Shansi, Shantung and. Honan govern their
respective provinces quite independent] a-.
In the provinces of Fengtien, Chihh, Fukien, Hupeh, Kansu,
KiiangtuDg, Szechwan and Yunnan, proviiices in Avhich the post
of Governor is not found, the respective Governors-General
(namely, of IManchuria, Chihli, ]\Iinche, Hukuang, Shenkan,
Liang Kuang, Szechwan and Yiin Kuei), perform duties
appertaining to a Governor and, in virtue of this, bear the
title of ^ ^ ^ Jfe ^ Chieni Ivuan' Hsiin'' Fu^ Shih% Associate
Governor {see No. 820c).
The Governor-General and Go'\'ernor are jointly spoken of
as # li Tui Fu^ or |g ^ Liang^ YiiiUi^
822. # Ji '^ P'3 ^ II Tu^ Fu^ Ya^ Men^ Mu^ Cliih',
Chancery of tlie Governor-General (or Governor); directed by
one (or two) |j^ '^ ^ Pi* Shu' Yiian^, Chief Secretaries, Avho
superintend the more confidential affairs and the correspondence.
The Chancery (compare also No. 805) is composed of 10
Sections: 1. ^ -^ f4 Chiao'^ Sho^ K'o^ Section of Foreign
Affairs, 2. % p^ Li* K'o^ Section of Personnel, 3.
'
^1^\ Min^
K'o' (also ^WCPi Min' Cheng* K'o'), Section of Civil Affairs,
4- )i jt f4 Tu* Chih' K'o\ Section of Finance, 5. m. #
Li^ K'o\ Section of Ceremonies, 6. p f^ Hsfieh^ K'o\ Section
of Education, 7. ^ i^ f| Chiin' Cheng* K'o' (in the province
of Szechwan, [^ % p^ Lu* Chiin^ K'o'), Section of Military
Affairs, 8. ^ ^jf Fa* K'o\ Judicial Section, 9. M X j^] P:
Nung^ Kung^ Shangi K'o\ Section of Agriculture, Industry and
Commerce, and 10. % % Pi Yu^ Ch'uan^ K'oS Section of
Posts and Communications (in Szechwan there is, in addition, a
^^MPs Pien' Tsang* K'o', Section of Tibetan Frontier Affairs;
at Moukden, a j^E f^ ^if Ch'i^ Wu* [i'oS Section of Banner
Affairs, and a ^ ^ ^j[ Pien^ Wu* K'o^ Section of Frontier
Affairs; and at' Tsitsihar, a ;^ ^ fjf Ch'i^' Meng^ K'o', Section
[ 402 ]

niESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
of Banner and ]Monoolian Affairs, and a ^ ^ fJf Pien' Wn^ 822a
K'o', Section of Frontier Affaii's).
At the head of one, or more, Sections (not more than
three) there is a # ^ ^ Ts'ani Shih* Yiian^, Secretar}',
to whom there are attached an indefinite number of ]|j^ 5^ ^
Chu^ Li^ Yiian^ (in Knangtung province, g|j ^ Fu*
Yiian-), Assistants, and |§ ^ ^ Shan* Hsieh^ Yiian*, Clerks (in
Szechwan province called ^ §2 'g' '^1"^^

824
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
823 Supplement, No. 160), i.e. to arrange for the timely carrying out
A- o£ the jjroposed constitutional reforms in the provinces concerned,
and to present, twice a year, reports regarding the activit) in
regard to these reforms to the ^ ^ ^ f4"
K^ao* Ho^ C'huan^
K'o^, Investigation Bureau of the Committee for Drawing up
Kegulations for Constitutional Government {see No. 160).
On the establishment of the Burtaux of Constitutional
Reforms, other institutions, having the same' object, but
differently designated, were abolished, for instance^ the ^ ^ ^
ML"^ \U^ Ch'ou'^ Pei* Hsien* Cbeng^ Tu^ Ts'ui^ Ch'u*, of
Szechwan province, the ^ i^ ^- tlfl ^ M J^ Hsien^ Cheng*
Ch'ou^ Pei* K'ao^ Ho' C h'u*, of Manchuria, the #: H ^ i^ ^
i^^
Shensi, etc.
Ch'ou^ Pei* Ilsien* <
'heng* K'ao^ Ho^ ChHiS of Honan and
823. §• ^ ^ Hui* I" T'ing^ Council of the Governor-
General (or Governor). These are established in all the
provinces, in accordance with article six of the " regidationa
regarding the reform of the official system of the provinces" {see
No. 819b), for the periodical discussion of the most important
questions. At meetings of this Council,
in addition to the
provincial officials, there may be representatives of the people,
chosen by the authorities.
823a. fiWC^M^ Hsing2 Cheng* tlui'^ I" Ch'uS
Administrative Council. Thug is designated the ( Wncil of the
Governor of Kirin province (compare No, 823) which was
foi-med in accordance with a Memorial from ^ fig f^' Ch'en*
Chao'-ch'ang\ dated the 16th August, 1909. This is made up
of members of two types, i.e. iE ^ M ^'^iPi^g* I* Yiian^, Active
Members (drawn from local Commissioners and Taotais), and
glj 1^ ^ Fu* I* Yiian^ Associate Members (drawn
from the
ranks of citizens experienced in judicial-administrative matters).
824. % ff Jg Ying2 Wu* Ch'u-*, Military Secretariat of
the Gos^ernor-General (or Governor)—The Staff of the Old
[ 404 ]
\

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Troops. This is headed by a tft H Chung^ Chiin\ Adjutant, 824a
who, being the Colonel (glj ^ ¥u* Chiang*; see No. 752), is in tO
active command of the "M M. Tu^ Piao\ or ffitt M Fii^ Piao^
brigade attached to the Governor-General or Governor {see Nos.
749 and 752.j). Also, this official is entitled to employ a staff
of civil and military orderly officers, designated ^ J^ J^ Wen'
Hsiin^ Pn^ (usually officials of the rank of Expectant District
Magistrate ; ^
1^ Chih^ Hsien* ; see No. 856), and ^ J^ }§
Wu^ Hstin^ Pu-^ (military officers of the rank of lieutenant, '^|§.
Ch'ien^ Tsung^; see No. 75,2e).
824a. l^^ M B^ Hsiin^ Fang' Ying' Wii* Ch'uS
Staff of the Reserve Forces in Manchuria (i.e. forces of the
category oi ^g ^ Jj^ Hsun' Fang= Tui*; see No. 706). For
details see No. 805a.
825. ;^i a^ \^ Pu* Cheng* Shih^ Lieutenant-Governor or
Financial Cdmmissioner (commonly called Treasurer) ; 2b ;
official designation, j^ p\ Fan' Ssu^ ; colloquially called, ^ g
Fan' T'ai' ; epistolary designation, ^^ fj^ Fang^ Po'^, :/c i^ M
Ta* Fan' Hou^ i^ -jj ^ Ta* Fang^ Yneh", and :;^ ^ ^ Ta*
HsiJn^ Hsiian^ For the dat"^ of origin of this post see No. 81 9a.
Tlie Lieutenant-Governor is the head of the civil service of
the province and is also treasiu'er of the provincial exchequer and
represents (^ tl ^ ?i Chan" Hsing' IW Li') the Chief of the
provincial administration (Governor-General or Governor) should
he be absent from his province. There is one Lieutenant-
Governor for each of the 23rovinces, with the exception of the
three Manohurian provinces, where this post is non-existent, and
the pr^vijic" of Kiangsu, Avhere there are two : flC ^ ^ i|^ f^
Chiang- Ning' Pu* Cheng* Shih^, residing at fl ^g /f Chiang'
Ning' Fu3, Nanking, and ^M^^^ Chiang^
Cheng* Shih', residing at -^ j\] )^ Su^ Chou^ Fu^ Soochow.
826. ^ a^iM Pu* (^heng* Ssu^,
Sii^ Pu*
Office of the Lieutenant-
Governor (see No. 825). This Office is administered by :
[ 405 ]
826

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
826a 1. I^J^: Ching' Li* (colloquially called, M ^ Cliing^ T'ing';
+0 epistolary designation, ^ ^ Ts'an^ Chtin^; literary designation,
Q07 :^\.^ M "^^^ Tsan*Fu^>, Commissaries of Records, or S.ecretaries
(6b ; 17 for the Empire), 2. J5| f^ Li^ Wen^, Law Secretaries
(6b ; seven for the Empire), 3. ^ ^ Tu'^ Shih** (collocpiially,
M M- Tu^ Shih* T'ingi), Assistant ; Secretary (7b found
only in the province of Eukien), 4. ^ ^ Chao* Mo^
(colloquially, ^ ^ Chao* T'ing^), Commissaries of the ^^eal, or
Correspondence Secretaries (8b ; seven for the Empire), 5
J$ :k i^ K'u* Ta" Shih' (colloquial designation, jg ^ K'u*
T'iuu^), Treasury Keepers (8a ; 20 for the Eijipire), and 6.
;^ ;/(; -[^ Ts'angi Ta** Shih', Granary Keepers (9b ; two only,
in the provinces of Kiangsu and Shensi).
826a. Article No. 9 of the " regulations regarding the
reform of the official system of the provinces" (see No. 819b)
calls for the futiue reorganization of the Office of the Lieutenant-
Governor (see No. 826) and its administration by
a staff similar
to. that of the J| ^ Wj T'i- Hsiieh^- Ssu^ (see No. 828) and the
ti '^ p] T'i^Fa^ Ssui (see No. 831a).
827. Ji p f^ T'i" Hsiieh^ Shih», Commissioner of Educa-
tion ; 3a. This official superintends the educational afftiirs of the
province to which he is accredited, including schools and literary
societies. Though subordinated to the Governor- General (or
Governor),
at the same time he receives instructions from the
there is one
Ministry of Education. Kiangsu province excepted,
Commissioner of Education for each province. For the province
mentioned there are two (compare No. 825): one at yj^ ^ ^
Chiang^ Ning^ Fu', Nanking, and the other at ^ i/fj
Su^ Chou^ Fu^, Soochow.
The post of Commissioner of Education was estal)lished to
replace the former ipjt^ Hslieh'' Cheng^ (see No, 827a ), on a Memorial
from the Ministry of Education and the Committee of ^Ministers,
dated the 25th April, 1906. Regulations regarding, ^ . f^^'^
[ 40G ]

PKESENT DAY POJ.lTieAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
T'i* Hsfieli^ Shili^ and their Offices, and 2. The authority of the 827a
J§ ^ f^ T'i^ Hsiieh- Shih^, Avere framed by the Ministry of iq
Education and received Imperial sanction, the former on the
13th May, 1906, and the latter on the 28th July, 1906.
Under the reign of the Ming (Q^ Ming-; 1368-1644), as
well as at the beginning of the reign of the present dynasty the
superintendency o\er provincial educational affairs was vested in
^ ^ ^ T'i^ Hsiielr Tao^, Taotais of Education, whose title was
changed (in the reign of |g IE Yung^ Cheng'^j 1723-1735) to
Ji # P gC "T'i^ Tui Hsiieh- Cheng^ {see No. 827a).
827a. ^ i^ Hsiieh^ Cheng^, Provincial Director of
Education, 'or Literary Chancellor (official designation, ^ ^
Hsiieh' Yiian"*; colloquially called, ^ g Hsiielr T'ai^; literaxy
designation, ^ ^ Wen" Tsung\ i^ ^ ':^ Ta^ Wen^ Tsuugi,
:^ ^ ^ Ta* Wen^ Heng", and ^ ^ Tsung^ Shih^ ; sometimes
styled ^ ^ ff|i
^
Tui Hsiieh" Shili' C^hc^). The full official
title of this official was t^ ^ jp P^ T'i" Tu^ Hsiieh" Yiian^ or
ti ^ ^ ®C T'i" Tui Hsiielr Cheng^ For the date of origin of
the post of Literary Chancellor see No. 827.
The appointment as Provincial Director of Education, or
Literary Chancellor, was' a special one and was usually held by
officials with high literary degrees, who left Peking
for three
years to serve in this capacity. In addition to the duties of/
general superintendency
over the edvicational affiiirs of their!
respective provinces they presided at prefectural examinations
and bestowed the degree of 7^ ;;^ Hsiu^ Ts'ai" (see No. 629a).
828. fl^ S] T'i" Hsiieh'^ Ssu\ Office of the Commissioner
of Education (also ^ i% ^ ^ Hsueh" Wu^ Kung^ So=^). This
was developed, simultaneously with the institution of the post of
Commissioner of Education {see No. 827), from the former
^ Z% M Hsiieh" Wu"* Ch'u*, which was under the direction of a
fi li Tsung^* Pan^ Chief. To this Office there are attached :
1- ^ ;^ I* Chang^, Senior Councillor (appointed by the
•
[ +07 ]
82a

828a
to
829
I'KESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
]\Jinistry of Education, on tlie recommendation of the (Jovernor-
General or Governor ;,_ and four ^ |,^ I^ Shen", or ^ f^ |^ |^
Hsiieh'^ Wu* I"* Shen', Advisers (for educational affairs), chosen
by
the Commissioner of Education f)-om tlie ranks of the local
gentry.
The Office of the (Commissioner of Education is divided into
six jfj|- K'o^, Sections (altered, from ^ K'o'' ;
see instructions from
the Ministry- of Education, dated the 14th Septemhei, 1908): 1.
^W.P( Tsung' Wu* K'o', Section of General Affairs, 2.
^ al ^4 P'u^ T'ung^ K'o\ Section of Common Schools, 3.
M P5 P( ('li^ian^ Men- K'o^ Section of Special Schools, 4.
ft 1^ f4 Shilr Yell"* K'o', Section of Professional Schools, 5.
^ ^ ^j[ T'u^ Shu^ K'o\ Section of Schoolbooks and Manuals,
and 6. ^ f f f-j- Hui^ Chi" K'o\ Accounts Section.
At the head of each Section there is a
Section Chief; OA. He is" assisted by a
f4 ^ K'o^ Chang',
glj 5f?l- ^ Fu" K'o'
Chang^; 6a. To the officials just mentioned there are attached
an indefinite number of ^^ ^ K'o^ Yiian^, Chief Secretaries (not
more than three to a Section), pj ^ Ssu^ Shih^^ Secretaries, and
^ IE Shu' ChiS Clerks.
To the Commissioner of Education there are attached six
^MW^ Sheno3 Shih" Hsiieh^, Provincial Inspectors of Educa-
tion ; 6 a. They are chnrged with the reorganization of educational
affairs of prefectiu-es, siib-prefectm-es, departments and districts:
828a. For the Jg ^ pj T'i' Hsiieh' Ssu' in Manchuria
sec^o. 809.
829. Under the control of the Commissioner of Education
{sec No.' 827) there are also: 1. ||| ^ ^f Ch'iian" Hsiieh^ So^.
Associations for the Fostei'hig of' Public Education {see No.
829a), and 2. f^ ^ ^ Chiao" Yii* Hui^ Pubhc Education
Societies {see No. 829b),
the establishment of which was
foreshadowed by the regulations referring to the f^ ^ f^ T'i-
Hsiieh'' Shih.^ and to his Office {see No. 827).
[ 408 ]

FKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA".
829a. Wi ^ Fi

830
to
830n
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
libraries, pedagogic museums, etc. Each Society consists of :
1. One »ne ^ m Hui* Change, Pi-esident, 2.
^
glj ^ ^ Fu^ Hui*
3
Chan":
1^ M Hiii* Yiian^, Members
ft » Vice-President, 3.
(nimiber indefinite), 4. ^ =[J Shii^ Chi^, Clerks (niimber
indefinite), 5. '^ ff Hui* Chi', Accountants (ninnber indefinite),
and 6. ^ '^ ^ M.'"^^"^&^ ^'^^ Iliii"* Yiian-, Honorary ^Members
(number indefinite).
830. ^^[^ An^ Ch'a^ Shih Provincial Judge, or
Judicial Commissioner (more explicit, ^ Jfl] }^ ^ fllj ^
T'i2 Hslno-2 An" Ch'a Shih^ &su^ official desio-nation.
'r.2
^ WJ Nieh'* Ssu^; colloquially, ^ ^ IS^ieh' T'ai^; epistolary
designation, ^ l;!^
Lien^ Fang^ and -^^ /f{i- ^
Ta" Lien^
Hsien*); 3a. This official is in charge of the judicial affairs of
the province and the military post stations (sec No. 754). Also,
he considers questions of administrative and financial character
with the Lieutenant-Governor (see No. 825).
Each province has one Judicial Commissioner,
with the
exception of Manchiu-ia where, already, there is found the post
of ^ fi f^ T'i2 Fa" Shihs (see Nos. 810 and 831b).
For particulars as to the ^ ^ f^ An" Ch'a" Shih^, in
Manchuria, und,er the old regime, see No. 830b.
830a. ^^^ u\Wi Pg An" Ch'a' Ssu^ W Mcn^, Office
of the Provincial Judge (see No. 830). The staff includes :
MM Ching^ Li" (see No. 826); 7a, 2. ^Q ^ Chih^ Shih",,
Archivists; 8a, 3. ^^ Chao" Mo" (see No. 826); 9a, and
4.. pllJtSsu' YiiS Jail Wardens; 9b.
830b. In Manchiu'ia, prior to the establishment of the
post of Jg ^^ fl^lVFa" SJiih' (see Nos. 810 and 831b), the
title of Judicial Commissioner, M ^^ ^ ^ %S Chien^ An" Ch'a^
Shih^ Hsien^ (see No. 830), Avas borne: 1. Li the province of
Fengtien, by the ^ i| Uj ^ if Feng" Chin^ Shan' Hai^ Tao",.
Taotai of the prefectures of Chin Chou Fu and Feng T'ien Fu,
residing at -^ p ,^ Ying^ K'ou' T'ingS Ylngkow,
[ 410 ]
2. In the

, Lin'
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,
province of Kirin, by the ^ :^ ^ ^ jg Ohi^ Lin^ Fen^ Hsun^ 830c
Tao^ Taotai of the. Kirin Circuit, residing at ^ ^ ^ ('hi^ ^q
Fu^ Kirin, and 3. In the province of Heihmgchiang, by qo-»
the M fl JX 5^ ^ ii Hei' Lung^ Chiang^ Fen^ Hsun^ Tao%
Taotai of the Heihmgchiang Circuit, residing at ^ ;jt ^ Hei^
Shui^ T'ing\ Tsitsihar.
830c. The Financial Commissioner (^see No. 825) and
the Provincial Judge {sec No. 830) are frequently spoken of
a.s together the ^ ^M pI ^^^"^ Nieh* Liang^ Ssu\ Two —
Chief Commissioners of the Provincial Government.
«31. fl fii f^ T'i- Fa'' Shih^ Commissioner for Judicial
Affairs ; 3a ; superintends the judicial affairs of the province and
has control over Judicial Establishments, Prosecuting Attorneys*
Offices and Prisons. He is subordinated to the Governor-
General (or Governor).
At the j)resent time the post of Commissioner for Judicial
Affairs is found iii ^lanchuria alone {see Nos. 810, 830 and
831b). a iNIemorial from the ^linistry of Justice, dated the
17th April, 1909, called for the appointment in 1910 of ofiicial&
bearing this title to all the provinces, replacing the existing
Judicial Commissioners (see No. 830).
Kegulations referring to the ^ fj^ f^
T'i^ Fa'* Shih^ and
his Office (sec No. 831a) were compiled by the Committee for
Drawing u]i Regulations
for Constitutional Government and
received Imperial sancti.on on the 26th, November, 1909 (the
original scheme in this connection was submitted by the Ministry
of Justice in a Memorial dated the 27th January, 1908).
831a. |g '^ fl T'i^ Fa^ Ssu', Office of the Commissioner
for Judicial Affairs. This is arranged in three Sections :
^- 1^ ^ 14 Tsung^ Wu* K'o', Section of General Affairs ; in
charge of the personnel of the office itself, and that of Judicial
Establishments, Prosecuting Attorneys' Offices and Prisons,
correspondence and matters of economy, 2. JflJ J^ 7^^ Hsing^
[ 411 ]

882
rUESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
831b Min'' K'o', Section of Criminal and Civil Cases, and 3. ^ ^ if^
tQ
Tien^ Yu* K'o\ Section of Prison Affairs.
At the head of each Section there is a jf^ ^ K'o^ Chang',
Section Chief ; 5a. This official, nnder the general control of
the Commissioner (see No. 831), superintends
the affairs of his
Section. He has as his assistants : One — ^ f^ ^ I^ Teng'
K'o' Yiian'', Secretary of the first rank ; 6a, and from pne to foiu-
Il^ ^Jf ^ ErV Teng' K'o^ Yiian^ Secretaries of the second
rank ; 7a. At each Section there are also a number (depending
on the volume of affairs ; not more than five) ^ fQ Shu^ Chi*,
Clerks (of the eighth and ninth ranks).
831b. The organization of the Office of the Commissioner
for Judicial Affairs in Manchuria (sec No. 810)
is somewhat
different from that given above (compare No. 831 a), namely, it
has four Sections: 1. |^. :^ f4 Tsung^ Wu* K'o^ '(see No.
831a), 2. Jf]] ^ ^i{ Hsing* Shih* K'o\ Section of Cri^ninal
Cases, 3. Si^ P^ ^^i"' Shih* K'o\ Section of Civil Cases, and
4. :^ It f4 Tien^ Yii* K'o^ (see No. 83 1 a).
At the head of each Section, as Section '^hief,
^ ^ Ch'ieni Shih*, Chief Secretary, 5 a (see No. 815;
there is a
in the
first Section this official is styled ^ p\ -^ ^ Shou' K'o^ Ch'ien^
— ^ f-^ A I' Teng^ K'o^ Yiian^, Secretary of the first rank,
Shih"*, and his rank is 4b). To him there are subordinated one
one Z: ^ 14 ^ ifcrh* Teng' K'o^ Yiian^, Secretaiy of the second
rank, and two H ^ ^-4 M. ^'"^^ Teng^ K'o' Yiian^, Secretaries
of the third rank. For each Section there ar also jE rI ^ ^.
Cheng* Ssu^ Shu^ Kuani, Senior Clerks, glj g] § Fu* Ssu'
'B*
Shu^ Kuan\ Junior Clerks, and r] ^ ^ Ssu' Shu' Sheng',
AVriters.
832. ^ -^ f^ Chiao' She*'Shih^ Commissioner for Foreign
Afi'airs ; 3a ; charged Avith dealing with affairs in which
foreigners are interested. Following the inaixguration
post in Manchuria (see No. 806)
[412 ]
of this
it was instituted in Yiinnan

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
province (in August, 1909). Later this official will be found in 333
all the provinces.
At present the duties appertaining to the Commissioner of
Foreign Affairs are perfonned by the ^ (% ^ Yang^ Wu* Chii*,
Office of Foreign Affairs (see No. 859), attached to the
Governor-General (or Governor). Heilungchiang
province has
a ^ V$ H ^ Chiao' She'^. Tsung* Chii^ (see No. 806a) for
similar duties.
833. ^ m ^ ^ Iiai=^ Kxiani Chien^ Tu\ Superintendent
of Customs. The duties appertaining to this official are usually
associated "with tlioso of tlie Military Circuit Taotai {see No.
844).
833a. -f- -^^ if ^ Yiieh'* Hai^ Kuan' Pu"*, Superintendent
of Customs for the Province of Kuangtung ; appointed from
members of the Imperial Household. Europeans commonly
styled this official " IIoppo " and, so long as the entire foreign
trf>de was concentrated at Canton, lie enjoyed immense power..
Ihis official no longer exists.
833 b. MWM WM^'9- B ^'liieni Kuan^ Min"^ Hui^
Kuan' Shui* iShih"* Wu'', Witii Associate Duties as Superintendent
of Customs at FoochoAv. This title is borne by the Fukieu
Viceroy.
833c. For particulars as to the special ^ p] ^ llai^
Kuan' Tao*, Customs Taotai, carrying
v
ou the functions of
Superintendent of Customs at Tientsin (formerly, likewise, at
Harbin) see No. 842.
834. \^ i^ fj ^ Ts'ao- Yun* Tsung- Tu', Director-
General of Grain Transpoit (2 a ; literary designation, J0 ^
Ts'ao-^Tu', Ut^M n '!'>'' (''"lan^ Yiin^ Shih^ and :J^ g) Jf
Ta" Ssu' Ts'ao-). This official had the honorary rank of
^ % ft M Pi"g' I*"' -^I'ili"* J^ang-, and resided at i^ yl ?S
Ch'ingi Chiang' P'u' (in the y§ ^ Huai" An^, prefecture of
Kiangsu). He superiHton

JlESKNT DAY POJ.ITICaL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
835 tlie j^ J'pj Yiin* Ho', Grand Canal,
which Avas constructed for
the conveyance of rice from the Southern provinces to Peking.
The post is now non-existent.
Under ,the control of the Director-Cieneral of (iraiu
Transport there was a special military organization styled Jp H^
Ts'ao'^ Piao^ (see No. 749), detachments of which Avore stationed
at the ^ Wei*, and 0f So^, First and Second (J]a.«i; Transport
Stations, which Avere located along the Grand Canal, by which
the grain transport was eflfected. At the head of these stations
there were ^ ^^ Shon' Pei* (see No. 7o2i)), and ^ ,fj Ch'ien'
Tsung' (.see No. 7.52e), designated, according to their duties, as
^ ^ Shou^ Yii*, First Lieutenant on Garrison Duty .and pg j^
Ling* Yiin*, Lieutenant Charged with tlie Conduct of CJrain
Squadrons.
Of late years the grain transport hy sea, '}^ ^ Hai^ Yiin*,
carried on by steamefs of the Jg j^ ^ Chao^ iShang^ Chii'^ (see
No. 789), is gradually putting an end to that by the Grand
Canal.
^ J 835. ^Mf^ Yen2 Yiin* Shih^ Salt Coutrollev (3b ;
^^ , official designation, jM p1 Yihi* Ssu^; epistolary designation,
r^^-''^^ ^'H IV Chuan^ and ^p> jg Tu^ Yiin^ literary designation,
:kBM 'la* Ts'o^ Hsien% ;'C H ^ Ta* Ts'o' Hon*, and ^ ^
|j^ Ta** Ssu^ Fu^j. This official is the Chief Commissioner of
the revenue derived from the provincial salt galielle, ,or salt
monopoly. There are five for the whole Empire: L" MiW.^
yM^M^'-^M. Ch'ang^ Lu^ Yen^ Yiin* Shih> (^hieni Yen^
Fa* Tao"*, Ch'anglu Salt Controller with associate di\ties as Salt
Intendant, residing at Tientsin, 2. Hi M WM iM M Mtk 'M
Shani Tungi' Yen' Yiin* Shih^ Chien^ Yen' Fa^ Tao*, Shantung
Salt Controller with associate duties as Salt Intendant, residing
at Chinanfu, 3. M 'M ^ M M M ^ i^ fj ^^^'^^g' Huai"^
Yen' Yiin" Shih' Chieni Pingi Pei* Hsien', Lianghuai .^alt
Controller, with the rank of Military Circuit Taotai, residing at
[ il4 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
m m M Yang= Clioui FuS Yan^chow, 4. ^ jf Jl ffi H JI f^' 835a
Liang^ Che^ Chiang^ Nan^ Yen^ Yiin* ShIh^ Liangche
(Ohekiang) Salt Controller, residing at Hangchow, and 5. ^
"M ^M iM Kuang3 Tung^ Y^en^ Yiin* Shih', Kuangtung Salt
Controller, residing at Canton.
835a. Under the supervision o£ the Salt Controller (whose
office is designated H il ^ 1|^ f^ H "^'en^ Yiiu* Shih^ Ssu' Ya"
Men'') there are the following officials : 1. jM Ir] Yiin* T'ung^,
Assistant Salt Controller (full designation, ^ j^ ^ 3^ [r] Yen'
Yiin^ Ssu^ Yiin^ T'ung^ ; literary designation, [g] |^ T'ung^
ChuanS and |g || Fu^ Chuan^ ^ ^ Ts'o' ErhS and ± ($ ^
Ta* Tso^ Fu*, also ^ "^ Fen^ Ssu^) ; 4b ; one in Shantung,
Chihli and Kuangtung provinces, 2. ^ .^ fn] ^U
Chien^ Ch'e*
T'ung-^ (Jhih' (also ^ ^ 'g' Chieu' Ch'c* Kuau^), Inspector of
Salt Distribution ; 5a ; two in Kiangsu province and one in
Shansi, 3. M w'i ^ 'i^^* Fu^, Deputy
Assistant Salt Controller
(full designation, ^ Jl f^ g'J f^' ^'en' Y'un^ Shih^ Fu* Shih^; also
styled ^ nj Feu' Ssu^; compare the above Y'iin'' T'ung^) ; oB :
one in Chekiang province, 4, J§ ^ T'i' Chii^, Salt Inspector
(also ^ fl §; Yen^ T'i^ Chii^; full designation, ^ ^ i^ ^ Yen'
K'o* T'i- Chu^ or ^ ^ g] ^ H Yen'' K'o^ Ssu' Vi' Chu^); 5b;
three in Yunnan province, 5. jM ^il Y"u)i* P'an*, Sub-Assistant
Salt Controller (full designation, ^ jl rI M ^il
Yen' Yiin* Ssu^
Yiin* P'an^; also gij f^ Fu* Chuan^ and ^ 'gj Fen^ Ssu^ ; compare
the above 5^ [^ Yiin^ T'ung', and jg glJ Y^tin^ Fu*) ; 6b ; one in
Chihli, one in Chekiang and three in Kiangsu province, 6.
)g Ching^ Li* (correctly, ^11 M Yen' Ching^ Li*); 7b (see
No. 826), 7. ^M 'K iM Yen' K'o* Ta^ Shih^ (more explicit,
WM ^^iM Yen' K'o* Ssu^ Ta* Shih^) or ^ ^ i^ i^ Yen'
Ch'ang^ IV Shih^ (literary designation, ^ ^ Ts'o' Yin'), Salt
Receiver ; 8a, 8.
jf|^
HI; |^ ± i^ P'ii Yen* IV Shih^ (more
explicit, tt 1^ 9r -X f§^ P'i' Yen* So^ Ta* Shih^ or ^ ^j tt It
gif ;fC f^ Yen2 yin' P'ii Yen* So^ Ta* Shih^), SaH Examiner ;
[ 415 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
I
885b 8a ; superintends the registration
bf bags of salt issued, 9. ^
:/c 1^' K'u^ Ta-* Shih'^ (properly, M ^ :k iM
^'"^' ^^'^* '^'^*
Shih'); 8a (see JS^o. 826), 10. ^U ^ Chih^ Shih* (r*roperly
^ ^Q ^ Yen2 Chih^ Shih* 8b ; (sec No. 830a), and 11. ^%
^ Yen" Hsiin- Chin^ Salt Watchers ; 9b.
83ob. ^M^^i

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
There are noAv thirteen Departments producing salt. 835c
Accordingl}-, from its place of origin, salt bears the following ^q
designations : 1. ^ "^^ Sheng^ Ohing^ Yen^ (salt from Fengtien qqq
province, where there are 20 ^ J^ Yen- Ch'ang^, Salt Works),
-• .M M ^ Ch'ang'' Ln^ Yen- (salt from Chihli province, where
there are ten Salt AYorks), 3. m l/^ W Meng^ Ku' Yen- (salt
fron\ Mongolia), 4. U-l !^ ^ Shan^ Timg^ Yen^ (salt from
Shantung), 5. f^?^^ Liang'* Huai^ Yen^ (salt from Kiangsu
province), 6. ^ ^ ^ I^iang^ Che* Yen^- (salt from Chekiang
province, where there are 32 Salt Works), 7. ^ ^ ^ Fn*
Chien* Yen^ (salt f)-om Fukien province, where there are 14 Salt
Works), 8. ^ ^ ^ Kuang^ Txing^ Yen- (salt from Kuangtuug
province, where there are 12 Salt Works), 9. ^ ^ ^
Ho^ Tung' Yen^ (salt fiom Shansi province, where there are
three Salt Works), 10. f^ ® ^ Shen^ Hsi^ Yen^ (salt fi'om
Shensi province), 11.
'H* ;^ ^ Kan^ Sn* Yen- (salt from
Kansu province), 12. gg j\\ ^ Ssu* Ch'uan^ Yen^ (salt from
Szechwan provnice, where there are 8,832 Salt Wells), and
13. ^ ^ ^ Yiur Nan- Yen^ (salt from Yunnan province,,
where there are 10 Salt AA'ells).
835 c. For particulars as to the Salt Intendant, whicli
title is sometimes ujjplied to the Salt Controller,
and 841.
ser ISos. 835
836. fj; ^ Liang- Tao^ Grahi Intendant (literary
designation, || jg fc^ Chuair" Y'iin^ Shih^: 4a ; Chief Controller
of the provincial revenue from the grain tax, whether collected
in money or in kind. At present there are six Grain Intendants
(later they will be retained only in the provmces of Kiangsu and
Chekiang) : 1. JX ^ ff il jf

PKJCSEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGAKIZATION OF CHINA.
837 Chenkiang- Fu and T'ai Ts'ant;' Cliih Li Chow, residing at
Soochow, 3. mK'MBrS.

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CniNA.
Tsmig^ Chii^, Supreme
Military Board. It was tlie custom tu 838
institute the committee after rehellioii.'?, warfare or physical to
calamities, when the country needed ])aciHcation, or order had to 838a
be restored.
838. ^ g Tao^T'ai^ Taotai (Intendant); 4a ; placed in
administrative control over A^arious sections ot" the provincial
o-overnment] official designation, j^ Tao^ ; epistolary designation,
M ^ Kuan' (:^h^a\ nnd |^ ^ Chien^ Ssn^.
There are the following categories of Taotais : 1. Wi ^^
Ch'iian^ Yeh* Tao^ Industrial Taotai (see Nos. 839 and 83yA),
^- ?^ ^ ii Hsiin' (^hing^' Tao% Police Taotai (see Nos. 840
mid 840a), 3. W& M Yen" Fa^ TaoS Salt Taotai {see No.
841), 4. ^11^ Hai' Kuan' Tao^ Customs Taotai {see No.
842), o. jpj ^ Ho- Tao', Kiver Taotai (see No. 843), and
6- ^^'^'»' ^MM Hsiin' Tao^ Intendant of a Circuit, or & ^
:\rilitarY Taotai (see No. S44).
5i Pingi Pei^ TaoS
For particulars as to the f^ ^ Liang- Tao^ (irain
Intendant, see No. 83G.
S3Sa. b] ?! Ssu' Tao\ Taotai Holding
Brevet Rank **
of Judicial Commissionei- (•^'"^ No. 830). ^^f t'li^ type are the
Taotais : at Tlhua and Clienhsi in Hsinchiang (fi^ ^^1 j[^' ^^
%i i^- ^^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
839 839. id ^ jI Cli'iian* Yeli^ Tao^
Indiistnal Taotai
*Q (nee No. 838); 4a. This official is subovdinated directly to the
Qoa Governor-General or Governor ot the ])rovince to which he is
accredited but, in addition, receives instructions from the
Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce (nee No. 768).
He superintends, within his district, all questions concerning-
agriculture, industry,
commerce and ways and means of
communication. Also, on the establishment of the post of J§
^i pj T'i^ Fa^ Shih' (replacing- the f;^ ^ iM ^"'

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Section Chief; 6 A. He is assisted Ly a glj ,f^ ^ i'lf* K'o^ 839b
Chang^, Assistant Section Chief ; 7a. Also, there are a number ^q
(from two to three in the Section of Posts and Communications 040 a
and from four ro five in the Section of Ceneral Affairs) of ^if ^
K'o^ Yiian'', Secretaries ; 8a.
In all sub-prcvectures, departments and districts there are
found WJ ^ M, Ch'iian* Yeh* Yiian^ Tndusti-ial Deputies, who
are under the control of tlie Taotai and local authorities (see No.
80 1b).
839b. For particulars as to the Industrial Taotais in
!Nranchuria srr Xos. 813 to 813a.
840. >{^ ^ ^ Hsiin^ Chino- Tao', Police Taotai (see No.
838) ; 4a. Although directly
subordinated to the Governor-
(ieneral (or Governor) this official receive instructions from the
Ministry of the Tnterio)' (sr'f No. ;148). He superintends the
police affai)s of the pj-ovince
to which he is accredited.
By
'•
the regulations regarding the reform of the official
system of the "
])rovinces (articles Nos. 14 and 15; srr No.
819b) it is arranged that Police Taotais be gradually appointed
to all the provinces. At present they are foiuid in all ])rovinces,
Fengtien. Kirin, Heilungchiang and the New Doininion
-excepted.
Regulations referring to the Polic(» Taotai were draAvn up,
first by the ^Ministry of the Interior (sanctioned on the 3rd April,
1908; in 15 articles), and, later, by the Committee for Drawing
u]) Regulations for Constitutional Government (with sup[)lements
and anienJmcnts : 15 articles ; sanctioned by the Emperoi

PKESENT DAY VOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CRINA
840b Section of General Aiiaii:?, 2. ^7 gt ^- llsino'^ Clienj,^' K\}\
to Section of Administration, 3, ^ ;^j; fif- Ssii^ Fa^ K'o^, Sectioni
841
^^ Judicial Affairs (superintending-, amongst other tilings, the
Judicial Police ; .^ee Nos. 519 to 519a), and 4. ^ {|: ^ij- Wei"*
Sheug^ K'o\ Section of Sanitary Affairs. Also, in many ])laces,
the Section of (ieneral Affairs is sub-divided into : ^ at ^4
Ilui^ Ghi^ K'o\ Section of Accomits, W^ ^^ Chiao' Lien'* K'o',
Section of Instruction, and ^ ^ ^^ Wen^ Tu'^ K'o', Corres-
pondence Section.
At the head of each Section there is a ^^j- j^ K'o^ Chang^.
Section Chief; 5a. He is assisted by a glj ^}\ ^ Vw^ K'o'
Chang', Assistant Section Chief ; Ga. Also, there is a fixed
number (three to four) oP 5f3|- ^ K'o^ \ iiau'. Secretaries : 7a.
In all sub-prefectures, departments and districts there ha\ e
)>eeu instituted posts as ^ f^ ^ Ching" W\v^ Cliang^,
Chiefs of
Police, imder whose authority there are placed a number of
jiolice divisions, directed by Jg 'g' Ch'ii^ 'Kuan\ Police Captains
(ayv> Nos. 851 1", and S57b).
84()n. Foi- particulars as to the Police P'aotais of
AIanch\u-ia ser T\o. 814. .
«-il- ^ ;^ ii "^'en- Fa^ Tao\ Salt Taotai ; 4a ; perform-
ing duties similai- to those of the Sail Controller {see No. 835)
who, in virtue of this, is sonictinies styled Salt Taotai {see No.
8.3515).
There are Salt Taotais in nine ])rovuices : 1. tllF^^?^jM
Chiang' Nan'^ Yeiv Ilsiin"" Tao'*, Kiangnaii Salt Taotai, residing
at Nanking, 2. 01 ® ^ ^- it Chiang' Hsi^ Yen= Fa* Tao%
Kiangsi Salt Taotai, residing at Nanclrang, 3. M ^ ^ '/£ W,
llo'^ Timg' Yen- Fa"* Tao\ Hotung Salt Taotai, residing at
P'uchow Fu, 4. ^ ^ ?M |SJ fb ^ tli iM. ^''"'S'-' ( 'h-ing* Clung*
Ku^ Hua' Yen' Fa' Tao', Salt Taotai of the Prefectnres of P'ing
Liang Fn and ('h'ing Yen Fu and of the De))artments of Ching
Chow Chih Li Chow, Ku Yuan Chili Li Chow and Ilua
[ 422 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
F'ing C'hih Li Chow, residing at ^ ^ jj^ P-ing^ Liaug^ Fu', 842
o. WiMWtliM Fir Chien^ Yen^ Fa* Taotai, residing
Tao% Fukien Salt tO
at Fooehow, 6. i^Q 4t ^ '^ ^M Ku' Pei^ Yen^
s>^.j_
Fa^ TaoS Hiipeh Salt Taotai, residing
W^M^M ^'en'' Fa^ Ch'ang'^ Pao^ Tao*,
at Wuch'ang, 7.
Salt Taotai of the
Prefectures of Ch'ang Sh'a Fu and Pao Ch'ing Fu, residing at
Ch'angsha. 8. B }\\ ^ ^ ^M
^su* Ch'uan^ Yen^ (Jh'a^ TaoS
Salt and Tea Taotai of Szechwan, residing at C'h'cntc Fu, and
9- S ^ ^ *^ 5l ^^"ii' ^^an2 Yen= Fa* Tao*, Yiinnan Sai.
Taotai, residing at Yunnan Fu. Also, in the province of Shensi,
the duties of Salt Taotai are performed by the Police Taoia;
{see No. 840), who is styled M ^ W "^ Chien^ Kuan^ Yen" Fa'
[formerly the Taotai of the Military Circuit performed these
luties, 1. 5/5 ^mm ^^^^^' Pi'^' ^'e"' ^^^' Tao*).
The majority of the Salt Taotais mentioned above act
simultaneously as Military Circuit Taotais (see No. 844).
^^-- MMM, Hai^ Kuan' Tao', Customs Taotai (literary
designation, 4| f^ (ni'ueh* ShihS and |f ^ Kuan' Tu') ;
performing the duties of Superintendent of Customs (see No.
833). This is an independent post at Tientsin alone ('^ f^ ^ ^
Chin^ Hai^ Kuan' Tao* ; see No. 833c. Formerly
there was an
independent Customs Taotai at Harbin (;^ '{j^ §^ j^ I'iu' Chiang'
Kuan' Tao*).
843. jpj ^ Ho- Tao*, Eiver Taotai; 4a. As an
independent ofhcial this Taotai is found in the province of Chihli
alone and is styled 7j< ^ fSl ^ Yung^ Ting* Ho- Tao*. He
resides at j^ ^ |^ Ku* An' Hsien'. The similar official for
Shantung (|1| ^ jM M M Shan' Tung' Yiin* Ho^ Tao*, residing
at
J^- ^ Chi* >;.H Ning^ Chou') and for Honan (^MM^^M
K'ai' Kueii Ch'en- Hsii^ Ho^ Tao*, residing at |^ ^f /j^
K'ai'
Feng' Fxi') no longer exists.
844. 5> ^«> 5l Fen' Hsiur Tao*, and ^ ^ it
Fen' Shou*
Tao*, Taotai (Tntendent) of a Circuit ; 4a ; literary designation,
[ ^23 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITrCAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
844a f^ p\ Chien^ Ssu' official ;• (leHiguatioii, ^^ ^ Kuan' Cli'a-, and
"l^'-^o' to MM T'ai'. Also ^iMM l'i"g' Pei= Tao^ ISIIlitai-.v-
844b Administrative Taotai ; 4 a (sometimes ^ y^ ^ ^^ IM.
^"'''^^
Hsiin^ Ping^ Pei* Tao\ Military Oircuit Taotai). This official
,-s----'- is charg-ed with the administration of two, or moi;e^ prefecturos ,
independent sub-prefectnres or dcjiartments,
the names of which-
are preiixed to his title (for instan-e, the Shanghai Taotai is
designated H fe :*; al ^"^ ^^'"g' l^'"' TaoS Taotai of the
prefectures of Soochow Fu and Sung Chiang Fu and of the
sub-prefecture of T'ai Ts'ang" Chih Li Chow, the Taotai of
Chef00 is styled ^M^MM ^J^'^ng^ Lai^ Ch'ing^ Chiaoi Tao^
Taotai of the prefectures of Tengchow Fxi, Laichow Fu, and
Ch'ingcho'O' Fu and the sub-prefecture of Chiao Chow Chih Li
Chow, etc). At ports open to foreign t^-ade he performs diplomatic
functions, being intermediary in all intercourse with foreigners.
"
With very few exceptions (compare Nos. '833a and 833c) he
is also the Superintendent of Customs (compare No. 833)
At present there are the following Taotais : six in Chihli
province, three in Shantung ])r()vince, two in Shansi ]irovince,
four in Honan proNince, four in Kiangsu province, two in Anhui
province, two in Kiangsi piovince, three in Fukien province,
four in Chekiang province, four in Hupeh province, three in
Hunan province, three in Shensi province, six in Kansu province,
foxu- in Szechwan province, six in Kuangtung province, four in
Kuangsi province, one in Kueichow province,
four in Yunnan
proA'ince and three in Hsinchiang province. 'J'hiis there are 68
Taotais for China pro])er and, Avith INLmchuria (there are 1 1 Taotais
here ;
sec No. 816), there arc 79 for the Emijire as a whole.
844a. The posts of ^ gj ^ Ch-a^ U^^ Tao^ Taotai of
the Tea and Horse lievemie, and T^ B3 ^ T'un=^ T'ien^ Tao*,
Taotai of Agricultural Settlements, ai-e now abolished.
844r.. The "regulations regarding the reform of the official
System of the provinces'" (article No. 17 ; see No. 819b) call for
[ 424 ]

NT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
the abolition of the post of Taotai of a Circuit (^ j^ jg
Shou"' 844c
Hsiin- Tao*). For each jHovince there will he retained the to
^ iM M l^i'ig" Pei* Tao*, ^Military Circuit Taotais (from one to
o^g
three), who will be specially charg-od with the capt-aring of
criminals and the moA'in^ of militarv forces. Simultaneously
there will he abolished the posts of ^ ;^ oj K'u* Ta^ Shih' (srr
No. 826) and ^ i^ f^" Ts'ang^ IV Shili^ (sec No. 826) which
are foiuid at the Taotai's Otiice. ^
844c. For particulars as to the Ofiice of a Taotai iu
Manchuria srr No. 816a.
845. ^ 5^ Chih^ Tsao*, Superintendents of the Imperial
^[anufactei'ies- (at Nanking, Soochow and Hangchow); appointed
from the Manchu members of the Imperial Household ; literary
designation, ^ ^ Shang' I^, p] §g Ssu^ Fu^ and ^^ || ^ Ta"*
Fu^ Fu^). They superintend the manufactiu'e and despatch of
the silk textiles and other re

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
347 Independent Departments and Independent Sub-prefectnres
differ from ordinary Departments and tSub-prefectures in that
they enjoy a government independent of the Prefect (compare
No. 8-48) and are subjected directly to the Taotai (compare No.
84:4) and other officials of tiie higher provincial administration.
Prefectures differ from Inde])endent Departments and
Independent Snb-prefectiues (the mnn'ber of the latter, as
compared with that of prefectures, is small) in that they are
completely organized
adniinistrative iniits and contain within
their borders a number of departments, sub-prefectures and
districts. Independent Departments,, by their form of govern-
ment, approach prefectures (in the majority of cases they have
been organized from ordinary, departments which ha\ e been,
removed from the prefectural authority) in that they may include
districts, though ordinary departments are never subordinated to
them.
Independent Sub-prefectures represent a loAver form of local
government and are in themselves administrative de])artments
\\ hich have been made independent of the prefectural government
because of their importance or territorial magnitude.
Independent Departments and Sub-prefectures represent
intermediate stages in- the transformation of ordinary departments
and sub-prefectures into prefectures. For this reason they are
observed to l^e most numerous on the borders of the Empire.
The whole Empire includes 214 Prefectures, 75 Independent
Departments, 54 Independent Sub-prefectures, 139 Departments,
57 Sub-prefectures and 1,381 Districts,
847. The appointments of officials heading the administra-
tion of Prefectures, Departments and Sub-prefectnres
(independent or otherwise) and Districts,
as well as of Taotais
(see No. -844) are arranged, in dependence on their importance
and volume of affairs, into fovu- categories: 1. ^ ^ Tsui^
Yao'*, Most Important, 2. ^ ^ Yao' Ch'ueh', Important
[ 420 J

PKESKNT DAY POLITICAI. OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.
3. Ffi ^ Chung^ (Jh'iieli', Medium, and 4. p^ |^ Cli.ien^ 848
C^h'iieh^ Ordinary. They are popularly callied " four-chai-acter, tO
three character, two, character and one character posts," the first «4Q
being distinguished by having the four characters ^ ^ ^ ^
Ch'ung^ Fan^ Pi^ Nan", " Frequented, Troublesome, Wearisome
and Difficult,'' attached to it, the second has any three of these,
the third has any two and the fourth has any one.
^^^' %W M ^l»il^^ Fu^, Prefect ; 4j{ ; official designation,
^ Shou' ; epistolary designation, ;jj^ ^
T'ai^ Shou^ or ^ :gh
T'ai* Tsun^ This post originated in the Han Dynasty. The
l*refect styles himself, when enumerating his titles, JE ^ CJheng''
T'ang^, or, in the literary style, '^ ^ Huang^ T'ang^, 5^ ^ Wu^
Ma^^, or i: ^ ;g Erh^ VAi'ien' Tan-*.
In principle the Prefect's authority extends to all branches
of the administration of his prefecture but latterly the Government
has endeavoured to remove certain sections of governmental
activity from his control, for instance, police and judicial affiiirr
education, etc., and leave to him merely the general guidance of
the administration.
In the very early days the I'refect was styled 5|5 "^ Chiin*
Shou^ (also ^J fj^ Chiin^ Po^ :^ gjj fj^ Ta^ Chiin^ Po", and
:k M ^ Ta^ L'hiin* Hoii^j, from gj^ CHiun*, Prefecture,
administrative vmit (during the time of ^ $n ^ "^
Huang* Ti% ^,.C. 221).
the then
Ch'in'^ 8he^
The Prefect of the prefectm-e in which the provincial capital
is situated is designated "j^ jj^ Shou^ Fu^
&-19. [^ ^[1 T'ung2 ChihS' First Class Sub-prefect (see No.
848); 5a; collotiuially called, ^ J^ Erh* Fu^ and aC ^ Erh*
Shou'; epistolary designation, p] ^ Ssu^ Ma^, and ^ /j^ Fen'
Fu^; literary designation, gjS ^ Cliiin* Ch 'engS ;/c 1^ ^ Ta*
Erh* Hou^ and :^^f^Tii' Tsan^ Chih^ during tiie T'ang
Dynasty called 'J^ ^ Shao* Yin^
L 427 ]

840a 15eing
'
/
PRESENT DAY POJ.ITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
direct assistants of the Prefect it) the various bi-anches
of the prefectux-al government, [^ ^ TMmg^ Chih^ {\re divided,
depending on thei)- functions, into several classes, for Instance :
1. Assistant Prefects charged
with the control of certain
classes of. offenders are designated J4 }f Chi' Pu', fpj Jg Ho^
l'u^ m ^* r^'' Tao^ m m Tsnng^ Vu\ # Jf Tu^ Pu^ ^ }f
Yen^ Pii', 1^ }§ Chun' Pu^ and )g Jf Liang' Pu'; 2. Assistant
"^refects with military jurisdiction are styled J^ ^ Ch'ingH"^hun',
1^ )g Cniiin' Liang2, M ^ Ho^ OhiinS and Jf ^ Li^" Shih*,
3. Assi.'^tant Prefects in chai'ge of naval (construction are called
J|§ B^ Ch'uan^ Cheng^; 4. Assistant Prefects in charge of water
commnnications are styled ^ ^ Ho" Wu'*, ^ j'pj Kuan^ Ho'-,
and :^ ^\\ Shni^ Li''; 5. Assistant Pi-efects having control over
.the coast and river defences are designated ^ j5§ Chiang^ Fang*,
^ 15^ Fen^ Fang2, ^ ^Jj Hai^ Fang'^ and mW Ho^ Fang^;
6. Assistant Prefects with jurisdiction over the population of
turbulent districts and savage tribes are styled ^ _g Fu' Miu^,
M M ^^'i' I', m ^ T>i' Yao^ ^ ^ Li' Miao^ Jg ^ Li^ FanS
The foregoing qualifying characters are prefixed to the title
1^ ^D T'ung' ChihS for instance, || Jf PJ ^ Chi* Fu^ Chih^
T'ung^
For particulars as to Sub-prefects in charge of a sub-
prefecture, whether independent oi- othei-wise, see Nos. 852 and
849a. jg f\] T'uug^ P'anS Second Class Sub-prefect (see
No. 848 ; compare also No. 849) ; 6a ; colloquially called, ^ f^
San' Fu'; epistolary designation, ^|J ^ Pieh' Chia* ; literary
designation, 5§ ^ T'uug^ Shou^ # Ts'ui*, |j5 ^ Chiin" IVui^
•:k ^RB & Ta^ Tuan^ Tso^ or :A: ^ ?§ Ta^ Tsan^ Chih*.
As is the case with |^ ^ T'ung^ Chih^ (see No. 849), jg fsjj
T'uiig' P'an* are also distinguished, according to their functions,
by \ arious : designations, namely 1 . |^
|^ Chi* Pu^, 2. }g ^flj

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Pu^' Ho^ 3. li ^ Pu^ Tao\ 4. |g ff Tsiing^ tV, 5. ^ }| 85a
Yen2 Pu^ 6. ^- ^ Ch'ing-i (jhv,ni^ 7. 3^ ^ LP 8iiihS 8.
^ ||(; Fen^ FangS y. ^rj; ^|J 8lmi^ LiS 10. ^ ^ 7k M
Tu' Li=* Shui^ Lis 11. ^11 Kuan3 LlangS 12. '^ ff Tu^
Liang^ 13. ^ Jf Yen^ Ts'ao^, 14. §£ |^ Fu' Miir, 15.
In p Fu3 12, and 16. ^ |5 LP Miao^
For particulars as to Second Class Sub-prefects administer-
ing the government of sub-prefectures, whether independent or
otherwise,
5e

PRKSENT DAY POLITICAI. ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
850a nnolassed, 16. I^ ^ T"* Cli'cng^, Postmaster (sec No. 754%
nnclasped, 17. ^ ^ Clia-'Kuan^, Sluicekeeper, iinclassed,
18. 1^ ^ Chien^ Hsiao*, Prefectural Police Inspector,
imclassed, 19. ]£ fJf ("lieng* K'o^ (also ^ ^ I^ Hsueli'^
•g'
Kuan',' ^'C M t3 'i'^* ''.iuio--^ IlsiangS and ;fc i«I P '^^^ K^i^''
I^), Prefectnral Physician : 9b, and 20. iE f^ (V'ng^ Sim'
(also ^ 1^ P f Yin^ Yang- Hsueh^ KnanS aiid ;/^ ^ f^- Ta^
Cliang^ Shu*), Prefectural Tnsj)ector of Petty Professions (or
Humble Professions).
(omhig into the category of followers of liumble professions
are the following: 1. ^. m Suan'* ^fing*. Fortune-tellers,
2. 19 If Hsiang* Mien^ Physiognomists, .').
v|l] ^ Ts'e* TzuS
Chirographists, 4. rfj ^ (^lian' KV, Diviners, .'), |0 Mi 7Jt
Hsiang* Fengi Shui^ (Jeomancers, 6. M ^^ Wu^ Vhi',
Jugglers, 7. fl JSJ S S Chiang^ Bxr Mai^ I', Conjurers,
8. 11 ^ HsiV Tzu3, Actoi's, 9. ^^ Mai* Hsi*, Jesters,
10. ^^ Mai* Oh'vJanl Stret^t Wrestlers, 11. '^ ^ Shuo'
Shu', Story-tellers,
12. M M i^ M ^n^ ^^'^'ao' Sciig' Tao',
and J^^ f^ ai! Yu^ Fan^^ Seng' Tao\ Wandering IJuddhist
and Taoist Priests, 13. ^ ^ Ya- P'o', Women Dentists,
14. 1%^ on*
Wen^ P'o', Midwives, 15. ft; gf K'ai* T
Beggar Chiefs and 16. ^ ^ Lin* Se*, or :^ ^ Liu' Ghii", ?\c.
those belonging to the following six groups: A. Q^* ^ Ch'ui'
Shou^ and ^ 3^ Ku' C'h'ni', Pipeis and Drummers (so-called
M M Ts'u' Yiieh*, Oarse or Noisy :\Iusic), P. fn ^ Ch'hig'
Yin', Flute players (so-called |0I |$| Hsi* Y'ueh*, Soft or
Melodious ^lusic), C. 1^^ P'ao* Shou^,
Fire-cracker Makers.
t..2
1^- ^ /fll C;hang' Li^ Managers of Cei-emonies, E. ^|® i-'h':
Tan\ Tea P.earers, F. |f ^ T'ai^ P'an^, and ^I 1^ K'ang"-^
Chiao*, Chair-bearers.
8oOa. Althougli the "regulations regarding the reform of
the official system of the provinces," articles Nos. 21 and 2 7
(5^^ No. 819b), provide that the Prefects {sre No. S4S) be
[ 430 ]

FKKSENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.
subordinated to the Governor-General or Governor (see Nos. 851
820 to 821), nevertheless, in addition, they are to receive tO
instructions from the Lieutenant-Governor (see No. 825), the ggj
Commissioner o^ Education (see No, 827), the Industrial Taotai
(see No. 839), and the Police Taotai (see No. 840).
As regards First and Second Class Sub -prefects (see Nos.
849 to 849a), those who are placed in independent control of any
district (see Nos. 852 and 854) -will be appointed as Department
Magistrates (see No. 855) and District Magistrates (see No.
856). The others, acting as Sub-prefects in various branches of
the administration (see Nos. 849 to 849a), will remain as before,
\^'ith the exception that their desionation j§ ^]} T'ung^ r'an"*
(see No. 849a), will become |gj ^0 T'ung' Chih^ (see No. 849).
851. "if ^ #1 ^D #1 Chih2 Li* Chou^ Chih^ ChouS Magis-
trate of an Independent Department (see No. 846); 5a; official
designation, !^ MuS >j'[f^ Chou^ :\ru* and ;^ jfj ^ Ta* Ohoui
Mu* ; epistolary designation, ^l] ^ Tz'u* Shih'. When design-
ating himself the Magistrate uses the expression j£ ^^ Cheng*
T'ang2.
The duties and authority of a Magistrate of an Inde))endent
Department are siniilar to those of a Prefect and 848).
(compare Nos. 846
851a. For the administration of an Independent Depart-
ment, in addition to the Magistrate (see No. 851), there are the
following:
1.
>Jj>\ fpj Chou^ T'ung^, First Class Assistant
Department Magistrate; 6b (epistolary designation, ^Ij ^ Pieh^
Ohia*, #1 fs] ^ Chou^ Ssu^ Ma', and >J.I.I ^ ^ Chou^ F.rh-*
Shou^), 2,
jjl Chou^ §']} P'an", Second Class Assistant
Department Magistrate; 7b (epistolary designation, ifj'f ^Ij ^
Choui Pieh^ ChiaS and ^ ^ Ts'an^ Ghiini), 3. ;^ g Li*
Mu*, Departmental Police-master and Jail Warden; 9b (literary
designation, ^^ J)} ^ Ta'' Kung^ Ts'ao^ and j^ ji

862
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OF.GANIZATION OF CHINA.
851b 5. ^ ^C H^ Ts'angi Ta^ Sliili' (5^^ No. 826); unclassed,
^Q 6.
^A,
^ jE Hsueh^ Cheng*, Dei)artmental Director of Schools;
7.
gljj ^ Hsiiii* Tao*, Departmental Sub-director of
Schools; 8b (for details 5.^^ No. 857), 8. ;^ :^ (^hien^ Hsiao*
(.>v

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
see No. 849a ; 6a). These officials are found in Independent. 853
Sub-prefectures {see No. 84G) and have similar functions to ^O
Prefects (sec No. 848) and Depa"tment Magistrates {see No.
855-
851).
853. In addition to the Sub-prefect (see No. 852), the
administration of an Independent Sub-prefecture is carried on by
officials almost similar to those of the prefectural administi'ation,
namely: 1. MM ^'hing^ LiS 2. ^, ^ Cliao* Mo^ 3. J^
:f^ i^ K'u* Ta* Shih% 4. ^D ^ C'hih^ ShihS 5. Mi

866b
PKE8ENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
855a are under the authority of the Prefects of the respective
^Q
Prefectures.
855a. For carrying on the govei'nment of a Department
there are, in addition to the Department Magistrate (see No.
855), ahnost similar officials as for an Independent Department
(see No. 851a), namely
: 1.
>Jff jg] Chou^ T'ung^ ; 6b, 2. j^ f\}
Ohou^ P'an''; 7b,
4
3. |^ @ Li* Mu*; 9b, 4. ^ IE Hsiieh''
Cheng"; 8a, 5. f |j ^ Hsun* Tao* ; 8b, 6.
./^ /^ Chien'
Hsiao"; unclassed, 7. 5(1 i| ^ ;^ f^ Shui" K'o" Ssu^ Ta'
Shih'; 9b (see ]

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
^ #1 M ^'"^ ^'lio"^ HsienS Prefects and Magistrates, of 857
the A'arioiis classes
•
(colloquially spoken of and addressed as
^ ^ ^ Ta^ Lao^ Yeh^), who, in the execution of their varied
and very complicated duties, are the nearest to the people (they
are in direct comnnuiication with them). The same officials are
known under the general designation of ^ >^* 'B*
Kufin^, Local (Territorial) Officials.
"^
i* i'ang'
857. For cairying on the administration of a District
there are, in addition to the District Magistrate (see ISo. 856 j,
the following: 1. ^ ^ lisien^ Cli'eng-^,
^Magistrate ;
Assistant District
8a (colloquially called, ^ ^ Tso' T'ang^; epistolary
designation, ^ ^ Erh* Yin'; literary designation, ^ }^ Tsari'*
Fu\ and ;fc ^ fe Ta^ Tsan^ Hou^), 2. ^ fg Chu^ Pu-',
Registrar ; 9a (epistoiarj' designation, ^ ^ San' Y^in^ ; literary
designation, {Ji § Ch'ou^ Hsiang'), 3. ^M Wl Hsihi^ Chien^
Sub-di s t rict JSI agistrat e ; 9b (epistolary designation, ^ ff] Fen'
•Ssu', a k?ub-district is called gj Ssu'; sec iSo. 857b, ^ ^ Shao'*
Y'in^ ^ it ^> Hsiin'^ CJheng* T'ing\ ^ % Hsiin^ Ssu\ and
ic ^ M Ta' Ssu' Hsihi^), 4. ^ ^ Tien^ Shih^
Jail Warden
(colloquially called, ^^ _^ Pu^ T'ing' ; literary designation, ^ ^
Yu* T'ang" ; epistolary designation, ;^ i*)" Shao" Yii*, ^J} ^
Shao* Yin^ ^ Ji Lien^ Pu^, /J> J^^. Shao'' Ful ~X 'J> M Ta^
Shao^ Fu^ a i^ V Y'iiS and p'c K ®f ^a* Tsan^ Cheng*) ;
unclassed, 5. ^^ (Uiiao* Y^ii*, District Director of Schools;
8a (literary designation, ^ |f( Fu* Y"ti-; from the full official
title ^W^Wi^i Fu^ She^ Chiao* Y^ii*, which indicates "the
restoratijn of the office after its temporary abolition in the last
centurj'"; epistolary designation, r] ^ Ssu^ Chiao^, and fp ^
Hsun* Tao*, Sub-director of Schools ;
Cheng* ChaiO, 6.
|J|| ^
8b (literary designation, ^ ^|| Fu* Hsiin*, from the full official
title ^ ^ 111 ^ Fu* She* Hsun* Tao*, sec above ; epistolary
-designation, ^ |j|{ Ssu^ Hsiin', and glj ^ Fu* C:hai'), 7. ^ :/c
i^ Ts'ang' Ta* Shih^ (see No. 826); unclassed, 8. f^ f Cha^ .2
[ 435 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CUINA.
857a Kiian^ is&& No. 850); unckssed, 9. .
to Keeper o£ a Customs Barrier; unclassed, 10.
-^
'g* Ch'ia" ICuan^,
|j|j fj[ Hsiin'* K'o^,
QgQ District Physician; unclassed, and 11.
|||| ff^
Hsiin^ Shu*,
District Inspector of Petty Professions (or Humble Professions).
85 7 A. For particulars as to the -^ '/§ ^ Tso* Ohih* Yiian',
Auxiliary Hanks, which will later be found in the district
administration, aee No. 851b.
857b. The "regulations regarding' tlie reform of the
official system in the provinces" (article No. 31 ; see No. 819b)
define that all Independent Departments and Sub-prefectures, as
well as Departments and Districts, be later diA'ided into a certain
number of |^ Ch'u\ Divisions, which will be under jg ^g* Ch'ii^
Kuan\ Police Captains {see No. 840a), who will be in full
control of all police affairs in their resjjective divisions.
Simultaneously, the post of j^ ;^ Hsiui^ Chien^,' Sub-district
Magistrate {see No. 857) will be abolished.
858. ^ J^ Tso^ Erh*, Assistant Magistrate; of Prefectiu-es,.
Departments and Districts; literary designation, ^ -^ Cli'eng'^
Ts'ui^
858a. j^ H Tso^ Tsa^ Petty Ofl^icials. In this category
come Assistant Magistrates, Secretaries to the Prefect, etc., of
the eighth rank, who are styled ^ Tso', and minor officials, of
the ninth rank and of unclassed rank, who are styled ^^ Tsa^.
Later the ^ % Tso=^ Erh'' {see No. &58) and the ^ |§
Tso^ Tsa^ are to be abolished, being replaced b}' "J^ ^ ^ Tso^
Chill* Yiian^, Auxiliary Ranks (for details see No. 851b).
859. To the number of government establishments common
to nearly all the provinces, and performing special functions,
there may be added the following: 1. ?^ f^ ^ Yang^ Wu*
Chu-, Office of Foreign AfFairs (^ 'S

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,
T'ung^ Cluian^ Chii^, Office for the Collection of Consolidated 860
Duties (under ^ f^ T'mig^ Chiiaii^, Consolidated Duties, is
meant the simultaneous collection of ^ f|^ Ch'i^ Shui*, Import
Duty, and ^ |^ Lo"* Shui*, Duty at the Place of Sale—
^ ^ M $E Ch'i^ Lo^ Ping* ChengO, 3. ^ f§ ^ Li^ ChUan'
Chu%Likin Station, 4. '^^^ Ivuan^ Pao* ChiiS Government
Newspaper Office (found in provinces
where a Government
Newspaper is, published, for instance, at Tientsin, where the
^Wl^Wt Pei^ Yang2 Kuan' Pao* is published), 5. ^* ^ ^
Kuan' I' Yfian*, Public Dispensary (see No. 517); supplying
free medical advice and having a '^f^ ^ ^ Niu^ Tou* Chii^,
Vaccination Office, 6. ^ /M ^ Chih^ Ying* Chii', Treasury ;
for the issue of money for public use, 7. '^ Mi ^ Wei* Sheng^
Chi'i^, Sanitary Office ; superintending sanitary
cities, 8. X5g^ Kung^ Ch'eng^ Ohu^ Building
conditions of
Offica ;
superintending the construction of pavements and roads, the
macadamizing of roads and their maintenance in
repair,
^' li ^ ^ Pien^ I' Chii^, Book Compilation and Translation
Office ; charged with the translation- of foreign
books and the
compilation of Chinese books, 10. ^^ tC M ^'^^^ I'^iian" Chii^,
and dll X ^ T'nng^ Y^'iian^ Chii*, ]Mint ; formerly minting silver
(IS 7t) ^"1^ Ylian'O and copper (Ipj jQ T'ung^ Yiian'^) coins;
noAv being gradually replaced by the 'M- ^ ^ M. Tsao* Pi* Fen^
Ch'ang' (see No. ooIb), 11, ^ 11 J^ Ch'ou^ Chen* CVn*,
Relief Committee ; established at those places where the people
need relief because of natural calamities, and 12. ^ ^ ^
Kuan' Slui* Chii^, Provincial Government Printing-Office ; fouiiu
in the majority of the provinces.
860. ^ ^ ^ ,^n 1* ^^"en' Miao* Feng* Ssu* Kuan^
Priest at the Temple of Confucius (7a to 8b; compare No. 572),
This official supervises the sacrificial attributes and maintains the
temple in good condition. The "regulations regarding the
reform of the official system in the provinces "
(article No, 32 ;
[ 437 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
861 see No. 819b) call for the appointment
of this official to all
4-Q prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments and districts to replace
^Q^^
the so-called ^ ^ Chiao* Chih^ {i.e. ^ :jf Chiao* Shou*, ^ J£
Hsiieh^ Cheng^ ^ f^ Chiao* YiV, and |J|1 ^ Hsiin^ Tao^ 5^i?
Nos. 850, 85lA, 853, 855a and 857).
Districts.
ADMINISTRATION OF "NATIVE" DISTRICTS.
861. ± 'ir T'u^ Kuan', Administrators of "Native"
The sections of the provinces of Kuangsi, Kueichow^
Yunnan and Szechwan which are inhabited exclusively bj the
pa ^ Miao^ Tzu^, and other aboriginal tribes, are, in some
cases, organized into prefectures, departments or districts ruled
by hereditary Prefect?, Department Magistrates
or District
Magistrates, who bear the ordinary Chinese offi^cial titles with
the character ^t T'u', prefixed, for instance, i, }^ T'u^ Fu^,
± ji'l T'u^ ChouS and ± jj^ T'u^ Hsien^
The process of changing the status of a tribe, i.e. introducing
the ordinary system of government in place of the direct
government by an hereditary chieftain, is denoted by the phrase
^±n'M Kai^ T^u^ Wei^ Liu^ (or ^±Mm Kai^ T'u^
Kuei' Liu^).
861 A. ±^ Tn' Ssu', The Native Tribes: and their
Chieftains. This is the designation applied to the j§ ^ Miao^
Tzu^ of Kuangsi, Kueichow an(l Szechwan, to the ^ ^ !
i| ^
Lo^ Lo', of Szechwan and Yiinnan, and to the Shans occupying
the Southern and Western parts of Yunnan. The last-named
are the descendants of the people of |^ ^ Yiieh* Shang*, and
are styled in Chinese literature ^ f^ Lao^ Chua^. The Shans
of the borderland of Yunnan and Burmah style themselves, and
are commonly known as, J|| ^ Pai^ I^.
[ 438 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
The chieftains of the above-mentioned and other tribes are 86S
invested with ranks of different grades, as ^hown in the following ^q
schedule: 1. ^ M ff ^ Hsiian^ Wei* Shih^ Ssu^ ; 3b,
MMi^m Hsiian^ Fu* Shih^ Ssu^ ; 4b, 3. Jg M iM ^
Chao^ T'ao^ Shih' Ssu^ ; 5b, 4. ^ ||a fg ^ An^" Fii^ Shih^
Ssu\; 5b, 5.
fgj ^Q T'nng^ Chih'; with rank varying from 3b to
6 A, 6. glj f^ Fu* Shih?; with rank varying from 4b to 6 b, and
7. "^ ^ Ch'ien^ Shih'*; with rank varying from 4a to 7a.
Another type of tribal, government shows the following
ranks: 1. ^ f^ Ch'ien'^ Hu"* (chieftain of one thousand; 5a),
2. S!l "T ^ ^^^ Ch'ien^ Hu* (assistant chieftain of one
thousand; 5b), 3. "g" p Po^ Hu* (centurion; 6a), 4. ^ "^ %
^ 'g* Chang' Kuan^ Ssu^ Chang^ Kuan'; 6a, 5.
glj g 'g Fu*
Chang-' Kuan^; 7a, and 6. M 'M pI M B Chang^ Kuan' Ssu^
Li^ Mu*; unclassed.
EASTERN TURKESTAN
862. The province of ^ U Hsin^ Chiang^ (full designation,
"M* 1; if M W ^'^^^ Su* Hsin' Chiang' Sheng'), New
Dominion of Kansu (see Nos. 819 to 819a ; also called Eastern
or Chinese Turkestan), formerly called ^ j^ Hsi' Yii*, Western
Border, was formed in 1884 from the territory situated on the
two slopes of the T'ien Shan (^ Ul ^ 4fc ^ S& T'ieni Shan^
Nan^ Pei^ Liang' Lu*) and is governed
of the remaining 18 provinces of China proper,
on lines similar to those
and those of
Manchuria, in that the administrative head is the Governor (see
No. 821 a). Some peculiarities, however, exist in its governmental
system, which are explained by its population by Turkish,
Mongolian and Manchurian races (see Nos. 863 to 865).
863. The Mussulman population of Hsinchiang (in Chinese,
[g] ^ ihn* Min^ ; also ^f M U IH Ch'an^ T'ou^ Hui? Hui^
Tvu'ban-wearing Mussulmen) is nded by its generic chieftains,,
[ ^39 ]
863

864
PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.
868a
to
the so-called Begs (in Chinese fj^ ^ Po'' K'o*), who are graded
according to their '
importance in six classes : 1. ^ ^ /tC f^ ]^
A" Ch'i' Mu* Po^ K'o^ Ak'im Beg; Local Governor, 2.
^ ft ^ fj^ ^ I^ Shih^ Han^ Po^ K'o*,
'
Ishhan Beg ; Assistant
Governor, 3. |^ f|5 ^ Shang*
Po' K'o*, Shang Beg ;
Collector of Revenues, 4. Hi Hl^ .^ fl^ ^ Ka^ Tsa^' Na^_
Ch'i^ Po2 KV, Katsonatch'i Beg (as above), 5. P^J^fj^;^ Ha*
•Tzu^' Po^ K'o*, Hatsze Beg ; Judge, and 6. ^ i!| :^ f|^^ Mi*
La' Pu* Po"^ K'o'*, Mirabu Beg ; Superintendent of Agriculture.
The Mussulrtian tribes in the depailments of Hami (Up- ^
i^ Ha" Mi* T'iugS Hamul) and T'urfan {n± # W ^T'u^ Lu»
Fan^ T'ingS or ^ ^ J^ Kuang^ An^ Ch'eng'^ Kqnia-T'urfan)
have a type of administration approaching the Mongolian, Le.
they are arranged in Princedoms (Banners) ruled hy generic
chieftains—Dzassaks—who often receive Princely titles (^
Wang2, J. IJfj Pei^ Lo*, etc.).
863a. The Kirghis (P^ ^ ^ Ha' Sa^ KV), nomadizing
in the T'arbagatai region, and under the control of the local
Amban, (see No. 867), are ruled by their generic chieftains,
^ )5 ^ Ch'ien^ Hu* Chang', Chiefs of One Thousand, and
g" ^ ;^ Po^ Hu* Chang', Centujions (compare No. 87 7a).
There are no bearers of Princely titles (Sultan ; 3E Wang^)
amongst them ; the only title found is that of ^ nk "a ^
Hsien^ San^ T'ai^ Chi-, Daidji with no definite rank (see No.
873).
864. The Mongolian, or properly, Oelot (in (liinese
^ ^ !^ E* Lu^ T'e*;, tribes of the old Tourgouth (in Chinese
'M±Wjd i|# Chiu* T'u' Erh' Hu* T'e*) ana Khoshoit (in
Chinese |P ig^ ^ Ho'' Sho* T'e*) divisions, residing in the Hi
district (in the valleys of the Yuldoos, K'obuk and K^ur-K'ara-
usu rivers, and about Kuldja), are divided, as are all Mongols,
into Khoshuns under generic Prince-chieftains, and form two
leagues : 1. Unen-Sutzukt'u (in Chinese ,^ ^ M ^ J| ^ © ^
[ 440 ]

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. -
Wu^ Na^ En^ Su^ Chu^ K«o^ T'u^ Meng^), of 10 Khoshuas, and 865
2. Pat'u-Set'kliilt'u (in Chinese EH^^-^iUliM tO
Pa'T'u' Se" T'6* Ch'i^ Le* T'U^ Meng^), of three Khoshuns.
They are under the control of the Military Governor of Hi {see
No. 866).
865. M 1^ :^ B Ling3 Tui* Ta* Ch'en^ Commandant of
the Forces. Thus are styled the officials at the head of the
military colonists, found in the Hi and T'arbagatai regions, drawn
from .
the
^ f|^
Si^ Be^, Mongols, from the neighbourhood of
of Jehol, ^ •^ So^ Lun^, Manchus, from the region of the
Amur, Ch'akhars, and Oelots. There are four in the Hi region
and one for the Tarbagatai region.
866. -^ ^^ ^ 1g I' Li' Chiangi Chun\ The Tartar
General and Military Governor of Hi {see No. 744c), residing
at ^ ^ Sui' Ting*, Suitun. He is in command of the military
forces of Hsinchiang province in general and, to some extent, is
the head of the Manchu Garrison and the two Mongolian leagues
(see No. 864). The first official of .this category was appointed
in 1764.
867. As assistants to the Military Governor of Hi {see No.
866), for military affairs; there are two §(1 H^ ^ Fu^ Tu^ T'ung^
Brigade-Generals or Assistant Military Governors, {see No.
745b), residing, respectively, at Kuldja and Ch'ukuch'ak (in
'^hinese ^ |^ Ta' Ch'eng^). His assistants for civil affairs are
two ^^;^£ Ts'ar,! Tsan'' .IV Ch'en^ Councillors, or Ambans,
residing, respectively, at Kuldja and Ch'ukuch'ak. To the
latter there is given a great amount of independence in the
government of the T'arbagatai region.
THE DEPENDENCIES OF THE EMPIRE.
868. Included in the Dependencies- of China governed oh
peculiar lines—with a government differing fi-om that of the 19
[ 441 ]
868

I'KESKNT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.
869 provinces o£ China proper, and the provinces of Manchuria— are :
to I- ^ IS ^I^'ng^ Ku', Mongoha, 2. ^ -^ Ch'ing^ Hai%
870a K'uk'unor, and ^ ^ Hsi^ Tsang*, Tibet.
The Ucntral Government Estabhshment invested with the
superintende'iicy over the Dependencies is the Ministry of
Dependencies at Peking (see ^o. 491 a ; formerly
Colonial AiFairs, see No. 491).
into: 1.
A'. Mongolia :
the Court o£
869. ^ -^ Meng' Ku^ Mongolia (see No. 868) is divided
^\> ^ -^ Wai'' Meng^ Kti', Outer, or Northern,
Mongolia, and 2. pj ^ "ji,' Nei* Meng^ Ku^ Inner, or
Southern, Mongolia.
869a. Outer, or Northern, Mongolia (see No. 869) comprise^ -
1. Khalkha (in Chinese D^ fg ]$. K'a^ Erh^ K'a^), 2. The
region of K'obdo (in Chinese -|^ ;j^ ^ K'o^ Pu* To^), 3. The
region of Altai (in Chinese IW M ^ A* ^^rh^ T'ai^) and 4.
"The territory of T'annu-Urianghai (in Chinese f^ ^ ,% '^ ^
T'ang^ Nu^ Wu^ Liang^ Hai^).
870. The Khalkhas {see No. 86!)a) consist of four %
Pu^, Tribes (Mongolian, Aimak) (formerly administrative units):
1. The T'ushet'u-Khanate (in Chinese ± 1^ H vf p|5 T'u'
Hsieh'' T'u'^ Han* Pu^), 2. The Tsetsen-Khanate (in Chinese
^ E if §B ^'^i'^^'

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
During the lapse of time the Aimaks have been divided into 8^1
independent Banners, but the ties of relationship have never been to
forgotten and the eldest Prince is still considered
his respective Aimak.
as the chief of
872-
After the submission of Mongolia to the Manchu Dynasty
now reigning in China the significance of Aimaks and their
rulers declined. The Aimaks of Khalkha,
as administrative
units, are replaced by the Leagues {see No. 872) and the power
of the Khans {see No. 873) by the authority of the Captains-
General of the Leagues {see Ko. 872). Throughout the
remainder of Mongolia the appurtenance of various Banners to
one Aimak is shown by their common designation.
87 L Each Aimak, for military purposes, is a division,
composed of |^ Ch'i^, Khoshun, or Banners, .which are divided
into ^ ^ Tso^ Ling^, Sumung, or Squadrons,
of 150 horsemen
each. Six Squadrons form one ^ ^|) Chia^ La^, Tsalang, or
Kegiment (compare No. 874).
871 A. In the Khalkhas there are 86 Khoshun (Banners),
i.e. 20 in the T'usHet'u-Khanate Aimak, 23 in the Tsetsen-
Khanate, 24 in the Sain-noin and 19 in the Dzassakt'u, supplying
169 Squadrons {see No. 871).
872. The general administration of Mongolia, and the
dispensing of justice, appertains, as will be described below
(Nos. 879 to 880), to specially appointed Chinese officials. In
Khalkha these officials are invested, also, with a pecidiar supreme
authoritv.
As regards local government, this is carried on by the
Mongols themselves with almost no interference from the Chinese
higher authorities.
The higher judicial-administrative
institution of the Aimak
{see No. 870 ; ^M'% -^i' ^^^^ ^^'o') ^^ the fg Meng^ League
(Mongolian, Chogolgan), which meets once in three years, and
is attended by all the Prince-rulers of the Banners {see No.
[ 443 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
872a 873), for the discussion of: 1. Judicial affairs in ^\liicli
members of the various Banners are implicated, 2. Affairs of
economy affecting the Aimak aS a whole,
3. Administrative
questions concerning the Aimak as a whole, and 4. Questions
relating to the taking of the census.
The C'hinese officials do not interfere with the deliberations
of the League.
At the head of a League there is a ^ ^ Meng'^ Chang*,
League Captain-General (^Mongolian, Chogolganu Tarnga ; at
the same time Commander of a Division). He is assisted by a
g!j ^ ^ Fu* Meng^ Chang^, League Deputy Captain-General
(Mongolian, TCd Chogolganu Tarnga).
Formerly the Captain-General of a League
Avas the Khan
of the Aimak ; the ]\Ianchus, after their conquest, made this post
elective. At the present time the League Captain-General is
elected from the ranks of Pi-ince-rulers of the Banners of the
respective Aimak and must be a])proved l)y the Emperor.
As Commander of a Division the League (^aptain-^General
has as his assistant, for military affairs, one g|] J}|f ^
Fu* Chiang^
Chiin', Assistant Commander of a Division (Mongolian,
T'usalakch'ih (
'hiang Chiin), to whom there is attached a Hopei
Amban, Adviser. The two last-mentioned posts are elective
(members of the League being eligible) and subject to Imperial
approval. The Chinese authorities often exert strong pressure
to ensure the election of this, or that, person.
872a. The first Khalkha Division (the T'ushet'u-Khanate
Aimak ; sec No. 870) is styled Han-nla (in Chinese ff M M ^
Han* A* Ijin^ Meng^), fi-om the name of the mountain, near
Urga, Avhere the Prince-riders of this Division meet.
The second Khalkha Division (the Tsetsen-Khanate Aimak)
is styled Kerulen-bars-hoto (in Chinese ^ # fm Q ^ ftl "^E Jl
K'o* Ln^ Lun^ Pa^ Erh^ Ho^ T'lm^ Meng^), from the name of the
place where its Prince-rulers meet.
[ 444 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
The third Khalkha Division (the Saiu-noin Aimak)
Ts'ets'erlikh (in Chinese ^^WM'^W ^\\ -^ f( Cha^ K'o*
Pi* La^ Se^ Ch'in^, or Pinduriya-nor (in Chinese ^ |fj ^ M
^ M ^ Pi* Tn^ Li'^ Ya^ No' Erh^ Meng*), from the name of a
tributary river of the Paidarik,
division gather.
"where the Prince-rulers of this
S73. i^l i^ "^ Cha^ Sa^ K'o^ Dzassak, or Chieftain (in
Chinese j^ ^ Ch'i- Chang^). This official is at the head-
of a Banner {sec No. 871) and must be approved by the
Emperor.
The Dzassak are arranged in the following hereditary ranks:
1- ^n^gllBE Ho^ She* Ch'in^ Wang^
Prince of the First
Degree, 2. ^ ^ ||$ ^ To^ Lo* Chiin* Wang^, Prince of the
Second Degree, 3. ^ M M. Wl ^o' Lo^ Pei' Lc*, Prince of
the Third Degree, 4. ^ ll\ M. 1- Ku^ Shan^ Pei^ Tzii^, Prince
of the Fourth Degree, 5. ^ H ^ HI ^^ F^^ng*
En^ Chen*
Kuo'"^ Kung\ Prince of the Fifth Degree (Mongolian, Ulusung
T'ushe Kung), 6. '^ B Wi M

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
873b that of -^ ^ T'ai^ Chi'' (sec No. 873) in distinguibhing the
to Hereditary
Q^^
Nohles of the Oelot tribes.
873b. |g ^ No" i'en^, Noyen, or Noiu ; lluling Pi-ince.
This is an old Mongolian Princely title and was heretofore in use
*
for speaking of, or addressing, Princes. !
873c. i^ ^ ^ TV Pit" Nang-', Tabnnang (the Mongolian
word i^ieans "husband of an Imperial, or Royal, Princess.")
This title corresponds to the Chinese 0, .Hf ]>/ Fu* (sec No. 15).
8731). ^M^f ^^^ J^'l'^ M:m\ Tarkhan (the ^Mongolian
word means " master.") This is an old ]Mongolian title Avhich is
appended to the name of Princes who have distinguished them-
selves in some Avay. It has been left by the ^Janclni Dynasty
uncharged and conferred as a hereditary
(for instance on one of the Khorch'in Princes).
title on certain Princes
It carries with it
an increased alloAvance as compared Avith the other Pi'inces.
873k. $i ^f pf] fi ^ Ch'ien^ Ch'\ng' Men* Hsing^ Tsou%
Attache to the Palace Gate, |^ Jg- f^ lli^ien^ Ch^ing^ Men2
(compare Nos. 99 and 104c),: a title bestoAved on ^Nhmgolian
Princes.
For ])articulars as to the ^p gy ^7 ^ YiH Ch'ien^ Hsing-
Tsou^, sec No. 101a.
874. Tine Chieftain of a Banner (Dzassak; sec No. 873) is the
absolute master of all its affairs. He may present to the Gegens
(Living Buddahs) persons belonging to him or he may gi\e them
as part of his daughters' AA'^edding jwi'tions. He examines into
all laAvsuits, allots duties, etc.
The system of inheritance of the post of Dzassak, thanks to
Avhich men of no capacity have been, and are, appointed as Banner
Chieftains as well as the multitude and complexity of Banner affairs,
haAe called into existence the Banner posts of : 1. t^ ^ "a* S
Hsieh'-^ Li^ T'ai^ Chi', Administrator (Mongolian, T'ussalakch'ih-
Taidji),
assistant to the Dzassak in the administration of the
affairs of his Banner, and 2. ^ ^ m^ Kuan^ Ch'i^ Chang^
[ 44(; ]

I'KBSENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
itBChing^, Adjutant (Mongolian, Tzahurukch'ih-Changguin). As
practice shows, practically the whole of the management of the
%l affairs of the Banners falls on the shoulders of these assistants,
is» owing to the incapacity of the Dzassak or because of his absence,
either at Peking (on duty) or at meetings of the League.
As a general rule all questions discussed at a League
meeting are reported direct to the Administrator (it may be
naentioned here that this post and that of Adjutant are not
on the will of the
hereditary ; appointment to them is dependent
Banner Chieftain). For this reason his post is practically that of
the first importance in the Banner.
The Adjutant plays a secondary
role to the Administrator.
He reviews the forces of the Banner to which he is attached,
superintends education, arranges
order, appoints men for various services, etc.
that the. horses and arms are in
To the Adjutant of a Banner Chieftain there are attached
one (two when there are more than 10 squadrons to the Banner ;
see No. 871) ^ Ig gij ^ ^ Kuan^ (^.h'i^ Fu* Changi Ching\
Deputy Adjutant (Mongolian, Meirenu Changguing).
In command of a regiment (Tsa-lang ; see No. 871) there is
a ^ ^ Ts'an^ Ling^, Colonel (Mongolian, Tsalangu Changguing.
A squadron (Sumung ; see No. 871) is commanded by a
^ ^ Tso^ Ling^, Lieutenant-Colonel (Mongolian, Sumungu
Changguing), to whom there are subordinated four ^ ^ ?^
Hsiao^ Ch'i^ Hsiao*, Subalterns (Mongolian, Huntui or Kuntui),
and six ^ \% Ling' Ts'ui^ Sergeants (Mongolian, Hukekch'ih,
Poshk'o ; Manchu, Poshok'u).
Under the command of a -[£ ^ Tso' Ling^ there are six
^ fi Ling^ Ts'ui', 50 ^ ^ Ma^ ChiaS Cavalrymen, and 100
^ |j5j Hsien^ San^, Miscellaneous (compare No. 871).
In time of peace the officials of the military organization
perform, as a rule, police-administrative duties, being occupied
[ 447 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
875 with the collection of revenues, apprehension
deserters, etc.
Appointment to the Banner posts
of criminals and
above-mentioned is not
dependent on heredit}'. They are filled by persons chosen by
the Banner Chieftain.
The bulk of the Mongolian population is styled §ii M G ®
Ao* Erh^ Pa^ T'u^ (Mongolian, Alba, meaning "tribute;"
"requisition in kind.") The vai'ious families- are arranged in
groups of ten, under ff ^ Shih^ Chang^, Decurions.
875. i^ -^ # S ^ P"] Shangi Oho' T'e* Pa^ Ya=^ Men\
Office of the Shabis. To this office belong those who have been
given as presents at various times, by the Mongol Princes, to the
Cheptsum Damba Hut'ukht'a (in Chinese t§ ^ © :l^ E If 11
•^ ^ ChCr Pu* Tsun^ Tan' Pa^ HuVT'u^ K'o* T'u^; see No. 9 16 a),
the Gegen of Urga. These people, designated J'^Jj i^\ Sha^ Pi^,
or '0 ^MW Sha^ Pi* Na^ Erh^ Shabinar,
or Novice of the
Prelate (Gegen), make up a very large portion of the population.
They number 100,000 and, having no land of their own, wander
over the lands of the various Khalkha Banners.
' At the head of the Office of the Shabis there is the ^ ^
l^ Q Shang^ Cho^ T'e* Pa\ Shang Chodba, or Treasurer, whose
rank was made equal to that of a League Captain-Cjeneral in
1822 (see No. 872). To him there are attached two ^ PjlJ R^
Ta^ La* ]\LV\ Da Lamas—
Assistants, whose rank has been made
e((ual to that of (Councillors (see No. 872). From the two latter
officials the Shang Chodba is usually chosen, the appointment
being subject to Imperial approval. The full title of the
Treasurer is Erdeni-setsen-dalai-chindamani-t'oin-shang Chodba.
As a controller over the actions of *^he Shang Chodba and
his Assistants' there is selected one of the generic Khalkha
Princes, who serves for three years.
The Shabis are exempt from military service and are
arranged in clans (IVIongolian, Ot'ok) headed by Darugui,

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
or Dargiii — Generic Elders—who must be approved by the 870
Emperor (12 in all). To these Elders there are subordinated ^q
9 to 10 Junior Darugui, Assistant Generic Elders, who receive Q^yA*
their appointments from the Shang Chodba.
At the office o£ the Shang Chodba there are found ^ ^
Tsai' Sang', Captains (20 to 30 in number), performing police
duties, to whom there are subordinated Hia, Sergeants, (numbering
about 100), who perform duty as rimners.
876. The region of K'obdo (in Chinese f^ ^^1 ^ K'o' Pu*
To^; see No. 86 9a) is occupied by +he Mongol, properly Oelot
(in Chinese H # # E^ Lu^ T'e*, and ^ Uj H # ^ Chini Shan^
E* Lu3 T'c^ Altai Oeir)ts) clans of Durbets (in Chinese t± M fidf
i^ Tu* Erh^ Po2 T'e*), and Khoits (in Chinese ^ ^ Hui^ T'c^),
imder the control of the K'obdo Hebei-Amban (see No. 880).
Divided, as are all ^Mongols,
into various Banners under the
direction of the generic Princes, the K'obdo Oelots make up one
League (there were two Leagues formerly; compare No. 876a),
the Sain-Tsayagat'u (in Chinese ^ ^ '^^ M^aMiM. Sai^ Ym^
Chi* Ya^ Ha^ T'u^ Meng-), comprising sixteen Banners, i.e.
tAvo Banners of Khoits and 14 Banners of Turbets— 11 of the
Right Wing and three of the Left Wing.
The K'obdo Hebei-Amban, in addition to the above, has
authority over : 1. The Dzakhach'in Aimak (in Chinese ;i»L ''a*
ftjj, §[5 Cha- Ha' Ch'in'' Pu*), of one Banner, which foratierly was
affiliated with the Ch'ing Setkhilt'u League (see No.. 876a),
2. The Mingat Aimak (in Chinese g|§ M ^ oB ^^i"g' ^' T'e*
Pu*, or gg Eg ^ ^[J Ming2 K'a' T'e* Pu*), of one Banner with
no generic Prmce—
Dzassak, and 3. One Banner of the Oelots
(in Chinese W, M ^ M ^* ^^"^ T'e* Ch'i^), having no generic
Prince— Dzassak.
876a. Prior to 1907 (compare No. 877) the following
were under the jurisdiction of the K'obdo Heb6i-Amban' {see
No. 880): 1. One Aimak of the New Tourgouths (in Chinese
29
[ 449 ]

,
877
to
U77A
I'KESEXT DAY POLITJICAL OJtG AX IZ A I'lON OF CHINA.
fr ± M M ^ o!5 ii«'"' '^'"' ^"^I'l'" ^^"' '^^'""^ ^''''')'
'^'-'^'^'^ 'jp '•^'
two Biuuicrs, 2. One Aimak of the Xcw Klior^holts (hi Chhiese
ffW^I^^^iB ^I*^'"' ^I^^' ^'^l^^'' 'r'^' ^''^')' "^ •"" Kaniiei',
3. One Aiiiiak ot the Altai (Jriaiii^hais (in ('hiiiese RjJ ^ ^
M ^ M a\i -^"' ^^^'''^ '^''=^i' ^"^^'^^ Liaiio^' llai'' Pu'), of seven
Banners, 4. The Militai'v-Agi-icnltui'ai Settlements (in Chinese
T^ 09 |£) at Pulunt'o-Khoi (in Chinoe ^^^'' ^^""'''
'y(ri im H M
T'o^ Hai'), and 5. The lands o£ Kii-i;-his (In (Tiinese ^a ^ ^
U'd' Sa^ K'o^).
Two Banners of the Xew Toin'ooiiths form the ('h'nig'
Setkhilt'u League (in C'liin-se W fi ^ ^^ '1^ H .^ ChMng' Se:'
T'e* Ch'l'^ Le* T'n^ Meng^). This League foinierlj- i)Kduded one
Banner of Ivlioshoits and one Banner of Djakeh'in.s also {^rc
No. 876).
877. The district of Altai (in Chinese [Ipf |g ^ A^ Ei'h^
T'ai*, or ^ [i|
Chini Shan': ^ee Xn. 8()!)a) was made distinct
from that of K'obdo (see So. 876) in l'J07 (sec an rmpei'Ial
Decree of the 20th Januarv, 1907. issued in consequence of
representations by ^ ^ Lieu^ ivMiei", the Hebei-Amhan of
K'obdo, and his Assistant, §^ 'jg Ilsi^ Heng") and wa> allotted to
two Banners of the Xew Tourii'ouths. one Banner of the Xew
Khoshoits, seven Banners of the Altai Urianghais, the Military-
rAgricuItural
Settlements at Bulr.nt'okhoi and a section of the
Kirghis (sec Men^iOrials frcjm the Ministries of Dependencies and
of Finance, dated the 7th Fel^ruary, 1907, and from the Ministry
of War, dated the 9th March of the same year). Foi- details as
to its administration sec Xo. S77a.
877a. n^ [^ is Ha' Sa^ K'o*, Kirghis. Inhabiting Altai,
they consist of 12 fjj ^ ;^ Ao^ T'o^ K'o^. Qt'oks, Clans(li,516
families in ^ all). In addition to a Knng', Prince, and three;
^ ^ T'ai^' (;hi^ Daidjis, their rulers include 12 jt M ^p S
^ ^ Pi' A* Ila' La' Kv/ Ch'i^ (J;b Pi' is identified as the
eej^uiA'alent o£ fj^ ^ Po" K'o'; compare Xo. 8G3) Pihahalakhch'ih,

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.
Generic Chieftains, or Kulei'S (in Mongolian, Ukherid ; among 878
the Kirgliis, Ukurdai ;
formerly ||i ^ Tsung^ Kuan', or ^^ f^
An* Pan\ in Chinese), .or ^ p ^ (.'h'ien' Hu* Chang^ CJhiefs
of One Thousand ; 3a. Attached to them there are: 1.
glj {J|f
^atfL^^ Fu* A* Ha^ Lai ^'o* Ch'i^, Fu-Ahalakhch'ih,
Assistant Generic Chieftains, or gl] ^ p ^ Fu* Ch'ien- Hn*
Chang'\ Assistant Chiefs of One Thousand (5 in all), 2. ^\j ^
C^ha^ Lan^ Chiefs of a C^olamn, or 3S.'^ P M ^^ Po' Hxi*
Change Chiefs of 500 (4a; 28 in all), 3. ^ m Chang^ Kai*,
oi* 15" ^ ;^ Po^ Hu* Chang', Centurions (5a ; 78 in all), and
4- M IK K'uni Tui (Kundui), or ^ -f ^ M:
^^'^'^ ^liil^' Hu^
(•hang', C'hiefs of 50 (78 in all). For details as to the last-
mentioned ranks gee a memorial from ^ 'Jg Hsi- Heng'', dated
the 22nd October, 1909.
878. The territory of Tannu-Urianghai (in Chinese
^^ M ^M T'ang2 Nu^ Wu^ Liang^ Hai')
is situated on the
slojies of the Tannu-nla Mountains (in Chinese IM ^ §^ ilL ^
T'ang^/Nu^ Ao* La^ X/ing'). Five squadrons of the Tannu-
Urianghais are under the supervision
of the Dzassakt'u-Khannte
Aimak (aee No. 872a), 13 are imder the Sain-Noin Aimak
(see No. 872a) and three are under the control of the Cheptsun-
Damba-Hut'ukht'u, a Lama dignitary at Urga (see No. 916).
The remainder (26 squadrons) are subordinated to the
administration of the Military Governor of Uliasut'ai (see No.
879) and are divided into fi-ve sections (similar to Banners),
under special rulers— Ukherids (in Chinese ||| ^ Tsung' Kuan'),
Tvho enjoy the authority of Dzassaks but Avliose posts are not
liereditary. They are elected subject to the Military Governor's
approval. Each section, in its turn,
is divided into a mnuber
'of Sumung, Squadrons: 1. Kossogol (fom- Sumuiig), 2.
Khemch'ihk (10 Sumung), 3. T'uchih (found along the
river T'ersek ; four Sumung), 4. Salchihk (four Sumnng),
and 5. T'annu (four Sumung).
[ 451 ]

PKESENT DAT POLITICAJL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
879 879- a M fl ^ ^ ^ ^ Wu^ LP Ya' Su^ T'ai^ Chiang'
Chiin', Military Governor of Uliasut'ai (compare No. 744d);
invested with the title of ^ ^ ^ glj )^ 1^ Ting*
Pien^ Tso=*
Fn* Chiang* Chun\ Representative «£ Chinese Authority in
Northern Mongolia over the Civil and Military Administration.
This post vfKS instituted in the 18th century, while the wars
against the Dzumgars were in progress, and originally bore
exclusively a military character. For this reason, up
to the
present, the Military Governor of Uliasut'ai, as Commander of
the Forces in Northern Mongolia, has subordinated to him
SU 'J^ 1$ Fu* Chiang* Chun*, Deputy ^Military Governors
(Mongolian, T'usalakch'ih Chiang Chiin ; see No. 872),
in the
persons of a Prince of each of the Khalkha tribes.
On the completion of the wars mentioned the Chinese
Government not only considered it necessary to maintain the post
but, in addition, directed that the occupant of this position,,
besides directing military affairs, should also have control over
the civil affairs of Mongolia.
In the lapse of time the authority of the Military Governor
of Uliasut'ai, Avhich once extended over the four tribes of the
Khalkhas greatly declined and, on the appointment of Imperial
Agents at Urga (see No. 879a), K'obdo and Altai {see No. 880)
and, more especially, when their authority was extended, nothing
was left to him but the control over two Khalkha tribes— the
Sain-noin and the Dzassakt'u-Khanate (see No. 872a)—and 26
squadrons of the Tannu-Urianghais {see No. 878)
The Military Governor of Uliasut'ai is assisted by two
subordinates styled ^ ^ ;/c E Ts'an* Tsan* IV Ch'en-, Assistant
^Military Governors, or Councillors (one of them is designated
21 ^ Ting* Pien*, Warden of the Marches ; see aboveV
•
As proposed in a Memorial from the Chiang Chihi, ^' jl]^
K'un* Hsiu*, dated the 15th February, 1910, at the Chancery
of the Military Governor there has been instituted a ^ ^ ^
[ 452 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
^ M Hsi)i^ Cheng* Liiig^ Pan-* Cli'u', Bureau of (Constitutional 879a
Kefoims (compare No. 822a and the Supplement to No. 160). *q
879a. mi^mm:J^^ I^'"' I^"^^' Pan^ Shih* Ta^ Ch'6n^
^^^
Imperial Agent at K'urun (Urga) ; also Hebei-Amban. ji^ -j^
^ p :/c S K'u* Lun^ Pangi Pan* Ta* Ch'en^, Assistant
Imperial Agent at K'urun (Urga). These two officials, in
Mongolian, are called Dzarlikh-yierh-dzarukhsang Hurieng-dur-
saghuohu-herekh-shitkhekch'ih-sait, i.e. " officials deputed by
Impei'ial Avill and directing affiiirs at Urga."
The Imperial Agent at Urga and his assistant are charged
with the control of two Khalkha tribes, i.e. the T'ushet'u-Khanate
and the Tsetsen-Khanate (see No. 872a), and the Office of the
Shabis (see No. 87a).
Originally the Imperial Agent at Urga acted a^ the
Assistant Military Governor of Uliasut'ai, whose authority, as
has been mentioned above (see No. 879), once extended over all
four tribes of the Khalkhas. Later he i-eceived the privilege of
direct re^wrts to the Throve and his dependence on the said
Governor became nominal (it consists mereh' in supplying him
with copies of reports to Peking).
Lately there has been attached to the Imperial Agent an
official styled 3|| ^ij "^ j^ Li^ Using'' Ssu^ Yiian^, Judicial
Connuissioner (compare No. 495), whose duties consist in
assisting in the settlement of affiiirs in which foreigners are
interested find in the administration of justice (see a report from
the Imperial Agent at Ui-ga, Ji jjij|; Yen"^ Chih^,
dated the 29th
INIarch, 1909 ; com})are also No. 897).
880. %^ Al ^ ^ W :k £ K'o^ Pu' To^ Ts'an^ Tsan*
Ta^ Ch'en^, Assistant ^Military Governor (to the Military Governor
of Uliasut'ai) lesiding at K'oIkIo. This post was established
in 1731, wluMi one of the Assistant ]Military Governors of
Uliasut'ai (see No. 879) was deputed to K'obdo. In 1834 tins
official was ordered to reside permanently
[
45:] 1
at K'o1)do. -Under
•

882
PKE8BNT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
881 1^^^ jurisdiction are the iSIongol and Oelot tribes occupying the
4.Q
so-called K'obdo region {see No. '876).
After the removal (in 1907 ; see No. 876a)
of the Altai
region {see No. 877) from the jurisdiction of the Hebei-Amban
of K'obdo, for the administration of the former, there was appointed
a special ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ :K ^ ^'^'o' P^^* To^ Pan* Shih^
Ta* Ch'en^ Imperial Agent at K'obdo (also JW M ^ il ^ ic E
A* Erh^ T'ai* Pan* Shih* Ta* Ch'en^ Imperial Agent at Altai),
who resided at first at K'obdo, later removing to Shara-sume (in
Chinese ;^ fh ^ Ch'eng-^ Hua* Ssu*), near the BJack Irtish
river.
The Imperial Agent, like the Assistant Military Governor,
was originally subordinated to the Military Governor of
Uliasut'ai {see No. 879). Since these officials received the
privilege of direct reports to the Throne they have enjoyed a
great measure of independence, the Amban at Shara-simie being
considered as the senior.
881. The Hebei-Ambans (the Assistant Military Governors
and Imperial Agents ; see Nos. 879, 879a and 880) represent
the High Government authority o^ er Mongolia, according to
which the most complex affairs are decided and to which all
subjects of the Bogdokhan residing in Mongolia, i.e. Chinese,
Manchus and Mongols, must conform.
For the consideration of affairs of a arious types there are
found at the office of each Hebei-Amban two inferior establish-
ments : 1. Office of the Dzarglmch'ih, presided over hj a
Dzarghuch'ih {see No. 882), and 2. Chihsa, or Office of Appeal,
for the discussion of purely Mongolian affairs {see No. 883).
882. ^ ^ Ssu' Yiian^ (also ^ # BJ M Pan* Shih* Ssu^
Yiian^ and p] *§• Ssu^ Kuan^ ; designated in treaties, *^ j^ Pu*
Yiian-; also jg ^]| T'ung^ P'an*)-^Dzarghuch'ih (in Mongolian),
or Judicial Commissioner for Chinese Affairs. All Chinese and
Manchus in Mongolia come under the jurisdiction of this official.
[ i54 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
There are four Dzarghuch'ihs in- the Khalklia region, i.e. 883
two attached to the Hebei-Ambans at Urga {see No. 879a ; one
^q
at Urga and one at Kiakhta), one attached to the Hebei-Amban 004
at UHasut'ai {see No. 879), residing at UUasiit'ai, and one
attached to the Hebei-Amban at K'obdo {see No. 880), residing
at K'obdo.
Any Chinese workman or trader coming
into the Khalkha
region must present his passport to the Dzarghuch'ili o£ the town
in which h^ wishes to settle ; he then receives authority to do so.
Should he wish to journey to any of the various Khalkha
Banners it is necessary that he apply to the Dzarghuch'ih, and
the latter, simultaneously with the granting of permission,
notifies the office of the 'Banners concerned of his contemplated
All qiiestions raised by, or against, Chrnese in the Khalkha
district are examined into by the Dzarghuch'ih and, conforming
to their importance, are either settled by him or referred to the
Hebei-Amban.
883. Chihsa, or Office of Appeal (the Mongolian word
Chihshiyang, or C/hihsang, means "turn").
This office examines
into questions raised by, or against, Mongols exclusiveh\ For
attendance at, and the discussion of affairs of, the Chihsang there
is yearly appointed one Dzassak {see No, 873) from each of the
Khalkha tribes. Thus ench Chihsang is made up
of four
members and any Mongol may there find his Prince, or. tribal
representative, at Avhose hands he is sure of protection and
justice. In small matters the Chihsang delivei's judgment ; in
more important affairs it sends the Mongol concerned to his
Banner, at the same time forAvarding particulars of the matter,
and the inquiries made, for the judgment of the rulers of the
Banner.
884. To Inner, or Southern, ]Mongolia {see No. 869) there
appertain: 1. Six Leagues of the Inner Mongols (in Chinese
[ 455 ]
.

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
885 pqMI^^^^ Nei' Meng-3 Ku' Liu^ ^leng^), 2. The Ch'akliars
to and T'umets of Kuei Hua Ch'cng (in Chinese '^ H^ ^ ^
887 Mihm± M ^ Ch'a-^ Ha^ ifcrk^ Chi^ Kuei' Hul^ C-h'eng'
T'u* Mo^ T'e^\ 3. The Mongols of Akishan (properly Oelot
tribes; in Chinese MMlUM'M-^M^ Ho' Lan^ Shan^ E*
Lii=^ T'e* Meng^ Ku'), and 4. The Old Tourgouths of the river
Edsine, or Edshiei (hi Chinese t| ^' f5 ^ ± M M '¥r ^* Chi*
Na* Chiu* T'u^ Erh^ Hu* T'e*).
885. The Southern, or Inner, Mongols are, in administrative
and military reference, divided into six divisions, Avith six
separate Princely Leagues :
Meng^),
1. Cherim League (in Chinese ^ M tJC ^
2. Chosot'u League (in Chinese -^ ^ ^ ^
T'u2 Meng^),
3. Chao Uda League (in Chinese ^ BiM^
Chc^ Li^ ^Slu*
Cho^ So^
'-hao' Wu-
Ta' Meng^'),
4. Silinghol League (in Chinese ^^$1^^}^ Hsi^ Lin^
Kuoi LG* Meng'),
5. Ulan Ch'ap League (in Chinese ,^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Wu^
Lan2 Ch'a- Pu* Meng^), and
6. Ikh Chao League (in Chinese -^ % jig ^ I^ K'o*
Chao^ Meno2;.
886.
tribes: 1.
The Cherim is League composed of the following-
Khorch'in tribe (in Chinese f^ ^ K'o^ Erh^
v'^liv fjj
Ch'in* Pu*), of six Banners, 2. Djalait ti'ibe (in Chinese
^L®^ol5 Cha^ Lai" T'e* Pu"), of one Banner, 3. Durbet
tribe (in Chinese ^i if fj^ ^J *f5 Tu^ Erh' Po^ T'e* Pu"), of one
Banner, and 4. Ghorlos tribe (in Chinese #[5 M ^ ^ oR Kuo^
Erh^ Lo^ Ssu^ V\\^)^
Banners, supplying 204 squadrons.
of two Banners. Thus it includes ten
887. The Chosot'u League {see No. 885) consists of the
following tribes: 1. Kharach'in tribe (in Chinese B§ 5|!l J'^'li^ n|5
[ 45G ]

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,
K'a^ La=' Ch'in* Pii*), of three Banneis, 2. T*nmet tribe (in 888
Chinese ± MJi ^. ^^ T'u' Mo^ T'e* Pu^), of two Banners. As a tO
whole, it lias five Banners, giving 223 scpiadrons. 890
888. The Chao Uda League (see No. 885'> is made up of :
1. The Ao-Khan tribe (in Chinese %( -{g ^[J Ao' Han" Pu*), of
one Banner, 2. The Naiman tribe i^in

JfKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
891 of one Banner. In all il includes six Banners, supplying 62
to squadi'ons.
392 891. The Ikh C'hao League (see No. 885) is made ap of
seven Banners of the Ordos tribe (in Chinese fI^ M ^ ^ n!J
Ac' Erh^ To^ Ssu^ P"^)? which sup])ly 274 squadrons
892. V'AiB, has been seen above, Nos. 886 to 891, the .^
Leagues of Southern Mongolia are not '
arranged to include
people of one ?tock alone, as is the case with the Khalkhas
(compare No. 870), but are composite organizations of various
Mongol' tribes (Mongolian, Aimak ; Chinese, ^l^ ^ Pu* Lo*), of
which there are 24 in Southern Mongolia. ]']ach tribe consists
of one, or more, Banners (Khoshuns). There are 49 Banners in
the Six Leagues, and they supply 1,172 squadrons.
The government of Southemi Mongolia differs from that of
Khalkha in that the (Jhieftains of the Banners—Dzassaks (see
No. 873)— are subject to much more control on the part of the
Chinese Government. The Captains-General, being deprived of
personal initiative, simply supervise
the execution of resolutions
of the League meetings. These meetings are called at the will
of the Peking authorities and for opening them there are
appointed Chinese officials, Avho, in fact, act as their Presidents.
The expedition of affairs is in the hands of Chinese Secretaries.
It appears that Southern Mongolia is destined to be
gradually converted into an ordinary Chinese province,
under a
government common to China proper. The three Eastern
Leagues have already been almost subordinated to the provincial
administration of Chihli (the Chosot'u League, part of the Chao
Uda League, the prefecture of j^^ f^ /fj" Ch'eng^ Te' Fu", and
that of ^ I^- /j^ (Jh'ao"^ Yang= Fu^) and Fengtien (the Cheiim
League, part of the Chao Uda League, the prefecture of fj^ ^ }^
T'ao^ Nan^ ,Fu^, entirely, and the Western parts of the
prefectures oi ^^ f(^ Ch'ang^ Ch'un^ Fu\ ^ ^ y*]^ Ch'ang^
T'u2 Fu^ and ff .R if Hsin^ Min^ Fu^).
[ 458 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.
The colonization of the lands of the Leagues mentioned, by 893
Chinese emigrants, is going forwaixl ve.iy rapidly {see Nos. 777
and 782) and the Chinese are more and more extending their
authority over the Mongol Princes, previously rather independent,
and their subjects. At places where the Chinese influence
becomes predominant, but which are not annexed to one o£ the
adjacent provinces, there is first established the post of ^ ^^
T'ung-^ P'an^ (sec Xo. 849a). This official not only takes over
control of judicial • affairs and collection of revenue from the
Banner popidation but also has authority to supervise the
transaction of business at the office of the Banner (.'hieftain.
893. ^ ng- ^ (^h'a- Ha- Erh^ The Ch'ahar Mongols (see
iVo. 884). These are distinguished from the other Mongol tribes
in that they have lost their generic government. Their camps
(in Chinese )^ f^ Yu" Mu*) lie in immediate proximity
to the
Great Wall {-^ j^ Cli'ang^ Ch'cng-), beyond the borders of th6
prefectures of ^ -fj^ /j^ Hsiian' Hua' Fu'^ of Chihli, and i^ ^ f§
Ta* T'ung^ Fu^, of Shansi. For administrative and military
purposes thev are organized uniler eight Banners (on the same
footino- as the ^lanchu militarv forces) which, in tarn, are
arranged in two Wings, ^ ^. Tso^ I^, Left, or Eastern, Wing,
and ;^ ^ Yu' I'', Kiglit, or Western, Wing.
Pxu-clj- Banner affairs of the Ch'ahars are discussed by the
Militarv Lieutenant-Gorernoi- of Ch'ahar {see Nos. 719^ and
898). In civil ([iiestions -relating to Chinese aftaii-s within the
Lieutenant-Ciovernorship the (iovernor-General - of Chihli
exercises a superior jurisdiction, through an Intendant ])earing
the title of p 4t aM K'ou^ Per* Tao^ residing at llsiian-lma Fu.
For assisting the latter with regard to control of Government
lands, the examination of questions concerning commerc''
relations betAveen the Ch'-ahars and Chinese, and the administration
of civil and criminal affairs, there are three (Jivil Commissioners,
styled jm ^ [^ ^Q Fu^ Min-^ T'ung- Chih^ (compare No. 849),
[ 459 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OT CHINA.
894 stationed,, respectively, at ^ ^ ^ ^_]^
To^ Liin'^ No* Erh'
T'ing^, Dolon-nor (also I^ama-miao), 5M ^ P M Change Chia^
K'ou^ T'ingS Kalgan, and 5^ ;g p ^ Tu^ Shili^ ly'ou^ T'ing^
Within the Ch'ahar territory there are situated the Imperial
pastiu-ages, or^ ^ Mu* Ch'ang^, the superintendence over
which has lately been invested in a special official {see No. 755).
Formerly they were under the control of the Military Lieutenant-
Governor of Ch'ahar (see No. 8 §8).
^94. Mi\:Wi±W.^ K^eil Hua* Ch'eng^ T'u^ Mo*
T'e*, The T'umet Tribe of Kuei Hua Ch'eng (K'u K'u Ho T'o ;
see No. 884).
The T'umet are divided into two Banners which, in turn,
are arranged in two Wings, ^ ^ Tso^ I*, Left, or Eastern,
W^ing, and '^^ Yu* I*, Right, or Western, Wing. Their
camps lie to the North of Kuei Hua Ch'eng, or K'u K'u Ho
T'o, of Shansi province.
The Banner affairs of the T'umet tribe are attended to by
the Manchu General-in-Chief of Sui-yiian-ch'eng {see Nos. 744a
and 899) and the Manchu Brigade-General of Kuei Hua Ch'eng
{see Nos. 745b and 899).
For the examination of lawsuits and judicial affairs, as well
as questions concerning taxes collected from Chinese and Mongols
in the camps of the T'umet tribe, there is an Intendant bearing
the title M^^^M. K"ei^ Sui^ Ping^ Pei* Tao\ residing at
^^ 3^ "^ Sui^ Yiian^ Ch'eng^. He has as his assistant Civil
Commissioners styled Ji ^ fql ^jj Li^ Shih^ T'ung^ Chih^
M^^%^ Fu^ Min2 T'ung^' ChihS or M^MH F"' Min'
T'ung' P'an* {sec Nos. 849 and ^
849a), who are stationed at
fh ^ Jvuei' Hua* ( T'ing\ Kuei Hua Ch'eng— K'u K'u
Ho T'o), fQ # -^ ^ ;^ Ho=^ Lin^' Ko* Erh' T'ingS Harin-kor-
t'i"g, it^rtm ^ o^ K'o* T'o^ T'ingi, }f 7k M M Ch'ingi
Shui^ Ho^ T'iog^ Mik^^ Sal L^i CM-^2 Ting^— Sarach'ih-
t'ing, m'MB Ning^ Yiian=* T'ingS ^ Jl j^ Sui^ Yiian' T'ingS
. [ 460 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
^^m
897
Wu^ i'"an=' T'ingS ^ ^ ^ TW Lin^ T'ingS i^lj^ 895
Wn' Ch'uau^ T'ingS and ^ fO ^ Hsingi Ho' T'ingi.
^^
895. MM lhW,^^M-^^o' Lan^ Shani E* Lu' T'e*
Meng^ Kii', The ^Mongols of Alashan (belonging properly to the
Oirad or OeliJt tribes see ; No. 884) ; deriving
the region of JIrJ ^ # A* La^ Shan^ (also ^ K {Ij Ho* Lan^
their name from
Shan^'; compare above), lying North of Ninghia, in the province
of ICansu, where they have settled. 'They foi'm one Banner
n-hich Is ruled by generic Princes (tracing their genealogy from
Khabiit'u Khasar, brother of Kinghis Khan), entitled ^^ ^
Ch'in^ Wang^ {sec No. 873), who reside at the small town of
!S jS ^ Ting* Yi'ian^ Ying'. They are divided into eight
squadrons.
The higher sujaervision over the affairs of the Alashan
Banner is invested in the Manchu General-in-Chief at ^ ^
Ning^ Hsia^, in the province of Kansu (see Nos. 746 b and 900),
for which reason the Alongols of Alashan are also designated as
the " Mongols of the Ninghia Department."
896. H ii ^ ^ ± M M 5|# ^' Chl^ Na* Chiu* T'u^
Erh» Hu* T'e*, The Old Tourgouths of the Edsine, or Edsinei,
River (see No. 884). They consist of one Banner, occupying
land lying to the West of the camps of the Alashan Mongols
{see No. 895), and arc subject to the superior jurisdiction of the
Manchu General-in-Chief at Ninghia (compare No. 895 ; see
also Nos. 744b and 900).
896a. i'pj MM% ^ Ho- Rs? E* Lu» T'c^ Oirad to the
West of the River (i.e. the ^ j'pj Huang* Ho", Yellow River).
This is the general designation of the Mongols of Alashan and
the Old Tourgouths of the Edsine (see Nos. 895 to 896).
897. 'T*^'' WiMMU Ho^ Tui T'ung^ Manchu General-in-
Chief, or Military Lieutenant-Governor of Jehol (see No. 719a),
residing at ^ j-pj Je^ Ho* (Jehol; also called 1^ ^ }^ Ch'eng^
Te* Fu'; see No. 104e) ; in charge of the Chosot'u (sec No. 887)
[ 461 J
.

899
PRESENT DAY POJ.ITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
898 and Chao Uda (see No. 088) Leagues and the g ^ Wei^
to Cli'ang', Imperial Hunting Preserves (also called tJc ^ Mu*
Lan^, or Muran ; see No. 748).
The civil administration of the Jehol tenitory is carried on,
mider the supervision o£ the ^Military Lieutenant-Governor, by
Commissioners styled i^ ^ "rJ ^ Li^ Shih* Ssu^ YiJan^, Civil
(/ommissioners, and Jj If'*] ctI M. ^-'^^ Hsing-^ Ssu^ Yiian^, Judicial
Commissioners (compare No. 879a).
The tract in which the Imperial Hunting Pi-eser^es {see
above) are situated forms a separate Sub-prefectin-e, the so-called
M^M Wei^ Ch^ang^ T'ing', headed by a ^tt |^ f^ -^D Fu^
Min^i T'ung^ Chih^ (compare No. 849).
898. ^ n*- m tP U Cli'a^ Hal ^,.1,3 ^u^ T'ung3, Manchu
Oeneral-in-Chief of Ch'ahar, or Military Lieutenant-Governor of
(yh'ahar (see No. 71 9a). Tliis official, residing at 5M ^ P
Changi Chia^ K'ou^, Kalgau, conducts the government
of tlie
Mongols of Ch'ahar (see No. 893) and also supervises the actions
of the Silingliol League (see No. 889). He is assisted by the
^ J^n ^ SO M M Ch'a^ Ha^ Erh^ Fu* Tu^ T'ung% Dei)uty
Lieutenant-Governoi' (see No. 745 e), i-esiding at Kalgan.
Formerly tlie ^ ^ Mu' Cli'ang^, Imperial Pasturages (''ee
No. 893), were under tlie su.]-)Grvisiou of the ]\Iilitary I^ieutenant-
Governor of Ch'ahar; since 1908 they have been managed by a
special Superintendent (see No. 755).
The Military Lieutenant-(TOvernor of Ch'ahar is, ex officio,
Controller of the so-called M Wl M W- -^
^^' I^^' 'l''=ii'

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Also, be bears tbe title \of # ft ^ ^ :/c E Tii^ Pan* K'en^ 900
Wu* Ta* C'b'cn^, Siiperintentlent of Colonization Affairs {see No. to
778). As his assistant there is the Bf fh 'j^ glj |[i S^^ Kuei^
Hua* Ch'eng-2 Fu^ Tu* T'ung% Deputy Lieutenant-Governor,
residing at Bf fb i^ K^iei^ Hua* Ch'eng'^ (K'u K'u Ho T'o).
900. ^ M /iF i: Ning- Hsia-* Chiang^ Ch^n^ Mancliu
Genei-al-in-Chief of Ninghia. or Military Lieutenant-Governor of
Ninghia (ysee No. 744b) ; superintending tlie afFaii's of the
Mongols of Alashan [see Xo. 895) and the Old Tourgouths of
the Edsine {see N'o. 89(j). He is assisted by the ^ g glj ^[^ ^
Ning^ Hsia* Fu* Tu^ T'ung^, Deputy Lieutenant-Governor {see
No. 74dD), residing at Ninghia.
901. W. f^ li ^ ^-'^'"g' Wu^ Tsung^ Chip, Head Bureau
of Mongolian Affairs, headed by a |§ ^ Tsimg"^ Pan*, Chief.
This- Bureau is foimd at the Governor-General's office at
Moukden and superintends the affairs ol the ^fongols of the
Cherira League {see No. 886) "which, as has been mentioned {see
No. 892), is subordinated to Fengtien province.
For the detailed oroanization of the Head Bureau of
Mongolkn
Affliirs sec No: 812a.
For particulars as to the post of ^ f^ ^ f^ Meng^ VVu*
Ssu^ 8hih^, Commissioner of ^Mongolian Affairs (abolished in
1909), see No. 812.
B. K''ii¥unor ( Kohonor ) :
902. ^ ^^ Ch'ingi Hai^ K'uk'unor (^see No. 868). Its
population consists of various ^loiigolian tribes (see No. 903) and
Tangouths (designated by the Chinese as ^ ^ Hsi^ Fan',
Western Triljesmen ; see No. 904), ruled by generic chieftains
who are under the sway of the Chinese Amban at Si-ning
{see No. 905).
903. §1 % !}^ E* I^u^ T'e', Oeluts. i'liose are under
the control of the Imperial Controller-General (Amban) at
Si-ning {see No. 905). Their local government is invested in the
t -^63 ]
gQg

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
904 hands of their generic Princes, as with the Khalkhas {see No.
to 870) and the Inner Mongols (see No. 884).
The jVlongols of K'uk'unoi', as is the case Avith tlie Mongols
QQg
of Khalkha and Inner Mongolia, are divided into 29 Banners,
the chieftains of which meet yearly at the ('h'aghang-T'ologhoi
(one of the islands in Lake K'uk'unor) for a League meetina;
(see No. 872), at which affairs concerning the internal public
administration are discussed.
Since the time of the mutiny' of Lubsang Tan-ching (in
1723) the President of the League meeting is not an elected
Prince (compare No. 872) but, at the ruling of the Peking
Government, is either the Tm])erial Controller-General at Si-ning
or an official chosen by him (compare No. 892).
The following are tlio tribes of K'uk'unor :
L Khoshoit (in Chinese fO Jf ^^ % Ho' Slio* T'c* Pu''),
21 Banners,
2. Khalkha (in Chinese
P^ ^ P|: % K'a^ Erh' K'a^ Pu^),
1 Banner.
3. Ch'oros (In Chinese |^. ^ %f^ *[?
Cli'o^ W Ssu^ Pu^),
2 Banners,
4. Khoit (in Chinese )^' l[$ % Hui^ T'e* Pu^), 1 Banner, and
0. Tourgouth (in Chinese ± M M # a\\
T'e^ Pu4), 4 Banners.
'^''"^ ^'"'^^ H^^*
904. ^ -^ l^ T'ang' Kii^ Te*, Tangouth ; also ® '^ Hsi'
Fan^ Western Tribesmen {see No. 902).
The Tangouths number 40 j^ Tsu^, Tribes, riileci by ^ ^
T'u^ Ssu\ Generic Chieftains, avIio are, in turn, placed under the
control of the Imperial Controller-General at Si-ning {sec No.
905). In addition to these there are 39 Tangouth tribes under
the Dalai Lama {see Nos. 906 and 914).
905. ® ^ p ^ ;/; £ Hsl^ Ning' Pan* Shih;' Ta'' Ch'en'^
The Imperial Controller-General at Si-ning, or Amban (full title
11 ^M n '^ ^ S :^ £ Tsung^ Li^ Ch'ing'
[ +04 J
Hai^ Shih^ Wu^
i

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Ta* Cli'en") ; representative of the higher Chinese authority and 906
invested with the control of the 29 Mongol (properly Oelot)
and the 40 Tangouth tribes mentioned above (see Nos. 903
and 904).
C. Tibet and the Lamaist Hierarchy :
906. ^ 1^ Hsi^ Tsang*, Tibet; known during the ]\Iing
Dynasty as ,^ 1)? gj Wu^ Ssu^ Kxxo\ or ,1§ Sf? ^ Wu^ Ssu^
Tsang*. The Mongol designation is Parung-t'ala (i.e. Western
Country), or T'udbod (^ f|^ {[f T'u^ Po* Te*). By the Tibetans
themselves ( Pf ^ T'u^^ Fan^ or [^ ^ Hsi^ Fan^ ; also jg ^ ijvJQ
T'ang2 Ku^ T'e^ or ^ -^ '\^ T'ang"^ Ku' T'e*) it is called Bot,
or Bod, and Bod-jul (the land of Bod).
The last-mentioned term
corresponds, so it seems, to the old Chinese designation \% jgj
Fo2 Kuo^, the Land of Buddha.
There arc two main divisions of Tibet, i.e. Large Tibet and
Small Tibet, the first of which, called by the Chinese j^ij ^
(3h'ien'- Tsang*, Anterior, or Eastern, Ti])et, consists of the
provinces (§|^ Pu^) ^ Wei* (Yi or Yii in Tibetan ; also called
F|4 ^ Chung^ Tsang^, Central Tibet), and ^ K'ang^ (in Tibetan
Kham ; also called ^ TfC ^ Ch'a^ Mu* To\ Chamdo), while the
second, called by the Chinese fjj^ ^ Hon* Tsang'*, Ulterior, or
Western, Tibet, embraces the provinces of |^ Tsang*, and jJpf |^
A^ Li', Nari (Ngari), or Nari-Kliorsung.
As regards political status, Tibet, in olden times, was as a
large indejjendent iState including the whole of K'uk'unor and a
great portion of the present provinces of Szechwan and Yunnan.
Its relations with China began in the 7th century A.D. when
(in &^l)M^Wi^ ^ Su^ Lung- Tsang"* Kan^ Pu*, Strongtsan
Gambo, became allied with the Emperor ;(i^ ^ T'ai* Tsung^, of
the T'ang Dynasty, through taking as his wife the Princess
X ^ Wen Ch'eng, daughter of the latter. For many centuries
his descendants, under the title of Gialbo (in (Jhinese ^ ^ Tsan*
Pu^), continued to rule over Tibet although, as time passed, the
30
[ -^65 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA..
temporal authority to a gi-eat extent was encroaclied upon by
the superiors of a religious association— the Sakya, (Chinese
^ ]jlU
written in Chinese ^fh* #^
S
Sa' Chia^) known at that period by the name of Brugba^
P"* ^u^ K'e* Pa^
Based on the doctrines of Buddhism, which penetrated Tibet
already largely corrupted by Hindoo, and especially Sivaitic,
forms of worship, the doctrine of the Sakya (also called ^X. W^
Hung^ Chiao*, Red Doctrine, from the colour of the vestments
and head-dress of the Sakya priesthood) became in the course of
time so perverted from the original dogmas of Buddhism that it
brought upon itself a strong revolt, under the leadership of a
reformer named Tsongkhab'a (1857-1420), in Chinese 9^ ll§ S
Tsung^ K'a^ Pa\ who founded a new doctrine (^ ^ Huang'
Chiao*, Yellow Doctrine). His nephev>', Gegen-Dub, succeeded
in 1439 in attaining the predominant position in the Hierarchy of
Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism) and from him there started a line
of clerical rulers of Tibet (Dalai Lamas ;
sec No. 914).
In the 13th century (during the 5C Yiian Dynasty) Tibet
became a vassal of China and in 1260 A.D. the Emperor ^ jjigj
Shih* Tsu^ (Khubilai) bestowed on the famous Paghba Lama
(A .^> G Pa^ Ssu^ Pa^) the title mM±^i^^ ^^"o' Shil i^
Ta* Pao^ Fa* Wang^, State Teacher and Prince of the Precious
Doctrine, giving him, conjointly with the secular authorities,
authority over Tibet. The dependence was again
confirmed at
the beginning of the reign of the Manchu Dynasty when, in
1642 A.D., the Emperor, known from his reign as ^ ffi^, Ch'ung^
Te^, received at Moukden envoys carrying presents from the
Tibetan rulers. At the same period (1643) the Dalai Lama,
oppressed by the temporal authorities, applied to Ciushi Khan, in
Chinese styled |S $^ ?f Ku* Shih' Han^, the reigning Prince of
the Khoshoit Mongols,
for assistance. For his assistance the
latter annexed the district of K'uk'unor to his dominions and
levied taxes on the Kham province. The Dalai Lama rewarded
[ 466 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
him for his fidehty with the title of ^ f^ -^f No'^ MCn^ HanS 907
Nomen Han, or Prince (Khan) of the C'hurch, the equivalent of
the Sanskrit "Dharma Raja."
In the reign of the Emperor J| ^^ K'^ng^ Hsi^, in 1694
A.D., the temporal administrator who. as Regent for the Dalai
Lama, had, long conducted the government
of Tibet under the
title of ^ E Ti* Pa', or ,1^ Q Tieh-* Pa^ (compare No. 912),
was invested with the title of ^ {^ .'|f g] I T'u^ Po'^ T'e" Kuo'^
Wang^, King of Tibet. Not long after, however, the continual
intrigues of the temporal authorities against the secular powers,
and also their inclination to throw off the Chinese yoke, incited
the C'hinese Government to take steps to strengthen its hold over
Tibet. Accordingly, in 1727, a large part of the border
territory of the' Kham province
was annexed to the interior
dominions of China. At about the same time two Residents {see
No. 907) were appointed for the supervision of actions of the
temporal administrators.
In 1751 A.D. the temporal sovereignty in Tibet was
entirely suppressed, the rule of that region being placed in the
hands of the Dalai Lama, aided by a council of four laymen,
called Kalon, or Kablon, i.e. Ministers of State (see No. 910),
under the superior direction of the two Chinese Residents. The
last-mentioned have, since 1792 A.D., been authorized to take
a direct part in the government of Tibet, conjointly
Dalai Lama.
with the
907. IJ H ic S ^'hu* Tsang* Ta* Ch'en^, Imperial
Resident of Tibet ; aided by a colleague, or Assistant Resident,
styled f^ if •;/c S ^ang^ ^ar> TV Ch'en=* (this post was
instituted in 1727 ; sec No. 906).
Both the Resident and Assistant Resident of Tibet are
usually chosen from the ranks of higher Chinese officials and are
under the direction ot the Ministry of Dependencies (see No. 491 a);
charged, however, with memorializing
[ 4G7 ]
the Throne direct on all

909
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATt OF CHINA.
908 important questions. Among
to
other duties, they act as the medium
of communication between the Chinese Government and the
Covirt of Nepal, which is known in Chinese as ^ f|^ I^ ^ Kuo^
Erh^ K'a^ Kuo% or Q ;j^ Pai^ Vu\ and g ^ 1*^' ^'^\
Parbuttiya. They have a stafF of H f^ ^ :^ I' Ch'ing' Changi
Ching^,
Secretaries for Native Aifairs.
The Imperial Resident and Assistant Kesident ai*e invested
with the svipreme command of both the Chinese garrison troops
and the Tibetan soldiery (^ .^ Fan^ Ping') and, through the
PB S ^^^ Hsia^, Council Chamber (see No. 910),
affairs of the entire Tibetan civil administration.
control the
Since 1909, to the Imperial Residents there has been
attached a |i ^ ^ ^ Chu* Tsang* Ts'an^ Tsan^ Councillor
{see the Imperial Decree of the 18th August, 1909).
908. )^ ^ Liang^ T'ai^ Commissary. Of this rank are
three Chinese officials, stationed at ^ ^ La' Sa', Lhaspa,
^\i ft '^ ^ Chai 8hih'^ Lun^ Pu*, Tashilumbo, and Ngari, who
act as paymasters to the Chinese forces and as deputies of the
Imperial Residents in all matters concerning
Tibet.
Chinese interests in
909. By the Tibetan-Indian Commercial Convention,
concluded between China and England on the 21st October, 1908,
in Tibet, in addition to f§ J^ Ya^ Tmig\ Yatung, opened to
foreign trade in 1895, the following are to be opened : JX $^
Chiangi Tzu', Gyantze Chung, and Rg :^ :^ Ka^ Ta" K'e*,
Gartok At Yatung there is a ^^ §| Shui' Kuan', Custom
House, now under the direction of the first Commissionei- of
Customs of Chinese nationality. At the other places mentioned
there have been established ^. -^ Kuan' Ch'ia^ Customs
Barriers.
For the three townis mentioned there have been organized :
n: iS(5 ^ Kung' Pu* Chii^, Municipal Council, MWM Hsiin*
Ching3 Chu2, Department of Police, XMM I^'»ig' Ch'eng^
[ 468 J

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION . OF CHINA.
C'hii^ Public Works Department, ^ ^- ^ Ts'ai' Pan* Chii^, 910
Court of Justice, etc. The British Government has the right
of tO
appointing ^ ^ ^ ^ Shang^ Wu"* Wei* Yiian^, Commercial 913
Agents, at these places.
910. ^ ^ IW HsiaS The Council. This is coi. r»osed of
four Il§ ^ fi^ Ka^ Pu^ Lun^, Members of the Council. Kalons,
or Ministers ; see Nos. 906 to 907), appointed by Imperial
Decree, on the nomination of the Residents, and, ex officio,
invested with the third degree of Chinese official rank.
911- ii^ J; Shang^ Shang^, The Treasury. This depart-
ment is presided over by the Kalons and has supreme control
over all questions relating to the collection of revenue.
The staff of the Treasury includes three fj^ 3^ Tsai^ Peng*,
Councillors of the Treasury of the 1st Class (invested with
Chinese official rank of the 4th Class), Two ^ -^ # Q Shang^
Cho^ T'e* PaS Councillors of the Treasury of the 2nd Class
(invested with rank of the 4th Class), and tAvo ^W ^ ^ Yeh*
Erh^ Ts'ang^ Pa^ (Yerts'angba), Controllers of Revenue (with
the 5th Class of Chinese official rank). -^
912. The remaining officials of the secular administration
of Tibet are : 1. Tavo 1$ ff H Lang^ Tsai^ Hsia^ Controllers
of Streets and Roads ; fifth rank, 2. Two ^^^ Hsich^ Erh^
Pang^ (Hierbang), Commissioners of Justice ; fifth rank, 3.
Tavo 1^ ^ ^ Sho* Ti'' Pa^ (Shediba), Superintendents of
Police ; fifth rank, 4. Two g| ^ Ta* Peng*,
%
Controllers of the
Stud ; sixth rank, 5. Two rfl ^ Chung^ I*, Secretaries of the
Council (of two ranks ; distinguished by having the character
^ Ta*, Great, or /}'» Hsiao^, Lesser, prefixed to the title ; of the
sLxth and seventh rank), 6. ^ /g M Cho^ Ni' Krh=^ (Chonir),
Second Class Secretaries of the Council ; sixth rank, and 7. 13.
^ Q Ti* Pa^ or || g Tielr PaS Commissioners (divided into,
six classes ; compare No. 906).
[
i9
]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
913 913. In the military organization of Tibet the following
tQ
ranks are found :
Qi^^ 1. ^^ Tai^ Peng* (the sound was formerly denoted by
the characters f^ ^ Tai'^ Pen^), (Commandant; six in all;
invested with the fourth degree of Chinese official rank.
2.
12 in all,
and
^[] 3^ Ju^ Peng*, Assistant Comrrtandant ; fifth rank ;
3. ^3^ Chia' Peng*, Centurion ; sixth rank ; 24 in all.
4- ^3^ Ting* Peng*, Subaltern; seventh rank; 120 in all.
913a. ^ @ Fan^ Mu*, A generic designation for Tibetan
Officers of all ranks, both civil and military. Officers are
appointed by selection from the ranks of scions of the ancient
aristocracy (-fH;^ Shih^ Chia^), known as Tongkhor (^ fif ^
Tung^ K'o^ Erh3).
914. g|j{ ^ La^ Ma\ Lama. This designation, applied
to all members of the Buddhist priesthood, is derived from a
Tibetan woi'd which, according to the C'hinese, has the meaning
of ^ J^ ^^^^1^ Shang*, " Unsurpassed."
914a. ^ ^ Pjl] HM Ta^ Lai* La^ Ma^ Dalai Lama.
The word Dalai, or Tale, in Mongolian, signifies "Ocean"
and .corresponds to the Tibetan word Djamts'o, or Chamts'o,
which is found in the full title of Dalai Lama, i.e. Cheptsun
Djamts'o Rinboch'e, " Venerable Ocean Treasure."
The Dalai Lama, regarded as a re-embocjiment (in
Mongolian Kubil'han ; in Chinese D^ § |?J ^ Hu^ Pi* Le* Han%
01' "fh ^ Hua* Shen') of the famous refo}-mer of Buddhism,
Tscngkhaba [see Ko. 9U6), and, at the same time, as an
incarnation, or Avatar (Sanskrit), of the Bodhisattwa
Avalokiteswara (in Chinese H rf # ^ Kuan^ Yin^ P'u^ .^^a^; in
Mongalian AriyabahO, is recognized by the Chinese (government
•as the supreme Pontiff of the Yellow Church (^ M ^ "1^' M
[ 470 J

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.
Chang^ Huang^ Chiao* Shou' Ling^) and, as such,
ecclesiastical ruler of Tibet (see No. 906).
is the
Gegen-Dvib (see No. 906), and his nearest successors, were
called only Great, or Superior, Lamas. The title of ^ ^
Ta*' Lai^ was bestowed in 1640 A.D. upon the fifth Superior
Lama (Narang-Lobtsang) by the Gushi Khan, the reigning
Prince of the Khoshoit Mongols, and was sanctioned in 1652
A.D. by the Emperor jl^ f^ 8hun'* Chih^ who, during a visit of
the said Dalai Lama to Peking, bestowed upon him a golden
seal and a brevet for the title of ^^ ;[(; @ S iSt i^t Hsi^
T'ieni Ta^ IShani Tzu^ Tsai* Fo^ "Great, Eighteous and
Complacent Buddha of the Western Heavens." In 1908,
during the visit to Peking
of the 13th Dalai Lama, to this
title the Emperor ^ |§ Kuang^ Hsii^, and the late Empress
Dowager ^ || Tz'u"-^ Hsi^ added the characters t^ M M i^
Ch'eng^ Shun* Tsau"* Hua"^, " Sincere and Loyal Spreader of
Civilization''
1908).
(see Imperial Decree of the 3rd November,
On the death ([gj ^ Yiian^ Chi*) of the Dalai Lama steps
are at once taken for the selection of his successor. With this
object in view inquiries ai'e made by the priesthood as to
miraculous manifestations (Q ^ Ling^ I*) having been observed
attendant upon the bli'th of children at about the same time.
The names of the children chosen are deposited in a golden urn
(# ^[^M

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
914n As has been stated, there are three mountains sacred to the
Buddhists bearing one designation. The original is situated in
India, another forms the well-known "island of monasteries " off
the . coast of Chekiang, called in Chinese ^ 1?^ UJ P'u' T'o*
Shan^, while the third has already been spoken of.
914b. mWm'M il TB ill m P^n^ Ch'an^ E^ Erh^ Te^
Ni' La^. Ma^, Panchen Erdeni Lama, or Panchen Binpioche
(Pearl of Intellect).
The -Panchen Erdeni Lama is believed by the Buddhists
to be a regeneration of tne second of the eminent disciples of
Tsongkhab'a {see No. 906) and, at the same time, a
re-embodiment of the Buddha-Amitaba (one of the Five
Buddhas in Meditation ; in Chinese M M fE ^ ^' ^^i' T'o*
Fo^). He resides at the Jashilumbo, or Serasiar, Monastery,
situated a,bout one mile from the city of Q |^ ^Ij Ji* K'a^ Tze^,
Shighatze, or Jighatze (also Digharch'ih). This monastery was
built by Gegen-Dub (see No. 906) in 1445 A.D.
The selection of the Panchen Erdeni Lama is made exactly
as is the Dalai Lama (compare No^ 914a).
The first Panchen Lama was Lobtsang Choichih Chaltsang,
the confessor of the fifth Dalai Lama, declared as such by the
latter about 1650 A.D.
One of the Panchen Lamas (namely, the sixth in succession
of the Panchen Lamas, Lobtsang Tanishi by name) undertook
the journey to Peking to take part in the festivities in connection
with the Emperor |g |^ Ch'ien^ Lung's', 70th birthday (in 1780
A.D.) At Peking he siiccumbed to small-pox and a marble
obelisk was erected at his place of sepvdture in the i^C (^ fb ftS
^ Ch'in^ Ching* Hua* Ch'eng' Miao\ which was built in 1783
and is also styled the ® ^ ^ Hsi^ Huang'^ Ssn\
following :
To the Panchen Erdeni Lama there are attached the

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.
Second Degree, 3. M ^ W\ M ^^en' Pen^ La' Ma^ Lama of 915
the Third Degree, and 4. ^J^MWIM ^^^^ ^'^^ ^^^^^ La' ^q
Ma*, Lama of the Fourth Degree. These positions are all
filled by appointment of the Imperial Resident, on the nomination
of the Panchcn Erdeni Lama.
915. ^ fFI ^ No* Men^ -Han', Nomen Han (the
IMongolian is equivalent to the Sanskrit Dharaia Raja), "Prince
of the Church," or " Prince of the True Faith " (in Chinese
;^ ^ Fa* Wang^). This title has, for a long time past, been
bestowed upon eminent supporters of the Lamaist Ilierarchy ;
the first recorded instance of its bestowal was, as we have seen
aboA^e, in the case of Gushi Khan (compare No, 906). It w^as
often conferred upon ecclesiastical dignitaries
under whose
direction, as Regent, the Tibetan Council (see No. 910) was
placed during the repeated minorities of the Dalai Lama. For
this reason these dignitaries were sometimes colloquially called
j^ ^ Tsang'* Wang'', Princes of Tibet. In addition to the title
of Nomen Han they bore also a "Ming Hao" (:g ^) or "title
of honour," such as that of Galdan Shiretu (fi^ ^ ^ ^ Hf^ H
Ka^ Erh' Tan^ Hsi^ L^* T'u^) together with the office of Bakhshi,
GiSft Pa' K'e* Shih^, in Mongolian "Teacher," or
"Preceptor," the Chinese ^ Shihi.
The last of the Nomen Han was degraded in 1844 and
died in exile in 1854 (compare No. 915a).
915a. ^'M^ffl^ (-'li'a' Han* No* Men^ Han',
White Prince of the Church ; rendered in Chinese as Q ^ Pai^
Fo^, in Mongolian as Ts'aghang Nomen Han. This title is
borne by the hiereditary chieftain of one of the Banners of the
T'umets {see No. 894). The first bearer was Manchusri
Hut'ukht'u, a spiritual counsellor sent by the Dalai Lama,
about 1580 A.D., to Altan Khan of the T'umets and who was
established at Hoku Hotu.
r 473 ]
915a^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.
Q16b On the accession of the Throne by the Manchu Dynasty
to the successors of Manchusri Hut'ukht'u were compelled to
9^6 remove to thft region South of the Yellow River, where they
have remained up to 'the present wielding great influence over
all the Mongol and Tibetan Buddhists (compare No. 915).
915b. i^ ^ K'an^ Pu*, Abbot (Hambo Lama). By a
Decree of 1792 A.D. it was ordained that all K'an Pu
enthroned (§^ ^ Tso^ Ch'uang^) in the larger monasteries
should be appointed by the Dalai Lanm and the Imperial
Resident jointly. In the case of smaller monasteries the power
of appointment rests with the Dalai Lama alone.
The envoy despatched yearly to Peking with presents—
tribute—from the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama is selected
from the ranks of Harabo Lamas of Tibetan monasteries. He is
designated in Chinese by the title Elch'in, ^M^^.E* Erh'
Ch'in^, a transliteration of the Manchu word meaning "Envoy."
916. Bf H ;^ m flui T'u* K'e* T'u2, Hut'ukht'u,
Pontiff (the Mongolian word is interpreted by the Chinese as
meaning ^ ^ A Tsai* Lai^ Jen', "one who returns again").
The colloquial designation is v§^ Huo^ Fo^, Living Buddha.
Al large class in the Buddhist Hierarchy are considered as
re-embodiments (gj Bf ^ |ll '^ Ch'u* Hu^ Pi* Le* Han^) of
Bodhisattwas and eminent promoters of Buddhism.
The Hut'ukht'us recognized by the Chinese Government
and registered at the Ministry of Dependencies munber 160,
i.e. 30 in Tibet, including 12 bearing the distinctive appellation
of Shaburung (^;§J ^ ^ Sha^ Pu* Lung^), 19 in Northern
Mongolia, 57 in Southern Mongolia, 35 in K'uk'unor, five in
Chamdo and 14 in, or'ttear, Peking. For particulars as to the
last-mentioned see No. 917.
When a Hut'ukht'u dies his successor is chosen in the same
manner as is the successor of the Dalai Lama (see No. 914a;.
The names of the candidates are deposited in, the golden urn
[ 474 ]
«

PRESENT DAT POf,ITICAL OEGANIZJLTION OF CHINA.
(^ )^ Chin^ P'ing^^ and the lot drawn determines the successor, 916a
who, howev^er, must be approved by the Emperor. Imperial ^q
Edicts ai-e issued whenever a Hut'ukht'u dies (compare the
Decree of the 26th Optober, 1909,
issued on the death of
•Tungkhor Hut'ukht'u ; see No. 917).
Many Hut'ukht'us receive from the Chinese Government,
for merit shown, the honorary title of Gegen, a Mongolian word
meaning " Light."
916a. ^;^it:^Gllf^:^lJ Che2 Pu^ Tsun^ Tan^
Pal Hu^ T'u^ Ke* T'u^ Cheptsun-damba Hut'ukht'u, the
Mongolian Hut'ukht'u, or PontiflP, residing at Urga and ranking
third among the dignitaries of the Lamaist church, i.e. after the ,
Dalai Lama and the Pauchen Erdeni Lama.
The Mongols freqiiently refer to the Cheptsun-damba
Hut'ukht'u as the Maidari Hut'ukht'u (from Maitr^ya, the
Messiah of Buddhism; in C] Inese §i fj ^ Mi* Le* Fo^). He
is also described as Gegen, thei^itle bestowed by Tsetsen Gegen
Khan in 1637 A.D. on Ghombo-Dardj-i, the son of T'ushet'u
Khan. This title was afterwards recognized by the Dalai Lama
as appertaining to the Kubil Han of Cheptsun-damba.
The official designation of the Cheptsun-damba Hut'ukht'u
is T'aranatha Lama, he being considered the re-embodiment of
T'aranatha, the famous historian of Buddhism.
For particulars as to the Shabinors, Serfs of Underlings of
the Urga Pontiff, see No. 875.
917. S :^ ill 5^ Chu* Chingi La^ MaS Lamaist
Organization in and about Peking.
Thanks to the large patronage extended to the " Yellow
Church" by the Emperors of the Manchu Dynasty (beginning
frOm K'ang Hsi, 1662-1722), the Lamas have succeeded in
gradually establishing t^ast and rich monasteries at Jehol (12 ^
Ssu^, Monasteries), Dolon-nor (also H|!l 5^ ^ La^ Ma^ Miao'*;
there are two monasteries here— Shara-sume, the Yellow, and
[ 475 ]
g^y

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Hoho-sume, the Blue), and, especially, at 3£ S LU ^^^^^ T'ai'
Shan^, in Shansi province, where there is a famous temple
# ^ H P'li^ Sa^ Ting3 (official designation, i^^i^^^ Ta*
Wen2 Shui Ssu^, Large Temple of Wen Shu, or ^ ^ |^ Chen^
Jimg' Yiian^, Court of the True Image), built by the monk
^ TlJc
Fa* Yung', during the time of the T'ang Dynasty and
dedicated to the Bcdhisattwa Manchusri (^C ^ ^ 1^ Wen' Shu^
P'u* Sa^), which is annually visited by crowds of pilgrims from
all parts of Mongolia.
In and about Peking, as well as at the Iniperial Mausolea,
there are found lamaseries in which services are daily perfonned
in honour of deceased sovereigns.
Among the Metropolitan Hut'ukht'us the first place
(liia^ Hu^ T'u^ Ke^
appertains to the ^ ^- Uf ^ :^ M Chang^
T'u^, Changcha Hut'ukht'u (also designated ^ ^ Chang^
Chiao"*). He is acknowledged
as the re-embodiment of a
Hut'vikht'u despatched by the Dalai Lama, under the same title,
to represent him at the Chinese Court (towards the close of the
I7th century). The latter was received with great respect by
the Emperor K'ang Hsi and was assigned a residence at the
Shara-siune monastery (compare above),
built in the Jehol
district about 1691. The successor of the original ('hangcha
Hut'ukht'u, during the reign of the Emperor |^ |^ Ch'ien^
Lung^ (1736-1796), removed his residence to Peking, where he
was allotted the monastery ^ |p ^ Yung^ Ho^ Kung^ (where
the Emperor ^ JE Yung"^ Cheng% 1723-1735, lived Avhile Heir
Apparent; compare No. 104a).
The principal Metropolitan Hut'ukht'u are enumerated
a Decree of 1786 :
below, in order of rank assigned them by
1. Minchur Hut'ukht'u {Wi^M^'M'^ M Min' Chu^ I^rh^-
Hui T'u2 Ke* T'u^), residing at the monastery ;^ ^ ^ Tung^
Huang^ SsuS built in 1691, lying three g Li^ ISorth of the
^ ^ P5 Ani Ting-^ Men', 2. GaWnn Siret'u Hut'ukht'u
[ 476 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Mfi-^HM^M^M^^^'
Lc^ Tan^ Hsi^ Le" T'n'^ Hu^ T'u^ 918
Ke^T'M^), 3. Chilung- Hut'uklifu {fM^^^fM'^M ^'^'i* Lung^
Hu^ T'-ii2 Ke^ T'u^). These all have precedence of the || i|^ ^
Tsung^ K'an^ Pu'', Ahbots-in-C/hief of the Imperial Lamaseries.
There are eight otlier dignitaries of class mentioned, headed
by the Tungkhor Hut'iikht'u (M $4 W nf Ji :^ H Tung-* K'qI
Erh^ Hii^ T'u^ Ke* T'u-), dAvelling at, or near, Peking, and two
at Dolon-nor.
918 The remaining ranks of the Lamaist Hierarchy are
as follows: 1. ^ I^B ^L ^ ^ ;^C ill 5f# Chang'
Yin^ Oha^ Sa'
Ke* Ta^ La^ Ma', Dzassak Da-Lama, Grand Chancellor of the
Lamaseries, having a seal of office, 2.
glj ^ pf] ^L ^ ^ ic M M
Fu^ Chang' Yin* Cha' Sa' Ke^ Ta* La' Ma', Vice-Chancellor,
^- ^
^L ^ ^ ill M li^^ Sa' Ke"* La' Ma^ Dzassak Lama,
Elder of Lamaseries, 4. ^ ^i] 5^ T^''^'^ La^ Ma\ Prior of a
Lamasery ; charged with the management
and control of services
of the monastery to which he is attached, as well as with
supervision of the Lamas, to ensure that the}^ perform their
duties properly, 5. |(J ^ glj 0^ Fu* Ta'' La' MaS Vice-Prior,
6. ^1 nk iO M Hsien^ San' La^ Ma^ Lamas with no fixed
post (compare No. 9.14), 7. ^, 7[C ^ Te^ Mu* Ch'i=* (also
^^ ^ ^ Te- Mu* Ch'i^; in Mcngolian Demch'i), Demch'i Lama,
or Steward of a Lamasery, 8 . |§ iW> IS I^^* *^s^^ Kuei' (in
Tibetan Gisk-hui ; in Mongolian Gebhui, or Gebghei), Gebhui,
or Provost ; in charge of the mamtenance of good order during
services, for which reason he is authorized to carry a sceptre
while services are in progress (in lai'ge monasteries, where there
are many Gebhuis, the senior is designated as Ta Gebhui).
There are three degrees of consecration in the Lamaist
Hierarchy: 1. !§• |^ Ke* Limg^, Geleng (Gylong), Higher,
2. 1^ ^ M Ke* Ts'ui firh', Gets'ul, Middle, and 3.
Ij^ f
Pan' Ti*, Bandi (in Tibetan Gheneng; in Kalmuk Manchih),
Lower. In addition there are j'^ Jg^ ^^^^^ l*i*j Novices.
[ 477 ]

I
PART lY.
APPENDIX

SPECIALLY DEPUTED OFFICIALS.
919. ^ M M iM T'e* P'ai* Cli'ai^ Shih^, Specially 919
Deputed Officials.
In China the custom of charging officials with special qp-i
missions is very widespread, for instance, for conducting negotia-
tions with Foreign Powers in connection with the conclusion of
commercial treaties or for Investigating the sitviation of various
questions abroad, such as Education, Finance, etc.
920. ^ ^ ii^ -;§ ic E K'ao^' Ch'a^ Cheng*
Chih* Ta*
Ch'en^, Commissioner for Studying the Political Organization
(of Foreign States). Under this designation officials
(||^ ^
Tsai^ TseS ^ :^ Tuan^ Fang^ ^ fS| ^ Tai* Hung^-tz'u', and
'Others) were deputed to Europe and America in 1905.
920a. ^MM^:k^ K'ao' Ch'a^ Hslen* Cheng* Ta*
Ch'en^, Commissioner for Studying Constitutional Government
(in Foreign Countries). This titles was given to officials deputed,
In August, 1907, to England (^ j/^; ^ Wangi TaMisieh*),
Germany (=f-i^^ Yu^ Shlh*-mei^) and Japan (first ^ ^ Ta*
Shou% later ^ ^ Ifij Li^ Chla^-chii').
920b. MMM'^:^^^ Tsuan^ iS^I^ (I^) Hsien* Fa* Ta*
"Ch'en^, Commissioner for Compiling Constitutional Laws. An
Imperial Edict of the 5th November, 1910, appointed Princes
P'u Lun and Tsai Tse, with this title, to draw up a schedule of
essential constitutional laws.
921. J^ P^ ij If :^ g Ao* Men' Hua* Chleh* Ta* Ch'en',
Commissioner for Defining the Macao Boundaries. An official
bearing this title, ^ jfn ^ Kao^ Erh'-ch'ien\ took part
in the
(deliberations of a mixed Sino-Portuguese Commission convened
31
[ 481 ]
^^q

924
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA.
922 f*5^' tl^6 purpose of defining tlie boundaries of Macao (iu
to
1909).
922. ^ ^ It "^ A^ 15 K''^o' Ch'a' Ts'ai^ Cheng^ Ta*
Cli'en', Commissioner for Studying- the Financial Organization
(in Foreign Countries). Invested with this title, j§ |g f^ T'ang''^
"-'hao^-i-, studied the iinancial situation of America and the
ccntinental Powers during 1908-1909.
922a. a similar ciiarge to the above, namelv, the studvino-
of the financial organization (^ '^ ^j g^ K'ao-' Ch'a^ Ts'al^
Cheng*) of Japan, America and Europe, was laid upon ^ ^
Lien^ Chia^, the Inte Lieutenant-Governor of Anhul province, in
1909. He was, at the same time, directed to study the mea^sures
taken towards spreading education (^ ^ ^ ^ |^ ;^ ^k W
P ^ Chien^ Ch'a- Ko* Kuo^ T'ui^ Kuang' Chiac* Yii^ Pan*
Fa^), extending the postal and telegraph
services and the
institution of Postal Savings Banks.
923. # ^ ^ l| ic E K'ao^' Ch'a2 Hai^ Chiini Ta*
Ch'en^, Commissioner for Studying Naval Affairs. Bearing this
title, Prince |g }^ Tsai^ Hsun\ and Admiral ^ || 7K
pingS left, in the Autumn of 1909, to study
Sa' ChOn*-
the situation of
naval affairs in England, France, Italy, Germany and Russia.
They visited the United States of America and Japan for a
similar purpose in the Autumn of 1910.
923a. ^^^^ ^^ K'ao^ Ch-a* Lu- Chiin^ Ta*
Ch'en^, Commissioner for Studying ^lilitary Affair:^. Invested
with this title, Prince ^ ^ Tsai^ T'ao^ was despatched, in 1910,
to Japan, America, England, France, Germany, Italy, Austria
and Russia, with the object of studying the military situation in
these countries.
Li^ Shangi Yiieh* Shilr Wu'* Ta^ Ch'en', Imperial Commissioner
for Negotiating Commercial Treaties. This title was liorne by
^MM Sheng* Hsuan'-huai^ g ?i ^ Lii'' HaiMulan^ and
[ *^? ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CIIINA.
l2 ^ ^ Wu^ T'ing^-fang^, who concluded commercial treaties 924*
Avith England (in 1902) and with America and Japan (in 1903 j. ^q
924a. ^ il [^ I^ ic E H"i* Pan* Shangi
Yueh' Ta*
Ch'en^, Associate Imperial Commissioner for Negotiating
Commercial Treaties. This title is borne by Sheng Hsiian-huai, •
although at present no commercial treaties with Foreign Powers
are being negotiated.
925. ^ fl^ Chuan^ Shru^, Ambassador Extraordinary ; the
title of officials deputed for extraordinary missions to Foreign
Sovereigns. It was borne by ^ ^ 3E ^3c is ^.'h'un' Ch'in^
Wang^ Tsai' Feng^, Ch'un, Prince of the First Rank, personal
name ^ j^ Tsai Feng, who was deputed to Germany in 1901 to
express regret for thfe killing of Baron von Kettler, and by ^^ ^
Na^ T'ung^, who was deputed to Japan at the same time to
express similar regrets for the killing of Mr. Sugiyama. For
tendering China's thanks to America for waiving part of the
indemnity of 1900, ^ |H 1^ T'aug^ Shao-'-i^ as Ambassador
Extraordinary, visited that coimtry in 1908 and, similarly. Prince
^ |g Tsai^ ( 1ien^ and ^ ^| ^, Tai^ Ilung^-tz'u^, were deputed
to Japan and Russia respectively to express China's gratitude
for the despatch of Special Ambassadors from these countries to
the funeral of the Emperor Kuang Hsii.
926. ^ li ^ fi ic S Kungi Pan* San^ Li^ Ta* Ch'en^,
Superintendent of Funeral Rites. This title wa; borne by
various Princes of the Blood- and High Officials o:^' the Empire
who were deputed in November, 1908, for the supe: vision of the
funeral ceremonies of the Emperor Kuang Hsii and the Empress
Dowager T'zu Hsi (20 officials in all).
927. .it ^^ ;/c E Yen* Fang* Ta* Ch'en^, Controller of
Examination of Officials. Thus are designated Metropolitan
officials who are deputed, in accordance with the law, to receive
officials who have obtained appointments to posts x^ot higher than
the fourth rank, the Imperial Audience being Vjlved,
[ 483 ]
with the
937

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL 9RGANIZATION OF CHINA.
028 object of ascertaining whether there is any
obstacle to their
^Q taking up appointments (for instance, physical defects, bad
QOft official record, etc.). The examination of these officials is made
in groups, periodically) several times a month), Imperial sanction
being obtained for each examination.
ESTABLISHMENTS ABOLISHED OR REORGANIZED.
928, ii i^ ^ T'ung^ Cheng^ Ssw^ Transmission Office ;
literary designation, ^ ^ Yin^ T'ai''. This office was
charged with the reception, recording
and transmission to the
Council of all Memorials received from the p'-ovinces. Also,
it was the depot for the receipt of all
petitions addressed to the
Emperor direct. The staff included : 1 . M "^ ^ "^ ^ 1^ i^
T'ungf^ Cheng* iShih' Ssu^ T'ung^ Cheng* Shih', Commissioners
of the Transmission Office (literary designation, |^ ^ Yin^ Tai*,
:^ H ^ Ta* Yin' T'ai^ ^ ^ Na* Yen^ ;/^ ^ ^ Ta* Na*
Yen^, i)^ ^ f^ Hsien* Na* iShih', ;/c Wt M Ta* Hsien* Na*, and
^ fl^ Kusi^ v

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Apparent during their lifetime, it was, up to the date of its 930
abolition in 1902,. an absolute sinecure for a personnel made up,
in view of the important object of its institution, of Members of
the National Academy*, holding
office also in the latter. The
staff was made up of : 1. Two "M ^ M JE^ ^ ('han^ Shih*
Fu' Cheng^ Chan^ Shih*, Chief Supervisors of Instruction;
literary designation, ^ j£ Kung^ Cheng*, ^ ^' Kung^ Yin',
^ ^ Ch'u» Tuan', i^ ^ Tuan^ Yin^ ;^ ^ j^ Ta* Kung^ Tuan\
:kM^ Ta" Ch'u^ Tuan\ and ^ -^ Kung^ Chan^; 3a, 2. Two
^ ^ f^ ^J^ -^ -^ Chan^ Shih* Fu^ Shao* Chan^ ShihS
Supervisors of Instruction ; literary designation, ^ ^ Shao*
Yin3, ;@ ^ ^ Chan^ Shih* Ch'eng^, /J? j^ Shao* TuanS and'
Sg§^ Tuani Ch'eng^; 4a, 3. Four #ij^^.^ Ch'un^ Fang=^ Shu*
Tzu*, Deputy Supervisors of Instruction, two ^ Tso^, Senior,
and two /^ Yu*, Junior ; literary designation, ^ }&^ Kung^ Shu*,
»|t ^ Chung^ Hu*, and J^ t\t ii Ta* Chung^ Hu*; 5a, 4. Four
^ W ^ it Ch'un^ Fang^ Cliung^ Yiin', Secretaries of the
Supervisorate of Imperial Instruction, two ^ Tso^, Senior,
and two /^ Yu*, Junior ; literary designation, ^ ^ Kung^ Yiin^,
and ::^ ^ ;/[^ Ta* Kimg^ Yiin^; 6a, 5. Four ^ t^ ^ ^ Ch^un*
Fang* Tsan* Shan*, Assistant Secretaries of the Supervisorate
of Imperial Instruction ; literary designation, ^ ^ Kung^
Tsan*, and :;^: ^^ Ta* Kung^ Tsan*; 6b, 6. Two ^ |S ^
^ Ml Ssu^ Ching^ Chii" Hsien^ Ma^, Librarians; literary
designation, i[^ f^ :^ it ^^ei* Fang^ Ta* Fu^ wl M
i^ ^ Ssu^ Chingi Ta* FuS and j^ ^ M Ta* Chang^ Ching^;
5Ji, and 7. j^ ^ Chu^ Pu*, Archivist; 7b.
930. m M^m~^B^^^ Tsung3 Li^ Ko* Kuo^ Shih*
Wu* Ya2 Men^, or, more explicit, jg ^^^MMM^B^^^
-Tsung^ Li' Ko* Kuo^ T'ung' Shang^ Shih* Wu* Ya'-^ Men',
Office of Foreign Affairs; established in 1861 and administered
by m JI # ^ ^ B ic E Tsung^ Li» Ko* Kuo' Shih* Wu*
Ta* Ch'en^ Members (for details see No. 305).
[ 485 J

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,
OSOa In 1901 this institution was reorganized as the ^h ^ oU
to Wai* Wu* Pu*, Ministry o£ Foreign Affairs {.see No. 305a).
933 930a. I^ ^ It T'lnig^ Wen^ Kuan^ College of Foreign
Languages; established in 1862 (seo No. 311)
at the Office
of Foreign Affairs {see Nos. 305 and 930); abolished in 1900.
931. ^^§15 Hsiin^ Ching^ Pu^ Ministry (Board) of
Police; established in 1905 (see details in No. 339); reorganized
in 1906 as the ^WC"^^ Min^ Cheng* Pu^ Ministry of the
Interior (sec No. 339a).
932. p ^15 Hu4 Pu^ Ministry (Board) of Revenue (see
No. 349). This Ministry was also designated j^ ^ Ti' Ts'ao',
A U Jen' PuS fl ^ Ssu^ T'uS and ^ jg Ssu^ Nung^ while
its -President was called i^ ^ Ti* Ch'ing\ ;/«; ^ ^ Ta* Ssu'
Nung^, or ::^ "r^I %
^^^ ^^u^ Yiian^, and its Yice-President
^ pI M Shao* Ssu^ Nung^. It Avas reorganized in 1906 as the
M^a^ Tu* Chih^ Pu* (see No. 349b).
932a. H^ ^ g Ts'ai^ Cheng* Ch'u*, Committee of
Finance : formed in 1903 (see No. 349a); amalgamated
in 1906
with the ^ ^ §15 Tu* Chih^ Pu*, Ministry of Finance (see No.
349b).
933. :*: ^ ^ T'ai* Ch'ang'' Ssu*, Court of Sacrificial
Woi-ship ; literary designation, ^ ^ ^ Feng* Ch'ang^ Ssu*,
pj If # Ssui Li^ Ssu*, and ® g Ch'ii^ T'ai^ (see No. 376b);
was in charge of all sacrifices performed by the Emperor in
person, or by his deputies, and supervised temples and Imperial
]\[ausolea. Its personnel was made up of: 1. Two j^ '^ ^
jE W T'ai* Ch'ang2 Ssu* Cheng* Ch'ingS Directors of the Cour
of Sacrificial Worship ; literary designation, p\ Ji§: ^ W ^^^
U^ Ssu* Ch'ing', :;^ ^ Ta* T, ^ ^ ^' P Feng* Gh'ang^
Ssu* Ch'ingS ;/; 11 ft 'Ta* Tien' Li^ and ^ fj^ Tsung^ Pc^-
3a, and 2. Two X "^ ^ 'P W T'ai* Ch'ang^
Ssu* Shao*
Ch'ing^ Sub-Directors of the Court of Sacrificial Worship;
literary designation, H /it 5^ 0P Ssu' Li^ Shao* Cli'ing^ an*
[ 486 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
mi^^ Feng* Ch'ang=^ Ta^ Fii\ These Officials were 934
generically described as ^ ^ Ching^ T'ang^.
For officials additional to the above-mentioned see Nos.
382b and 391.
The Court of Sacrificial Worship was amalgamated in 1 906
Tvith the ^ ^{5 Li^ Fu\ Ministry (Board) of Eites (see No.
376b), i.e. Avith the Department of Sacrificial Worship (see
No. 382a).
934. yt M ^ Kuang^ Lu* Ssti^ Banqueting Court ;
literary designation, '^ ^ "o] Ssu^ Tsai' Ssu^, and ^ ^ ^
Hsiian^ Hui^ Yiian* (see No. 376b). This department supervised
the food supplies for banquets given in honour of Envoys from
vassal states, as well as in honour of new Metropolitan Graduates
and Provincial Graduates or, in the case of very worthy officials,
on the 60th anniversary of the attainment of their literary
degrees, by Imperial direction,
at the Court or at the Board of
('Cremonies. Its personnel was : 1. Two j^ f^ ^ IP. fpP
Kuang^ Lu'* Ssu'^ Cheng* Ch'ing^, Directors of the Banqueting
Court ; literary designation, ^ ^ ^ T'ai* Kuan^ Ling*,
m^^M Ssu' Tsai^ Ch'ingS 7^ ^ Lcng^ Ch'ingi, :k n B ^^a*
;Ssui Shan*, and i; fi ^9 Ta* Ting^ Hsiang*; 3b, and
2. Two ^ H ^ ^ iP Kuang^ Lu* Ssu^ Shao* Ch'iugS Sub-
Directors of the Banqueting Court ; literary designation, ^ nl j^
Shao* Ssu^ Shan*, and ^^M Ta* Ho' Keng^;
5 a.
The Banqueting Court was amalgamated with the jjl^ §[J
Li' Pu*, Ministry of Rites (see No. 376b), i.e. the Banqueting
Department (see No. 383a) in 1906.
935. t^ Sit ^ Hung^ Lu'^ Ssu*, Court of State Ceremonial ;
literary designation, ^ ^ I^ T'ai'^ (see No. 376b). The duty of
informing guests at banquets as to the ceremonies reqidred
by etiquette devolved upon this Court. Its personnel
included :
1. Two ^1 M ^ jE P Hung^ Lu^ Ssu* Cheng* Ch'ingS
Directors of the Court of State Ceremonial ; literary designation,
[ 487 ]
to
935

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
936 :J^^M '^^' ^s^' I'' ^^^ :^C ^ A Ta* Hsiiig'^ Jen" ; 4a, and
to
Q'^ft
2. Tavo ^^M^'J^W Hiing^ Lu2 Ssxi* Shao* Cli'ing\ Sub-
Directors of the Court o£ State Ceremonial ; literary designation,

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Sub-Directors of the Court of the Imperial Stud ; literary 937
designation, ^ pI ^ Shao* Ssu^ P'u^;4a. tO
The Court of the Imperial Stud was amalgamated with the qqo
m%^\l Lu-* Chiin^ Vn\ Ministry of War {see Nos. 417 and
420), i.e. with the Department of the ^Military Stud {see No.
433a), in 1906.
937. TflJ % Hsing^ Pu*, Ministry (Board) of Punishments
(see No. 438). Reorganized in 1906 as the f^ ^jj Fa* Pu"*,
Ministry of Justice {see No. 440).
Other designations of the Ministry of Punishments were
^ ^ Oh'iu^ Ts'ao^ ^ ^ Ssu^ Iv'ou*, ^ ^ Hsien* Ts'ao^
^ gn Hsien* Pu*, and @g g Hsi' T'ai^ Its President was
called ;^ m Oh'iu^ Ch'ing\ ^ M ««"^ HsienS :f^ ^ ^ Ta*
Ping- Hsien^ and -^^fiM Ta" Oh'iu^ T'ail
937a. :/(; Jf ^ Ta' Li^* Ssu\ Court of Judicature
and Revision {sec No. 215) ; reorganized
in 190G as the
:^ SI P% Ta* Li^ Yiian^ Supreme Court of Justice {see No.
215a).
The Court of Judicature and Revision was also called § gj
Yiiu^ Ssu\ and |^ ^ Chi* Ssu*. Its President was called @ j^'J
T'ing2 Yii*, i^ Q iJ Ta* T'ing^ Yu*, ^ Jfl] {TlP Ssu^ Hsing-
Ch'ing', II p Chi* Ch'ingS :A: j^ Ta* Chi*, ^ m ^^I^'i"' Ch'ingS
and :J^ p] ;^ Ta* Ssu^ Yiin"\ while the Vice-President was
styled ^ zp Ts'an^ P'ing', and @ Jlif ^ ^ T'ing^ Yil* Shao*.
Ch'inff 4;v.„.i
938. i^" ^15 Shangi Pu*, Ministry (Board) of Trade;
established in 1903 (see Nos. 461 and 461a) ; amalgamated in
1906 with the M X f^ ^!5 Nung^ Kung^ Shang^ Pu', Ministry
of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce (see No. 462), i.e. witli'
the Department of (Jommerce (see No. 465 ).
939. X pB Kungi Pu*, Ministry (Board) of Works (see
Nos. 460 and 4G0a). Amalgamated in 1906 with the ^ X [Sj ofj
Nung^ Kung' Shang^ Pu*, Ministry of Agriculture, Industry
[ 481) 1

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
940 and Commerce {see No. 462), i.e. with the Department of
to Industry (^ce No. 464).
043 The Ministry of Works was also styled ^ ^ Tung^ Ts'ao^,
^ ^ Ssu^ K'ung\ ^ % Ch'i» Pu^ ^ !"• Ch'i' Ts'ao', while
its President was called ^ "^ Timg^ Kuan^, ^ ^p Tung^ Ch'ing^
and :;c pI ^ Ta* Ssu^ P'mg^.
940. Jl '^ ^ Li' Fan' Yiian^, Court of Colonial AfFairs
{see No. 491) ; reorganized in 1906 as the Ji ^ ^ji'Li^ Fan*
Pu^, Ministry of Dependencies {see No. 491 a).
The Court of Colonial AfFairs was also known as [p] ^ ^
its President
T'ung"^ Wen' Ssu*, and ^ ^ t^ Ssu^ Pin^ Ssu*;
was called m ^ Tien' K'o^ ^ ^ # fP T'ung^' Wen' Ssu*
Ch'ingS and p]^ # P Ssu^ Pin^ Ssu'^ Ch'ing\ and its Vice-
President W^ ^ 'P M T'ung2 Wen' Ssu* Shao* Ch'ing\
and ^ ^ 4 -i^ !/PP Ssu^ Piu^ Ssu^ Shao* Ch'ingi.
941. ^ ^ j^ Hsueh' Wu^ Gh'u*, Committee of Educa-
tional AfFairs ; established in 1903 {see No. 574) ; reorganized
in 1906 as the ^ ^[J Hsiieh' Pu*, Ministry of Education {see
No. 395).
942. ^ ^ ^ Luan' I' Wei% The Imperial Equipage
Department {see No. 109); transformed in 1909 into the ^ ^^
Luan' Yu2 Wei* {see Decree of 13th April, 1909).
HONORARY TITLES.
943; The folloAving honorary titles are bestowed (j^ J^^
^ ifa • • .
^'i Chia^ En^ Shang' Chia^ . . . Hsien')
on officials, either during their lifetime or after their death, for
distinguished service rendered the State: 1. >!c IP T'ai* Shih^,
Grand Preceptor ; 1a, 2. -^^ T'ai* Fu*, Grand Tutor; 1a,
3. :*: iJi^
T'ai-* PaoS Grand Guardian ; 1a, 4. ip gp Shao<
Shih^, Junior Preceptor; 1b, 5. ^ f^ Shao* Fu*, Junior
Tutor; iB, and 6. *]? f^ Shao'' Pao', Junior Guardian; iB.
[ 4&0 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZAtlON OF CHINA.
These correspond to the titles of the six highest Ministers of
State of olden times, designated under the general names of
San^ Ku\
^ ^ San^ Kung^ and H M
To the above-mentioned there may
»
be added six similar
titles, referring to the Heir Apparent (see No. 12), which are,
much more often, conferred for eminent service : 1. ^ -jF !^ ^IP
T'ai* Tzu' T'ai^ Shih^, Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent ;
IB, 2. ^ ^ ^ ff T'ai'' Tzu^ T'ai^ Fu^ Grand Tutor of the
Heir Apparent; 1b, 3. :k J- i^ i^ T'ai* Tzil' T'ai* PaoS
Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent; 1b, 4. ^-f"^^
T'ai* Tzu^ Shao^ Shih\ Junior Preceptor of the Heir Apparent ;
2a, 5. 5^ ^ >J? ff T*ai* Tzu» Shao* Fu^ Junior Tutor of the
Heir Apparent; 2a, and 6. :k 1^ ^P i^
T'ai* Tzu' Shao*
Pao', Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent ; 2a. The
last-mentioned is often granted to officials holding office and it
entitles them to be addressed as ^ f^ Kung^ Pao^, this phrase
being added to their family name (for instance,
^ ifi:
in the case of
ill Yiian^ Shih4-k'al^ ^ g f J^ Yuan' Kung^ Pao^).
As regards Europeans, the title of Junior Guardian of the
Heir Apparent has been bestowed upon Sir Robert Hart
iW-^i^ Ho* -
Kung^ Pao^), the Inspector
Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs.
bestowing
General of the
In the Peking Gazette there may often be noticed Decrees
on this or that official one of the titles mentioned on
the occasion of the 60th anniversary of their attainment of a
degree (M ^ t. ^ M ^ ^ ^ Hsiang^ Chii' Chih^ Nien'
\Shih* Chou^ Hua^ Chia^), for instance, |§ ^ Ming^ AnS
€x-Tartar General of Kirin, was granted the honorary title of
junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent (see Decree of the 25th
^February, 1908).
As has been stated, honorary titles are also bestowed on
officials after their death. The late Grand Secretary ^, ^ ^
Tai* Hung'-tz'u'' was invested, after his death, with the title of
[ 491 ]

I'KESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
944 riaiiior Guardian of the Heir Apparent (see Decree of the 27th
February, 1910).
HEREDITARY RANKS AND TITLES OF HONOUR;
POSTHUMOUS TITLES.
944, H jg Chueh^ Yin*, or -{I ^ Shih* Chiieh^ Hereditary
Ranks; arranged in nine grades: 1. ^ Kung^,^Duke, 2. Hou^ Marc^wis,
-^
3.
f(J Po^ Earl, 4. ^ Tzii^ Viscount, 5. H
Nan^ Baron, 6. |I Ig^.^t ^'l^'ing^ Oh'c^ Tu^ YiiS 7. .^|f,i^
Ch'i^ Tu^ YiiS 8. ^ „^ iJ Yiin^ Ch'i^ Yii*, and 9. ^ i| j^
En'^ Ch'i^ Yi'i'^. There are three chisses (^ Teng^)
the firs+ five ranks.
of each of
The three senior ranks, called ^ ^ Ch'ao^ P'in^, "Eminent
Ranks," are qualified by laudatory epithets (so-called ^- ^
Chia^ Ming^), for instance, the Earl ^ 'Jt| ^ Li* Hung^-chang^
and the Marquis '^ ^[1 ^ Chcng^ Chi^-tsc^, are styled, re-
spectively, 1: ^ fl^ Su' I* Po2, and ^ M ^' I* ^^i*) Y^mg^
Hou^, etc.
All the vanks mentioned, the ninth excepted, are herital)le
within certain limits (^ gM Shih* Hsi^)— for a specified number
of generations, ranging from 26 for a J^ Kung^ of the first class
to on 3 for a s-i SSflJ «I>J Yiin'^ Ch'i^ Yii^—or heritable forever
("t ® ^ W Shih* Hsi2 Wang^ T'i*).
Among the Manchus the cases of "peri^etual inheritance"
of titles (colloquially called ^ ^^ Pei* Pei*) are very frequent.
Possessors of such- titles (for instance, that of ^ Kung^) are
distinguished as: I. ^^^ Tsung^ Siiih* Kung^ (see No.
39), 2. MMS Chiiehi Lo' Kungi (see No. 40), and
3. AM^ Pal Ch'i^' Kungi (5^^ No. 718).
Among the Chinese there are also found cases of " perpetual
inheritance" (Dukes, for instance, being designated ^ -^.Min^
[ 492 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Kung^) but these, especially with reference to the titles of ^ 944a.
Kung^ and ^ Hou' {see Nos. 914A and 944b), are rather rare.
Those holding junior titles— commencing with the sixth
often attain the privilege of annexing (^ Chien^) to their titles
those of one degree higher.
Any of the titles above-mentioned may
be confeiTcd
posthumously (^ H Chin^ Tseng*, or if ft Chui^ Tseng*) for
distinguished service rendered the State.
944a. Among the Chinese, the posterity of Confucius
alone have the right of "perpetual inheritance" of the Princely
title
lif ^^ Yen^ Sheng* KungS Sacred Prince (1a). This
was bestowed in 1055 A.D., by the Emperor {^ ^ Jen*
Tsung\ of the ^ Sung* Dynasty, on ?L ^ M K'ung'
Tsung^-yiian*,
the 47th in line of descent from Confucius. It
carries with it an allowance of 360 taels a year, issued from the
public treasury. Also, imder the present Dynasty, a piece of
laud has been granted, "for eternal possession," to the posterity
of Confucius which, being free of all taxes and dues, brings in a
good profit. Those residing on this land are also exempt from
all taxes and dues.
The holder of the title under consideration is responsible for
the maintenance in good order of the grave of Confucius, situated
in ® ^ ,^ Ch'a^ Fu^ Hsien*, Shantung province.
The second son of the Yen Sheng Kung bears the title (also
heritable forever) of 3£ jjs^ tS ± ^u^ Chingi Po'^ Shih*, Doctor
of the Classics ; 8a. His duties consist in offering sacrifices to
the grandson of Confucius, ^ ,^> Tzu' Ssu'.
The title of i M 1f ± Wu' Ching^ Po^ Shih*, or simply
If ± Po' Shih* (literary designation, ~X M W- Ta* Han* Po'),
is also transmitted to the eldest, in a direct line, of the
descendants of the following famous men of
antiquity :
1. ^ ^ Chou^ KungS 2. ^ ^ Yen^ Yuan', 3. ^t T H
Tseng^ Tzu^-yu*, 4. ^^f-M Min^ Tzu'-ch'ien^, 5. fift ^
[ 493 ]
gg

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.
044b Chung* Chi*-lu*, 6. :t ^ ^ Yu' Tzu»-yu^ 7. 1l^ :^ J ^
to Tuan^ Mu* Tzu^ Knng\ 8. h ^ M Pu^ Tza'-hsia*, 9. m^W^
944d
•
Yen^ Tzu'-yu2, 10. f^ fj^ ^i Jan^ Po'-niu^, 1 1 . -^ frfi ^ Jan'
Chung*-kungS 12. g| J^ dp ^ Chuan^ Sun^ Tzu* Chang\ 13.
^ ^ M^ng* Tzu^ 14 f/t ^ Fu2 ShengS 15.' H ,^ Han*
Yu*, 16. ;jj ^ H Ghoul 'f:^n'-[\ 17. Sn ^ Shao* YungS 18. .{
^ M Ch'eng'^ HaoS 19. ^m Ch'eng' P, 20. ?j| g^ Chang^
tsai^, 21. ^ ^ Chu^ Hsi^ and 22. ^ ^^
Kuan^ Yu^
944b. The descendants of one of the relatives of the last
Emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1868-1644), # || Ch'ung*
Cheni (1628-1644), bear the title, "heritable forever," of ^ ^
(/hu^ Hou^, Marquis Chu, and the descendants of J^ ig Shih^
Lang^, a native of Fukien province who distinguished himself in
the struggle against ^ )^ Jjj Cheng* C/h'eng'-kung\ Coxinga,
the Chinese pirate chief, and rendered great servjc.e to the
Government in the conquest of Formosa (1621-1696), also bear
the title, "of perpetual inheritance," of J^ ^ Shih^ Hou^,
Marquis Shih.
944c. JE — iilfe R A

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHINA.
944e. Regulations sanctioned by the Emperor on the 22nd 944e
September, 1910, define rewards and honours to be bestowed on ^q
those who fall in battle, or succumb from wounds received, and qak
on those woVinded in action. The table annexed to these
regulations provides
for three classes of rewards for those who
are killed, or wounded, and a fourth for the wounded alone.
These rewards are graded as follows : 1. The titles of ^ ^ j^t
Ch^^' Tu^ Yu% m H i'J i^^n' Ch'i^ YiiS and ^^ ^ if ^^n^ Oh'i^
Yii* (see No, 944 ; of perpetual, or qualified, inheritance),
2. The rank of ^ ^ Chien* Sheng^ (see No. 959), of the
seventh, eighth and ninth grades, 3. A yearly pension (^^ ^ ^
En^ Fu^ Chin^) of from 12 to 1,200 taels, and 4. A reward
(M ^ ^ ^^^ Hsii* C'hin^), bestowed but once, of from 35 to
2,000 taels.
945. |if It Feng^ Tseng*, Titles of Honour ; conferred for
services rendered, because of merit, or by Imperial bounty on
the occasion of great rejoicing (through the mediimi of j^» |3
These may
En^ Chao"*, " Gracious Proclamations.")
be conferred
(^ Shou^) upon officials themselves or (^ Feng^) upon their
Avives, or granted as posthumous distinctions (^ Tseng*) upon
then- deceased progenitors. The patents by which these titles
are conferred are designated f^ -^ Kao* Ming*,
for all ranks
from the first to the fifth inclusive, and ^J -p^ Ch'ih* Ming*, for
all inferior to these.
Titles of honour are divided into nine ranks, each of which,
in turn, is divided into two classes : 1 . 3^1^:/^:^
Kuang'
Lu* Ta* Fu^ ; lA, and i| jf^ ;^ ^ Yung^ Lu* Ta* Fu^ ; 1b,
2- M^'X^ Tzu^ Cheng* Ta* Fu^ ; 2a, and M ^ X it
T'ungi Feng* Ta* Fu^; 2b, 3. M M X it '^'"^""S' I' '^^^ Fu^;
3a, and t\t ^ -f^ ^ Chung^ I* Ta* Fu^; 3b, 4. ffl M i^ it
Chung^ Hsien*Ta* Fu^j 4a, and ^ M i^ it ^^'h'ao^ I* Ta* Fu^ ;
4b, 5. ^^i\it Feng*. Cheng* Ta* Fu'; 5a, and ^ it i^[it .
Feng* Chih^ Ta* Fu^; 5b, 6. ^ '^, M Ch'eng^ Te^ Lang^; 6a,
[ 495 ]
•

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
946 andfU^HS JV Lin^ Lang2; 6b, 7. -^^^Wi^
Wen^ Lin-
Lang'^; 7a, and i^ ffc ^IS CW'iig^ Shih* Lang^; 7b, 8.
f|j| ^^ |1$
Hsm^ Chih'' Lang^ 8a, and j^M^i^-M Hsiu^ Chili^ Tso^ Lang'';
8b, and 9. ^ ft HI5 Teng^ Shih* Lang^; 9a, and ^ ffc ^ HB
Tengi Shih* Tso' Lang^; 9b.
Officials of the class o£ ^ ^ Li^ Yiian^, i.e. those who have
entered the public service from the ranks of ^ |5| Shu^ Pan*,
may attain the following titles of honour: ^ ^i HI5 Hsiian^ Te'^
Lang^; 6a, and ^ ^ 1I> Hsiian^ I* Laug^; 7a (compare No.
962).
Titles of honour conferred upon the wives of officials are
also divided into nine ranks: 1. "" no ^ A ^^ P'in^ Fu'
.Jen^ 2. H 5?, ^ A Erh^ P'm^ Fu' Jen^, 3. ^ A ShuMen^,
4. ^ A Kungi Jen^ 5. ^AP JcnS 6. ^ A An^ Jen^,
7. ii A J«' 'Ten2, 8. A p^ fi A Pa^ P'in^ Ju^ J^n2, and
^ :^ 0^ M A Chiu^ P'in' Ju» Jen^
Upon military officials there are conferred nine ranks of
titles of honour, each rank being of two classes : 1. ^ MI2 ^ ^
Chien* Weil ChiangV Chuni; lA, and ^^11^*$. Chen* Wei'
Chiangi Chun^ 1b, 2.
je^ .^ ){§ ^ Wu^ Hsien^ Chiang^ Chiin';
2a, and II Jfy ^ % Wu' Kung^ Chiang^ Chiin^; 2b, 3. ^^^M
1} Wu^ r Tu^ Yu\ 3a, and ^^ M ^ Wi Wu^ 1* Tu^ Yii*; 3b,
4. m^U Wi Chaoi Wu^ Tn^ Yii*; 4a, and M^U WH
Hsliani Wu^ Tu^ Yu*; 4b, 5. ^^ ^ ^ IM
^m Wii^ Liieh* Ch'i^ YiV; 6a, and j^ |ll§ ^
5a, and fl'^,i^^ iJ Wu^ Te^ Tso^ Ch'i^ Yii*;
Wu'l Tc^ C'h'i' Yii*;
'
ob, 6. ^ )j^
H i^ Wu^ Liieh*
Tsd^* Ch'i* YLi*; 6b, 7. ^l ff ^ lij Wu^ Hsin* Ch'i^ Yii*; 7a
and i^fti^HM Wu3 Hsin* Tso'
i^ tt
Ch'i^ Yu*; 7b, 8. ^ i?
Ft^n' Wu=^ Hsiaoi Yii*; 8a, aiid ^fli^l^WH Fen* Wu
Tso3 Hsiaoi Yii*; 8b, and 9.
Hsiu^ Wu^ Hsiao
f]^ JE^ i^ ii
Yi\*; 9a, and ff ^ ^ |^ |1 Hsiu^ WulTso' Hsiao^ Yu*;-9b.
946. ^ |g Shih* Hao*, Posthumous Laudatory Epithets
These are conferred (jjn }§^ ^ || Chia^ En^ Yii^ Shih*)
[ 49G ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
posthvunously, by Decree, upon, very worthy officials and are 947
indicative of the activity for which bestowed or the praiseworthy ^q
character of the one honoured, for instance, ^ ^^ Wen^ Chung\ q^o
^ g Wen2 Hsiangi, ^ jE Wen^ Cheng% ^ j^r Wen^ Min^ ^
^ Wen^ Chen^ ^\ ^ Wgn-^ Ch'in^, ^ fjgj Wen^ Ch'eng^, ^ ^
Wen2 TingS ^ fQ Wen» Ho^ ^ j!g Wen^* Tuan\ ^ ^ Wen*
Kung',- * ?JI. Chungi Lieh*, * ^ Chiingi Ting% ,£• .^ Chung^
I' (N-i^). J^ ¥ Wu^ LiiehS fl ,^ Wu3 Chung^ etc.
To the foregoing epithets the character ^ Kung^ is usually
added (not, however, in this case meaning Duke ; compare No.
'944). Thus, the full posthumous laudatory epithet of ^ ^| ^
Li Hung-changis ^ ^^ ^ Wen' "Jhung^ Kung\
In Decrees bf stowing posthumous laudatory epithets on
deceased functionaries it is frequently commanded that sacrifices
be offered in their memory (,\ jjiQ Ju^ Ssu^) in the ^ M ffil
Hsien^ Liang2 Tz'u^ (see No. 572;.
DISTINCTIONS FOR MERIT.
947. ^^ %\ Hsing^ Kua'*, or (the more generally known)
^ .H ^I' Huang^ Ma^ Kua^, Yellow Riding Jacket, and ^ ^
tS ^I^ Tai* Su* Tiao^ Kua^, Jacket Avith Sable Tails. These are
the two rewards for the greatest merit ; the first is often confei*red
(^ .^ Shang^ Ch'uan^) for military services.
948. MM ^^^^ Chiang^ and ^-^ Huang'' Chiang^
Purple Bridle Reins, and Yellow Bridle Reins.
The privilege of employing purple or yellow bridle reins,
appertaining to Princes (^ee No. 2 7 a), is bestowed (^* ^ Shang^
Yung') upon distinguished officials.
949. M^^P^^JIi Tzu^ Chin* Ch'eng^ Nei* Ch'i^ Ma'

V
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL 0RGANI2AT10N OF CHINA.
^60 ^n honorary distinction conferred upon old officials who- are verj
"^Q frequently suntunoned to Audiences.
951 A similar distinction is the ^ ^ ^ Hsing^ Huang^ Chiao*,
Apricot-yellow Sedan-chair.
^^^- ^ tt Ling^ Chih^, The Feather, or Plume ; of two
kinds, namely, JL =^ ^ K'ung^ (^h'iieh* (Ch'iao^) Ling^, The-
Peacock Feather {see No. 950a), and ^^ Lan^ Ling% The-
Blue Plume {see No. 950b).
950a. JL ^ ffi K'ung'' Ch'ueh^ (C:h'iao^) Ling^, The
_--::^JPeacock Feather {see No. 950).
the following three classes : 1.
This decoration is arranged in
H! ^ t^ ^ San^ Yen^ Hua^
Ling^, The Three-eyed Peacock Feather ; conferred only on
Imperial Princes of the first six degrees {see No. 27a) or very
distinguished officials, not unusually for signal military achieve^
ments, 2. ^ 0^ :?b ^ Shuang^Yen^ Hua^ Ling\ The Double-
eyed Peacock Feather, and- 3. U M '{^ ^ Tan^ Yen' Huai
Lirig', The Single-eyed Peacock Feather (commonly called i^f^
Hua^ Ling-) ;
conferred as an ordinary form of reward for public
service (compare the expression ^" ^ ^ f|| Shang^ Tai^ Eua^
Ling''), and often obtained by purchase.
950b. ^ ^ Lan^ Ling^ The Blue Plume {see No. 950;
colloquially termed ^ ^ f^ Lao' Kua^ LMg'j
or The Crow
Feather). This distinction is attributed to the rank and file of
the Imperial Guards {see No. 99) and is conferred, as a
rewai"d for services rendered, upon
rank.
officials below the sixth;
951. G ® ^ Pa^ T'u^ Lu', A representation of the
Manchu word '
B'at^iu-u," and of the Morigol word " Baghadur,"
meaning "Biave"; conferred solely for active service in the
field and .qualified by laudatory epithets, for instance, ^ ^ K
^^I*-(Ni^) Yung' Pa^ TV Lu' (compare No. 944). This
distinction cjdrries with it the right to wear the Peacock Feather
[ 4^8. ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,
(see No. 950a) should the recipient not ali;eady have attained 963;
this privilege. ^ ^
952. Sj]^ Kungi P'ai^, The Soldier's Medal ; an oblong
thin plate o£ silver having the character ^ Shang', " Reward,"
embossed upon it ; bestowed on meritorious soldiers at reviews
and inspections.
DECORATIONS.
953. H fI ft M Shuangi Lung^ Pao^ Hsingi, The Order
of the Dov^ble Dragon. Until lately this was the sole Order
found in China, being instituted in response to a Memorial from
the Office of Foreign Affairs, dated the 16th October, 1881.
The original purpose was to create a distinction which might be
bestowed upon the Ministers of Foreign Powers at Peking,
Sir Thomas Wade being designated as the first intended
recipient.
Its scope was, however, enla,rged lo Include foreigners
of all classes who distinguish themselves and, because of this. It
became necessary to arrange the Order in ^ Teng^, Divisions,
and the latter in ^ Ti*, Classes.
Dependent upon the official status of the person
to be
honoured, the Order of the Double Dragon is conferred according
to the folloM'ing schedule :
First Division :
1st Class : Reigning Sovereigns,
2nd Class : Heirs Apparent and members of Royal Families.
3rd Class : Ministers of State and Ambassadors.
Second Division :
1st Class : ]\Iinisters Plenipotentiary.
2n(i Class : Ministers Resident, Charges
Inspector General of Customs.
d'Affaires and the
3rd Class : First Secretaries of Embassies and Legations,
Generals, Consuls-General and Heads of Educational Establish-
ments.
[ 499 ]
953

958a
PBE8ENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Third Division :
1st Class : Second Secretaries of Embassies and Legations,
onsnls, Attaches, Colonels, Professors, etc.,
2rid Class : Vice-Consuls, Commanders in the Navy,
Lieutenant-Colonels, etc.
3rd Class : Consular Interpreters, Majors, (Captains, etc.
Fourth Division : Soldiers and Sailors of the rank and file.
Fifth Division : Artisans, Tradespeople, etc.
Lately there has been noticed a tendency to confer Orders
of the Double Dragon of a degree higher than that prescribed
by the regulations (for instance, it has become customary to
confer upon Ministers Plenipotentiary at Peking the 3rd Class of
the First Division).
Since 1908 the Government has
of the Double Dragon upon Chinese
been conferring the Order
officials ; ^ f^ 1^ T'ang^
Shao*-i^ (see No. 925), .the Extraordinary Ambassador to the
United States of America, was the first Chinese thus honoured.
It is now conferred upon : the higher officials of the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, Chinese Ministers abroad, officials deputed for
special missions abroad, the higher officials of the Ministry of
Wat, the General Staff and the Army, the Naval Council, the
Commission for the Reorganization of the Navy and the higher
officers of the New Palace Guard (among these there are many
Princes of the Blood who receive the Order of the Double
Dragon of the First Division, 2nd Class, for instance, ^ ^^
Tsai' Hsiin^ g^ ^ Tsai^ T'ao^, H gg Yu^ Lang^ and g^ ^
Tsai^ Fu^).
953 A. In consequence of a Memorial from ^^ ^ ^
Pei^ Le* Tsai^ T'aoS Prince of the Third Degree, Tsai T'ao, and
others, in which it was requested that Imperial
instructions be
issvied for the drawing up of regulations for Chinese De/^orations
iWi M Hsiin^ Chang^), a Decree was issued on the 2nd April,
1909, charging the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and
[ 500 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
War, and the Committee of Ministers, to investigate this
([uestion.
On the 20th March, 1911, the estaWishments mentioned,
in accordance with the Imperial instructions, presented their
reply, with an enclosure in which was elaborated a scheme for
the bestowal of New Chinese Orders (M ^ Wi"^ &^ i^
I^an^ ,
('hi^ Hsiin^ Chang^ Pan* Fa"*). The recommendations of this
leply received Imperial sanction the same day. Accord-
ingly, there have now been Instituted in China the following
Orders :
1. Special Order for Reigning Sovereigns (^ Jb HI ^
Huang2 Shang* P'ei* Chang^), namely, :J^ g ^ Ta"* Pao^
('hang\ Order of the Great Treasure (the Imperial Throne),
with the ribbon of light yellow colour (^ |g Tai* Shou"*).
2. Two Orders for members of Eoyal Families (^ ^ IJIl ^
Huang2 Tsu' Hsiin^ Chang^), namely, the ^ f| Ij] $ Huang^
Lung- Hsiin'^ Chang\ Order of the Yellow Dragon, and the
^ flifi^ Chnh* Lung2 Hsiin^ ChangS Order of the Red
Dragon.
3. Two Orders for zealous service (g X III ^ Ch'Cn^
Kung^ Hsiin^ Chang^), namely, the W fl III ^ Ch'ing^ Lung^
Hsiin^ Change Order of the Blue Dragon, and the ^ f| ^ DJ
Hei^ Lung^ Hsiin^ Chang^, Order of the Black Dragon. These
two are divided into eight ^ Teng', Classes, each.
The Order of the YelloAv. Dragon is bestowed upon Princes
of the Blood alone, for merit shown.
The Order of the Red Dragon if bestowed upon Princes
of the Second and Third Degrees and, for very
and by a special Edict, upon
Degrees or officials of the first I'ank.
eminent merit
Princes of the Fourth and Fifth
Tlie First Class of the Order of the Blue Dragon is con-
ferred upon Princes of the Fourth and Fifth Degrees and, for
special merit, upon officials of the first rank.
[ 501 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
The First Class of the Order of the Black Dragon is
bestowed upon Princes of the Fourth and Fifth Degrees and
upon officials of the first rank. Also, it may be granted, for
special merit and as an act of Imperial favour,
second rank.
to officials of the
The Second („^lass of the Order of the Blue Dragon is
bestowed upon officials of the second rank, for special merit.
The Second Class of the Order of the Black Dragon is
intended for officials of the second rank but, for special merit
shown, may be conferred upon officials of the Third rank,
act of Imperial grace.
as an
The Third Class of the Order of the Blue Dragon is given,
for distinguished service, to officials of the third rank.
The Third Class of the Order of the Black Dragon is
bestowed upon officials of the third rank and, should the Throne
be memorialized with regard to their eminent merit, upon
substantive officials of the fourth rank.
The Fourth Class of the Order of the Blue Dragon is-
granted to officials of the fourth rank, for special merit.
The Fourth Class of the Order of the Black Dragon is
conferred upon officials of the fourth rank and, should tbeir merit
be brought to the Emperor's notice in a special Memorial, upon
officials holding substantive posts of the fifth and sixth ranks.
The Fifth Class of the Order of the Blue Di-ag m is
bestowed, for special merit, upon officials of the fifth rank.
The Fifth Class of the Order of the Black Dragon is
destined for officials of the' fifth rank but may, also, be given to
officials holding substantive posts of the sixth and seventh ranks,
provided they
are '
brought ,to the Imperial notice, because of
superior merit, in a special Memorial.
The Sixth Class of the Order of the Blue Dragon is
conferred upon officials of the sixth rank, because of special
merit.
[ 502 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
The Sixth Class of the Order of the Black Dragon is
intended for officials of th€ sixth rank but may be bestowed upon
officials holdmg substantive posts of the seventh and eighth
ranks, should their pre-eminent ability be brought to the Imperial
notice by a special Memorial.
The Seventh Class of the Order of the Blue Dragon
is bestowed upon officials of the seventh rank, for merit
shown.
The Seventh Class of the Order of the Black Dragon is
destined for bestowal upon officials of the seventh rank and upon
officials holding substantive posts of the eighth and ninth ranks,
whose marked worthiness
special
is brought to the Emperor's notice by
Memorials.
The Eighth Class of the Order of the Blue Dragon is
conferred upon officials of the eighth and ninth ranks, because of
special merit.
The Eighth Class of the Order of the Black Dragon is
bestowed upon officials holding posts lower than the eighth and
ninth ranks in Civil, Marine and Military Establishments. Also,
it may be conferred upon persons, not in the Government
Service, whose efforts have aided the spread of education, or
whose initiative has served to develop industries, and upon those
of the most lowly birth, whose worthy character calls for
recognition.
As regards foreigners, officials and others, the regulations
regarding the new Orders provide that they mg.y be bestowed
upon such persons, the grade being determined by the status of
the individual honoured.
Evervthing in connection with the bestowal of Chinese
Decorations is to be attended to by a special office, the fUj ^ ^
Hsiin^ Chang^ Chu*^, Office of Decorations. This office is. to be
under the supervision of the Committee of Ministers; at present
it is at the INIinistry of Foreign Affiiirs.
[ 503 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
954 In addition to the foregoing, th^ Ministries of War and the
to Navy have been commanded to arrange for a special Order to
957 ^6 bestowed upon officers and men of the Army and Na-\'}' whose
courage and self-sacrifice in action prove instrumental in
attaining victory. The said Ministries are to present a detailed
report of what they recommend, for Imperial sanction.
THE GOVERNMENT 5ERVi^c.
954. i± li Shih* Chin4 (also ji: ig Shili'* T'u^), The
Government Service. The privilege of ^ ^ Ch'u^ Shen^,
"advancement," or entry into the public service, is open to those
belonging to the following (see Nos. 955 to 962) eight
categories :
955. |§ ±; Chin* Shih'' (literary designation, 1^ f^J Chia'
Pang^, and ^ ^ Liang^ Pang^), Metropolitan Graduate
(Doctor) ; those having attained the third, or highest, literary
degree (see No. 629c).
956. ^ \ Chil^ Jen^ (literary designation, ^j? i§ i
Hsiangi Chin' Shih^ ZL W I' P^ng'. '^n

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
JEn^ Pu^ Kung* Sheng^ Licentiates by Imperial Favour (granted
Ithe degree o£ Licentiate by Imperial favour in a jiibilee year, ^q
jafter 20, or more, years' tenure of the grade ,
of Salaried
[Licentiate; see No. 629a).
To this category also belong those who have obtained the
degree of Senior Licentiate by purchase, namely: 1.
]^. 'm, ^,
Lin^ Kung* Sheng^ (from the ranks of Salaried Licentiates),
2. ^ M ^ Tseng^ Kung* Shong' (from the ranks of Supple-
^ ^u* Kung* Sheng' (from the
mentary Licentiates), 3.
P|»t ^
ranks of Accessory Licentiates), and 4. '1^/^ ^ Li* Kung*
Sheng^ (from the ranks of Collegians of the Imperial Academy
of Xearning; compare No. 959).
958. /^ ^ Yin'' Sheng^ Honorary
Licentiate. This is
granted on the occasion of national rejoicing (through the
medium of an ,^» |^ En^ Chao'*, "Gracious Proclamation," or is
bestowed in consideration of services rendered by a progenitor
of the person honoured. Accordingly, Honorary Licentiates are
distinguished as ^, ji^ ^ En^ Yin* Sheng', or li ^ ^ Nan*
Yin* Sheng^ (for details see No. 944c).
The Yin Sheng are arranged in j^ P'in^, Grades (four in
all, corresponding to the fifth to the eighth official ranks), eacli
of which is sub-divided into four ^ Teng^, Classes, which
.distinguish the type of service : 1 . ^ ^ Shih* Wei* (see No.
99), 2. Wen^ ^^ Chih^ ;5.
^\> ^ Wai* Y'ung*, and
4-~ i§ M

PRESENT DAT P01.ITICAI. ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
960 No. 957 "l; the descendants oL well-known persons ; granted this
to title by the Emperor at the Pi Yung Hall, 2. }§,'S^^ ^ En^
Ch'ii^ QQo Chien^ Sheng^; these receive their degree after a special
examination (compare No. 628), 3. ^^ JM ^ ^ ^n^ Yin^
Chien^ Sheng^ (compare No. 958); conferred on occasions of
rejoicing upon
one of the sons of : A. Civil Court Officials of
not lower than the fourth rank,^ B. Civil Provincial Officials of
not lower than the third rank, and C . Military
Officials (Court and
provincial) of not lower than the third rank, 4. ^ IM ^ ^
Nan* Yin" Chien" Sheng^ (compare No. 958); bestowed upon
one of the sons of officials who lose their lives while at sea or
during a campaign, 5. @ ^ ^ Yu^ Chien" Sheng^;
thus are
styled Licentiates of the 1st Class (see No. 629a) and Military
Licentiates (^^ ;*|£ Wu' Sheng^; compare No. 629d) chosen
by lot by the Provincial Commissioner of Education, and
^'
'^J ^ ^ Li" Chien" Sheng'; those obtaining their degree
by pm-chase, four classes in all : A. ^ Ss ^ Lin' Chien"
Sheng^ (from the ranks of Salaried Licentiates), B. i§ ^
^ Tseng^ Chien* Sheng^ (from the ranks of Supplementary
Licentiates of the 2nd Class), C. M ^ ^ Fu" (^hien" Shehg'
(from the ranks of Licentiates of the 1st C'lass), and D. ^ ^
Chien'' Sheng^ (from the ranks of j^ H Chun" Hsiu", or ^ ^
Min^ Sheng^; see No. 6^9); compare
No. 957.
960. ^ ^ Sheng^ Yiian*^, (literary designation, ^ "^
Mao" Ts'ai^, W ± fH ^ ^ Po^ Shih" Ti^ Tzu' Yiian^, and
^ Hp ^ Ti" Tzu' Yiian''), Licentiate ; those who have attained
the third, or lowest, literary degree (see No. 629a).
961. 'g'iP^. Kuan^ Hsiieh^ Sheng^ Pupil of the
Banner Schools ; those who have completed -the course of study
of one of the Government Banner Schools (see Nos. 87
and 717).
9G2. 1^ Li", Government Clerk (from the ranks of
Writers; compare No. 945).
[ 506 ]
i

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
962a. Those entering public life belonging to one of the 96^a.
four categories mentioned {see Nos. 959 to 962) are said to have tO
obtained employment through the system of ^ ^ Pao^ Chu^, ^ok
" Recommendation " (Influence),
963. 1^ Hi Chiian^ Shu\ Obtaining rank and office by
purchase. This system, resorted to on a small scale since the —
days of the Ming Dynasty,
owes its enormous increase to the
necessities imposed on the Government by the first war with
Great Britain, and by the T'ai P'ing Rebellion, a few years
later. A Decree of the 13th December, 1850, finally sanctioned
this system.
964. ^ ^ j^ jE Hsiao^ Lien^ Fang^ Cheng^ "Filial,
Disinterested, Straightforward and Upright." This honorary
title is bestowed by Imperial bounty, through the medium of
a "Gracious Proclamation," upon persons recommended by the
local authorities for their extensive capacity and irreproachable
moral character, giving them the right to join the public service
somewhat similarly to 1^ \ Chii' Jen" (see No. 956). At the
same time they are awarded the >^ po 1M ^ Liu* P'in^ Ting^
Tai* (button of the sixth rank : see No. 966). After an Imperial
audience they receive appointments corresponding to their rank.
965. The existing system regarding official posts in
China classifies all civil and military offices under nine degrees
P'in'. Each rank is sub-divided into two |jj
of rank, ^ .
^
hi", Classes, i.e. jE (/heng^, Principal (designated
in this
book by the letter A placed after the numeral indicating
the rank of the post), and ^ Tsung^, Second (des'gnated in
this volume by the letter b). Mention must also be made of a
lai'ge class, embracing the lowest posts, which is styled ^ A. J5lt
_^ Wei* Ju* Liu^, Unclassed.
" As regards exterior distinctions, for each of the ranks
there is a button^ worn^on the head dress (J^ ^ Ting' Tai*, or
f^ ^ Ting^ Tzu^; see No. 966), embroidered plaques for the
. [ 507 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OF.GANIZATION OF CHINA.
966 official dresses (for civiljofficials depicting birds and for military
officials depicting animals; see. Nos. 967 and 968), called ^ ^
Pu' Tzu^ or H H^ Pu^ Fu^ and, for the first five ranks, a
rosary (IfJ 3^ Ch'ao^' Chu^).
follows :
966. ]g 1^ Ting^ TaiS Buttons {see No. '965).
The Buttons of the various ranks ar^ distinguished as
1st Rank: J^ ® ;0 Hung^ Pao' Shih^ Ruby (in
daily life officials entitled to this button usually
of coral),
2nd Rank '-MM^ Shan^ Hu^ Ting', Red Coral,
wear one
3rd Rank: ^g^ Lan* Pao^ Sliih^ Transparent Blue
(the sapphire),
4th Rank ; W
(azure coloured),
# S Ch'ing^ ChinV Shih^ Dead Blue
5th Rank : /^ ^ TI Shui^' Cliingi Ting% Crystal (of
•transparent white colour),
6th Rank : 5f ?i| 7l
Ch'ei '
(milk colour; made of adularia— fluor-spar);
7th Rank :
^
Ch'tl^ Ting^ Opaque White
^ Tl Su* Chin^ Ting', Golden ;
8th Rank : |f ^ H Lou^ Chin^ Ting', Gilded ;
9th Rank : ^ ^i II Lou^ Yin^ Ting', Silvered.
The Button of the 1st Rank (if .^ H ^ T'ou- P'in'
Ting' Tai*) is often bestowed upon meritorious
irrespective
officials
of their ^ Chih^, Rank, or '
^ Jen*, Post.
Princes,of the Blood of the first feight degrees {see No&. 16
to 23), as well as persons bearing the hereditary titles of ^
KungS ^^ Hou^, and fg Po^ {see No. 944j, wear
Button (no class being defined— ^ ^ Ch'u^ P'in').
tiie Ruby
* "^ Imperial Clansmen {see No. 39) wear the Button of the
fourth rank.
Buttons of the lower ranks are often bestowe(^ in recognition
of contributions for public needs and are often sol 1 outright.
[
508 .
]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
967. ^ 'g* ^ -f Wgn^ Kuan^ Pu^ Tzu^ Plaques of
embroidery
sewn oh the breast and back of official dress of civil
officials {see No. 965). These are differentiated as follows :
1st Rank
2nd Rank
3rd Rank
4th Rank
5th Rank
6 th Rank
7th Rank
8th Rank
9th Raak
^M' Unclassed Rank : ^
fll] ti Hsien^ Hao", Crane (white) ;
i% P Chin' ChiS Golden Pheasant ;
?L H K'ung^ Ch'ueh^ (^h'iao'j, Peacock ;
Yiin^ YenS Wild Goose ;
Pai^ Hsien-, Silver Pheasant ;
Lu* Ssu^, Egret ;
Ch'i' Chih*, Mandarin Duck ;
An^ Ch'un^, Quail ;
Lien* Ch'tiey (Ch'iao^), White-tailed
J^ Huang^ Li^, Oriole.
Officials holding substanti^'e posts wear the insignia corres-
ponding to the rank of the post ; those holding supernumerary
or unclassed posts wear the insignia of their personal rank.
968. ^^ 'g' ^ ^ Wu^ Kuani Pu^ Tzu^, Plaques of
embroidery sewn on the breast and back of official dress of
militar y officials {see No. 965). These are distinguished as
follows :
- 2nd
1st Rank : |^ |^ Ch'i- Lin^, Unicorn ;
Rank : if J^ Shih^ Tzu^, Lion ;
3rd Rank : f^ P'ao^ Leopard ;
^ Hy, Tiger ;
^^ Hsiun^'^, Black Bear ;
^ Piao', Tiger-cat, or f| P'i^, Spotted Bear ;
4th Rank
5 th Rank
6th Rank
7 th Rank
J^ Piao', Tiger-cat ;
8th Rank : % ^ Hai' Ma^ Seal ;
9th Rank : JP ^ Hsi^ Niu^, Rhinoceros.
The foregoing distinctions do not concern the so-called
" New^Troops," for whom there are special uniforms modelled
on those found in foreign armies.
[ 509 ]
to
968

970
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OB^ CHINA.
969 Foi" particulars
^Q
as to the eventual abolition o£ all
differentiation between civil and military officials see No. 657.
969. Princes of the Blood of the first two degrees {see Nos.
16 and 17) wear four plaques, ^ ^ Pu^ Tzu^ {see No. 965),
embroidered with a dragon (H Lung^) having five claws.
Princes of the Blood of the next six degrees, as well as
persons bearing the hereditary titles of ^ Kung', ^ Hou^, and'
fj^ Po^ {see No. 944), wear two plaques, H ^ Pu' Tzu',
embroidered with a dragon (^ Mang^) having four claws.
Nobles of the Imperial Lineage, of the 9th-to 12th degrees
{see Nos. 24 to 27), wear embroidered plaques similar to those
of military officials of the first four ranks {s •

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA.
971. Expectants (sec No. 970) bear various designations, 971
for instance, ^ j^ Hdu' Hsuan^ (or fi^ ^ Hon* Pu^), Candidate, tO
M^^^ Chin^ Hsieni Pn^ YungS First Candidate, ii^ ^ 976.
^ Yii* Ch'iieh^ Chi^ Pu', Candidate for the First Vacancy, etc.
972. There are three types of salary received by officials :
1. '^ i^ Feng^ Yin^, Salary received by all official^ of the
Empire (officials at Court and in the provinces), 2. ^ ^ ^
Yang^ Lien^ Yin^, "Money Nourishing Honesty"; received only^
by provincial officials, and 3. •^ ^ Feng"* Mi^, Salary in Rice;
received only by Court officials.
973. Although ^ P'in', Ranks, are divided mto ^ Chi%
Classes (see No. 965), when meting out punishment for so-called
M^ ¥^ Ssu^ Tsui'' (private offences) the former alone are taken
into consideration when degradation (p^ D^ Chiang^ Chi^) is
ordered, being called ^ ^ Shih' Chi^. Thus, an official being
condemned to forfeiture of four steps in rank, should he be
originally of the OA rank, becomes of the 9a, not 7a, rank.
The suspension of salary and lowering of rank, as punish-
ment for ^ ^ Kxmg^ Tsui*, " crimes committed while on duty,"
may be changed to tlie forfeiture of jjljj |^ Chia^ Chi^, or ^^ ||^
Chi* Lu-t (see No. 974).
^"'*- iM ^ ^l^^a^ Chi^, Additional Grades (also ^ ^
Hsii'^ Chi^ Empty Grades), and |e ^^; ^^^i* Lu^ Honourable
Records, are of two kinds, namely, ^ Jj] C^hiin^ I^ung^, for
military merits, and ^ ^ Hsiin^ Ch'ang^, ordinary. The latter
are often granted in " Gracious Proclamations."
975. WM ^ a Chiang* Chi^ Liu^ Jdn^ Lowering of
Rank but Detention in Office (to lose rank but retain office).
Rehabilitation takes place after three years' irreproachable
conduct.
976. ^ ^[^ f£ Ko- Chih^ Liu^ Jen*, Deprivation of
Rank but Detention in Office. Rehabilitation takes place (p|
[ 511 ]

f
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
977 /^ 'g' K'ai^ Fu* Yiian^ Kuan^) after four years' irreproachable
to
behavior.
980 ^n . Officials holding substantive posts (so-called ^ ^\\ fj^
^ Shen^ Lieh^ Shih* Pan^ and ^ :^ ^ || Hsieh* Shih^ Feng*
Lu*) may obtain by zealous service, or by certain monetary
offering^ l/p §j C'hia^ Hsien'', Nominal Rank. Thus a ^fl j^
Chih^ Fu^, Prefect, may obtain by purchase the rank of ^ j§ f^
Yen^ Ylin* Shih^, Salt Controller, and thus have the privilege of
wearing the button of the secondary class of the third rank.
978. Those who contribute funds to the Government, or
distinguish themselves by useful public actions, may be granted
Jl^ f|j Hsu^ Hsien'', Brevet Rank, entitling them to wear the
button of the rank concerned (TH ^ ^ ^ Ting-^ Tai* Jung'^
Shen^).
979. Conforming to the old regulations, regardmg mourn-
ing, officials who lost one of their parents
for the observance of mourning (^ ^ H ([fl]
were forced to retire
Li^ Jen^ Chung'
Chih*) for a period of 27 months, should they be of Chinese
origin. Manchu pfficials, under similar condit'ons, retired for
mourning for 100 days (^ ^ "g" B Ch'uan' Hsiao* Po^ Jih*).
By Imperial Edict of the 25th March, 1909, issued in reply
to a Memorial from the Ministry of Rites, it has been commanded
that in future all officials, Manchu or Chinese!' (^f^ :^ §g f{i'] Man^
Han* Fu^ (Jhih*) are to vacate office on the death of a parent
and enter into mourning for a period of 27 months. An
exception is made for officials holding verj' important and
responsible posts ; with special Imperial sanction they enter into
mourning for 100 days only, on the expiry of which they return
to their duties under the designation of ^ Jg Shu* Li^,
Acting.
980. With few exceptions, persons bound together by ties
of relationship may not hold office in the same province. The
junior must vacate office (^ ^ Hui^ Pi*), being customarily
[512 3
.

PRESENT DAY iPOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
transferred to an .equivalent post in the adjoining province ruled 981
by the same Governor-General. tO
98 1-. It is the duty of the higher provincial authorities ggS
to scrutinize the doings of their subordinates. In virtue of this,
reports are periodically submitted to the Emperor with regard to
.the latter (|J ^Ij ^ ^ Chen^ Pieh^ Shu' ^uan'j, rewards being
.recommended for the worthy and punishments for the others
(^ ^IJ ^ j^ Fen^ Pieh2 Chiang' Ch'eng').
982. The surveillance over the actions of the higher
metropolitan and provincial authorities appertains to the Censors
{see Nos. 210 and 213) who, should any irregularities, or defects
in general, be detected, present Memorials of impeachment
(^ ^ Tsou* Ts'anS or ^ ^ Ts'ani ufi^). The Emperor then
deputes high officials to investigate the case {^ ^ Ch'a^ Pan*).
Should it be proven that the indictment was Avithout
sufficient foundation, it is left without further discussion
(li ^ ^ ^ ^^'"'^ Yimgi Chill* I*, or ^ jf ^ |g Wu2 Yungi
Tsai* I*), the Censor concei-ned being sometimes reprimanded by
the Emperor (^ if I^ ^ Ch'uan^ Chih' Shen^ Ch'ih*) or, in
very exceptional cases, ordered to return to his original post for
service (|5IJg ^ P5 ^ ^ Hui^ Yuan^ Ya** Men^ Hsing'' Tsou^).
Should the impeachment, however, be found to be correct, the h
guilty official is handed over to the Ministry of Civil Appointments |
^%MMM ^^'^°' ^''^ ^' ^^'"*' ^^ ^ pfBJ^^ Chiao^ Pu* Ch'u'
i
Fen^) for the definition jof^ a penalty, which may be more severe
than those mentioned in Nos. 975 and 976, possibly including
summary dismissal from office (Mp ^7^^ Chi^ Hsing^ Ko^ Chih^).
983. Since the accession of the Throne by the T'ai Ch'ing
Dynasty the i^jy^^jgj^officials have gradually developed a custom of
styling themselves, in Memorials to the Emperor, as ^ ;^ Nu* Ts'ai^,
Slaves, the Chinese continuing the old title |U of Ch'en^, Ministers.
A Decree of the 10th March, 1910, commands that
hereafter all officials, civil and military, in the Capital and in the
.33
[ 513 ]

J»RESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
984 pr-ovinces, Manchu or Chmese, re£er to themselves laniformly a»
g Ch'en^, Ministers.
984. All persons in axitliority in China, from the Emperor
to the lowest officials, employ their own special seals. These are
variously designated, dependent on tiie functionary to whom appro-
priated, namely : 1. ^ Pao^ (formerly g Hsi'), Seals used by
the Emperor, Empress, Heir Apparent, Imperial Concubines of
the first and second ranks and Princes of the first degree,
2. $\l Yin^, Seals of Imperial Concubines of the third rank. Princes-
of the second degree. Ministries "and other High Government
Establishments at the Capital and some provincial officials,
2- ii 55 ^^^^an' Faug^, Seals employed by Governors-General,
Governors and the majority of provincial officials, 4. ^ |2. T'u^
Chi*, Seals of the Manchu General-in-Chief of Hi and Colonels
of provincial garrisons, 5. '^ |2 T'iao- Chi*, Seals of petty
provincial officials (of the eighth rank), and 6. ^ m_ Ch'ien' Chi*,
Seals of petty provincial officials (of the ninth and unclassed ranks).
The duty of casting seals rests, as has been seen above (No. 386),
Avith the Office of Seal^-casting, attaclied to the Ministry of Rites.
The dye-stuff used -im sealing documents is of three colours :
^- ^ fe Tzu' Se*, Violet (employed by the Ministries and
Higher Government Establishments at the Capital and by
Governors-General), 2. ^ ^ Hung^ Se*, Red (used by the
remaining civil officials and by all military officials), and 3.
^ -^ Lan^ Se*, Blue (u^ed during mourning — 27 days for an
Emperor and 13 days for an Empress).
Yearly, on the 19th-21st of the 12th Mogn, there is
performed the §if fp Fong'^ Yin*, th(3.
"Closing Seals." These
are opened again only on the 19th-21st of the l§t Moon
following (|§ $\] K'ai^ Yin*). During the period during which;
the seals are "closed" all despatches are written on blanks
that have been previously sealed (^ ffl ^ & Yii* Y'ung^ K'nug*
Pai^ or ^ ^ ^ a Tsun^ Yung* K'un^* Pai^).
[
514 ]

i
V
SUPPLEMENT

SUPPLEMENT.
No. 1. The Emperor is also designated ^ ^ T'ien^ Waug'-^,
X jp Yiian^ Hon*, and ^g g Chih* Tsim\
No. 2. The Empress is also designated ^ ^ Ti* P'i', and
T'ien^ Hsia'^ Mu^
^ T ^
No. 11. Female attendants of the Emperor are also called
^ ^ Kungi Nu^
No. 12. The Heir Apparent may be styled ^ ^ Tangi
Ch'u^
Ch'iui.
No. 55. Emiuchs are also styled :J^ ^ ^ Ta^ Ch'angs
No. 56. Other designations o£ the Imperial Clan Court
are f; IE ^ Tsung^ Cheng^ Ssu" and H Jl S'f
Yii^ Tieh^ So^
No. 57. The Presiding Controller of the Imperial Clan
Courr is also styled ^ fj^f Tsung^ Po^
Nos. 58 and 59. Assistant Controllers of the Imperial
Clau Court are also designated ^ IE ^ ^P Tsung^ Cheng* Shao*
Ch'ingi and ;A: al ^ Ta* Ssu^ Tsung'.
No. 62. Another designation of the Vice-Director of the
Imperial Clan Court is ^ ^ Tsimg^ Ch'eng'.
No. 75. The Imperial Household is also designated ^ j^ ^
T'ai* Fu^' Ssu* and ^ Pjl ^ Tien* Chung^ Chien*.
No. 88. Another designation of the Director of the Palace
Stud is ^ II f^ Fei^ Lung' Shih3.
No. 89. The Director of the Imperial Armoury is also
styled j^ |g ^ Wu3 K'u* Ling*.
No. 90. Another designation of the Imperial Gardens and
Hunting Parks is J-i^^^ Shang*
[ 517 ]
Lin' Yilan*. The Director

e*
PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
is also called ^ ^£ H ^ Kungi Yiian^ ±M^ Shang^ Lin^ Chien^
Tsung' Chien^ and
No. 97. At the head of the Imperial Household
Bondservants, making up the three Superior Banners,
H E- ^ ^ ^ fS S^^'

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGAXIZATION OF CliJXA.
^^ sf ^ T'luig^ ('hi^ Ch'u*, Statistical Bureavix (^see No.
162). In addition to the Imperial Household, found at the
Palace Stud (sec No. 88), the Imperial Ai-moury (see No. 89),
the Bureau of Imperial Gardens and Hunting Parks {see No.
90), the Buddhist (Jhapel {see No. 1()4p,) and the JSummer
Palace of the Emperor (see No. 104e).
No. 109. The literary designation of the Imperial
Equipage Department is ^ ^ ^ f^ Tien^ Chang^
I"^ Wei'*.
No. 127. i^ ^ I'* Yiian% Parliament (commonly styledj^
•^ Kuo^ Hui"*). An Edict of the Emperor Kuang Hsu
decreed the opening of this assembly in 1917. In consequence
of the insistence of, and repeated requests from, the population,
however, the date of its opening has been advanced to 1913 by
an Imperial Decree of the 4th November, 1910. liegulations
for the Parliament and electoral laws are to be promulgated one
year previous to the opening.
In connection with the advancement of the date of conven-
ing a Parliament, the Scheme of State Laws and the Programme
of Constitutional Reforms have been subjected to I'evision, the
most important measures (organization of new Courts of Justice,
Self-government, introduction of a new Civil and Criminal Code,
institution of a State Budget, reorganization of the Customs and
Tribute Systems, the taking of tlie (Census, reform of the
Bannermen, the promulgation of laws regarding Parliament and
the election of its members, the reorganization of Govei'nment
Establishments and the organization of : A. ^ ^ Nei* Ko?,
the Cabinet, B. 1^ f* p^ Pi* Te^ YiianS the Privy Council,
^- ^iWCW ^i] P^ Hsing2 Cheng* Shen^ P'an* Yiian*, Courts
of Administrative Justice, and D. ^ ft ^ Shen'' Chi* Yiian*,
the Audit Pepartment) are to be completed by 1913.
Nos. 128 to 129c. By an Imperial Decree of the 8th May,
1911, the Council of State has been abolished and the |^ ^ ^
Fan^ Shu^ Fang'^, Translation Bureau, attached to it, has, by
[ 519 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOiy OF CHINA.
Edict of th'e 23rd June, 1911, been removed to the National!
Academy (see Nos. 191 to 205a).
Nos. 130 to 140. The Grand Secretairiat has been
abolished (by an Imperial Decree of the 8th May, 1911), and the
four Grand Secretaries {see No. 131) and the two Assistant
Grand Secretaries (see No. 132) have been commanded to take
places in the National Academy (see No. 191) conforming to
their seniority.
No. 131. Grand Secretaries are also designated "g" ^
To' K'uei^, i^&^^ Ta* Chu* KuoS :;^ ;S 5 Ta* Chu* Shih^
;^ X m Ta^ Yiian^ Fu^ and ± %^ Ta* Yiian'' Tsai'.
No. 132. Another designation of Assistant Grand Secre-
taries is 3£ 19 Ya^ Hsiang*.
No. 137. Other designations of Secretaries of the Grand
Secretariat are pq "^ Nei^ Han*, pq ^ Nei* Shih', ^ ^ W
T7Ai^ Weil LangS ± ^ -^ Ta* Chang^ Han*, and ^^ ^ Ta*
Nei* Shih^
Nos. 137a and 137b. The Imperial Patent Office was
also styled ^ ^ Hsi^ I*, and ^ f^ ^ Tzu^ Wei^ Ko^. It was
abolished by an Imperial Edict of the 23rd June, 1911, and. its
functions transferred to the f^lj |§ ^ Chih* Kao"* Chii'', Bureau
of Imperial Rewards.
No. 138. The Office for copying the Emperor's endorse-
ments of documents was abolished by an Imperial Decree of the
23rd June, 1911, and its functions transferred to the ;fc^^
Ch'eng^ Hsiian^ T'ing', Chancery of the. Cabinet.
Nos. 141 to 149. An Imperial Decree of the 8th May,
1911, abolished the Committee of Ministers.
Nos. 128 to 149. The Cabinet. pg ^ Nei* Ko^ tlie
Cabinet (also ft ^ ft ^ Tse^ Jeh^ Nei"* Ko^); established by an
Imperial Edict of the 8th May, 1911, which, at the same time,
sanctioned the ft ^ 1* f ij Nei* Ko^ Kuan^ Chili*, Regulations
regarding the Cabinet (19 articles), and the ft ^ i| ^ ^ fif
[ 520 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
^?g Nei* Ko'' Pan* Shih* Chan* Hsing-^ Changi Ch'eng^,
Provisional Rules for Cabinet Procedure, both of which were
framed by the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for-
Constitutional Government.
The Cabinet is made up of ^ i^ :^ E
Kuo" Wii* Ta*
Ch'en^, Members of the Cabinet, who are the Emperor's nearest
assistants in the government of the Empire. In addition to the
P3 ^ li a :^ S Nei* Ko2 Tsung« Li^ Ta* Ch'en^, President of
the Cabinet, and one or two ^ ^ ^ JJI ;^ S Nei* Ko' Hsieh^
Li' Ta* Ch'en^, Vice-Presidents of the Cabinet, appointed by
special Imperial Edic(.s,
the Cabinet Members are as follows:
1- M* S :^ S Wai^ \Vu* Ta* Ch'en^ Minister of Foreign.
Affairs, 2. ^ ^ :k ^ ^^in' Cheng* Ta* Ch'en^, Minister of
the Interior, 3. ^^ ^^^.Tvi' Chih^ Ta* Ch'en^,
Finance, 4. ^^ ±^ Hsiieh^ Wii* Ta* Ch'en^
xMinister of
Minister of
Education, 5. f^ ^ :/c E Lu* Chiin' Ta* Ch'en^, Minister of
War, 6. ^ H ;^ E Hai' Chiin^ Ta* Ch'en^ Minister of the
Navy, 7. "^ ^ :;^ E Ssu^ Fa^ Ta* Ch'en^ Minister of Justice,
8. MXM :^^^ N"ng' K"ng' Shang^ Ta* Ch'en^ Minister
of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, 9. ^ i^ ;/c E ^^^^
Ch'uan^ Ta* Ch'eu^, Minister of Posts and Communications
and 10. Ji ^ ic E Li' Fan* Ta* Ch'en", ^Minister of
Dependencies.
The President of the Cabinet takes precedence of all other
members and, in carrying out the Emperor's wishes, decides
political questions, supervises the administration of the government
and encourages the various branches of governmental
activity to mutual assistance. Should he perceive that any
order or decision given by a Minister, or Ministers, meets with
difficulty in its execution, he may rescind the same, reporting
the matter to the Emperor for final action.
Among other duties, the President of the Cabinet guides
the aciions of the high provincial authorities and officials
[ 'o21 ]

TRESEXT DAY rOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
governing dependencies.
He may, v,\th the Emperor's sanction,
issue regulations i-eferring to questionssubjected to his competence
or concerning affairs specially delegated to his
authority.
Personal access to the Throne, when occasion demands, is also
granted him.
All ^lemorials bearing on matters of a general State
character are submitted to the Emperor in the name of the
entire ('abinet ; those referring to the affairs of a particular
Ministry are submitted by the President of the
head of the Ministry concerned.
Cabinet and the
Other officials, outside the Cabinet, may submit reports to
the Emperor — in certain instances they are bound by law to
express their opinions to the Emperor — but these must pass
through the hands of the Cabinet.
All Edicts concerning branches of the State legislation, the
Higher Government, State policy and measures of general
importance are signed (^ ^ Shu^ Ming^) by the President of the
Cabinet and the Cabinet Members. Edicts refei'ring to questions
affecting a certain Ministry, or ]\linistries, are signed by the President
of the Cabinet and the Minister, or ]Ministers, concerned.
scope
The follov^^ing is a schedule of questions coming w^ithin the
of the Cabinet :
1. Codes ui laws, official systems, Edicts and Imperial
commands.
2. Estimates and the Budget.
3. Extraordinary expenditiire.
4. Treaties and important diplomatic negotiations.
5. The promotion or .degradation of officials holding
posts to which appointment is made by Imperial Edict.
6. Disputes betw^een Ministries with regard to authority.
7. Matters referred to the Cabinet by Edicts and requests
iind petitions from the people, submitted tlrrough the National
Assembly.
L 522 ]

PPvESEXT DAY POLlTiCAL ORGANIZATION^ OF CHIXA.
8. Important administrative affairs of the various
Ministries.
Cabinet.
9. Affairs which liy law nnist be transmitted to the
10. Matters which the President of the Cabinet or the
Minister of the Ministry concerned consider should be discussed
by
the Cabinet.
Affairs brought before the Cabinet are decided by the
opinion of a majority.
Questions relating to the Army or Navy, except when
Imperial ]']dict commands their discussion by the Cabinet, are
to be placed before the Emperor by the Minister of War or
Minister of the Navy, direct. The latter will, however, report
his action to the President of the Cabinet.
Wlien questions of great importance are being considered,
by special Imperial Edictthere may be appointed ^ i£ ^ ^
^^ E T'e* Jen* Kuo^ Wu* Ta* Ch'en^, Special Members of the
Cabinet. These, however, are not classed as belonging to the
Cabinet.
The Cabinet meets at the i^ ^ ^ Clieng* Shih^ T'ang^,
Cabinet Hall.
An Imperial Decree of the 23rd June, 1911, sanctioned
the ^fMM'^^ M Nei* Ko^ Shu^ Ivuan^ Kuan^ Chili*,
Regulations regarding Subordinate Officials of the Cabinet, and
the ptj f^ m M P^ 't iii'J Nei* Ko2 Fa* (Jhih* Yiian* Kuan^
Chih*, Regulations regarding the Legislative
Cabinet, which had been submitted by the Cabinet.
Board of the
To the Cabinet there are attached: 1. A |^ j^ Ko^ Ch'eng^,
Councillor, who,
under the direction of the President of the
Cabinet, supervises the various bureaux attached to the Cabinet,
2. A ^ jl T'ing^ Chang^ Chief of the Chancery, 3. ^^
Chii^ Chang^, Directors of the various Bureaux and Manager of
the Bureau of Printing and Casting (see infra), 4. glj ^ ^
[ 523 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Fu* T'ingi Chang^ Deput- Chief of the Chancery, 5 .
glj j^ ;g Fu*
Chii^ Chang', Deputy Directors of the various Bureaux and
Sub-Manager of the Bureau of Printing and Casting, 6. ;^ ^
Ch'ieni ShihS Secretaries, 7. f^U ^ M M M Yin' Chu* Chu^ I*
Shih^, Chief Engineer of the Bureau of Printing and ('asting^
8. ^n ^ ^ ^ ± Yin* Chu* Chu^ I* ShihS Engineers
of the
Bureau of Printing and Casting, and 9. ^^ Lu* iShih*, Writers,
Of the officials mentioned above, Nos. 1 to 5 are appointed
by the Emperor, Nos. 6 and 7 are appointed by the Emperor oa
the recommendation of the Cabinet, while Nos. 8 and 9 are
appointed by their superiors.
At the Cabinet there are found : 1. ^mM Ch'eng-^
Hsiian^ T'ing^, the Chancery, which controls all matters in
connection with the promulgation of Imperial Decrees, Bescripts,
commands and instructions, files Imperial Decrees and Rescripts^
receives and transmits Memorials or documents intended for
Cabinet discussion, seals documents with the Imperial seal or
Cabhiet seal, has the custody of these seals, etc., 2. ^Ij f^ ^
Chih* Kao* Chli^, the Bureau of Imperial Rewards, which deals
with the compilation of honorary titles, posthumous names and
posthumous titles for reigning Emperors, frames Imperial
Rescripts in connection with the bf^«towal of hereditary titles and
posts, Chinese Orders, etc., 3. ^ ^ ^ Hsii'^ Kuan^ Chii^, the
Bureau of Official Appoiltments, which is in charge of everything
in connection with the appomtment of officials in Peking and in
the provinces, scrutinizes the records of officials, recommends
promotions and transfers, arranges salaries, proposes punishments
for guilty civil officials, etc., 4.
,fc |t ^ T'ung^ Chi* Chu%
the Central Bureau of Statistics, which compiles statistics with
reference to all branches of the Government, published yearly
statistical reports, exchanges statistical information with Foreign
Powers, etc., and 5. f ^ /^ Yin* Chu* Chii^, the Bureau of
Printing a^nd Casting, which is in charge of the printing of
[ 524 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
official gazettes, legal codes, regulations and all types of govern-
ment publications, casts seals, stamps, etc.
Under the direct guidance of the President of the Cabinet
the ^ ^Ij ^ Fa"* Chih* Yiian^, Legislative Board of the Cabinet,
attends to the following : 1 . The drafting of laws and
Oovemment instructions, 2. The examination of draft laws
proposed by the various Ministries and the reportii g on same,
and 3. The interpretation of laws and Government commands
now in force.
The Legislative Board is composed of the following :
1- 1^ f^ Y'ian^ Shih^ President, 2. glj f^ Fu* Shih^ Vice-
President, and 3. ^ ^ Ts'an^ I"*, Councillors, appointed by the
Emperor, 4. ^ ^ Ts'an^ Shih*, Secretaries, and 5. '^ ^
Ch'ien^ Shih*, Assistant Secretaries, appointed by the Throne
on the recommendation of the Board, and 6. ^^ Lu* Shih*,
Writers, appointed by the Board.
Until the essential laws shall have been promulgated, imder
the supervision of the Legislative Board there will be placed all
affairs which, by the Scheme of Measures Preparatory
to the
Introduction of Constitutional Government, sanctioned by the
Throne, were %vithin the competence of the Committee for
Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government (now
abolished; see Supplement Nos. 150-163d).
The ^ ^, p^ Pi* Te' Yi,an^ 1 rivy (Council, (also ^ ^ ^
Shu^ Mi* Yiian*), to which the Emperor turns for advice on
various affairs of government, was called into being by an
Imperial Decree of the 8th May, 1911, the same Decree
sanctioning the ^ ^g 1^ "^ M Pi* Te^ Yiian* Kuan^ Chih%
Regulations regarding the Privy Council, which were framed by
the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional
Government, in conjunction with the Committee of Ministers.
The Privy Coimcil consists of: A.. One |i^ ^ Yiian*
ChangS, President, B. One glj ^^ ^ Fu* Yiian* Chang^,
[ 52r) ]

PRESENT DAY rOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Vice-President, and C. .32 || [«] ± g Ku* Wen< Ta* Ch'en^,
Members of the Privy Council. Only eminent officials, with
special qualifications as regards political affairs, are made
members of the Privy Council.
Cabinet Ministers, the Presiding Controller of the Imperial
Clan Court and Ministers of the Household may, with the
Emperor's sanction, be appointed to the Privy Council.
Attached to the Privy Council there are ten ^ |^ 'g' Ts'an*-
I* Kuan^, Councillors.
To the Privy Council are referred :
1. Questions which according to the Statutes of the
Imperial Pamily (^ ^ ^ .-/^ Huang^ Shih* Ta* Tien^) are to
be considered by the Privy Council.
2. The investigation and interpretation of constitutional
laws (^ J'^ Hsien* Fa^), as well as laws and commands attendant
thereon .
3. Until the promulgation of essential constitutional laws,,
all matters enumerated in the "General Principles of Constitu-
tional Laws (^ -^ :/c M Hsien* Fa' Ta* Kang'),
Part I :
Prerogatives of the Sovereign (^ Ai ~X,^ Chiin^ Shang'' Ta*
Ch'iian^), paragraphs 8,
II and 12.
4. Treaties and diplomatic negotiations.
5. The revision of regulations referring to itself.
At the Privy Council there is a ^> ^ j^ Pi'' Shu^ T'ing^
Secretariat, for dealing with correspondence, accoimting, drawing
up of reports of council meetings and managing affairs generally.
The general supervision of this establishment is in the hands of
^ ^' ^ ;^ I*i* ^hu^ Chang^ Chief Secretary, to whom there are
attached a number of
j^ig; ^ 'g' Pi* Shu^ Kuan', Secretaries.
Nos. 150 to 151. By Imperial Edict of the 8th May,.
1911, the Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the Cabinet were
placed at the head of the Committee for Drawing up Eegulations.
for Constitutional Government, as M^WiM.it ^^^^ Hsien*
: .r)2G ]

iJESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
nheng^ Pien^ Cli'a'^ Kuan^ Ta^ Ch'en^ Presidents o£ the
l^ommittee for Drawing- up Kegulations for Constitutional
rJovernment (noAv abolished; see below Nos. 150-163d),
Nos. 150 to 163d. The Committee for Drawing up
Regulations for Constitutional Government was abolished by an
Imperial Decree of the 23rd June, 1911, and its functions
transferred to the fi^ ([jlj (J^: Fa^ Chih'^ Yiian% Legislative Board
of the Cabinet.
No. 155. In the text the post of |f| f^ ^ ^ |§ §1 Tsung^
Wu^ Ch'u* Pangi Tsung^ Pan"*, Senior Assistant Chief of the
Chancery, has been omitted.
No. 160. Conforming to a Memorial from the Committee
for Drawing tip Regulations for Constitutional Goveri:iment,
sanctioned by the Emperor on the 30th "January, 1910, there
have been established, at the Ministries and principal Govern-
ment Establishments at the Capital, as well as at the
(Tovernors-General's and Governors' Yamen, Constitutional
Reforms Offices, ,^ i& w If ^ Hsien* Cheng* Oh'ou'' Pel*
Ch'u*, which have been commanded to twice a, year present
reports, to the Investigation Department
of the Committee for
Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government, con-
cerning the progress of reforms.
No. 165 A. On a Memorial from the National Assembly,
sanctioned by the Emperor on the 14th November, 1910, the
temporary administrative personnel of the National Assembly,
having arranged for the convening of members of that body, has
been abolished.
No. 167b. 5i IB i^ ^ Su^ Chi* Hsiieh^ T'angS
School of
Stenography (see No. 621a) ; organized at the National
Assembly (see a ^Memorial from the Assembly
February, 1910, enclosing regulations in 19 ai-ticles)
dated the 4th
witli the
object of training J^ |g ^ Su^ Chi'' Sheng\ Stenographers, for
service at the National Assemblv, Provincial Assemblies {see No,
[ r>27 1

TRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
168) and at popular establishments in general. There are
accepted for this school those who have, at least, completed the
com'se of a Middle School (see No. 580),
or a school of similar
rating. The enrollment is 100— 12 scholars chosen by the
Assembly and 88 students from the provinces,
each province. The course of study extends over two trimesters.
The subjects of instruction at the School of Stenograph}^ are
i.e. four from
j^ IB ^ S^^' ^^^* Shu\ Stenography, Chinese Language Cg* ^
Kuani Hua^), Chinese Literature (^ ^ Kuo^ Wcn^) and the
general princij^les of law. Its administrative personnel
includes :
1. A ^ ;^ T'ang^ Chang^, Director (compare No. 63ob),
2. A $)i W M. Chiao'* Wu'* Yiian^, Preceptor (compare No.
636), 3. A ^. f^ ^ Shu* AVu" Yiian^, Steward {see No. 641),
and 4. ^ M. Chiao* Yiian*, Teachers (not exceeding 5 ; see No.
637). All the posts mentioned, with the exception of that of
Teacher, are held by officials of the Secrvitariat of the Assembly \
[see No. 167b).
On eom.pletion of the course of the School of Stenography
a number of the students are retained for service at the Assembl} ,
as Stenograpiiers, while the rest disperse for similar service in
the provinces.
Nos. 184 to 184c. The text of these should read as follows :
184. The General Staff of the Army.
Tn an Edict of the 6th November, 1906, commanding the
reorganization of the Ministry of War, it was directed that, as
no G eneral Staff of the Army (General Stafl' Office; see No.
184b) was in being, all matters appertaining to such an institution
were to be attended to, temporarily, by the % f§ ^ Chiin^ Tzu^
Ch'u*, General Staff Council, attached to the Ministry of War
(compare Nos. 184a, 417 and 418).
By an Imperial Edict of the loth July, 1909, the General
Staff Council was made independent of the Ministry of War
imder the designation following.
r 528 ]

PEESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
184a. '^M M Chuii" Tzii^ ChHi\
%%^^ Chiin^ Tzu^ Cll«u^ General IStaiF of the Army, or
General Staff Office. This is an independent establishment,
which assists the Emperor, as Commander-in-Chief of the Army
and Navy, headed by two '^ JM ^ f^ i^ ^ 5# Kuan^ Li^ Chuni
Tzui Ch'u^ Shih-^ WiiS Chiefs of the General Staff of the Army.
184b. :^|^;1^
Chmi' Tzu^ Fu^.
By an Imperial Edict, dated the 8th May, 1911, the
General Staff of the Army was reorganized into the |^ i^ jj^
ChiJn^ Tzu^ Fu^, General Staff Headquarters, imder which have
been placed :
1. The Military Academy {see No. 712) and, prior to the
establishment of this institution, the ^ ^ ^ '^ ;;:^ jp ^ Lu*
Chiini Yii* Pei* Ta^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^, The Military Preparatory
Academy (previous to 1911 styled the Military
Staff Officers
College at Paotingfu ; see No. 712a), 2. Schools for Military
Draftsmen (see No. 715d), 3. Military Attaches at Legations
abroad {see No. 329), Line Officers of the Army and Navy, etc.
Until the personnel of the General Staff Headquarters has
been definitely fixed {^-W M 'U M Chiin^ Tzu^ Fu^ Kuan^
Chih*), it will be administered by a provisional staff, sanctioned
by the Emperor on the 22nd September, 1909.
184c. !^ 1^ :^ g Chiin'' Tzii} Ta'' Ch'en\
At the head of the provisional staff of the Genera^ Staff
Headquarters there are two W-Wi^.^
To them there are subordinated : Compare text.
Chiini Tzu^ Ta* Ch'en^
No. 185. At present naval affairs are under the supervision
of the Ministry of the Navy {see Supplement Nos. 420 to 437 ;
particularly No. 434), which was called into existence by an
Imperial Decree of the 3rd November, 1910, and which is a
development of tlie Commission for the Reorganization
Navy.
34
^
[ 529 J
of the

PRESENT DAY FOLlTiCAl. OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.
No. 185a. As proposed by the Presidents of the Commis-
sion for the Reorganization of the Navy, to that body there were
attached BB'M^^BMMf^'U ^'^'ou^ Pan* Hai' Chun^
Shih* Wu* Ch'u* Ku^ Wen-* Kuan^, Naval Advisers (compare
No. 184k), an Imperial Edict of the 19th February, 1910,
designating J^ ^ i'en^ Fu*, jS ^ ^ Wu^ Kiiang'-chien^ |^ ^
Wei'^ Han* and ff^ yf '^ Cheng* Ch'ing^-lien^, to act as such.
No. 186. On the recommendation of a Reader of the
Grand Secretariat, J^ ^ Yen^ Ch'ang^, there have been
established posts for ^ ^ 'g* Tzu^ I* Kuan^, Advisers,
to the
Commission for the Revision of the Banner Organization {see
a Memorial from the Commission, sanctioned by the Emperor on
the 27 th January, 1910).
No. 191. Literary designations of the National Academy
are tJc 1^ Mu* T'ien^ ^ i]^ Luan^ P'o\ ^ ^ Lan^ T'ai^, |^
^ Lin^ T'ai^ ^ g YLin^ T'ai^, ^ ^ Yu* T'ang^ and |)g; ^
Pi* Ko2
No. 192. Literary designations of the Chancellor of the
f^ Ta* Cho' Tso*, f\}'^Mf$9-
National Academy are :/s; ^
P'an* Wen^ Lin^ Kuan^ Sliih*, ^ |g Nei* Hsiang*, and :X ^ ^
T'ai* Shih^ Ling*.
Nos. 193c to 200c. Literary designa.tions of the personnel
of the National Academy (so-called ^ ^ Han* Lin^) are -J^ ^
T'ai* Shih^ pg ^ Nei* Han*, p # Tz'u^ Lin^, ^ ^ Han
Yiian*, :fc :;itC ^ Ta* T'ai* 4
Shih^, and ±Wl ^ Ta* Tz'u== Han*.
No. 206. Other designations of the C^ensorate are /j=^ f^
Po2 Fu^ MM^ Lan2 T'ai"^ Ssn^ j^ ^ Nan^ Ssu*, ^ g Nan-'i
T'ai', and i(^ ^ Po^ T'ai^.
No. 207a. Other designations of -the senior President of
the Censorate are ^ ^ Wu^ T'ai^ ^ ,^ Chang^ Hsien*, ^f,; %
^ Ta* 'Tui Hsien*, and ;/

I
FKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
No. 213. Other designations of the Provincial Censor are
S Hsi^ T'ai-, ^ g Chu* Shih^ and ;^ ^ ^ Ta^ Ssu^
H sien 4
No. 215a. The new resfnlations res'ardino- Judicia]
Establishments (section 5th, articles 33 to 45 ; see No. 758)
define the Supreme Conrt of Justice as the highest Judicial
Establishment of the Empire, being subordinated to the ^Ministry
of Justice only as regards administration. Accordingly, its
decisions are not submitted tOs the latter for approval. Also, tlic
Supreme
Court of Justice has functions similar to the Russian
'Senate as regards interpretation of laws.
For particulars as to the ^^c M ^ Im '^^* ^^^^ F

PRESENT DxVY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
No, 223. Literary designations of tl

I
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
At the Imperial Medical Department there are : '^
^ I^
ytian' (literary designation, ^M^W^ Shana^^ Yao* Ohii^ I^ Tso^)
Assistant Physicians, and ^ ^ I^ Sheng\ Medical Assistants,
Physicians are arranged according to nine ^ij- K'6^, Specialities :
1-
:/c :i^ M f4 Ta* Fangi Mo" K'oS Diseases o£ Adults,
2- *]> v^ BI 'M ^ ^ Hsiao^ Fangi Mo* Tou^ Chen^ K'o',
Diseases of Children, and Smallpox, 3. ^ ^ ^^ Shang^ Han^
K'o\ Fevers, 4. J§ A f4 ^u" Jen^ K'o\ Diseases of Females,
5- ^ ^ ^-4 Oh'iiang' Yang2 K'o^, Cutaneous Diseases, G.
M % P^ Chen^ Chih^ K'o^ Eheumatic Diseases, 7. gg fij
Yen^ K'o', Ophthalmic Diseases, 8. P ® P® U^ f4 K'on'
Ch'ih^ Yen' Houl K'o\ Dental and Throat Diseases, and y.
3E # f-'4 Cheng^ Ku^ K'o', Surgery (literally " setting .bones.")
No. 242. The second of the Superintendents of the Board
of Customs Control is also designated |^ ^ j^ ^ ^ :^ S
Shui* Wu* Ch'u* Hui* Pan* Ta* Ch'en^
Xo. 273. The organization of a modern Postal System in
China was begun in the period 1896-1898, during which a
series of Imperial Edicts were promulgated with reference to the
opening of Postal Establishments of a new type throughout the
Empire, to be styled i^ 'M' ^ WC Ta* Ch'ing^ Yu^ (Jh^ng*, or
Chinese Imperial Post Offices. The Office of Foreign Affairs
received Imperial commands to entrust the general control of
Postal affairs to the Inspector General of Customs,
Sir Robert
Hart (H ^ Ho* Te'^), as ^ |U gf fj Tsung^ Yu^ Cheng* Ssu^,
Inspector General of Posts. The latter, in turn, appointed
Mr. Th. Pir}^ (^ ^ Po* Li^)? (/Ommissioner of Customs, with
the title of ^ gf ^ il Yu2 Ch-jng* Tsung' Pan*, Postal
Secretary, to supervise the organization of a Postal System for
the Empire and there are now more than 600 Post Offices and
4,200, or more, Postal Sub-Offices.
The question of the transfer of the Postal System to the
control of the Ministry of Posts and Uommunications was first
[ 583 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
raised, by the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for
Constitutional Government, Avhen general regulations defining the
fnnctions of the several State Offices were being framed (^^ j^
^ g Hsing* Cheng^ Kang^ Mu*).. Further, the said Committee^
in the autumn of 1909, when submitting its report concerning
preparatory measures to be accomplished by provincial (government
Offices during the nine years preceding the granting of a
constitution, expressed the opinion that "the Postal System
should remain under the control of the Imperial Maritime
Customs only so long as there was no special Ministry for its
administration, and until the ChinSse populace became acquainted
with Its
of Posts and
utility ; now, there being a Ministry
Communications in existence,
it slionld be handed over to the
supervision cf this ^Ministry." This report received Imperial
sanction, and, in the list of measures to be carried oiit by the
Ministry of Posts and Communications during the period already
spoken of, submitted to the Emperor on the 4th- October, 1910y
there appeared a provision for the transfer of the Postal System
as recommended.
The Ministry of Posts and Communications definitely
assimied control of the Postal System on the 28th May, 191 ly
by virtue of an Imperial Decree of the 26th May, .promulgated
in repl}' to a jMemorial from the President of the Ministry
concerned, ^m.^ Sheng* Hslian'-huai'^ (for further details see
v'^upplement Nos. 479 and 479a).
A detailed scheme concerning the reform of Postal
Establishments appeared in the Peking Gazette of the 17tb
October, 1910.
No. 278. Other designations of the President of a ^Ministry
arerjlS Chungs T'ai^, |fj J Tu^ T'ai^ and i

PEESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
No. 312. By regulations framed by the Ministry of
Foreign Atfairs, in June, 1909, certain changes have been
effected with regard to the official rank of Chinese officials abroad
{see Nos. 317 to 320 and 322 to 323), namely :
No. 317. The rank of a Consul-General is now 4b.
No. 318. The rank of a Second Councillor is now 4b.
No 319. The rank of a First Interpreter is now 5a.
No 320. The rank of a Consul is now 5a.
No. 322. The rank of a Third Councillor is now oa.
No. 323. The rank of a Second Interpreter is now 5b.
No. 324. The. rank of a Vice-Consul is now 5b.
No. 325. The rank of a First Secretary is now 5 j.
No. 326. The rank of a Third Interpreter is now 6 b.
No. 327. The rank of a Second Secretary is now 6b.
No. 328. The rank of a Third Secretary is now 7b.
No. 332. There is now a Consulate-Oeneral at g 3/1^ ^
Pa' Na^ Ma^, Panama {see a Memorial from the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, dated the 16th January, 1910).
In accordance with the terms of a Consular Convention
(fS ^ t^ ^J Ling^ Shih* T'iao- Yiieh') concluded between
China and the Netherlands (signed at Peking on the 8th
May, 1911), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs submitted a
Memorial to the Throne, the same being sanctioned on the
21st July, 1911, concerning the establishment,
in the Dutch
Indies (fll ii m en jg II ^ Ho2 Lan^ Timg^ Yin\Tu^ Shu^'
Ti*), of the following
Consulates in the islands of the Sunda
Archipelago (^ fill ^ ^ Hsiin^ T'a' Ch'iin^ Tao^) :
A. A Coiisulate-General at S ^ l^t 5£
Pa^ Ta^. Wei^
Ya^, Batavia, in the island of /j^ D^ ^ Chua^ Wa^ Tao', Java,
with a Consula'r District (^ |^ H. J^.^ Kuau^ Hsia^ Ch'ii^ Yii*)
including the island of Java to the East of H .^ 11 San^ Pao'-
Lung2, all Dutch Borneo (^MM^WM^^M P'"' ^o' Chou^
Ho=^ Shu' (ni'iian' Ching^), the island of Billiton (H M M ^ l^j.
[ 585 1

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Wan^ Li^ Tung* Ch'iian'^ Tao'), as well as adjacent small
islands.
This Consulate-General will be administered by a Consul-
General, one Second Interpreter and one Second Secretary.
B. A Consulate at "/jIEf -^ Ssu* Shui^, Sourabaya, Java,
"with a Consular District including the island o£ Java to the West
of H ^ H San^ Pao' Lung^, the Dutch Celebes (M M fl^ ffl
li ^ ^ Hsi^ Li' Po» Ho'^ Shu^ Ch'iian^ Ching*), Madura Island
(•'^ yj^ S Ma^ Tu* La^), the island of Karimon Java (^ ^
fl Q K'a^ Li^ Lung^ Mu*; and adjacent small islands.
This Consulate .will have a personnel made up of a Consul,
one Third Interpreter and one Third Secretary.
C, A Consulate at Q ^ Pa^ Tung\ Padang, in the island
with a Consular
of M P5 ^ it Su^ Men^ Ta^ La^ Sumatra, •
District including Sumatra, the island of ^ j]\[
Banka and adjacent small.,islands.
Pang^ Chia\
The personnel of this Consulate will include a Consul, one
Third Interpreter and one Third Secretary.
Nos. 333 to 338. The Ministry of Civil Appointments was
abolished hj an Imperial Edict of the 23rd June, 1911, its
functions being transferred to the >^ 'g' ^ Hsii* Kuan^ Chii',
Bureau of Official Appointments.
No. 333a. Other designations of the President of the
Ministry of Civil Appointments are ^ 'g* T'ien^ Kuan\ ^ ^,
Chung3 Tsai^ and X ^ f,^ Ta* CJh'iian^ Hengl
Nos. 335 to 338. M^%^^ Hsien* Cheng* Cli'ou2
Pei* Ch'u*, Office of Constitutional Peforms (^sce Suj)plement
No. 160) ; established at the Ministry of Civil Appointments (on
a Memorial from this Ministry, dated the 12th March, 1910), to
replace the ^ jgr ^- ^ ^ Hsien* Cheng*
Yen^ Chiu^ So'. At
the head of this office there was a |f |j| Tsung' Pan*, Chief,
who had subordinated to him : ^ |/f Hui* Pan*, Senior
Assistants, ^ ^ Pang' Pan*, Junior Assistants,
[ 53G ]
etc. •
It is

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
composed of four ^^ K'o', Sections, namely, 1. ^ 'g' fif I^sil*
Kuan^ K'o\ Section of Personnel, 2. ^ ;^ fi} K'ao^ Chi^ KV,
Section for Investigation of Merits, 3, f^ ^ ^ Tiao"* Ch'a^
K'oS Intelligence Section, and 4. H f^lj ^ Plen^ Cliih'' K'o',
Revising Section.
^ '?a it Hsiieh^ Cliih^ Kuan^
Ministry of Civil Appointments (for preparing
Instruction Office at the
officials for
service at this Ministry) ; directed by a |,^ ^ Tsung^ Pan^,
Chief.
No. 344. ® ]S If T'u' Chih* Kuan^ Commission for
Preparing a Descriptive Work of the Empire ;
Ministry of the Interior,
this Ministry, dated the 13th March, 1910.
established at the
in accordance with a Memorial from
This Commission is composed of officials of the Ministry of
the Interior and will compile its "— ^ ^ j^ 1^ T'ung' Hsin^
Chih'*, New C/Omplete Statistical Description of the Chinese
Empire, from detailed documents supplied by the provinces.
Mil^W^^ Hsien* Cheng^ Ch'ou'' Pei* Ch'u^ Office of
Constitutional Reforms ; established at the Ministry of the
Interior in accordance with a Memorial emanating thence, dated
the 2nd April, 1910.
No. 368a. it IK i^ Tsao^ Chih^ Ch'ang', Government
Paper Mill ; operated under regulations framed by the Ministry
of Finance and sanctioned by the Emperor on the .27th January,
1911, It is under the supervision of the jSfinistry of Finance
and has been established for the production of all kinds of
Government books, and papers and forms for the numerous
Government Establishments.
At the head of the Paper Mill there is a j^ ^ Tsung^ Pan^,
Superintendent. He is assisted by : 1. A ^ ^ Pang' Pan*,
Senior Assistant Superintendent, and 2. A ^ U| Tso* Pan*,
Junior Assistant Superintendent,
[ ^3" ]

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
For the management of the Paper
Mill there are five
Sections : 1. # M f-^ ^^"ig^ ^^un'^ K'o', Section o£ Transport
and Supplies (in charge of the provision of materials and their
transport), 2. 1^ }a f3f Chien* Tsao* K'o\ Section of Operation
(supervises the execution of orders), 3. ^ ^ f^ Wen'' An^
K'oS Chancery, 4. i|^ j^ fi|. Shou^ Chihi K'oS Section of
Finance, and 5. ^. f§ ^Ij- Shu"* Wu"" K'o^ Section of General
Affairs, Each of these Sections is directed by a Jfij- ;^ K'o'
Chang-^, Section Chief, and is divided into Sub-sections (^ So^j.
No, 369Ar. As recommended in a Memorial from the
Controller-General of the Salt Gabelle (sanctioned by the
Emperor on the 2oth February, 1910), there have been
established posts for the following officials at the Office of the
Controller-General of the Salt Gabelle : 1. One {^ ^ T'i-
Tiao*, Proctor, 2. Two ^ f^ p Pang' T'i^ TiaoS Assistant
Proctors, 3. One |!{^v ^ 'g* Pi* Shu^ Kuan^, Senior Secretary,
and 4. Nine ^ ^ ^ Ts'an^ Shih* Kuan', Secretaries.
The Office of the Controller-General of the' Salt Gabelle is
made up of eight ]^. T'ing', Sections : 1. ^ i^ H ^ Xen'^
Wu* Tsimg' T'ing\ Chief Section of Salt Affairs ; supervising
the framing of rules and regulations regarding- the salt
administration, the most important correspondence and the
personnel of the office, 2, ^]K^f^M l^'n^
[ ^33H ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Yiieh* Yen^ Wu^ T'ing-i, Section for Salt Affairs of Fukien and
Kuangtung (and of Kiangsi, Kuangsi, Hunan and Kueichow),
7.
jll MMB B ChS.ani Tien^ Yen' Wu* T'ing', Section for
Salt Affairs of Szechwan and Yunnan (and of Hupeh, Hunan and
Kueichow), and 8. B,B M Slui^ Wu^ T'ing', Section of
General Affairs ; receiving and despatching correspondence,
sealing documents, keeping the accounts, etc.
The Chief Section of Salt Aifairs is directed by a Proctor
and his assistants. To them there are attached : a Senior
Secretary (supervising the most important correspondence), two
Secretaries, two ^ fjj1} Tso* Pan^, Assistant Secretai-ies, and an
indefinite number of ^ ^ Wei' Y^iian^, Deputies (of the first,
second and third ranks, ^ Teng^).
A Secretary is at the head of each of the remaining seven
Sections. He has one Assistant Secretary and an indefinite
number of Deputies (of the three ranks mentioned)
under hi&
orders..
At the Section of General Affairs there has been inaugurated!
^ ^ ^ J^ ^^ Tien* So^ Sub-Section for the Ciphering of
Telegrams, and a |^ ^ ^- Shan* Hsieh^ Fang', Copying Sub-
Section, manned by § bB '^ S^^^i^ Chi* Kuan^, Clerks, and
^ IB ^ Shu^' Chi* Shengi, Writers.
There is found at the Office of the Controller-General of
the Salt Gabelle an indefinite number of §^ ^ *§* Tzu^ I*
Kuan^, Advisers. A ^ ^ J^ Hui* I* So', Council, composed
of the Proctor, as ^ ^ I* ( Ihang', President, and Assistant
Proctors, Senior Secretary, Secretaries and Advisers, as '^ |^ ^
Hui* I* Yiian^, Members of the Council, has also been organized
at this office.
No. 373. ^ fliij
^ Pi' Chih* Cniii', Currency Office;
established in accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry
of Finance, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 20th September,
1910, to replace the Commission for the Study of the Currency
[ 5^1^ ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.
System, ^MMMM Pi* ^^"1^" Tiao'* Ch'a^ Chu^ abolished by
the same Memorial. The main object of this office is to keep
a control over the, mints and banks, with regard to issue o£ the
new type of currency, and to supervise the gradual transition
to a new currency system. The Minister of Finance is at the
head of the office and exerts his authority therein through the
Currency Department (see No. 3o6j. An Imperial" Edict
oi the 13th day of the 7th moon appointed {f|f "^ ^
Sheng Hsiian-huai as ^ ^ Pang^ Pan*, to assist the
IMinister.
At the Currency Office there are: 1. One f^ |lf|
T'i^
TiaoS Proctor, and 2. Two ^ }^ 0J Pang* T'i2 Tiao% Assistant
Proctors. The Proctor and Assistant Proctors are in charge of
the four S^ Ku^ Sections -A. fi ^ |^ Tiao* Ch'a" Ku',
Intelligence Section ; charged with the study of the currency
question in China and Europe and the completion of all business
left unfinished by the Commission for the Study of the Currency
System, B. ^ PS^ Ch'ou' Pan* Ku^ Section of Organization;
superintends the introduction of the new currency, provides
funds for minting purposes, fixes the currency reserve, checks
the quantity of coins minted, arranges for the exchange of old
coins for the new currency and manages the correspondence
regarding currency matters generally, C. ^^ ^ |J Chi^ Ho^
Ku', Section of Supervision ; superintends mniting operations,
pxu'chases silver for coining pm-poses, arranges for the re-minting
of old currency, defines standard and weight of corns, controls
the issue of ncAv coins for circulation through
banks or other
institutions, the issue of bank-notes and the revenue derived
from the same, supervises the printing of bank-notes, etc., and
-B- Is ^ IS! Pieu^ I* Ku^ Compiling and Translatmg Section ;
compiles and translates works appertaining to currency
questions, on its own initiative or at the request
foregoing Sections.
[ i>W ]
of the three

I
I
PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
At the head of each Section there is a ^, ^ Tsung^ Pan*,,
who has subordinated to him: A. ^ ^ Pang' Pan*, Assistants,
and B. ^ M. Wei^ Yiian"'^, Deputies.
For superintending affairs o£ economy there is a ^^ ^ ^
Shu* Wu* Ch'u*, Section of Economical Affairs, at the Currency
Office.
No. 376. Other designations of the Ministry of Rites-
are |gj *[J Tz'u" PuS ^ A|J I'^ PaS and i^ ^ Ta* TsungS and,,
of its President, # '^ Ch'uni Kuan^ ^M Ch'ixn^ ±^^
Ch'ing^
Ta* Chih^ Tsung\ and ± m Ta* jjif Tien=^ Li^
Nos. 376-394. :^ |^ ^ Tien=* Li* Yiian*, (^ourt of
Eites; established by an Imperial Decree of the 20th Jul}-,
1911, to replace the Ministry of Rites, abolished by the same
Decree. At the same time Imperial sanction of the |^ ^ ^"
-g 3il] Tien^ Li' Yiian* Kuan^ Chih*, Regulations
for the Coiirt
of Rites, drawn up by the Cabinet of Ministers, in 24 articles,,
was also signified.
To the Court of Rites have been transferred all functions
of the Cabinet of Ministers and the old Ministry of Rites, as
regards ritual observances, and under its control has been placed
the Music Office (see No. 388) and the Office of Sacred ]\Iusic
{sec No. 390), which were formerly under the supervision of the
Board of Music (5^^ No. 387).
The casting of seals {see No. 386) has been placed under
the control of the Bureau of Printing and Casting attached to
the Cabinet of Ministers.
The issue of the calendar, control over rites and ceremonies
performed by the populace, sacrifices at temples in the provinces
and exercises of divination performed in these temples is now
the duty of the Ministry of the Interior. Ceremonies enacted
in schools and sacrifices in the temple of Confucius are controlled
by the Ministry of Education.
[ 541 J

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
The issue of supplies , and allowances to vassal Princes and
to Lamas is now invested in the Ministry of Dependencies.
The Court of Kites is responsible for the performance of
rites and musical ceremonies at Imperial Temples and Altars and
at the Imperial Mausolea, as well as for the construction and
safeguarding of buildings of this type. It is composed of a
I,® Wi i^ Tsung' Wu* T'ing^ Chancery of General Affairs, and
four Offices, i.e. 1. 11 ffiij W Li^ Chih* Shu*, Office of
Ceremonies, 2.
|g| ^ ^ Tz'u^ Chi* Shu*, Office of Saci'ifices,
3. ^ 1^ W Feng* Ch'ang^ Shu*, Office of Sacrificial Worship,
and 4. Im i^ ^ Ching^ Shan* Shu*, Banqueting Office.
The staff of the Coiu-t of Kites includes : A. One ^ p^
•X^± Change Yiian* Ta* Hsiieh^ Shih*, Chancellor, B. One
-SlJ i P^ ^ ± Fu* Change Yiian* Hsueh^ Shih*, Sub-Chancellor,
C. Eiglit ^ -^ Hsiieh^ Shih*, Senior Members of the Court,
D. Eight {i: ^ ± Chih-' Hsiieh^ Shih*, .funior Members of the
"Court, E. One ^ ^ T'ing^ Chang^ Chief of the Chancery,
F. Four ^ ^ Shu* Cliang^ Office Chiefs, G. -^ ^ Ch'ien^
Shih*, Secretaries, of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd (^ Teng^) Classes,
performing duty in the Chancery and the four Offices, H. ^ JE
Pu* Cheng*, Overseers, performing duty
-'-• ^ ^
at the Chancery,
Tien^ Pu*, Assistant Overseers, performing duty at
the Chancery, J. p] j$ Ssu^ K'u*, Inspectors, attached to the
(^hancery, K. ^ If gl> Tsan* Li^ Lang^ Ceremonial Ushers,
attached to the Office of Sacrificial Worship, L. ^ i% ^ Tu^
Chu* KuanS Keciters of Prayers, attached to the Office of
Sacrificial Worship, M\ ^% ^ Ming^ Tsan*, Heralds, attached
to the Office of Ceremonies, N. )^ l^ Hsii* Pau^ Ushers,
-attached to the Office of Ceremonies, O. J^ ^ K'u* Shih^
Assistant Inspectors, attached to the (Chancery, and P. ||^ ^
Lu* Shih*, Writers.
Of the officials mentioned above, A and B are selected
-and appointed by the Emperor himself (^ ^ T'e* Chien^), C to
[ 542 ]
/-.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA
E are appointed by the Emperor (^ ^ Chien^ Jen*), F to M
are appointed on the strength of Memorials to the Emperor
(^ ^ Tsou* Jen*), while N to P are appointed by the
Chancellor (^ ^ We? Jen*).
Nos. 398 to 402. M'i^W Hm ^ Hsien* Cheng* Ch'ou^
Pei* Ch'u*, Office of Constitutional Reforms (see Supplement
No. 180); established at the Ministry of Education, in accordance
with a Memorial emanating thence, dated the 25th March, 1910,
to replace the M)^^ ^M Hsien* (Jheng* Yen^ Chiu^ So^ of
that Ministry.
No. 41 2 A. The literary designation of the Libationer and
Tutor is
;/d Senior and Junior Secretary (see Nos. 283 to
284)j institutfHi in 1906, have been abolished.
[ 543 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
No. 420 b. ^MMW-'^^B
K"a»^ I-i' Lii* •Cliiin^
Fn* Shih* Wu\ Controller of the ^Ministry of War (see
No. 276).
No. 421. To tlie Minister of War and his Assistant (see
Supplement, No. 420a) there are attached: 1. ^ ^ 'g' Ts'an^
Shih^ KuanS Secretaries, 2. |t ^* 1* Chien' Ch'a* Kuani,
Inspector of Military Affairs, and 3. ^ ^ 'g* Tiao^ Ch'a=*
Kuan', Intelligence Officers (stationed in the provinces to supply
necessary information and reports to the Minister).
No. 422. ^ ifJCWl Ch'eng2 Cheng* Ssu', Chancery;
attends to the most important aflPairs, controls the finances,
correspondence, personnel, etc. This is composed of four ^
K'oS Sections, namely, 1.
7^. ^ ^^ Pi' Shu^ K'o', Section of
Confidential Affairs, 2. ^ "^ ^ Tien^ Chang^ K'oS Section of
Army Regulations, 3. ^. f^ f'[ Shu* Wu* General Affairs, and 4. ij^J ^ f^
iW, Sectior of
Shou^ Chih^ Finance.
K'oS Section of
No. 423. H :^ i] Chiin^ Heng^ Ssu^, Department of Selec-
tion; supervises the appointment and transfer of military officials-
This has four Sections: 1. ^ ^^ K'ao' Chi' K'oS Section
for the Investigation of ^Merits, 2. f£ "^ f4 Jen* Kuan^ K'o^
Section cf Distribution of Posts, 3. ^ ^ fif Shang^ Lai*
K'oS Section of Rewards, and 4. ^ f^ fjf Ch'i^ Wu* K'o^
Section of Banner Affairs.
No. 424. ^ ^ ^ Chiin' vShih^ Ssu', Department of Arms
Supply; having two Sections: 1. M m. ^^ Chih" Tsao* K'o^
Section of Manufacture, and 2. f^ JH fl|- Fao^ Ch'u^ K'oS
Section of Storage.
No. 425. ^ fiflj ^
Chnn'
Department (further see No. 428).
Chih* Ssu', Army Inspection
Previous to their being handed over to the Ministr}' of
Posts and Communications, all questions
in connection with the
Alilitary Posts, former!} mider the supervision of the Department
[ 544 ]
Mi

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
of Military Posts (now abolished), are to be attended to by the
Army Inspection Department.
No. 426. !^ f^ p] Chun^ Hsu^ Ssu^, Commissariat
Department (further see No. 429).
No. 427. 1^ ^ ^ Chiin^ I^ Ssu', Araiy Medical and
Sanitary Department; consisting of two Sections: 1. ^^ ^
Wei* Bhengi K'o\ Sanitary Section, and 2. ^ B^ I^ Wu*
K'o\ Medical Section.
No. 428. ^ ;^ ^ ChUn^ Fa* Ssu', Department of
Military Law (further 5^^ No. 4.32).
No. 429. !5 ^ gj Chiin^ Mii* Ssu\ Department
of the
Military Stud (further see No. 433). This Department is noAv
in charge of all veterinary affairs formerly under the supervision
of the Army Medical and Sanitary Department {see Supplement
No. 427).
No. 430. ^ ^ ^ Chiini Hsiieh^ Ch'u^ Bureau of
Military Education. This is provisionally under the supervision
of the Ministry of War but there is a suggestion to make it an
independent office under the designation ^ ^ )^
( hiin^ Hsiieh'
Yiian*, Department of Military Education. Its personnel will
be determined later.
No. 431. ^ If ^ Shen" Chi* Cli'u*, Office of Control.
To this office there have been transferred all affiiirs formerly
under the supervision of the ^ i|Sf ^ T oJ Cheng* C'h'u*, Office
of Finance, and the Me\^ T'ung^ ('hi* Ch'u*, Statistical
Bureau, both of which have been abolished. Also, the auditing
of accounts and bills has been transferred to its supervision from
the Department of Military Posts (see Supplement No. 432b),
the Department of Arms Supply (see Supplement No. 424) and
the Commissaiiat Department (see Supplement No. 426).
The Office of Control has two Sections : 1. -^^ ^ ^^ Tsung^
Ch'a2 K'oS General Revising Section, and 2. ^ f| f4 Ho^
Hsiao.^ K'o', Auditing Section.
3.^
[ 545 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
No. 432. Each Department oi the Ministry of War,
as a
rule, furnishes employment for : a ^ ^ Ssu^ Chang^ Controller,
a ^ ^ -g Ssu^ Shih* Kuan^ Department Secretary,, f^ ^ K'o^
Chang', Section Chiefs (one to each Section), ^ ^ K'o^ Yiian^,
Secretaries (of the first, second and third ranks) ; and ^ ^ Lu*
8hih% Writers (in an indefinite number).
No. 43 2 A. The personnel of various Departments and
Offices differs from that mentioned above (No. 432)
following respects :
in the
1. At the Chancery of the Ministry of War (see Supple-
ment No. 422) there are a number of ^ ^ I* Yiian^,
Interpreters.
2. The Department of Military Law {see Supplement No.
428), having no Sections, furnishes employment for ^, f^ ^ Ssu^
Fa^. KuanS Officers of Justice (of the first,
second and third
ranks), who take the place of Section Chiefs and Secretaries (see
Supplement No. 432).
3. At the Department of Arms Supply (see Supplement
No. 424) and at the Army Inspection Department (see Supplement
No. 425) there are found |t ^ ft Hui^ T'u^ Yuan^, Draughts-
men, @ m I* ShihS Chief Engineers, and ^ ± I* ShihS
Engineers.
4. In place of the customary p] ^ Sipu^ Chang', at the
head of the Office of Control there is a ff g Chi* Changl
No. 432b. The Department of Military Posts (^ ^ H
Chun^ Ch'eng2 Ssu^), the Discipline Department (^ ft ol Chiin^
Chi* Ssu') and the Department of Military Education (^ ^ ^
Chiin^ Hsiieh^ Ssu^), organized in accordance with regulations
framed in 1906, have been abolished. In place of last-mentioned
there has been inaugurated a " "
Bureau, of Military Education
(see Supplement No. 430).
No. 433. Under the authority of the Ministry
1. The Military Forces of China:
[ 546 ]
of War are :

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.
A. Lu Chiin, Regular Troops, and
B. Hsiin Fang Tui, Reserves {see Nos. 655 to 707).
2. Military Schools {see Nos. 708 to 717b).
3. Banner Troops {see Nos. 718 to 748).
4. Old Chinese Troops (^ee Nos. 749 to 753).
5. Office of the Government Stud {see No. 755).
THE MINISTRY OF THE NAVY.
No. 434. Idem. No. 185.
No. 435. The Ministry of the Navy was called into being
lay an Imperial Edict of the 4th December, 1910, and its
personnel includes the following officials.
Navy,
1. f# ^ ic E Hai' Chiini Ta* Ch'cn^ Ministry
of the
2. ?§ Ip: glj :;^ E Hai^ Chiin'- Fu^ Ta^ Ch'en^ Assistant
Minister of tlie Navy,
'3. 3^*^ Ts'an^' Mou^ KoanS Councillors,
4. ^ ^ 'g* Ts'an^ Shih* Kuan\ Secretaries, and
5. ^> § 'g* r*i* Shu' Kuan', Junior Secretaries.
No. 436. The Ministry of War is divided into Departments
;as follows :
No. 436a. ^ ^jlj fj Chiin' Chih* SsuS Department of
Naval Administration ; composed of five Sections : 1.
^ij ]^ f4
Chill'* Tn* K'oS Section of Naval Codes and Regulations, 2. ^
^ p^ K'ao=* Ho2 K'o\ Revising Section, 3. || ;^ fif Ch'i*
Hsieh* K'o', Arms Section, 4. ^ |^ ^ Chia* Shih' KV,
Section of Navigation, and 5.
of Marine Engineering.
fj^ ^ f^f Lun- Chi^ K'o', Section
No. 436b. ^ jgj ^ Chiini Cheng* Ssu^ Construction
Department ; having two Sections : 1. 1^^^^ Cliih-* Tsao* K'o\
•Section of Manufacture, and 2. ^ ^ f3j
Building 'O
Section.
[ 047 ]
(-hien-* Chu^ K'o\

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
:No. 436c. ^ ^ p\ Chun^ Hsueh' Ssu^, Department of
Naval Education ; with five Sections : 1 . ^ ^ Chiao* Yii*
$i|-
K'oS Section of InstnictijDn, 2.
|j|| ^ p^ Hsiin* Lien* K'o^
Section of Training, 3. ^ |ll§ f?j- Mou« Liieh* K'o^
Section of
Strategy, 4. |i ^ ^ Tiao* Ch'a^ K'o\ Intelligence Section,
and 5. j^ ^ ^ Pien^ I* K'o\ Translation Section,
No. 436d. ^^ p\ Cbiin^ Shu^ Ssu\ Department, of
Important Affairs (Chancery)
^ ^ f4 Tsou^ Tzu^ K'o\ Section of Memorials and Corres-
; composed of three Sections : 1.
pondence, 2. H ^ fif Tien^ Chang^ K'o^ Section of Naval
Regulations, and 3. ^ ^ 5f4 Ch'eng^ Fa} K

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Department Controller, fij- ^ K'o' (/hang', Section Chiefs (one
for each Section), ^^ ^ K'o^ Yiian-, Secretaries, and ^ ^ Lu
Shih^ Writers.
No» 436k. The personnel of various Departments and
f
Offices differs from that shown above (see No. 436j) as shown
below :
1. At the (Construction Department {sec Supplement No.
436b) there are ^ ^ I'' Shih', Chief Engineers, and ^ ± P
Shih*, Engineers.
2. The Department of Naval Law (sec Supplement No.
43 6 g) having no Sections, BJ ;^ 'g* Ssu^ Fa* Kuan^, Officers of
Justice, take the place of Section Chiefs and Secretaries.
3. Ai: the Accounts Office (see Supplement No. 436i) the
ft ^ Chi* Chang', Office Chief, and glj fj- ^ Fu* Chi^ Chang'^
Assistant Office ('hief, take the place of a Controller and an
Assistant Controller.
No. 437. Idem. No. 185p.
Nos. 424 to 434. M^^^M Hsien* Cheng* Ch'ou'
Pei* Ch'u*, .Office of Constitutional Reforms (see Supplement
No. 160) ; established at the Ministry of War (see an Imperial
Decree of the 27th February, 1910, pi'omulgated in reply to a
Memorial from the Ministry of the same date).
No. 440. According
to the rules for new Judicial
Establishments (^ee No. 758), the functions of the Ministry of
Justice are now of a purely administrative character, namely, the
appointment of officials to the judicial service, the appointment
and transfer of judicial officials, the definition of the competence
of Judicial Establishments (in territorial respect), the framing
of regulations, codes, rules, etc. Furthermore, the MinisLy ol
Justice no longer passes final judgment on death sentences
imposed by the Supreme Court of Justice (see No. 205a ; also
compare Supplement No. 215a).
[ 549 1

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
No. 458. MilkWi^M Hsien* Cheng* Ch'ou=^ Pei* Ch'u%
Office of Constitutional Eeforms (see Supplement No. 160) ;
established at the Ministry o£ Justice, as proposed in a Memorial
from the Ministry dated the 27th February, 1910, to replace
tlie ^ ^ i^ Pien^ Ch'a" Ch'u*, Compiling Office, organized at
that Ministry in 1907. The Senior Councillor of the Ministry
is at the head of this office and his staff is the same as that of the
former Compiling Office, namely, one ^ |^ T'i^ Tiao*, Proctor,
one H ^ Tsung^ Tsuan^, Chief Reviser, six ^ f^ Tsuan^ Hsiu%
Proof-readers, one /^, ^ ft Shu* Wu* Yiian^, Steward, and fire
fj ^ Hsing^ Tsou\ Attaches,
Nos. 463 to 466. M^%i§^ Hsien* Ch^ng* Ch'ou*
Pei* Ch'u*, Office of Constitutional Reforms (see Su2:)piement
No. 160) ; established at the Ministry of Agricultiu'e, Industry
and Commerce, as recommended in a Memorial ema*nating
thence, dated the 18th March, 1910, to replace the ^ i^ ff ^ ^
Hsien* Cheng* Yen^ Chiu^ So^ instituted in October, 1907.
No. 464a. ih^^W^ Hua* Fen^ Kung^ Chili* Chii%
Chemical Laboratory for -
Analysis of Mining Products ;
organized in accordance with regulations drawn up by the
Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, sanctioned
by the Emperor on the 23rd January, 1911,
at the Offices o£
Industrial Taotais (see No. 839a) or Mining Committees (see
No, 775). At these Laboratories there may be organized
5i M fp ^ ff i^"»g' Chlh* Yen^ Chiu^ So', Courses in Mining,
and ^ ^ ^ f\] If Kung^ Chih* Ch'en'' Lieh* Kuan', Museums
of Mining Products.
The personnel of a Laboratory for the Analysis of Mining
Products includes : 1. A j^ ^ -hu^ Chang^, Director of the
Laboratory (a post held by the industrial Taotai or the President
of the Mining Committee), 2. One f^ Jl Ching^ Li^, Chemist,
3. ifc iHf Chi* Shih\ Assistant (_~!hemists (1 or 2), and 4.
§ IB Shui ci,i4^ Clerk.
[ 550 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Nos. 476 'to 480. ^ igt # H ^ Hsien* Cheng* Ch'oir
Pei* Ch'u'*, Office of Constitutional Reforms (see Supplement,
No. 160), instituted at the Ministry of Posts and Communications,
on a Memorial from the Ministry dated the 28th March, 1910.
No. 479. The text should read as follows :
^J i|J[ "pj Yu^ Cheng^ Ssu\ Department of Posts ; superin-
tending all postal affairs of the Empire (since the 28th May,
1911, when the postal administration was transferred to the
Ministry of Posts and Communications ; see Supplement No.
273), the improvement of postal communications, the sale of
money orders and stamps and the transmission of parcels. It is
composed of four K'o\ Sections : 1. ^^ pt Tsrmg^ P K'o\
Translation Section, 2. ^^ ^ jfj[.~^^^i"8'^ Yeh'^ K'o^, Section of
Operation, 3. 1£ -^ ^^l* T'ung^ Fu^ K'o^, Section of Finance,
and 4. ^ M f'l" Chien* Ho^ K'o^, Construction Section. These,
in turn, are divided into eight 5x Ku^, Sub-Sections.
No. 479a. fir iISC li ^ Yu2 Cheng* Tsung^ Chii^
Directorate General of Posts ; directed hj a f^ ^ Chii^ Chang^,
Director-General of Posts, who has subordinated to him a |f^ j^|
Hui'' Pan^
Tsung^ Pan^, Postmaster-General, and a ^ |/j^
Associate Postmaster-General ; established in accordance with a
Memorial from the Minister of Posts and Communications,
^M.^ Sheng* Hsiian'-huai*, sanctioned by the Emperor on
the 26th May, 1911, (se^' Supplement No. 273).
No. 523b. As proposed in a Memorial from the Ministry
of the Interior, sanctioned by the Throne on the 18th December,
1910, at Peking there has been founded a R^^]SWj^MW
^ ^ Min^ Cheng* Pu* Kao^ Teng^ Hsun^ C'hing'' Hsiieli'^ T'ang^
Higher Police School of the Ministry of the Interioi-. This
school is arranged so as to supply A. A j£ ^Ij- Cheng* K'o^,
Complete Coarse (extending over three years), and B. A ^ ^if
Chuan' K'o^j Special Course (of one year and a half), as well as
lower Police Courses. There are yearly enrolled 80 men (10
[ ^51 ]

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
from the Capital and 70 from the provinces) for the Complete
Course, which supplies instruction in administration, policing,
prison management, English and Japanese.
At the head of the Higher Police School of the Ministry
of the Interior there is a |^ j^ Tsung^ Pan*, Curator, to whom
there are subordinated a ^ ^ Chien^ Tu\ Director, a f^ |^
T'i=^ Tiao*, Inspector, ^ ^ Chao* Hsi^ Teachers, etc.
No. 551b. ^ j$. Kuo^ K'u*, The Government' Treasury.
This has been organized in accordance with regulations
framed by the National Assembly, sanctioned by the Emperor
on the 27th January, 1911, with the , object of combining all
Government funds, receiving all revenues, making all payments
on Government account, safe-keeping • Government moneys and
the transaction of money operations generally.
The Minister of Finance is at the head of the Treasury as
MW "X^ Tsung^ Kuan^ Ta* Ch'en^, Sxiperlntendent. In the
provinces a general control (^ ^ Chien^ Tu^) over the Government
Treasury is invested in the Lieutenant-Governor, or.
Financial Commissioner. Examinations of the .Government
Treasury are made by specially deputed officials or by the
High Authorities of the provinces. Later, when the organiza-
tion of the ^ fj- p^ Shen* ('hi'' Yiian*, Audit Department,
shall have been completed, examinations will be made by that
establishment.
The Government Treasury is organized as follows :
fi M Tsung' K'u% Central Treasury ; situated at the
Capital and supervising Branch Treasuries and Treasury Sections
in the provinces. At its head there are a j£ ^^, ^ Cheng''
Tsimg^ Li^, Superintendent (a post associated with that of
Governor of the Ta

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
^ j^ Fen'- K'u*, Braricli Treasuries; found at provinck?
capitals. To these there are subordinated Treasury Secticr'
(see below). Each Branch Treasury is under the direction of a
|§^ ^ Ohing^ Li', Manager (a post
associated with ihat of
Superintendent of the Ta Ch'ing Government Bank).
^ i$- Chih^ K'u*, Treasury Sections; found at cities of
importance. Each Treasury Section is under the direction of &
^ J?| Hsieh^ Li', Manager (a post associated witii that cl
Superintendent of the Ta Gliding Government Bank).
At various places, as the judgment of the Ta Qi'Kg
Government Bank Administration suggests, there are esiabiiSiued
MM^ P'ai* Pan* Ch'u*, or ft 3® j^ Tai" Li' ChV, Agencies
of the Treasury, for the employment of surplus Qoyerrtr . .
funds.
No. 555. In Kiangsu, Anhui, Shantung, Konan, Shansi,
Chekiang and Fukien,
as recommended in a Memorial fronri the
Ministry of Finance, dated the 24th March, 191Q, the Offices
for the Collection of Excise on Native Opitun, as well as
various ^ -^ Fen^ Ch'ia*, Barriers, have been abolished At
Shanghai, in place
of an abolished Barrier there has been
established a ^ fj |t fj, ^ Ch'a^ Yen^ Chi* Ssu^ ChuS Office
for the Prevention of Opium Smuggling, and, in iShantung, iLe
collection ofjexcise on Native Opium has been transferred to the
^ ^ M Ch'ou^ K'uan' Chii^, Office for Providing Government
Funds (compare Supplement Nos. 825 to 826).
No. 573a. (§ i^ S} Seng^ Lu* Ssu^ (litei-ary designation,
:/c i^ ^ ^^a' Ch'an^ Tsr.ng^), Superior of the Buddhist
Priesthood at Peking ; 6a ; two in all.
ft ^ m ^IJ i^ ii Seng' -Kangi , Ss^i Fu* Tu' Kang\
Assistant Superior of the Buddhist Priesthood in a prefecture ;
of unclassed rank.
In the district of ^ »Ij ^ Heng^ Shan' Hsiex:*, Hu-;i.c
jjrovince, the Superior is styled f^ |^ sl Seiig- Kang^ Ssu^.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANI''ATION OF CHINA.
No. 573ii. jM i^ ^ Tao* Lu* Ssu^ (literary designation^
-^ ^ ^ Ta* Chang^ Lu*), Superior
at Peking; 6a; two in all.
of tlit Taoist Priesthood
li Ifi pj . go Hi IE Tao* Chi^ Ssui Y^i Till Qi^-^4^ Assistant
Superior o£ the Taoist Priesthood in a prefecture ; of i ^classed
rank.
In the district of :^ ^J ^ Heng^ Shan^ Hsien* (see above.
No. 573a) the Superior is styled ^i; ^E ^ Tao* Chi* SsuK
No. 577. In 1909 Primary Schools of the Junior Grade
were reformed so as to provide three courses of study, namely,
Full Course (of five years, ^ ^ th ^ ^ ^ ^ p^ Ch'u^ Teng'
Hsiao^ Hsueh^ T'ang^ Wan^ Ch'iian- K'o^),' and Abridged
Courses (of four years, 29 ^ M '> ^ ^ ^ B f4 Ssu'' Nien=^Chi=f
Hsiao* Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Chien' I* K'o\ and of three years, ^ ^
^d^^ ^^ ^^ Sani j^T-g^2 Q^p i£sij^o3 Hsiieh^ T'ang*
Chien^ P K'oi).
The Ministry of Education soon became convinced of the
inutility of this system and, by a Memorial, sanctioned by the-
Emperor on the 30th December, 1910, there Avas introduced a
uniform course of four years duration, with four to five hours of
instruction daily, for all Primary Schools of Junior Grade
throughout the Empire. The subjects of instruction are ethics,,
classics, Chinese language, arithmetic, history, geography,
natural sciences, drawing, callisthenics, handicrafts, singing,
principles of agriculture and principles of commerce— the last
four are optional.
No. 584. 4fc jf :;^ ^ ^ Pei^ Yang"'' ta* Hsiielr T'ang^,
established in 1902 on the initiative of
Peiyang University;
Yiian Shih-k'ai, a Preparatory Course (^ p^- Yii* K'o^), of
three years, being first organized. In 1906 the first class was
graduated from the Preparatory
7^ f?[- Pen* K'oV Specializing Course.
[ 554 ]
Coui'se and advanced to the

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
A reform of the ciu'ricalum was effected in 1908, the-
"Regulations of Instruction" being altered to provide for
increased terms of study, instruction in additional subjects
and an enlarged staff of teachers. At present there are
three Departments : A. ± tJC X f^ T'u^ Mu* Kungi K'o',.
Engineering Department (supplying two courses), B. ^ |^ ^
J^ ^ f4 ^'s'ai' Kung3 Chi^ Yeh^ Chin^ K'o^ Department of
Mining and Metallurgy (supplying two courses) and C, ;^^^j|-
Fa^ Lii* K'o^, Department of Law (supplying one course).
The final examinations of the first class to be graduated are
scheduled for the latter half of 1910 and the first half of 1911.
Graduation from the Peiyang University carries with it the
attainment of various '
ranks and privileges, as provided in the
University Regulations.
No. 620. By a Memorial from the Ministry of Education,,
sanctioned by the Throne on the 5th March, 1910, Schools for
Training Teachers for Professional Schools have been made
equal, as regards status and privileges (^ J^ Chiang^ Li^), tO'
Higher Normal Schools {see No. 618b), and, like the latter, are
to supply a course of study of four years.
These schools are to be organized so as to supply two ^
K'o\ Courses of Study, namely, A. ^ ^ $^ Wan^ Ch'iian'
K'o\ Complete Course, and B. ^ ^^ Chien-^ I* K'o^
Abridged Course. Those who complete the Abridged Course
are to rank with graduates of Lower Normal Schools (see No.
618a).
In the Memorial mentioned, the provinces were commanded:.
I. To establish, within tv/o years from date,
at least one
" School for Training Teachers for Professional Schools,"
supplying the "Complete Course," and B. To found,
very near future, like schools supplying " Abridged Courses."
in the
Nos. 621 to 62lB. i^^ P ^ Chii Ch'i^ Hsueh' T'ang',
School of Engineering; established in September, 1905, in
[ 555 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Szechwan province, at the !^ ^ ^ Clii' Cli'I"* Cliii^, Arsenal,
with an enrolhnent of 30 students— later increased to 50 {see a
report from || M ^ Cliao" Erli^-hsiin*, dated the 26th March,
1910).
i^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Kao' Teng^ I' Hsneli'- T'ang^ Higher
Medical School. This has been founded at the city
of
Hangchow, in Chekiang province, in accordance Tvith a Memorial
from the Governor, Tseng Yiin, sanctioned by the Throne on the
12th January, 1911..
No. 623. i^^^^ Fa^ Cht-ng* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, College
of Law and Administration ;
established at Peking in accordance
with a Memorial from the Ministry of Education, dated 1907,
for the purpose of pi'eparing students for a judicial or adminis-
trative career. As recommended in a Memorial from the same
Ministry, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 20th September,
1910, this College has been reorganized
and it now serves as a
model for similar institutions in the provinces.
As at present constituted, the College of Law> and
Administration has two Sections, namely: 1. IE f^ Cheng*
K'o\ Specializing Section, supplying three Courses, i.e. A.
S8t ?o P^ Cheng"* Chih^ Men^, Com'se in Administration,
B. '^ ^ pg Fa^ Lii* Men^, Course in Law, and C. |g ^^ f^
Ching^ Chi^ jNIen', Course in Finance and Political Economy, of
three years each, and 2.
^|J jfj^ Pieli* K'o\ Special Section, of
three years.
For the Specializing Section there are yearly accepted
pupils who have completed the course of a Middle School: for
the Special Section there are accepted as pupils officials or
scholars possessing a literary degree not higher than that of
^ \ Chu-' Jen^ and aged not more than 25 years.
At the head of the Colleo^e of Law and Administration
there is a Director (see No. 635). He has a staif compored of a
Preceptor (see No. 636), Professors (see No. 637: in an
[ 55G ]

PKES3SNT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
indefinite number), Tutors (see No. 640), a Steward (sec No.
841), a ^. ^ j^ Shu* Wu* Yiian*, Assistant Steward, Secre-
taries (see '^o. 642), Accountants (see No. 643) and Clerks of
Works (see Nc. 644).
No. 629c. The literary designations of the first Metro-
politan Graduate (Doctor) are ^ — A ^i* I^ Jen^, ;^ f^ Ta*
K'uei^, and ^ tc
Tien* Yrianl
No. 652. The text should read as follows:
^MB^^M^^^MM
Kuan^ Li^ Jih* Pen^ Yu^
Hsiieh^ Sheng^ Chien^ Tu' Ch'u*, Inspectorate
of Chinese
Students in Japan, at the Chinese Legation in Tokyo; re-
organized in accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry of
Education, sanctioned by
1910,
the Throne on the 20th March.
The supreme control and general supervision over this
establishment is invested in the Chinese Minister to Japan, but
the direct management of the affairs is carried on by a ^ ^
Chien^ Tu-, Controller, appointed
on the recommendation of the
Chinese Minister and the Ministry of Education, who is assisted
by seven ^ ^ ^ ^ Hsiieh^ Wu* Wei^ Yiian^ Deputies for
Educational Affairs, dealing with cori-espondence, accounts and
cxuTent aflfairs, and fom' § ffl :9^ Shii^ Chi* Sheng\ Clerks.
For furnishing instruction in the Japanese language to
those who desire to join one of the " five higher schools " in Japan
(the number of students yearly sent to these schools has been
fixed at 165 by an agreement between the Chinese and Japanese
Governments) there have been instituted at Pekinor, as
recommended in a Memorial from the Ministry of Education,
sanctioned by the Emperor on the 26th January, 1911, J|f jp 3
^m^ li'^W, ft Yu- Hsiiclr Jill* Pon^ Kao^ Teng^- Wu"^
Hsiao^ Yii* K'o', Preparatory Com-ses for S'lidents to the Five
Higher Schools in Japan, extending over from one to two year:?.
For attending th' .c there are .yearly accepted per:?uns unacquainted
[ 557 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA,
•with the Japanese language who have graduated from ]\Iiddle
Schools.
No. 652a. At the head of the Office for the Selection of
Students for America there is a j^ |/f| Tsung' Pan*, Chief, to
"whom there are attached two ^ ^^ Hui* Pan*, Assistants {see a
Memorial from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, dated the 11th
March, 1910).
No. 652e. On their return to Peking, students who have
been studying military sciences abroad are called upon to undergo
examination. Those who successfully complete this examination
receive literary degrees (for instance that of ^ ^^ Chii^ Jen^),
•qualified by the branch of military science which they have
studied (as !X |^ f^ Kung^ Ping^ K'o\ Engineering ; ^
^ ^
Pu* Ping' K'o\ Infantry- gj |5 fi^ P'ao* Ping^ K'o\ Artillery),
:and are appointed as lieutenants or sub-lieutenants {see No^ 65S)
^according to the rating attained in the examination.
No. 702. ^ ?S # ^ Chiin^ Fa* Hui* ^Un\ Courts-
Martial ; organized in accordance with regulations sanctioned by
the Throne on the 20th day of the 9th moon of the 2nd year of
Hsiin T'ung which, aiming at despatch and simplicity, provide
that these be courts from which there is no f»ppeal (instead of
the Civil Court organization of three grades).
Courts-Martial are found at Oor])s, Divisions and Independent
Brio-ades and, further, there are : 1. The i^ ^ ^ ^^ ^
"W I^^o' j^eng"' (!hun^ Fa* Hui* Shen^, Supreme Court-Martial
(at the :vnnisti-y of War), and 2. The g^ B# |^ f^ # ^ Lin^
Shih^ (Jhiin^ Fa* Hui* Shcn'^ Courts-Martial ^Extraordinary
(convened in cases of necessity at separate military detachments
smaller than a Corps, Division or Brigade).
The personnel of ordinary Courts-5Iartial is drawn from the
• officers of the military body interested ; the personnel of the
-Supreme Court-Martial is drawn from the Department of
Military Law of the Ministry of War.
r .558 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
A Court-Martial is composed of :
1- ^
^U ^ Shen^ P'an-* Chang^
President o£ the Court
(of the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, or higher, in dependence on
the rank of the accused),
-• pI i^ 1^ Ssu^ Fa* Kuan', Officers of Justice (drawn
from the ranks of Officers of the military body concerned),
3. ^ ^J 'g' Shen^ r'an^* Kuan', Members of the Court
(of the rank of Lieutenant, or higher, in dependence on the rank
of the accused),
4. il ^ Lu* ShihS Writers, and
d. PI ^ ^ ^ t Lu* Chun' Chien' Ch'a^ KuanS
Prosecutors. Also, there are ^ T^^ ^ fM ^^^^* Chiin^ Ching^
Ch'a^' TuiS Squads of Military ]^lice.
No. 715d. At the Seliool for ^lilitary
Draftsmen in
Peking there is a ^^ |a SBE ^lo^ l^'^n-* Pan*, Model Section,
where students from the ^•arious ]jrovinces ai-c taught, Avith the
object of disseminating the sciences of sui\ eying and drafting.
The final examinations of the first class to l)e graduated from
this school took jjlace, after a course of one year and seven
months study, in 1910, and the most ca])able of the students
received the degree of Bachelor of Arts (^ \ Chii' Jen'') and
the rank of sidi-lieutenant ; the less successful received the
degree of Senior Licentiate of the 1st Class (sec No. 629a\
No. 749. Hattalions [ig- Ying^) of the Army of the Green
Standard have various designations : 1. 4^ ^ Chuno-^ Yins:^
Middle ((Central), 2. :^ i^ Tso^ Ying^ Left (Eastern), 3.
:^ ^ Yu« YingS Pvight (Western), 4. |^ ^ Ch'ien^ Ying^
Van (Southern), 5. ^ ^ Hon* Ying^, Hoar (Northern), and
6. ^ ^ -1 Ch'eng2 Shou^ Ying^, Garrison.
No. 750. The literary designation of tlie Provincial
Commander-in-Chief is :;fc 5C ^ Ta* Yiian'' lIoll^
No. 751. Literary designations of a Brigade General
^' IB 11 Tsung' Chen*, and ^ |_| ^ Ta* Tsung^^ Hou^
[ 05!) ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OK«ANIZATION OF CHINA.
No. 7.52. Literary desig-nations of a Colonel are ^ |g
Hsieli2 Chen^ and ^ J^ llsieli^ Jnngl
No. 752a to 752f. Literary designations of a Lieutenant
Colonel are :^ ^ ^ Ta* Ts'an^ J"ng^ and ;;^ .^ ^ Ta'' Fen^
Hiii' : of a Major, :^ ^ ^ Ta* Yu'^ Jung'', and :^ '^ ^ Ta*
Feni Huii ; of a Captain, :^ |f, f^ Ta* Tu^ K'un^ and |[^ 3^ Tu^
Jung^ ; of a 1st Lieutenant, :^ ^ Ya- Chiang% and :A; ^ ^
Ta* Shou^ Hou==; of a 2nd Lieutenant, ;/^ ^ f^'j Ta'' Jung- Po^
and i^i ^ ^ Ta* Chang^ Hou-; of a Sub-Lieutenant, }Q ^
Pa^ Jungl
Ko. 753. In the Disciplined Forces (^ ^^ Lien* ('hiin')
a ^ Ying^ I)attalion, divided into four |I^ Shao% Companies, of
84 men ench, was considered as the principal iniit. Companies,
in turn, were each divided into eight |^ Tui*, Platoons, of 10
(in some Companies 12) fj^ M ^an^ Yinig^, Privates.
Platoons were commanded by f-f ^ Shih^ Chang',
Sergeants (23 to a Battalion) and Companies by Ufl *§* Sliao*
Kmui^, Company Commanders (of the rank of 1st Lieutenant,
2nd Lieutenant, or Sub-Lieutenant ; four to a Battalion ; (see
Nos. 7o2d to 752f), assisted by Hf ^ Shao* Chang^, Assistant
Company Commanders (of the rank of Sub-Lieutenant, Ensign,
or Coloiir-^crgeant ; four to a Battalion ; sre Nos. 752 f to 752ii).
A B vttalion was commanded by a ^ |g^ Ying^ Kuan\ also
^ W ^^^lan'' Tai', Battalion Commander, to whom there was
attached a f^ 1^ Pang^ Tai*, Assistant Commander (of the rank
of Colonel, Lieutenant-Colonel, or Major ; see Nos. 752 to 752b).
To the Commander of a Battalion there were attached 60
^ & Ch'ini Ping\ Cou\oys, divided into six lf$. Tui*, I'latoons,
each headed by a. || Ec ff ;g Ch'ini Pingi Shih' Chang^
Sergeant of Con^-oys (one of these bore the designation of ;^ j^
Lan- (;Ii'i^, and performed duty as Adjutant to the Commander;.
To each Company Commander there were attached five
f^ ^ Hu* Yung^ Guards.
[ 560 ]

PRESENT DAY lOLlTICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Battalion Commanders, and their assistants, (Company
Commanders, and their assistants, as well as Platoon Commanders,
were allowed one '(jJI; ^ Huo^ Fu', Cook, cuch (42 to a
Battalion).
At the head of a detachment made up of several Jiattalions
there was a j^j^ p^ T'unj>-^ I-'i"i?^5 Commander of a Detachment
(of the rank of ^F'i'^ f^ ^^ Tu^ or $/^ i£ Tsuno-^i Pinjri; see Nos.
750 to 751), and in connnand of a number of Detachments there
^vas a |(^!|^ Tsuno- TSm-^ styled |^ SH fp) ^ l'i"g' P"*
Shang* Slui', ^Minister of War.
No. 754. Tn c(»imection with the successful extension of
the net of postal establishments of the European type throughout
the Empire (see Supi)l(nnent No. 273), the Ministry of Posts, and
('ommunications submitted a iNfemorial reconnnending the gradual
abolition of the Military Post Stations and their replacement by
the new Tost Offices. Foi- the carrying out of this scheme it
was proposed that the iMilitary Post Stations be jjlaced under
the general supervision of the Ministry of Posts and (x)nmiimica-
tions and that their direction in the pi'o\ inces 1)6 iii\ ested in the
hands of the Industrial Taotais (on the abolition of the post
of Provincial Judge ; see No. 830 ; compare No. 839).
A.lthough the Ministry of War considered the pi'oposed
abolition of the Military Post Stations to be premature,
nevertheless, it agreed to hand ovei' all affairs in connection with
these Post iStations, as well as the ( utu'iers Office and Depot of
Military Horses, to the Ministry of Posts and Communications,
in January, 1911.
.No. 750. mmm'^mtLmm ^'m.g^^
chih* Hsim-
Yang'^ Ch'ang- Chiang' Ilsien" Tui% (.'ommander-in-Chief of the
Ocean and Long Eiver (Yangtsze Kiver) Na\al Squadrons.
On the 6th December, 1910, the well-known Admiral ;^ah Chen-
ping was appointed to this post.
36

PKESKNT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA,
No. 758?\ For the examination o£ those who wish to serve
in .rudicial Estabhshments {^ 'g' Fa* Kuan^)
Examining Board composed of the following :
there is an
1- i^ ^ W Chien^ Lin^ Kuan^, President ol :he
Examining Board (appointed from the ranks of the higher
officials of the Ministry of Justice)
2. i^ *^ K'ao^ Kuan', Examiners (appointed from the
ranks of officials well versed in jurisprudence, in an indefinite
number ; on the first Examining
four),
Board convened there A\ere
3. ^ ^ '^ Hsiang^ Chiao* Kuan', Assistant Examiners
(appointed from the ranks of pi'ofessors of judicial sciences , on
the first Examining Board convened, which examined about 3.000
candidates— there were 16),
4. ^MM ^ Ohien' Shih* Yu^ Sliih', (Censors for the
Detection of Malpractices on the part of the Examining Board
(appointed from the ranks of officials of the Censorate ; there
were four for the first Examining Board—two for dntv without
the examination hall, ^j* j^, and two for duty within the
examination hall, j^ ^ S ^'^^
5. $% ^ 'li* Chih2 Shih* KuanS
Examining Board, i.e.
Officials attached to the
^- H ii 'e* T'i^ Tiao-' Kuan', Proctors (2),
B. if^ ^ 'g' ^hou^ CJhang^ Kuan', Collectors of Examina-
tion Papers, and
C- 51 if 'S' Mi'' Fengi Kuan', Sealers of Examination
Papers (2).
For particulars as to the duties of these officials see No.
652i.
No. 771. HI ^ Kuug^ Ilui*, Crafts Associations (regula-
tions regarding these Associations w^ere drawn up by the
Ministry of Agriculture, Industiy and Commerce and sanctioned
by the Throne on the 23rd January, 1911).
[ 562 ]

j
TRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.
Crafts Associations luive been instituted witli the object of
studying" all varieties of handicrafts, guiding and improving
them and, by introducing new methods, increasing their
•efficiency.
At provincial capitals there are found |,|| ^ Tsiuig^ Hui"*,
Central Crafts Associations ; other cities have ^ ^ Fen^ Hui^,
Branch Associations. The former are directed by a ^f^ JB
Tsung^ Li^, (Jhairman, and a 1^ J^ llsieh^ Li^, Vice-C/hairman,
while the latter aie under the guidance of a |,^ J|g Tsvmg^ Li^,
•Chairman.
No. 793. liiterai-y designations
of the Prefect of the
Metropolitan Prefecture and the Go\ernor of Peking {j^ f^
Chingv Fu^) are ;vC ^ '
liing^ Yin% 7^, ;J^ ^ Ching' Chao^ Yin^,
ic m ^ Ta^ (;hi' MuS ± f^ m Ta^ Pao^ Li^ and :/c ^5 f&
Ta* Pang^ Po"-, and, of the Vice- Governor, ^ ^ ^^ Shao*
€hing^ ^hao^ ~^^ 'P^ Ching^ Shao^ Yin^ i^ ^ i^
Jtou^, and -^h: % ^ Ta^ Krh* Mu*.
Ta* Erh*
No. 796a. Another designation of the Censors of the Five
Districts is (Cities) ^ ij^ ^ ^ Hsiin'^ Ch'cng^ Yii* Shilr^
(literary designation, ^^ i^ Hsiin'^ Shih', and i^]g^^ Ta^ Chih^
€hih=').
To the Police Magistrate (literary designation, rfl '^ Shih*
Ling"*, and ;^ r1 f|^ Ta* Ssu^ Ch'eng')
and to the Assistant
Police Magistrate (literary designation, tfT ^ Shih^ Ch'eng^), as
well as to the Police Master and Jail Warden (literary designation,
i^ i^ i5^ fli Chingi Ch'eng- Yu'^ Chiao'), there were
attached assistants styled, respectively, 3^ -^ IE Jp J^ Chien^^
Fa^ Cheng^ Chih^ Hui', ^ || glj f§ J^
C'hien^ Fa' Li* Mu'.
Hui', and ^ ^ 1^ @
Chien' Fa^ Fu* Chih^
No. 797. Literary designations of the General ( om-
mandant of the Gendarmerie are ^ -^
jt it ^
Shih^ Tao* Hon'.
thin' Wii"^ and

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
No. 800. With R view to meeting urgent calls for the
maintenance ol: order, the General Commandant of the
Gendarmerie, Prince Yii Lang, has organized a ^ M ^ 1^ 1?|^
LiangS I* Yu* Chi^ TuiS Detachment of Fleet Police. At the
same time there was also organized a ,^ ^ ^ |^ ^ J^ Ma^ Pu*
Yn^ Chi2 Kung^ So^ Office of Mounted and Pedestrian Fleet
Police, directed by the Chief of the Fleet Police.
The Fleet Police nnmbei's 1,800 men.
No. 804. The text should read as follows :
^ Jte Hsfin' Fu^, (jovernor ; one for the provinces of Kirini
(residing at Kirin) and Heilungchiang (residing at Tsitsihar).
With reference to the iianner Forces this official has the
authority of a |\|J ^(j ^ Fu* Tu^ T'ung^, Manchu Brigadier-
General (compare Nos. 745, 745i and 821).
The post of Governor of Fengtien was abolishetl by Imperial
Decree of the 26th April, 1910.
No. 805. As recommended in a Memorial from the
Governor-General, |f |^ ^ Chao Erh-hsiin, dated the 20th
June, 1911, there has been established at the Yamen (^ ^
Kunji^ Shu*) of the Governor-General of Manchuria a ^^ ^
E5C M M ^ M Tuiigi San^ Sheng3 Wen^ Tu^ Tsung^ Ho- Ch'u%
of Current (-orres-
(Provisional) ( ommittee for the Study
pondence Regarding Manchurian Affairs, and a ^ f ]' |g Shcn'
Chi* Ch'u*, Audit Office (charged with accounting for, and
auditing, all expenditure made in Manchuria), At the same
time the Head Office of Mongolian Affairs, previously indepen-
dent {see Nos. 812a and 901), was annexed, to the Yamen of the
Governor-General of Manchuria.
No. 808. Conformino" to a Memorial from the Governor-
General of Manchuria, '^ ^^ || Chao Erh-hsiin, dated the 20th
June, 1911, the previously independent ^ B J^ Ts'ang^ Wu*
Chii*, Bureau of Government Stores, has been abolished and its
functions transferred to the Bureau of Financj.
[ 504 J

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
No. 812a. The H^ad Office of Mongolian Affiiirs has
been abolished {see a Memorial from the Governor-General of
Manchuria, ||' M H ^'^'^^o Erh-hsiin, dated the 20th June, 1911;
compare Nos. 805 and 901).
No. 818. By virtue of an Imperial
Edict of the 26th
September, 1910, there has beer, placed at the head of the Salt
Administration of Manchuria a ^ j^l f|^ Yen^ Ym\^ Shih^, Salt
Controller {see No. 835), charged with the reorganization of
this administration.
Until the reorganization of the Salt Administration of
Manchuria has been completed, the ^ ^ |§ ^ Yen^ Wu* Tsung^
Chii^, Head Office of t^alt Affairs, established in 1906 as
recommended in a Memorial from the Military Governor, Chao
P^rh-hsiin, will functionlas usual.
No. 820. Since the reorganization of the Ministry of War
(in 1910 ; A-ee Supplement No. 420), the Governors-General are
styled iP ^ 155^ P& If) HP ^ Tui Ch'a^ Yuan^ l^i* Tu' Yu* Shih',
Junior President of the Censorato {see No. 207b), alone.
No. 821. Since the reorganization of the Ministry of War
(in 1910 ;av?^ Supplement No. 420), the Governors are styled
IB m ^% m IF) U £ Tu» Ch'a'^ Yiian* Fu^ Tu^ Yii* Shih^
Vice-President of the Censorate (see No. 209), alone.
Nos. 825 to 826. H>t ^W.MM Ts'ai' Cheng* Tsung^
Hui* Ch'u"^, Central Financial l^ureaux. The establishment of
such institutions throughout the provinces was decreed by
Imperial Edict of the 24th May, 1909, with a view to curtailing-
expenses in connection with the maintenance of various financial
establishments in the provinces and the subordination of all
finances to the Lieutenant-Governor.
The first Financial Bureau to be established was that at
Tientsin {see a Memorial from the Chihli Governor-General,
Pt^ffi Ch'en^ K'ueiMung2, dated the 24th March, 1910),
hea«.led by the Lieutenant-Governor (see No. 825) as ||i ^ Tsung*
[ 5G5 ]

PRESENT DAY POLIl^ICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Pan', Chief, and t[ie Salt Controller (see No. 835) as ^ U if
Pang' Tsring'^ I'an", Assistant. It consists b£ four ^ Ku',
Sections: 1. i§ ^Jj H flql fi^ Hai^ Fang'^ Liaug^ Usiang^ Ku%
Section for Issue of Katiohs and Pay of Troops of the Coast
Defence, 2. ^f ^ JUlqJ S^ Huai^ Chiini Liang^ Hsiang^ Ku%
Section for the Issue of Rations and Pay of the " Huai Chiin "
Troops, 3. J^ !i: H llq] ^ Lien" Chun^ Liang^ Hsiang=^ Ku^
Section for the Issue of liations and Pay of the "Lien Chiin"
Troops, and 4. ^ ^ |^ Ch'ou^ K'uan^ Ku^ Section for the
Provision of Government Funds (among other duties this Section
controls the collection of stamp-duties).
Each Section of the Tientsin Financial Bureau is headed
by a ^ p Tso* Pan% Section Chief, and a |^ ^ |J| Pang^ Tso*
Pan'*, Assistant Section Chief.
With the inauguration of the Financial Bureau at Tientsin
the following were a1)olished: 1. y# R5 ^ IM M ^'"^^^ Fang^
Chih^ Ying'' Chii^, Treasury of the Maritime Defence (at Tientsin;
compare No. 859), 2. vf ^^ IM ^ B^ Huai^ Chiin^ Yin^ Ch'ien^
So^ Office for the Issue of Pay to the "Huai Chiin" Troops (at
Tientsin), 3. ^ ^ ^ Ch'ou'^ K'uan' Chii*, Office for the
Provision of Government Funds (at Paotingfu ; supervising*
the collection of excise on wine and opium), 4. |^ |[qj ^ Lien*
Hsiang^ (;hii^, Office for the Issue of Pay to the " Lien Chiin "
Troops (at Paotingfu), and 5. f^UIB ^ ^ Yin^ Hua^ Shui*
Chu^, Office for the Collection of Stamp-duties (at Paotingfu ;
established in April, 1908).
In accordance with the terms of the Imperial Edict
mentioned (of 24th May, 1909), and for the purpose therein
stated, in all provinces there are now found 3t i^ 5+ Bf ^s'ai"
Cheng* Kung' So'^, Financial Offices, under the direction of
the Lieutenant-Go^ernors, controlling
all financial affiiirs with
the exception of Salt, Grain and Customs revenues, which
are vuider the administration of their i"espective Taotais.
[ 5G6 ]
1

PRESENT DAV POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.
Although these Offices are everywhere under the control o£
the Lieutenant-Governor, their organization is not iiniform
throughout the Empire. In the majority, however, there are
six Sections: 1. ^§ j[^ ^^ Tsung^ Wu* K'o', Section of General
AfFaii-s (foimd in Himan, Kiangsi and Ohekiang), 2. p^ Ij^ ^i^
T'ien'' Fu* K'o', Section of l-iand Taxes (in Hunan, Kiangsi
and Ohekiang), 3.
^|] ffl f^ Chih* Yung* K'o^ Section of
Expenditure (found in Hunan and Kiangsi), 4. ^ gf f^ Hui*
Chi* K'o\ Audit Section (found in Hunan and Kiangsi),.
5- ^ !§ f^ Shui^ ^Yu* K'oi, Section of Customs Duties (in
Kiangsi ; in Hunan, ^^^ Kuan* Ch'ueh* K'oS Section of
Excise ; in Chekiang, ^ |^ ^i^ Li^ Shui* K'o\ Section of
Likin), and 6. ^7 gf 7f4 Hsing"^ Cheng* K^o', Section of
Administration (in Hunan), etc. These Sections may be further
sub-divided into Sub-sections (for instance, in Hunan, there are
16 Sub-sections),
At the head of each Section there is a ^ ^ K'o' Chang',.
Section Chief, to whom thei'e are subordinated jfij- ^
K'o'
Yiian*, Secretaries, and ^ |2 Shu' Chi*. lUerks (for instance,
in Hunan and Kiangsi).
No. 829b. As regards educational affairs in thecounties,
spreading public instruction, establishment of schools and
libraries, etc., these are invested in the hands of auxiliary
branches of town and county self-government institutions, the
^ P jiH -a #" Hsiang' Hsueh^ Lien^ Ho* Hui*, Village (Town)
Educational Associations, which, in accordance with regulations
sanctioned by the Throne on the 2nd December, 1910, are
established at places far from important centres, or where there
is a dearth of funds.
No. 832. The text should read as follows:
^ ^ W. ^ hiao' She* Shih', Commissioner for Foreign
Affairs ; 3a ; chai'ged with dealing with questions arising with
foreigners in the province
concerned. This official holds a
[ 5G7 ]

I'KKSENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
position
intennediate betAveen that of Lieutenant-Governor
{see No. '825 1 and (Commissioner of Education (see No. 827).
He is directly subordinated to tbe Governor-General (see No.
820) or Governor (see No, 821) of the province
accredited and, at tbe same time, is also subject
of tbe Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
to wbich be is
to tbe control
Commissioners of Foreign Affairs are appointed from tbe
ranks of tbose wbo bave seen service at tbe ^Nfinistry of Foreign
Affairs, or wbo br>A"e beld substantive diplomatic posts
in tbe
provinces franking not lower tban'tbat of Taotai— see No. 838),
and tbey are found in Mancburia (see No. 806), Yiinnan (post
establisbed in August, 1908), Cbekiang (post esta1)lisbed in
April, 1910), Cbibli, Kiangsu, Hupeb, Kuangtung and Fukien
(tbese latter were appointed on tbe 18tb August, 1910).
In tbe provinces of Anhui, Kiangsi, ITunan and Kuangsi
tbe supervision of affairs in wbicb foreigners are interested is
invested in tbe bands of tbe (Commissioners of Foreign Affairs of
tbe provinces luider tbe jurisdiction of tbe same Governors-
General, ?>. tbose of Kiangsu, Hupeb and Kuangtung,
Tbe pi'ovinces' of Heilungcbiang, Sbantung, Sbansi, Honan,
Kunsu, Hsincbiang, Szecbwan and Kueicbow as yet
Commissioners of Foreign Affairs.
bave no
Regulations regarding tbe Commissioner of Foreign Affairs
("^ Bi^M^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
dence, and 2. J5^ ^ f-'f
Fan' P K'o', Translation Section.
These- Sections are administered by ^ ^ Wei' Yiian",
subordinated to tlie Commissioner of Foreign Affairs concerned,
numbering, in some provinces, seven to eight for each Section, in
others, four to five, as the volume of affl^irs seems to demand,
and ^ 12 ^ Shu"^ Chi* Sheng', Clerks, of a number sufficient to
attend to the business of the Section concerned.
In provinces where the post of Commissioner of Foreign
Affciirs has not been established, Heilungchiang excepted, duties
appertaining to this official are invested in the ^ f^ ^ Yang'
Wu^ Chu^ Office of Foreign Affairs (see No. 859), attached to
the Governor-()!enerars (or Governor's) Yamen. In Heilungchiang
there is a ^ -^ |J ^ Chiao' She* Tsung' Chii^ {see No.
806a) for similar duties.
No. 835. There are also the ^ }]\ ^ jg f^J
Ssu' Ch'nan'
Yen^ Yiin'' Shih', Szechwan Salt Controller, residing at Ch'engtu
Fu (this post was established by Imperial Decree of the 26th
September, 1910, to replace that of ^ >^ )^ Yen=^ di'a"^ TaoS
abolished; see No. 841), and the 'M ^ ^ ^ W, i^ Tung' San'
Sheng^ Yen- Yiin'' Shih^, iSalt Controller of Manchuria (see
Supplement No 818).
No. 835c. pg ^ ^ ItJC ^ Bf Liang- Kuang^ Yen^ Chf'ng*
Kung' So', Salt Biu-eau of Kuangtung and Kuangsi; established
at (yanton on a Memorial from the Office of the Controller-
General of the Salt Gabelle, sanctioned by the Emperor on the
2nd November, 1910. This is directly subordinated to the
Office mentioned, and to the Ministry of Finance, and is charged
with the reorganization of the Salt Administration of Kuangtung
and Kuangsi.
At the head of the Salt Bureau of Kuangtun:, and Kuatigsi
there is a IE ^ # Cheng" Chien' Tu', Chief, wlio has
subordinated to him two ^Ij [^ '^ Fu* Chien' Tu', Assistants
[ 569 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
and various other officials. His duties dift'er from those of the
Salt Controller in that he is in charge of the reorganization and
framing of I'egulations with regard
to the Salt Administration of
the provinces concerned, while the latter exeiriscs a general
supervision,
as do other Salt Conti-oUers.
No. 83S, As regards authority, the Industrial and Police
Taotais are provincial (Commissioners lather than ordinai-y
Taotais.
No. S41. The post of m ill M fi al
''^'^"' Ch'uan' Yen^
Oh'a"^ Tao^, Salt and Tea Taotai of Szechwan, Avas abolished bv
'ImjK-rial Edict of the 26th Se]>teniber, 1910, salt affairs being
transferred to tlie newly-appointed Salt Controller {.sre Supplement
No. 835) and tea affairs to the local Industrial Taotai.
No. 843. As recommended in a Memorial from the Liang
Kiang (loveiiior-Cieneral, dated the 28th Dccenil)er^ 1910, the
direct supervision of the i^ _"J1 Ml T'i" Kung^ ^'li'.i's Office of
Conservation of the Grand Canal, has been transferred to the ^
f^ ^ i^ ITuai- Yang- Hai^ Tao^, IJuai-yang-hai Taotai.
No. 8.)9. On a Menioi-ial from the (i(n ernor-General,
dated the 2r)th March, 1910, the folloAving offices in the provhice
of Chihli have been abolished: the

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
sanctioned by the Throne on the 16th November, 1910, there has
been established a M^W^ ^ Hsien* Cheng* Ch'ou^ Pei*
Ch'u*, Office of Constitutional Keforms.
No. 901. The 'Head Office of Mongolian Affairs has been
abolished in accordance with a Memorial from the Governor-
General, ^f^H Chao Erh-hsun, dated the 20th June, 1911,
(compare Supplement Nos, 805 and 812a).
No. 907. The text should read as follows :
^.M :k^ ^^li^^* Tsang* Ta* CMi'en-, Imperial
Resident of
Tibet (this post was established in 1709) : residing in Anterior,
or Eastern, Tibet ; appointed from the ranks of higher Chinese
officials and under the control of the ^linistrv of Dependencies
(see No. 491a.). Among other functions, this official acts as a
medium of coinmvuiication between the Chinese Government and
the Court of Nepal, which is known in (Chinese as J^ ^ ^ Kuo^
Erh' K'a\ Q ^ Fa? Fn\ or g ;f[j Pa^ Fu*, i.e. Parbuttiya.
He is assisted by a staff of '^ *|f ^ ;^ I^ Ch'ing^ Chang^ ChingS
Secretaries for Native Affairs.
The Imperial Resident of Tibet is invested with the
supreme command of both the Chinese garrison troops and the
native soldiery (^ |£ Fan' Ping^) and, through the ^^ Ka^
Hsia*, Council Chamber (aer No. 910),
Tibetan civil administration.
controls the entire
Previous to 1911, to tlic rmperial Resident there were
iittaclicd a ^ ^]]} :^ g Pang' Pan^ Ta^
Ch'en'^,
Assistant
Resident (this post was established in 1727 ; residing until 1909
in Ulterior, or Western, Tibet, since then in Anterior, or
Eastern, Tibet), and a :p ^ Ts'an^ Tsan*, Councillor, cha]-ged
with the supei'vision of the three inait>- open to foreign trade
(this post was instituted in 1909 and the Councillor resided in
-Ulterior, or Western, Tibet ; see No. 909).
As ])roposed in a Memorial From the Committee of
Ministers, dated the 17th March, 191 1, in reply to a report front
[ 571 ]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.
the Imperial Resident ^ 5^. Lien Yu, dated the 29th January,
of Assistant Resident has been abolished and
1911, the post
replaced by that of 2£ # ^ Tso=^ Ts'an^ Tsan*, Senior Councillor,
who is to reside in Anterior Tibet and, under the guidance of the
Imperial Resident, will supervise the whole of Tibet.
At the same time the designation of the existing Councillor
(see above) was changed to :^ ^ ^ Yu* Ts'an' Tsan*, Junior
Councillor, his functions remaining unchanged.
[ 572 ]
TV

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF
CHINESE CHAEACTERS

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF CHINESE
CHARACTERS.
(The uurnerals refer to paragraphs ; when preceded by S,
to paragraphs in the Supplement. Those in heavy type denote
the paragraphs in which the character or expression is explained
in most detail. A Stroke, thus |
character above).
A^
, indicates repetition of the
Cha'
^L }fe i^> *j m fk m 872a
i m 877-A
I m ^L 873
! m
j/iL !ill JT fC 870
Cha-
See IL Cha'
1* 850. 857
I.R77
F, ;t 844a
1^ 850
Ch'a^
'B n M m 617B, 770D
fg m ^ Hfi 770D
m. A 776
« 'is 6(;9
f^ Ji 41 1
^^m 775A
B, ^ 667
:^ M ^ 2 14 A. 567a
m lit fi m s- 555
nf^ N? SF ^^C 8

Chai^
^a 713A
I ^m.i\ 252, 645
I m li 6i5, 786
I -a? ^ 645
I ^
^ a/g 645
^ ^ 520
Ch'ai'
I -g- 436, 778. 779, 780,7.^1
I
I
g 712
# 709,713a
t^m 850
® yi as 929
I IP fti- 929
I T^
92!)
ii!) 't;- 734
^ 573a
Cliau'
Oil ail
Cai'an
ChangV
^ ^- nf- H iS'il 917
I :^102,.129r,
so.-, 724, 874, f,t07
li 877
I
3S^P ISW 5Ci.\
I ^ p li^" ^^ ^ m m m fea ^- 75-
:g 'iV 526, 861a
I Tf nj li @ 861a
I ti* nl ^ '^: 861a
I
^ 29
Clianu-^
I Si 4:-i
^^-Sil 779,780,781
i Ic
I m
I
-tr 666
E 680
I iJi: 914a, 917
S. 207a
INDEX
mi^^ t?

OP CHINESE CHAEACTERS.

IE -g- ^4 s. i'40
^' Bk -I'-HiA, 506
m. m 718
W 290
m m m ^32
^ W 'lT 67ti, 67!)
g 661, 704, 7()r.
e 5J£ 718
m 65r.
:K. 661, 704, 705, 706, 706b, c, SI 2a
n" 9«5
?S ^ 493, 4y5A
^ t H12A
^ 185e
m 850
S] # f: 631B
f& ilg 504 D
:k HE S5C
^ 848, 851, 856
i^m 7nA
H W( f 766b
S fiS 658, 659
m It 'e: 662
|!g.El
S. 55lB
Jig. f^ 675, 677
(;j5 ^ -g- 422b
m Sc 658
5^ 958a
m. ^ 'jT 413a
git 71lA
5: ^ 520
PiJ 573a
JEJC ?§ P P^ 586
?i^ ut 150
fi^ F^ 623, S. 623
m^ 141, 141a
f^ :^ E 142, 143
m u 5 41
1^^ 412
2^ 281, 282, S. 240
INDEX
VI
S ± ff xl 287
-^ 858
7f^ ^^ H] S. 422
iE5c IS 275,285, 340, 350, 422. 441, 473
i\k ?J\ 4(;6a
?f 'U 185E, G, H, I, J, K, L, 294,
422b, 4;U
W f4 212b, S. 436d
f^ S: 760, 761
if a 693
It ^1^ 1!^ X g yl^ E 189
'Sim^i'^ 819a
ii I1i 805, S. 105a, 138, 128 to 14*
m m '1M n 570
m m .H 781
W. W' 945
^ II M^^ ^ m 625, 525b
M. H'i 761
ii M # 525b
P"? ^ 801
n ^^ 801
^^F ^ S. 749
^J-' m
746
ife= m •§ 525b
^ i^K r A M ^^ 949
mmmib 914a
^#'^ 1:^;^ 812A
\ W^m SS- "^ ?S fe JTj 806b
i^tlf X'^IPI 591
1 11
I ?§f4
I g§
I
I Hi
! "Mh
60S, 771
P ^
S. 621 to 62lB
757b, S. 62 to 621 R
m. ^4 608
«- W 1031.
f^^ 756
i /i'ji^ ^if 614, 615, 616
I S:
I
I 5?
^2 604A
M ^ 167b, 398
w] 185G
7^3 A
^$;f)fti: 1?^
I m Si X fi^ # 770a

ff^^ 982
^ 520, 665, 778
g 'g- 520, 665
Mm.m:k& 106
^ f|'#f^^^;^E 137'
^ 106a
^'^M 102, 805a
^ -^ :^ 102
W]fi] 337
i«< ^ 514
tS ^ if^ 493
*S 12 S. 373
^1-^^M 781
^m ^ 210, 210a, B
I m^^n 210, 210A
^ fijjf
514, 773, S. 464A
I fiip S: 783
I
^ 770c
It ^ S. 432, 436k
i 115 291
IE m 973, 974
E iS "129C
^ ?i 412a
mm 937A
m # 937A
$S M ii ^J 849A
I ®
I m
I
I fm
I
IP] Jn 849
Mi 512
flM M 818
S. 555
m ^ 805A
i^ PfJ "JlJ "^ 914b
1 K
I
W\ 511
Iglnf !^:^!® 917
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
vii
n
tiu
nu
^ ^ 1- 309
^Si'r 413A
/> :^ 'f 229, 475, 713, 766
iin
a
aa ^Ifilfi^
a
nn
a
an
^X
713
^^90
^ aij 90
f4 607, 608
^ 97, 718, 871
I ^ 873
I m m 495
I %\l ^ 186
I Sil >f^ 822
I
I
I
I ^
Ch'P
^ $^ 424, 822, S. 423.
m^ 811A
^m 811
fJ] IS 811
I ^-I'M 122
I K 958
mmmm.-^m. 872a
H S|5 M 944, 944E
I
^945
^ ^ ^ 'T 204
\
^mm 204
1 SS939
I W939
^^1^ 103D
^^5ig|4 427A, S. 436A
Chia^
tn m 973, 974
m I 14- G18B
I m 977
1 n :k nn - m 9i»
I in ^ iiS 946
mt, 944
^ ^ m W 515
]

9 iM 722, 871
I ?$ 913 \
I m'^m
I
.j
124
$ :^ 680
SS936
I gfe 1^ :85G,
2l B§ PI ^ 849
IJffl K i^ 850
Chia^
Cilia*
S. 436a
Ch'ia^
Chiang^
__-4^ ^ 24, 25, 26, 27, 27a, 658, 744,
Jl S 0] 344
744A, B, C, D, 746, 802, 866, 879,
899, 900, 945
Chiang^
IS m 573a
I ^ ^ 568, 623, 623b, 758b
1 "'^mmm't^^^H
1 ^ j5Ji 486,617a, B, 618, 618a, 620,
I
'i i^^
m m 774a
7 lie
j ii 310, 527a
623b, 7.")Sb, 770c
Chiaiiff'' o
E g 669, 680
I le 270
f^ m 973
I
15 S ft 975
If ^^^s: 71iB.c
i ji^ 681)
Ch'iaiio-'
INDEX
VllI
Chiao^
^ 5^; ^h 806a. b, c, 859
I ji
I ii
' B
I
I
I 5i
I if
I if
^ M 806B
Ji f^ 822
m M 5u4d
^Si^ Pfl
S. 832
f£ 832,' S. 832
H] 806
I ilJ m] fiE 806, 832
I
S^H^ 982
I i'T> liil &!j 982 .
I
1
if Ife ^ 806A, B, 832
m. ^ 504D
is =ff 550b, 792
*^ 103d
Chiao*
m. ?i 860
^ I 201a, 232a, 252, 374a, 514,
\
I Kl
522, 523, 577b, 578, 619,637,712
m -XU 201A
firp 514, 766b
1 f^: ig 697, 700
i 1^:
I
! It
I Mi
I
I
I m
i BPc
\ -^i)hm
\ M^SX
^ lig. il 700
%% 1^ 840A
'tr '-61
P)T 523
i2 794, 850, 853, 860
n m 514
^

^ If 400, 407, 430, 430a, 700b, S. 436c
W 5- •# 829b
'^ -f- 829, 829b
W it -t 829b
W m- % ?J\ 410
^ 61SA, 957, 860
^ li 190, 205A, 393
\ m^ 158
^ J® 460a
^ it If 796A
^ 425b
81 7C 629B
:j^mWl 18SA
Chieh^
Chieli^
Chieh^'
Chien^
mm^.\tm 830b
M X Hi m 820D
t if ® it ^C B fif 835b
^ \M m mm. mm 833b
^mm^ S20C, 821 A
^ fn] it 820D
^ )I[S 3^ /^ /I? ^ m a 793a
31 '«• m a I'li « ^ 82
il X m H lU ?;> 95
m^'^mm loio .
11 m m ^ % m 3(;6A, 460A
11 # ^ 'S- fti m 79b
s lai ^s ;i ^K M 93
il ^ 9 ;l fU f^ 94a
11 M m m M m 92
s iB I'K g* m 77
a -^"^ m ib: f^ 77
^ III m M M -SI 'T 96
f ^m S 237
Jl-t 750a
af^l^ ?^fl^;=^E 751A
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
[ i^ ]
%tnW:U'4inM& 820
I ^- 793a
^ See also Chien*
^•iW ii! 213
:^702
^ 'r 6521
ii 'g- 835 a
|ii m SD 835A
glj 702
ft 189
ftlS. ^ 190
•^ 619
# 'g- 646
^ ^ li RiT 593b
^ ii 646
r^ » iCiC BE 126
^ 550b
II 'g- 539, 546
Eg 'I* 6521, S. 758F
^ 546a, 792
g* m ^ 6521, S. 758F
^ fs" € IT 801a
B] 838, 844
it f] Kg 94a
2{5. 702
^ 103c, 172, 185m, o, 189, 425b-, 460a,
498, 514, 522, 525a, 526, 529, 530,
543, 551a, 558, 561, 56lA, B, 565,
566, 567, 568, 619, 627a, 633, 634,
635, 652, 652a, 653, 654, 654A,
709, 712,754, 773, 786, 829a, 833,
S. 551b, 652.
^ 1M> 652
PIJ ^ Ji 778
^ 701,776b
i)c ^ ^ 523a, 766b
m ^ i; # 623a
E 1^ ^ n 766B
j^ If IE *g }f
I It
Chien^
S. 796a
|lj m If S- 796a

if ?¥ S 5 S. 796a
^i g t 303, 374a, 423a
I ^ 1? 222, 647, 758f, 763, 764, 765,
S. 420b
I ^ IS 222, 7r.8C, 762, 763, 764, 765
\ ^:^>B. 764a, 765a
I lir^li
I f^
I
I
I
I ^
M: 763, 764
m R 647
? 945
£118: i^ 733, 73^
! ^^4-^.^ 717A
]g 8ee also Chien'
I
I
iE 225
^ 412a
I Slj 226, 227, 227a
I
I ^
m 230
412, 944h;, 959
I 5^ f^
S. 368a
Ch'ien'
=f-^ M S63A, 877a
I p 861a. 877a
I
iS 752 E
INDEX
^ ^g. 752k, 796, 800, 801, 824, 834
^ IE 984
I :^ ^ 268
^ m 286, 475, 503, 805, 815, 83lB,861 a,
6. 128 to 149, 376 to 394
Ch'ien^
^ ^ 97c, 733,. 735, 735a, 738, 742, 74«
I ^ i^ 735, 738, 742
\ ^^i^ 735, 742
\ ^^m 735, 738
\ m^m 735, 742
^ ^ 97c, 733, 735, 738, 742
I PJT 121
I
Mi ;^ gi 98
I J^
S. 749
12 ^' n =ff ^ 873k
m ^1 5-19
I ?^- n f# ^r 99
I li' 550A
I
I ti£
I m
f£ ^ 366A, 460A
822
^ ?! 84
^HR S. 551b
I
aS^ 771a
I Jf; Jf5 859, S. 825 to 826
I MM.
504a
] gS 'g- 310, 643b
I ii
\ mm^.
I «Sit
^ ;)'H
I M
I J^
I
B] ^ 709, 711a, 713a
780
310
583, 598, 855
848, 977
583, 593c, 598, 625, 62S, 656, 713,
794a, 824, 856
'
^ 506, 830a, 835a, 850
ISg it ^ 96
I
it 845
[i: tn 835b, S. 796 A
I ^ ± S. 376 to 394
]
7
I

e it m ^-fl
w 851
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

I
I
I
Ja s. 753
J£ ft :^ S. 763
5 13. 16, 41, ilA, 873, 895
mmm 535
^ ^ 793
^K >J-
S. 793
i^m'^X S.796A
Chillg^
II 14 535
^ it 213
^iMi^^i!?;il 213
m 718, 740
^ S. 793
m m. n 794
j^ Jii? ;S 794a
m. 5;-U «'^ 794A
^ 435c
^If ip- S. 793
m # ¥ M «i m w a ^ 800
^ 933
=3- s. 793
m 'M^$m^ 592a
fiip S ^ It ^ M 75SC
M i^ -¥ tf ^J 11 759
m:Lmn^'^ Pit 771, 711 A
giff # n ^f m T- » 801
fiip ;^ fi ^ m Dm m '''JSa
i& ;^ # Tl-- ?f\ 7«6b
M i| ;)^ 1^ f^ 525, 525a
mMm^ ^07
M S fi J^ .^ 605A
gi5 m'^'du^m^ n5o
fiili ^ f;* A -i" 770A
eiJ m m m m, m 770B
M ic ^- M $a ^ ^ fiiuA
fitji I^ ^h tJ5§ m ^ ^ ^J IS 760
fifli M S Pfl 514
M D * S5f 654
fiiji ^ik>^^ ':23
INDEX

Ch'ing'
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
1

± ^ 308, 49oA
\ W,mjX 770, 780, 781
I *§F Tf] 376A
I l^ 220, 222, 228, 598, 058, 759, 760,
763, 764, 857, 929-
I fli C!), (i9A, 76, 104D, 204, 288, 292,
I
I
«{(
I
ft
li
I
570, 593c, 625, 713, 798
it VV 6521
^1
^ 232, 374a, 412a, 625, 638
^11232, S. 412A
fS: M 709, 711a
3Sm 822
^5 S. 213
M -^ 465c, 776, 776a
V: iJi ^1 435a
Rft571, 718, 743, 743a, c
m $V^ ^h m ^ ^7^, 717b
# J2 # 435B
i< K M :k El 907
IS< A IS 907, S. 907
M%M 9^7, S. 907
^MlE/fiF312
•^i^:A:|S3i2
^nm rf] 260
I m
I IK
593G, 625, 629c. 631, 954, 956a
:^E
I «Sfii|ii£
•^
Ch'u^
313, 314, 315
i 762, 765
il Jp ^ 653
S 758, 761
ip ^t'618, 618A
172
^ 5^ ^ 14 577, S. 677
^^ 576, 578
^ _^ G06
INDEX
^ -^ iii^ ^ ^ 601
^ Mmm^. 614
^f Mmm^ 610
S ^ 598
^ K
r^ti3io
ff 12
^ ^ff ^^8, 550c
fnif4 812A, S. 436E
6] 185J
il^ 929
aa-818
Be 929
: If: 14 017, 618b
14 S. 523B
3?j 14 617, 617a
n It m 14 399
n ^W 574
Fl ^ 625
ni|i^it62^
Chvian^
P^ ip ^ 583c, 621, 653, 714
n 14 608, 828
n ^ ^ ^ 621b
n X-3!i|£p^62lB
P'5ll^^#^62lB
n fJj 399
m ijii m
prff«mf^.^62iB
n JSe; a # 399
fa? 925
n ii 1^ ^30
Ji ^ l:'S
6^-
r xiv ]
m m >f i^ s io3a
Chuan^
Chiian^
Ch'iian^
'i** stfi -Vj S. 369a
# Ef H 979
i

Ch'uan''
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

I (^
I
790, 800, S. 7i9
^ 6o9a
g ^. S. 33:U
i 1^ im 103d
Chung^
Chung*
Ch'ung^'
® ^ /^ If^ 847
I ^
I 5:
Ch'img^
P-] iE .^ 'g^ 657
F1 filj f* "& 557
Chli^
Chii^^*>
Ji :^ 164c, 406, 407, 482, S. 128 to 149,
I
404a, 479a.
^ 406, 408, 482
Chii^
mum 448
I A 683, 595, 598, 618b, 623, 625, 627,
629b, d, 631, 652E, 716, 956,
964, S. 623, 652B, 715D
i A
{ii ^ 625
Ch'ii'
ffl •$- # .^ 621, C27A
if 933
I
g 507, 525a, 857b
I
-M. 507
I 'g- 810A, 857b
I
si ^ # 525A
I -H ^ -f- 526A
I
A 507
[
INDEX
XVI
m m 963
^ if f^ S. 430F
I ^ 333
Chuan I
Cli'uan^
mw&m n *g4b
tf| ^ p/i 829, 829a
^ it 829 ,v
Ch'uan*
X|^3'''J PJi771,77lA
It ^ 771a
^#771
^ ff\ 839a
il nl J5E 813
^ it 813a, 838, 839
^i5. 839a. 851 b
Chiieli^ (vee also Chio^)
m- Se 573a
Til If ^ 306
I
ffi842
^ilM^ 433
^ 657c, 707
I
I ^
I ^
1^^822
Cli'iieli*
Chiiii'
Wi 936a, S. 436b
wl 425, S. 432b
mm^. 129B
^|§ 138,305
mff^ 129A
it :^^ E. 128
fj- fj] 426, S. 432b
%\l f] 428, S. 425, 436a
gg ff] S. 436E
?£ *SC pa K 692
^ m 103C

Jp ^ ^ 432, S. 428, 436G
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

S m »i5, 958
A
iifDBX

^ ^ ^t S. 832
OF CHINESE CHARACTEIW.

tl f^ 573
Fo^
Fu^
^ ^ 103c, 709, 712, 713a, 778
A38, I
9i5
ffl ^ 185J
^36
^ 846, 856b
gS 62, 793, 802
Fu^
Fu^
Jl598
n >m m ^ 'r 526
II !)tl IM Ig # -t "26
II !)tl If :t|il * 1^ f& 526
Bl !)|'l 1^ ^ ilJ -t 526
^ 793, 802
^fjIS] 121
:# n 835 A
g 27A
a iif % 25
gl /2i- 21,23, 873
m % 821
^821
^ |3i ^ 849
^ ii ^J 849A
^ ii ^J 849a, 894
g I5] ^ 849, 893, 894, 897
M 821
-^ 749, 7o2a, j, 824
^821
^ ^ f 856b
It l£ ^fi 959
I ^
I M.
625, 709 ,
374a
Fu^
INDEX
XX
It K^ 957
^ I 577c, 629A, 631
SlJ N I1& a ^ ;f5 877A
5^ 857
E:^874
^ 739, 828
* ^ 79A
^ % 861A
^ % 82
^np tLli^:^5$g«9i8
^ 1% f^ ± S. 376 to 394
K Df 783
tf :i: 436K
,11 752, 752J, 824
}ff % 872, 879
IS:^ 578, 619
'
JIS: It 577b, 638, 709, 7nA, 713a
fX it 94
ft Jt HK f: 9^A
F^ 11 '^ 540
f^ ^ 544, 55U, 557, 625, 654, 711a.
S. 835c
n^.^^ 738
ID ^ S

m t
m
m
m
m.
m
m
5]
m
m
m
f 713a
M799
1. 805, 823a
752
^ 782, 811a, 828, 839A, 8iOA
M. 1540, 160a
103d, 184h, 663a, 756
}^ 496a, 605
ife#766
fS m 783
^ 629a
291
^'f 68
=^ 790
-f:324
«Bg [-332
^ 'f 676
:^872
661, 705
It if -^ ^
898, 899, 900, S. 804
tl» P ^ 208, 208a, 209, 209a
iiK1**113A
^ ^ 520
S A 711a
|g752F
P-P 495a, 573a
if it H] 270
^ 822
Jgt799
^:^S. 128 to 149
A 5730
A $?• S. 240
k 512a
l/ll 857
IS mi ^ 857
S§ ^ m 857
is
It
857
M.^^ 172
Ji 15
1^ 583, 629c
II& 55: ffl ^ 863
HaP
>§ rf: 659b
¥ ai '-? i^ C59B
¥ iE ^ «M 659b
¥ IE f 15 1^ 659b
i^^ 185c, .417, 419, 756
'^ ip ilf 659c
'^ f^J ffe 659o
¥ r|i ^ 6590

m 'fi m w- ^ 6598
'f^' m
M m 659b
1^ ai) :^ E s. 435
'•f9C
"W-XTA 659C
¥ j£ •& 756
5^11 184F
W} ~X U M S. 825 to 826
^H ^ TOO
1?^- W Wi m. S. 825 to 82ft
m^^ 849
11253, 833, 838,842
IS II # 8:''3
^ -t S33C, 838, 842
^ fr 756
?f 873
mmASJf 718,731
I R*icia872A
I
- =§8E 129b
I ^^111712
i ^-^41138
I
I
I
I 5^
I
*^- 138
f*^99
ft 11493
5JE 129b
it ^778
Han*
435
INDEX
xxii
•^1^^190
I 5:iElS:^7i3A
|^± 11712
I 3: SI] ^m 713a
S. 198c to 200c
n 191
S. 193c to 200c
f^ )s)f.
I n
I ^
Hang-
^?§f5|-614, 615, 616,
Hao*
$1:^520,678, 709, 713a
I g 678
HeP
mmnm^^mmw^ 782a
I g|fj-^958A
I K
Ji ^ 759, 760
^ p] 776
M if |5j ^n 849
I K^Ka5VlJ]776
\
I
I m
Vi^n 849
M 749, 820D
Pit 850
I }f|[ |5] ^-q 849
I
I it
I
I
1 3^
I M
itSSS, 843
a -i- 749, 820D
11850
'^ 820D
820D
M it & -"^ 820D
I ^^ |5] ^-n 849
^ -t ^ 306
I
I
"1 %m
1
I 5E
^ ^ ^ JE 389
Se ^ g ^S 389
388
m mi 16, 873
fel ft 15
]

mmm se?
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

Hsiao^
it ^ ^ 425
^ ?4 976, E, 718, 730, 746, 748
I
i
I m^4M
1^ n. 727, 746, 748, 874
S^ m 97B, 718
722, 737
Hsiao^
''h:^ 'g* 299, 713, 766
¥ It 129B
il ^ 743a
^ 576
mm^ 018a, b
mn'^n *oo, 407
P^^#577
^ ^ # 'f 618a, B, 635c
*«i^f^618B
^giPlgm^ pJi618A
^ ^ 576, 577a, 578, 579, 708, 709,
717a, b.
^ .^ ^ :S;

M ^95, 846, 85Gb
I
I ±
I g-15,
I
I i"
!
3s 658, TOiA, 857
ir>, 31
± M 658
33
® It 15
-^8.56
m Ifi SIF 5£ pJi S. 335 to 338, 398 to 402,
1
463 to 4fi6
^mm^ 79GB, 822a, S. 108, 160,
335 to 338, 344. 398 to 402,
424 to 134, 458, 403 to 466,
476 to 480, 880
ik m m ^m& §22 a
& m n 'it 150a, I0.I
i^i^llitttf * 15SU
fie M ]g it :A: S S. 150
l&i^m^ ^22A
^ 606A
iSFl5 937
^ 937
m m 928
I -Ej 656
>J. ^ n 589
I
11^330
Hsiii'
Hsiii*
Hsiiig^
Hsing"
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
151
TfiJ f^ 218A, 759, 760, 8. 218 (i) 218A
I
^M^^218
?Fli 14 m m 218
I
I
S ^83lA
^ 832
I 55 438,937
I y?4 83lB, S. 218 to 218A
I * 19 5010
I ^ ^ 759, 759b, 760. 7&}B, 76iA
ff^^ 504D
I SJt^^^lJI^S.
127
i if^ "t li Jt 8>J3a
I jCJc f4- 343a, 840A,
I J&
I
I
^ ?IJ Sf PI 526
#947
^ 819a
I j£ S. 458
^ tS ^ 949
m 1% m 9^5
1 %1l f^. IP 945
I gg
i
I
Hsin ^v4
Hsiii'
200 A, 593c, 629c
m E S63
IT^f*Btl74
! *4|94
1
I
^a.gt945
Klfeillt9t5
Hsiii^
^vt 629, 629A, 827A
m X m 771
r& m '-'74
[ XXV ]
1
flf978
Hsii^
H su
S. 825 to 826
;^ 3® 382b, 392, S. 376 to 3'J-I
m n n^ 426
U 'b" :f? S. 335 to 338
\

m
I "^ ^1 S. 128 to 149, 333 to 338
: m pjt 82'ja
m m S] 861 A
Hsiiaii^
m m R] 560
m fi] jE :k i$. 850
m^m:km sso
K sp m 9i5
iitlSf^lseiA
HsUaii"
1^617, 617a. 618b
^ 709
S9 # git 631
Hsiielr ^'^
iE-112A, 851a, 855a, 860
.S$C 827, 827a
f& B& S. 335 to 338
M m ± M 403
IS 829a
^ 1^ ^ "b' 7581.'
^ 'I* 708, 71 lA
^ pJi 758c
^ ^ m 758F
^ ^ :^ 679
^822
$^ 412a
¥'^m 631
:^i^712
fi 850
M 274, 395, 941
± 133, 14»3, S. 376 to 394
fi827A
^717
m M. 406, 411, 674, 652A, 828, 911
mm^ 828
INDEX
I xxvi ]
! ^
1^ 700, 796C
m&m 828
^ ;^C S S. 128 to 149
^ a £1 Ig 796c
mmB.ti. 652
?^ 5: ^ 822
Ji o27a
|^827a
m ^ 519a, 521
^ M 857
ftS^^iilS. 796ail£271
t^ 658, 835A, 857, 857b
1(1620
U 500, 519a, 784
W m. m m 523
^ ^ 520, 909
W \m ^''07
^ S- H 506
§• t^i ^g 522, 621
^ M 330, 931 ,
W it 814, 838, 840
W & Jm 520
m & m 501
^ I& IS H ^.^ 602
W & Bl ^ m 503
J5S f^ E r glj 269
If^ ^ M m 269
^[} w ,m 'r 269
r«^ '^ *^ Ie 269
^& "i «t SlJ 269
His 'f M H Slj 269
155 I^ 655, 706, 707, 805a,
824 a
m'^^ & 706D, 805a, 824a
m 658, 749, 804, 819a, 881,
;^ 268
f 519a, 520
.X p1 271
g 521
# 521
.S. 804

^ 521
^ 778, 800, 824
m?E.m 797, 800
?f: I ^ ;^ ^ m iJ5 800
mm)^'^ 800
If S. 796a
tl ^ iE5c fP 1& 8-^'"R
p] 85Z
^ f] 272
fi # 2fi9
H iS ^H 8S5B
H ^ iil 835E
^ 576„974
^ /J^ ^ ^^ 57r,
-26
^ 749, 752F
Hsiiii''
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

Hiiai^
JT Z^ !, 1 \ S. 825 to S26
1 mmw

Huo^
^ ^ ^ 'J^ ^ .^ 717A
I g^^ 733, 737
\
MW=n 591
1 mmmm^-''^
I ^mW*:^>3A
ik ^ 521, 669, 67t, 677, 679, 680, 696.
— ^ 629c
n
I
I
I
I
¥ ^^
^
702, 704, 705, 706a, b, c.
812A. S. 753
^ A
91 ">
99, 103B
I'
f^ ^. 702
m t 807
m gjg 469
^±469,813
% f 806, 809, 812
f4 A 184J, 805, 831a, B
mc^sos
$^ m 184J
mmt 167B
#IEf 325, 664, 711a
1^*873
mmt 662
f& S« m 159b
SI :^ 679
77
HS S 885
glj n M 745b
iif ^ 744c, 866
^ ffl ^ 863
j}856
^857
^ ^^ 504b
^ f 850
# III 1850
m PI 588
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
707,
^ft^715A
I pc 588, 652E, 653
\^-X^ 588
I I*
I
1 ^<
185k, 262, 301a, 346b, 514, 709,
71 lA, 712, 713a, 766b, 807
:^ 675, 677, 704, 705, 713a
U 677
! fiip 88, 766b
I
I :^
± 237, 240
675, 677, 711a, S. 240
I ffe S. 240
I ^f4-131,
I
I
I W\
I
431a, 698, S. 427, 436H
^;^504B
m W] 185k
S. 240, see ^ If 437a
^^iS 1-593
^ It ^ :^ »0", «• 907
•il& m i 41a
S A945
>K iglj Wi 376a, 380a
I
I
I
*i^Pl585
\% S. 376
a 935
Zum 956
f^ ^ 677c, 631
^ ^ pj( 626a
H 99
I
I
:^ 571, 737, 738, 7(8
St 79!)
fj, f4 1S5H, I, 301, 345b, 427b, 428 '
I i
469, 487, 813, S. 432a, 436k
1S5H, I, 301, 427b, 428b, 46!|
487, 770c, 813, S. 432a. 436i

\
P « M 6o3
INDEX

# If A i^TA
1 ^ b\i, T66B
I ^
I i^
I ^
I
I i^
-B. oH, 76GB
pJi 221, 766b, 767
pJi ^ 221, 767
^fjimm 221
p)t -g- 221, 767
S;fij916B
n^H p)i6o4A
?I ^« 850
15- .?£
frv
^
-^
t-
^
K'aii^
K'aug'^
Kao^
W -t la )5'f 400
^ H 758c, 762, 763
1^ n ^ ^ 653
¥ ?i -t ^ S. 702
/> ^ ft 576. 577a, 578, 717A,
f# ^ 583, 592a, 621, 627, 717A
ii ^ ^ ft 522, 621A
1!^^ S;621 to 621b
^4 568, 76(;b, 7S6
Xmm^ 608
ft ?^ ^ 1^ ^ 603, 770b
ft m ^ ^ I
fffi 653, 788
^ Ift ^ _^ 616
tS ii ^ ^ 612
'^ n ^ 758, 759
^ff^J 5Mg, 750A, 760U
W ?ll ^ .^ 598, 598c, 787
629a
945
Kao^
Of CHINESE CHARACTERS.
I
I
K'ao^
^j^iti :>^gi92o
^ ^ >|^ A- E 923
I ^:€i^;^E920A
I
I
I
1 ^
^Jig805A
^ 1^ ip A E 923a
^MtiEfe922. 922A
M !* :^^ IS 922
f Ift ^ 426, S. 335 to 338, 123, 430a
I
I
m. 1& «22A
t^ IK 14 160, 822a
I -g- 629b,
i
\
?ft520
S. 758f
.V] ^ 426a, (i'JS
I .XFj487
I
I
X^511
X hI 3(»6
I Jfy m 336
i ^628,6520
I
i4t.^ .'71 A
m n Jul 777, 7S2
I
I
I
I m
K'eir'
^ S- M 777
#I4 816A
^:^E778, 8;)9
*!g.
Fj 777, 782
-J^ $ig p] 122
^m'wm 124
I ili^£^1£976
^^&*4->89, 652K
^ 104A
xxxi ]
I /^
I
I
S. 128 to 111)
ft 133
^131

I ^
I ^miSi
mil m 743c
'ti^ 393
*^ ^•^- sr,
I
m^i8
^ :54 Hi^li, 167b, 184j, 185g, i, j,
I Ai^m
i ^^^m
!
294, 4' 7, 4!1, 422b. 484, 541,
652, G97, 711a, 7068, 782, 811a,
8I2A, 816. 828, S31a, 889a,
840A, S. 368a, 432, 436j. 825
to 826
m 'X s 8M0
:k^ sso
XX 103c, .I54b, 155, ]6(;a, lt;2A, 184j,
11828
1 m m 343a
I 4^
i ft
185G, I, J, 294,411, 422b, 434,
541, 652, 755, 7G6B, 805, 815,
828; 831 A, B, 83'.}A. 840A, S.
432, 436J, 82a to 826
gg 595A, B, 596, 597, 597A, 628,
310
711c
'^^i^&m m^^m 872A
iiij m
80
Koii^
INDEX
a mm m ^
I :1b it 893
i f^^^i|ftl->
I UJ
I
K'oiv^
s. 240
^ ^- 19, 873
lU4:&^«-35
TV *^ 1* # -t 654
J9S:^167A
I
I 5^
5" ^ W] 776
fi m & W] 542A, 776
I S^taiesc
it 167A
I
^ 5^ 850
[ xxxli J
I Id
I M
@ 70r)B, c, 81 2a
:S- 706b, c, 812a
I Pn^ 'fi- 184k, 302a, 393. 468, 483,
I
?^-X^
775, 805, S. 108, 185a
S. 128 to 149
Sli ^ 86, 89, viA, 94a
I 1^
I f^
I X
!
I
YV 8'08
M PM 'A & 8i[h^
m m-x^ 879A
i5ll •''26, 835 A, 844b, 850, 851 A, 853
^^826
I ^'fi]357
I i-M 77, 96, 298, 384a, b, 456,
to 394
I «3»82, 89
S. 376

l^m^m 776a
\ %\l:k& 819a
I
Kiia*
Kuan *
#t 87, 87a, b, c. 717. 961
I ^:i961
i
j
^^517,859
^ ^ 158, 859
859
I ^.m^S.
I »M859
I
i
IS 799
Bmm-^7iA
I li^Jil^818
I
^i'|549
I EpeiJ^s.8r>9
I ilfef^sis
^1 -R 909
p R§ 85, 984
I
15 ^F^ 592
85
I :h: ® 8.50, 851a
I "i
842
IS ^838, 844
I a 1^ 166
Kuan^
^m^M 874
m m m ^ S74
M m 269
E - m 269
H 'T 269
M H SlJ 269
JbE ?fe ^ ;'c E 96
^mm 163c
M |5] ^ 849
If ^ ^ 81
OP CHINESE CHARACTERS.
[
xxxiii ]
^ ;^ & 574
^ IT 640
E p] ^ 709, 71lA
J3xg Jt 163b
a 124, 664a, 8. 102 to 102a
31 ^^ ?C ^ ^ ^ 224
^ 1^ ^ i£ ?C X m ^ ^ !^ 232
mm^ ff] 788
MWt^^m^ 184c, S. 184A
a ^ H ^ ^ I? 90
m m it 258
Ji iSc ^ ^ -g- ^ W ^ 87a
SHJ^S^W^ !51
£1 fl SB * ?^ 276, 395A
3SB *2l^^^'g;^ 652, S. 652
a^^i^;^ B412A
S X @ ^ :* i? 95
Iim^ftgii^*^ 7L1A
S ^ 5|: SB * ?l 276, 421, S. 42pB
m^^mm io4d
il ± IS 1^ * ?l 88
Hi * 1* ^ « ^ 234
H ii P IE * ^ 86
S K fffl ^ W ^ 89
If. ^ 5i IK ft » H *: ^ 94
Ji 'Jli ii Si S 'T 571
^ « ^ 92
i& ffll ^
Sl^t5^ ^387A
a H ^ 1» ^ 72
S iSl li? 9S M W M 91
S iSllS /l W ^ 93
H ® a It ^ « ^ 93a
a ffl) # ^ « f# 94a
£1 Ji 167b, 172, 652
mmmmnmmmf4 9o
^ jE 269
^ aij 269
1^ ii ^J 849a
.S§iE^K71lA
Jl ai)^fi 7iiA.,

T/ .!^. m
ti fk t: 737
INDEX

^ ^
^
1^
W 973
)jf 952
104a
® 929
1E929
*S. 11
^943
E»29
^ 929
53-929
^ IS ^ ^. ;'o
:/b 922
i? sS li ;^ E 926
A 945
;^ i 27a, 126a, 187, 305
M 190, 267
^ El ^ Fl 775
Kung'
% W 5iJ PJi S. 464a
K SF ^ M S. 464a
IC iif -i'i-lA
?^^.^617b, 775b
?^ Is M 300, 468, 775
J^ Pc 775, 839a
?^ m TrT t 775
^ IS ^ 775a
m m h 775
^ ^ 607, 608
^ 629a, 631, 967
± 629c
^ 166
•^ m 73
fl ^: fa !'50, 950a
I H 202
Kuug^
K'ling
K'ung^
OF CHINESE CHAKACTERS.
I
S ^ 1^ 343a
I ^S. 127
I $ S. 561b
I
I
I
I i^^412,
I
#2
Kuo^
^ S -t 773a
m ^ 205
412A, 959
I ^^413A
-f- m-^^mW^m S. 412A, 413a
BE 906
I
I -^ ;/c E
* ^ 79A
I M^m79A
'MlUmm 656a
S. 128 to 149
Kuo^
Kiio^
i l$j «^ 914, 914b, 917, 918
1
I
I*
[ XXXV ]
] mmm^
-197
mm si 495
E- SI 718, S. 753
I ^ 950, 950b
\ ^^m 99
I n & ^ 93a
^984
I
MMS. 191
I
li ^ S. 206
Lai^
Lan^

5P {\i 76. 1()4d,'290, 670, 798
?^®934
Lao^
Leng^
Li^
fg 18 J^ 859
I M^S. 825 to 826
Si tt ^ ?tj 979
LP
a « ^ 271
^11271
^ SB 274, 49lA. 940
^:^ E S. 128 to 149
?^E^491,940
^ |5] $n 849
ffij f] 495
M H] A 979a, 897
m P^ 585
ibm^m 771
Tn^ 826
gf ii ^J 849a
If IB] ^ 849
m 545, 790
if 1- 67, 545
mmM. 897
ii ^J 849A
^ iBj ^ 849, 894
W- M 77lA, 790
^m^ 849
® IE "31 P^ 585
§§ IS 384
S!J §- S. 376 to 394
^3E11
INDEX
^^m 393
I f4«22
I
315 274, 376, 933, 934, 935
^ 962
[ xxxvi ]
I
I g
I |fB274,
I
Li*
ff822
237, 239, 239a, 766a, B, 796a,
851a, 855a, 861a, S. 796a
333
A9-t5
01J ^ IE 959
I S
it 957
^^m 535
mmiM. «36
I
I
I
I
1
flR*^429
i^ ^ 674
«^?^'t29A
Liang^
i^ ^2 S. 825 to 826
M P] ^ 849
I .(il it n 794
I M908
I
,
it 836, 838
I ?lii«36
Liang^
PM if ^ ^ li S. 369a
?1 I H f^ IS s- :wjA
i »'t5CS^.^755
I
I m
1 mmi^^
I
I ^
I
1
m ti « i^ If la W- 755
Ji^ ft 15^ S. 800
PJfS. 835C
!§955
/J. ^ ^ 576, 578
-^ X ^ # ^ «05
^821B
•^ m ^ 635
I •;# it 213
! Jiit^^l®
Liao^
fiI213•

Liao*
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

mm n 231
Lou^
Lou^
'tft 656, 656, 753
'^i^m 'FT S. 702
M^m 701
mWmm 703A
-^ ^ ^ 15^ 703, S. 702
'f^ 4- ^ ^ 708, 709
'^^^ 708
¥ A ffi ^ 708
W 7^ 822
1 '*? ^ § # ^ fi2lA, 713, 71(1
*X:^^716
'f: ?t J?- *f 716
m:^'r^^7ii
m^:^?|716
¥ ff|5 274, 417, 420, 936, 936a. b, S.
420
¥ ii ;^ P .^ 711a, 716
¥ :^ e S. 128 to 149, 420a
mij :^ E S. 128 to 149, 420a
W-:k^^ 708, 712
'^^m:km^ 712
^ t}i ^ _^ 708, 710, 716
W-MMi'Z'^^i^. 184b
?^749
JflF «i H^ 656a
S^^'U 750b
:%:^731
Sfe p] 477
X k "'10
«^ II P^ ^ v86a
^- ^ ^ 62lA, 786
INDEX
?& ii

.1 ^ a 680, 704, 705
^ IE ^M 711a
m m m a 7iia
^ tiofiA, 659
^ -g 676, 704
^ ^ .^ 7ir>B
^ I" 676, 711 A
^|( ^ 704
^ ^"676
«t 42.->B
g 712
#665, 696, 706a. 712
^ f^ 428, 716
^m^MB. '>85
|g 754
# j# ft ^ )jf S. 800
1^ 656 a, d, 659, 706
15^^430
miin^^7i4
^ ^ 850
I
£gH50
Mai^
Man^
J^ ^ ^ ^ 627
^ ^ ^ tfe i^ «27
Z:^ 129b
^ 5: ^ -^ ^ ^ 621, 627
^ :^- 1:^8
^ B 379, 422a. 493
g^^ 3^ 129B
a t^ U'O
J^ /J> ^ ^ 579, 717b
^ ^ ^ F1 '>85
Mao'
Mao*
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
^fl5^.^617B
PI ^ a 801
!
I
I
i
m8(ii
lesoi

mjSkm 7!'

fimmm 97C, 7.S-,A
I If
I
I vt
I ta
^ #81i;a
•'^. 173,
S. 192
19:{ to -Jdoc
I j/c ^ )^ !.K # 9;^A
m f^ i'7A, 734a
] [^ 13! I, 8. 12r, I2S to H'.i
I ^ r|i •§ 137, :iSH, (;isu. (;2r>
I ISt^i m:^^ Es. 128 t

I ^
I
I
I
j
I
I
I
I ^
I mmrH.m^
I ^
I ^-
I
IS ^ PJt
^Fj7;ob
^5>^770
^5j^H;(770
617b. 77UD
^ ^ ^ 598, 600, 770, 770b
iff4 839A
3^^769
m m 463
IS. #770
n 620
^ 51)9, 601, 602
^ ^ 598, 600, 601, 602, 603,
603a, 621b, 770
^" ^ fr ''50b
* ^ 578
I
I
I ?
I
I ?
^ li ^ ^ ^ 578
^ ^ ^ d^ ^ _^ 578
^J> ^ ^ 578
? lO -^ /J» ^ .^ 578
fiiP Ie ^ .^ 618, 619, 619a
ffi h'ee E*
fU See Ao'
1^' !)|l m'm^^^^
Am 718
0^(2)
fi52B
SI 10 ^ /J» ^ .^ 717A
m SlJ tP H 742
SI /J- ^ ^ 579
t^ ^ ^ ^ 411
tfi M '# ^J^ ^ ^ 717A
m 'B* ^ 717
itt /g. 944
g W 30f'
nn
[
INDEX
xlii
A B^B m m t 413a
I
I ^a /J» ^ W 299
I
r^ ?i A 945
I rif, ar f] 239
I itUife IT* 481, 766
I
I
m. K] {£ 77
ft M:^ 86, 89
I n^H^SlJOO
:^§fe41
I PS 5)^ Fj 520
e J^ft915
I il
^ 951
I ,11 fi J# li^ 1j mi M 864
^ 5 582a, 631
I R :^ 628, 629a
ffi 3^ S. 752a, f.
I
IS 752f, 796, 800
e 1^ 915A
Pai^
I :l*E-h^E437A
^ pf 'f SE 124
J|^656b, f, 711a
I :a
I
1 m
Pai^
P'ai^
661, (579, 704, 705
'r71lA
p)f 654a
Fai*
r&PM^ 422a, 8. 551b
3^99, 713
I ^iJ B] 122
I ^918
]
Pan^

4= B ^J^ P f^ 618b
I
H ^ .^ 579
(fe M 726a
I ^
mmm ni
I
I V
I
fC 'B* 425b, 618a, b, 623, 635c
^ H] ^ 882
m ^ 651a
;/c S 879A, 880, 905
*:m52oB
P'cW
nxwm * s. 192
It ^ EP 308
I
I ^
I ±
I
I P
Pang^
EP ± =ff -:^ 308
ft§ 308
± m ± ^ ^ 308
M5iJE129B
102, 160a, 162b, 24fi. 267, 493,
535, 697, 700, 779, 780, 781, 783,
805a, 811a, S. 335 to 338, 368A,
373
I Pl|gt799
I
I ai
\ m±mMmv-mi^^^
I ^
I ^
I
!
I
m^MAS. 243
:^ E 87yA, 907, S. 907
554
s. 753
m J-t'"^. 245, 310, 393, 535, 697,
S. 369a, 373
i^ ^1 S. 826, 826
& m td l

M m 3

m
ma -iio, 48S
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

€ m 965
I if ^- 252, f.l8B, 623a
I
i ^
{sy7o
!)6o, 967, 968, 969
T> A A ^ 27A
I
I A
AA5)MIIi^23
A 5> ^ IS ^> 22
4} S^ ^ (tSj H) 82(1
§ i ^
I
^ Ip: 799
I
'^. ^ 727, 799
I :'^.^i?g797
} 6r.8, 793, 819A, 825
I 'J? il9t «I 5«C ?lt £ IF 800
I '^mmmf)
798
J Sp:J^ 733, 736, 797, 801a
i
I
I :E.^;^^^
I
I
I
a ^31 124
JH ^ 428, 684, 716, S. 6o2b
684
ff|754
I^ 656a, 706
15^f^430
ffR 275, 870, 906
I It
I
701
m»92
I ^ 882
I ^ 279, 280, 821
m$i±mn^ h74a,
I IE 384a, p, S. 376 to 396
I ^-277,820
#iltii:W574
I
I
\ mmmM.
I Mmm
31 ^ 622, 625
P'll^
ii # jE ^ R 713a
S25
^^713a
I ift 14 599, 601, 605, 606, 608. 611.
828
INDEX
[ xH'i ]
^ a if^ @ 615
I
I
\
il ^ 111 374A
ii m 400
MM^f 550A
Ii ?1S ;k i: 79c, 573c
|-
Sai^
^•f- 773, 773a
@ I 3f 31 B& in M 876
I
^p^Mi«^870
San^
[M 78a, 97, 99, 717a, 718
S£^hi^^717A
m^^m. «I S. 97
;14 ^ ^ ^ f^ 99
mmui&m^ 7sa
^ Wj 215
M 849a
P ii IS ;^ g 820B
® 943
^943
^mA^m^^^ 577, S. 577
^ 99, 103b
^^'^778
^f-VA 184J. 805, 831 B
WmM-
184 J
^ |{^ ll 'f 1^ 679
n^n 268
^857

U ^ 'r 737
I ^ ;^ E 9S
^201
ft jX 57:u
I IB
I
I mmwiwrn
I m
San^
San^
Sen^
Seng^
r)73A, S. 57SA
H Sj S. o73A
s. r.73A
tJj ilP |» 573A
I $^ g] y73A,
f}) .ifv 875,
I ^Ffine
1 ^- ff] 121
9 IS
# ^ M 837
I ^ !!§./« 837
I lit o73a
Iff m 822
I
I
I ^^S.
I
:^822
g5 -IDS, 4n5A
3C,9a
Ea822
S. o73a
Sha'
Shan''
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
Shang'

Shang^
INDEX

^^IJiDf .^?;?7r.8B,
S. 221
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

m. m '.170
I ;fl i^ -r- ^ -^

m m ^i ® 121
HS'.'g I^S. 12f to 149
A^ii
§ spp also Shii*
I
I
I ;S
iE 384b, 389, 391
^ 389, 391
8hu^
Shu'
129, S. 128 to 149
!)f|865
I
m M 854
Shu*
m m n 201
I ^ ± 201, 593c, 629

mn^^.
825 to 826
illDEX

mm 'f
*Ta
sec H] #
;t 103c, 661, C69, 672. 674, 677,
m
m
m
m
m
flP
702, 704, 705, 7066, c, 711a,' S12a,
831b
M. sec ^ ^
79
837, 838a
Ei S
JUL ^' 223 ^^•'
^ S. 223
gj 934
if A 573c
'r '»
79
932
79
m A 573c
89
296, 307, 083, 618b, 658, 798
^ 65S, 663, 704, 705
H 212b, 296, '307, 334a. 365,
378, 397, 422a, 461a, 494. 708,
798
412a
'B- 677
659, S. 240
^ 108
457a, 766, 7(;6a, B, 794, 830a.
8o0, 853
p] 457a
305, 798, 882, 897
IP 389, 3'Jl
973
m m dS 392
I i^m^hm^^m 577, s. 577
I J5J|i^|^412A
I
^99
)Si3^ 572
OF CHINESfe CHARACTERS.
[
liii
M ^ m iij 7jc fill) ii K w -07
^^^^7iiA, 7i(;
I )&m'W-m^ 709A, 711a, 716
)& 14 595b, 597a. 605, 624, 712A
'
I
I
IE. ^ ^ 621a, S. 167b
IB ^ 167b
I IE, Sl 167b, S. 167b
^ «L H 41
a„4
bll
Suaii^
M-mmWi II, s. 412
I ^ H ''89
I P f? ± S. 412A
i iiiT 850
I $I5 374a
Sui'
^^i/i4ll$i:744A, 899, 905
I !^
III ^ 849
m. ;t m oil .
I ^^^711d
I ^
SuP
329, 468, 696
^P|3 I1IS914B
% 582a, 631
% 3£ C29A
13 rf .S73D
^ 912
]
Ta^

^l)fjl|lS87o, 918
SSa 11
Ta^
^ K E l»& ^ fi'J SP ^ 74oB
;«C ® ^ S. 573A
M^^S. 55
"
^ ^
Ta*
S. 752A to p'
g: fits. 412A
^ ^ 929
^ 2^ 936
St gt S. 673b
mm 9oo
^ m
S. 278
Ift li S. 744
^!feS. 793
i^ ^ 210b
Jif 659a
n :^ 658
ilLigS. 79 6A
^ ^ 8. 376
^ A 793
M ^ ff 542a
^ m ik S. 273
fa f0 93CB
^ [^ S. 192
!H1 tfc 851
#1^85lA
± # 629b
14® S. 13!
^ :& S. 131
^«ig929
ji M 850, S. 412a
!^g937
[
iKDBl
liv
i&. S. 793
^ ^ S25
:;i fliR ^ S. 240
*© 825
S" 1^ S. 752a to F
^ 929, 933, 946
m m «45
•^ » 944a
5fn -^ 934
^Ifi928
n A 935
§i 33- f^ E| -g 634
^± 131
m .^584, 708, 712
^'^mmm 592A
^ a ^' -g 633
^1^594
^ i: 825
g ^ 856
f|933
9^ fg S. 752A to F
ft S. 629c
g-^929
^W851A
'a* *S 829
gi^850
^ i^ 856b
m # 215, 921, 9:]7a
3S ^ fi 216
II # ^' JIP 216
SK215A, 937a
JlS'K 7o9b, S. 215a
IS ^ JE «i 216A
31l^^^?ili217
]

i^ -^ 85()
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

I
I m
^ 913
tg203
t^ fil 203
la SI- 947
15 5*913
1^ -i^ 863a. 873, 873a, 874, 877a
{|f Sg 860
^ ^ ^423
;*:^
nn.
^ m
^
^
±
5] 382, 570
# 376b, 933
# jE m 933
# ^> JIP 933
55
943
.^
S. 75
412, 959
Si g^ S. 226, 227
T'ai^
IE 959
3k^4
]E S. 239, 239a
^ S. 236, 236 A
S. 235
^ 233, 234, 235, 236, 236a
^:^^n 236
1^ * ^ ^ll 23r,A
1^ "^ ^ 235
^934
#417, 936b
^JEm 936b
-* ^" JBH 936b
943
943
200b, S. 193c to 200c
INDEX
^ it f^ 3. 223
I Jll ^ S. 192, 225
I ^
I ^
I
I
1
i ^
I
I ^
I
I ^
i
^^ -^ S. 226 to 227
848
^ 333A
^848
-^ 12, f»43
;bc fSi 943
T- :fe f« 943
;t; 943
finf
^F-^M*943
^ tf- 943
^'J?fi!p943
m ?® tt ^ 761
1
IR ^ ^ 950A
Tan*

Tao*
•1213,815, 838, 838a
JE 573b
jid673B
IE r] S. 573b
IE 0] it IE 573b
IE 5] IlJ tMa S. 57SB
iC 573
•f- 573B
1^ h] 573b, S. 673b
M 838, 844
^658
#yf:^9l8
mm^'^n 537
X^2 (.)
I* 3IJ i^ ^ IT F^ ^ .^ fi53
I
HM^a^-A^S.
g ft # 95(5
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
128 to 149
Tc'llg^

I ^
809, 827, 829
p] 809, 82(5a, 828, 828a
I §tj^827
I :i^ 457, 776
I
!^ 13^57, 77fi
I ^749
I
I "#
I m
M 750
435, 435a, B, 754
y*) '39, 144, 152, 162a, 176, 185m,
N, 187, 190, 201a, 205a, 210a,
244, 310, 393, 430b, 461a, 514,
520,522,535, 622a, 636, 611,
645, 649, 652, (154, 654a, 697,
709, 781, 782, 812a, 818, S.
369a, 373, 458, 523b
mm^mt 514
m ^

gS ^ 628, 62

iJ- i$ 91 1
m^u 131
I
^ 873a, 873
Tsai'
Isar
K£^mi^&±m^ 'iT?^ 129a
15 ?K A 916
Ts'a?
It JEJC ^ 349A, 932a, S. 431
I iiC ^ ^ 568, fi2lA .
I JEJC -fir fj\
I
m-XS. 922
I Sfe ^'v IM 374a
S. 82r> to 826
I Sic ,il^ :!: ^ 371
I iC^ if. Ei ^ S. 825 to 826
I iife W ^ P)T •'^70
m^J^909.
Ts'ai^
mwiikrt^^mn 591, s. r>si
3^ ;ij siv?
I
I
I
7
Wl t 382b
Tsan^
#§ IR 79, 382b, 391, S. 370 to 394
#906
^ 11^ 752a, 800
I
I
I
'1^826, 851a
'#'r663
/IIF752A
Ts'an^
[
INDEX
1^
^ ^J 982
I ||g 165a, 283, 284, 683
I t$
I
I
I ^g
I
I
I
I
I
1 T-
I M
-R- 696, S. 128 to 149. 435
1^- ^ 275, 285a, 341, 351, 423, 442,
474
3Si752A
658, j 659, 722, 735, 737, 738,
f/ 741, 874
fim697,699
Sl^lg. i|699
m t 184L, 662, 756, 812a
lj^;/c^^712
93. .
286, 341a,
to 149
396, 443, «92, S. 128
I IJJ -f- 526
I
I
I -^
m t 822, S. 369a, 42UB, 435
^ ^ 520, 822
316, 318, 322, 805, 867, 879, 880
907, S. 907
I K :;^^
I ® jcJc ^ :^ E 1-13
E 867, 879, 880
Ts'an^
mmtu^ m 617b, 770D
i ^ ^ 601, 602
13)^456
^EE915
I (tf^499
I ^*^627
]
Tsang^
Tsang*

Ik ^-562
m ?^ ^ 566
m » 'U m n 563
Ts'ang^
;^ (^ 826, 844b, Sn(),«5lA, 853, 857
m Fj S. 808
^ 'M 654a.
mm&
86. 95
Ts'ang"
Tsao*
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

;S^^ 57315
I ^'|g573A
r g\\ mm 1^208, 208a
I U 5">S, 735, 755, 7!)8, 791). 8:»3.
I M
894
& W 755
I S«:^798
I rF¥216
I
I
I
I
I
I
, I #
I
I
I
\ WMSi
I
I i^
1
# m 573a
# IP 279
puns
3] 65, 88, 122, 798
-^S 216
^857
m 283
# ^ 805, S. 907
^ IE 68
^a'go
207A
?^ ^ ">73b
S. 749
m n 23(i
fe )fi ^ 851b, 853a, 855a, 857a, 8d8a
I %]
I M4i»,
I It
1
851b, 858, 858 A
726, 746, 871,874
851b, 8.-)S, 85SA
l^^lfi
Tso^
^Amm 565
I m H ^ # 5155
I ^ 162b, 535, S. 368a,
826
3(;-;)a, 825 to
[
INDEX
Ixil
• #
'£ 835A
^ 835a
^ ^ 105
I « 1-105
I ^^82
I '^ f^ S. 436D
Ts'o-
Tsoii*
Tsiiaii^
Mmmm :>^& 820b
I ft
94, 139, 177A, 180, 19.0, 205a, 393,
m M 86, 89
f^849A
461a, S. 458
mm^ ^fl8i
]
Tsui^
Ts'ui'
Ts'iii^
Tsun^

Ts'uir
# * ^ ^ 62lB, 627a
j-i» W iE SB, oil
JE # ^. .->(i
Tsung^
jE d? 5BR S. 58, 59
/It S. 62
Ji 57
m 717
A 60, f.l
A flsf
"'6
^57
^ 35 A
f^ 933, S. 57
fill) 827a
^39, 215a, 21SA, 21!tA, 759, 944
m^BAmM^ ^ ^ 5836,
717a
^ # ^ 99
:^f^3® 124
j^^S. 431
S If S. 479
its 778
'^^
I ^ 751
I 7?; 93a
I ig^653
I fSc^
252, 712
I tj: g -g- 252, 514
1
Tsung^
g 'U 525a, 529, 633
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
[
Ixiii
if. m m 222, 7G2
w:mBm^ 222
tt «f? ^ H 703A, S. 222
m ^ t

*8ia
m
m
m
m
188,
1
411,
792,
mm
mm
^w
nm
305
835b
574, 632, 654a, 754,
770, 770a, 77lA, 772, 774, 775,
783,
S. 77
Mm
#gi
^"lii
#®
XfS
739
H 317, 332
-^ 1- 317, 332
m bI 332
W «^ 332
I}! ^332
^ -B r,76
811A, 812b, 83oB,
T^: E 905
mm^^n^so
-X E 930
% PI 30.-,, 930
^393
H 113
J^ 276, 305b
m 257
102, H6, 155, 158, 160A, 162b,
163a, 181, 1-85M, 1S8, 246, 252,
273, 305, 369A, 425b, 430b, 520,
535,537,54"3,547, 548, 632a, 697,
699, 700, 709, 711a, 713a, 779,
780, 781, 782, 783, 785, 790, 792,
805a, 806b, 80(;a, 812a, 828,
901, S. 108, 335 to 338, 3(i8A,
373, 479a, o23b, (;52a, 825 to
826
•g- 669, (•.74, G77
% ^ 76
751, 751a, b, S. 753
M. % 849a
m *II849
m PJi 773
tC 163c
'
INDEX
m ^ 305
Ift -^^ pj 254, 255
mm^^ 254
5]#^^f^^S^102
%t^M-»i 266
mm 'Mm m x s isoa
Hg 94, 139, 165A, 167, 190, 205A,
393
S si 696a
m m t «62
#818
^. 177a, 17!», 180, 190, 205A, 393,
404a, 625a, S. 458
M -g" 461a
^Mm 564
^ 525a, B, 531, 829a
MV-"^ 525a
U 661, 737, 738, 73li, 741, 742.
•g- 658, 749, 803, 819a, 820, 82lA
S. 763
m 'f 661 set' a ^
m i^ l-'ia, 604a, S. 155
m^%kt m
s. 155
J^ ^ 535, 766B, 816A, 828, 83lA, B,
839a, 840a, S. 825 to 826
m t] 398
M If, 184E, S. 376 to, 39 4
|g 752E
i^S. j§ g] 270
M^ ^ n] 273, S. 273
^ S, 965
[ Ixiv ]
{^t m t i22B
Tsung*
Ts'mig"
J

Tu^
OF CHINKSE CHARACTERS.

± ^ m ?f ^
INDEX

af 392
I ^J 583, 625, 658, 713, 794, 849a,
850a, 852, 854, 882, 892
1 ^^11267
I
I ^
I
I
^ P ^ 253
;;^ gi 820B
^f 778, 779, 781
*3=849a
I ^"K-^ISA
T'ung-
p] ^ 795a, to D, 849, 849a, 850a, 852,
I
I
1 x^m^io
8o3a, 854, 861a, 894
H 835a
3: of 311,930a
5: #940
I it ± {ti ^ 593c, 629c, 631
I
I 25: -# ^ DIP 940
*^629
mTVWj 859
i"'iir.g'^
ff tf M 15-ls, 5- 128 to 12?
I m^ I'il, 162, 347, 364, 385, 454,
I
I
470, 489, 796B, S. 108, 431,
4361
m m 163b, 429
ft ig 504a
I SSI] t
661
I ^M859
I «S
(661, 706, 707, 734,735,742,
I ^g -g- 1 797, S. 97, 753
I ^ 5j^ -fc f*. 655
i m
& J^i 552
Tzu^
^ i^ 1% 164, 165a, 167
I ^?^mi< 167
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
[
Ixvii
^i^l^1^»W^165A
i^ 1^ ^ m 165A
^ :^ ^ 945
fS Billies
Ki M ^ ^ ^ 173
H I" 182, 302, 405, 423A, 535,
S. 186, 369A
m li 805
^^ 159b, 652
gg ^1^428,716
g [^ 6o6A, 659
mm II 430
:^ ^ ^ S A 688
'-f 944
^@948
I •& 984
I m
I ^gl^S.
^ S. 137A
137
Tzii^
Tzu*
g f§ 525, 525a, B, 526, 527, B27A
I f^
I f§
I JS
I f^
m # 525A, B, 526
!|3E .^ •525A, B, 526
tf Sfe 526
|& Et >i:j 525A
f§ ^ A 526
I
I f^ JiJf ^ P/l 518, 527A
Tz'u^
M^B] 376a, 381
I ^ ^ S. 376 to 394
I
^8.376
fa He S; 1930 to 200c
I rff5 376
^ ^658
M it 851, 855
]
Tz'u*

^i^m'^&umsi
SJ?97, 718
M88
^^ 850
s. 7o8f
lit 498
m^^M, 625
g =p a 752G
m iG ^®> 752H
^ ^ 274, 305a, 305b, 930
i^ U tm:k.^ 277, 305c
Sg-Bf^»t-^:^E 277, 305D
^ :A: g. S. 128 to 129
m 958
^^^1#618a
I ^,
Wan^
f^ 577. r,05, t;i9A, 620, S. C20
m i! ^ # 773B
I liftliitt587
Wan^
I Bimi^^-t790A
Wang^
3E 13, 16, 17, 41, 4lA, 305, 863a, 873,
I
895, 906, 915, S. 1
-t f] 495
ilaftc97
I
J ;^ S 305
I
1
fiM3
:
71S, 897
iE & ^ 748
SlJ & ^ 748
1 ^^:g748
Wei^
[
INDEX
Ixviii
mm 738
k
Wei^
m # p m- mm mm gj 259
St 799
f: ^ I& fig 89
mi .^ iK 735
mmi^m 735
iii^^ioo
± lU 70, 104d, 493, 495a
m i5| 1^ 728, 746
l^^fiH ^734
SK- ^89, 94, 94a
:^ S, m -* 89
g] E 82
;^ ip ^ 799
^E aij 90
?* 4t :^ 725
181, 246, 251, G97, S05A, 812a,
70, S. 3G9A, 373, 832
Wei*
A })S 965
% ^ 680, 704, 705
834
^ 702
J£ :§: 702
:R- @ 702
^ ^ 504b
^ M 510a, 859
:^ # fi: M 709
:^ ^ 'J^ 7 15c
!^ ^ 346a, 840a, S. 427, 436H
^ f 648
^B]346
^Yen'
^ (118,310 393,520,642,690,
1 ^ f 697, 709, 712, 822
^^ 422a, 514, 778, 7'"
]

:5: ^ ^^ S. 368a
^ m 805a
^ -^''^ 5«S
^ "m
!«? ^ 778, 824
WJ 335
#;^^537
581, 65210
m -T 967
lU 945
m mmt seo
^ Fj 754
fS 5- M 754
^ lig; M 754
g: f.^ 7(Jf>B
^ ^ 625A
33^ 827A
m ^ €52, 755, 766b, 782, SJ3A, 840a
m J}^ 504a, 805a
\% M. 525a, 52ob, 526
M ^580
m m 850
Wen^
WW
.^5 1 ?^ --(R M 885
I m S .^ o !i? ¥ 744D, 871>
I
M
S. 207a
m m. ^ EK ^ 89
I
I
I
.a Si w] m 77
.i:9i4A
^?iig982
! *®lii'S2
Ti m -^'-e T Ti ?ii?
Wir
OP CHINESE CHARACTEES.
HE M t® ± 944A

•ffi m S. 279
I fflS. 132
Ya*
Yang'
# ^ Ji 832, 859, S. 832
I
I
I iC,> ^
l^^.^822
W:E732
86
M ^ C07, 608
S S @ m f^ 430
^ ^ pJi 788a
mm tG.9n
'g- 206
CS ^ :^ 15^.850
^ it 841, S. 835
835b
M
Yang''
Yao^
Yao*
Yeh^
Yen^
pji 210a, 370, 406a, 410, 518, 527a,
771, S. 221, 335 to 338, 398 to
402, 403 to 466
i^ H 835A
^ 369a, S. 359a
4> ffi S. 835c
M ^ 835b
± E 369, 835b
m 835a
M 835a
it 835, 838, 841, S. 841
t^ 835a
INDEX
li Ji it 84]

m
m
7C
?l fl 970
rp 984
Yin^
pJi S. 825 to 826
*fe 1^ 551
j^ S. 128 to 149
Fj S filP 1 , , Q ,.-,2 ,„
n *.- S. 123 to 149
I
542, r)42A, 550a, 792
m^ff\ 568
^ ^ 548
549, 550a
7], 72, 77, 497
& W{ A "8a
928
M 859
Yin^
Yin*
?* 0^721
?* '^ :^ 724
^ ^ 497
?£ ^ M S. S25 to 826
B\ n 158
m M 368, S. 859
mn 103b
#S^ 958
3'^ m^mf^ 587
I
5:f^627
mm so
I fflfbf^n59i
Yiiie^
Ying^
i^ 103d, 656c, f. 703, 706, 707, 749,
I
752b, S. 749, 753
'g-S. 753
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
i^ II S] 345, 460a
l|82
5] 82
it,
il
[ Ixxi ]
737, 741, 753
^ 706U, 805A, 824, 824A
m ^ 822
^ 343a
^504d
14- S. 368a
Yu^
a W iS # 592b
a 6$ la M 14 618c
i^ I5ili la ^ ^ 618, 618b
% 582a, 631
% ^ 628, 629a
% Sl 582a, 631
^ 652e, 716
1 ^ 752b, 800
IS ^ p;i
M ft it- 850
St S- 796a
:fr ft it 850
;f^ 752b
Yu^
S. 800
i^ ^ li W 652, 652b
^ ^ !li 1^ ^ 652
f^^ ^ S§ n^ S *^ M f4 >. G52
^ 752b
5)2 ^ 1^ ^ 652a
^Wmv^ 052a
'i: ff^ ^ Fj 273
SJC glj a ^^ 273
ifiC ff] 479, S. 479
"^A a Fj 850
f^ lig. #? 273, S. 273
^ 11 822, 839a
f^§!!274, 472
I

iU (IS p^; E S. 128 to 149
I
fg*f788
U(573A
573b
282
Efc
SA 227, 227a
M ^ 573b
M ^ 573b
^ m, 573A
Yu*
SIJ SP ^ A 209, 209A
1=1 tS:
i Tit
n
735, 755, 798, 799, 89ii, 89t
^ 'g^ 559
Hlf ^ W3t 735
IS f 755
M ^ 798
^ 216
573 a
IK 280
119
66, 88, 122, 798
^216
857
lifl 284
K 805, S. 907
JESD
A 61
fP It 207b, 820
?£ 573B
1^ 236,v
(^) # 575
af ) ^ 675
g] 447
^m^ 756
gf ^ 5] 4bOA
Yie
INDEX
^ t* S S. 99
Yii-^

^ -g S. 128 to 149
I ^ 236, 236a
I f^
2;i5, S. 128 to 149
mmm^^ s33a
m ^ 67!)
I
SiJH87
*t339
I
m^±& 629c
P)t J86A
^ I
I #^654a
/
Yiieh'
OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.
[
Ixxiii
Yiiun'
^E-S. 191
g m St 9

SOURCES OF INFORMATION.
^«?'anq^ (Captain of Cavalry of the Zaamur District) :
and Khalkha " :
second vokime, " Mong(>lia."
" Barga
" Researches in Manchuria and MongoHa ";
Harbin, 1905.
By the same author: "Dictionary of Mongolian Expressions"
(11th volume of "Researches in Manchuria and Mongolia.")
Harbin, 1907.
A. A. Bator sky : " Short Military, Statistical and Descriptive
Treatise on Mongolia"; Parts I and II (originally published
in the " Magazine of Geographical, Topographical and
Statistical Researches in Asia," Nos. 37 ;ind 48); edition
issued -by the Instruction Committee of the General Staff,
St. Petersburg,
1889 and 1891.
V. V. Hac/elstrom^ (Student-interpreter of the Imperial Russian
.By*
Legation, Peking): "Confucianism in 1906-1907: The
Descendant of Confucius, K'ung Ling-i." St. Petersburg,
1909.
the same author :
" A Short Description of the Judicial
Establishments of China" (published in the " Chinese Good
News" of the 28th May, 1909, issues Nos. 7 and 8).
John Zakharow (teacher of Mancliu at the Imperial University
of St. Petersburg): "Complete Manchu-Russian Dictionary."
St. Petersburg, 1875.
The Monk lahhinf (Bichurine): Civil and Moral Aspect of
By
(^hina." St. Petersburg, 1848.
"
Description of Peking" (translated, from
the same author :
the Chinese). Peking, 1906.
A manuscript: " Sketch of the Political Organization of China."
[ Ixxiv ]

SOURCES OF INFORMATION.
A. von Landesen and P. Shknrkine (active members of the
"
Society of Russian Orientalists ") :
" Reference Book of
China";, vohmie ,
Harbin, 1909.
Stephan Lipovtzev :
I, "Section of General Information."
" Institutes of the Chinese Colonial Office "
(translated from the Manchu); two vohniies. St. Petersburoc,
1828.
Z. Matussovsky :
St. Petersburg, 1888.
''
Geog;raphical Review of the Chinese Empire."
Archimandrite Palladium (late Chief of the Russian Ecclesias-
tical Mission at Pekinor) and P. S. PopofF (Senior
Interpreter of the Imperial Russian Legation at Peking) :
" Chinese-Russian Dictionary "; two volumes. Peking, 1888.
A. Pozdneef : " Mongolia and the Mongols. Results of a
Journey to Mongolia, 1892—1893." Volume I ; Diary and
Itinerary, 1892. St. Petersburg, 1896. Volume II ;
Diary and Itinerary, 1893. St. Petersburg, 1898,
D. Pokotiloff : " Ou T'al and its Past" (Memoirs of the Imperial
Russian Geographical Society, section of General Geograp'uy,
22nd volume. No. 2). St. Petersburg, 1893.
Organization
" The C'hinese Army
" (" Researches in ^Manchuria, Mongolia and
Polumordcinoff (C-aptain of Cavalry) :
China," issue No. 21). Harbin, 1908.
By the same author: " The Chinese Army :
JBy
tion and -Organization "
Military Administra-
(" Researches in Manchuria,
]\Iono;olia and China" ; issue No. 22). Harbin, 1908.
the same author :
" The Chinese Army ; Troops
of the
Hsiin-fang-tui (^ategory ; Military Equipment" ("Researches
in Manchuria, Mongolia and China " ; i«sue No.
26). Harbin, 1908.
P. S. Popoff :
'' The Central Government Organization of China
and Branches of the Administration." St. Petersburg,
1903. Supplement, 1909.
[ Ixxv ]

SOURCES OF IXFORMATiON.
Colonel Fntiata : " Armed Forces of Chiiui and tue Principles of:
Military Science as Interpreted by the Ancients " ("Magazine
of Geographical, Topographical and Statistical Resear-
ches in Asia" ; issue No. 39). St. Petersburg, 1889.
Bv the same author: "China" ("Magazine of Geographical^
Topographical and Statistical Kesearches in Asia " ; issue
No. 59). St. Petersburg, 1895.
A. Spitzyne: "Administrative Organization ot Manchuria"
(article in the "Messenger of Asia " ;
No. 2, October, 1909).
V. N. ran Sliarenher(/-Shorlentcr (First Lieutenant) : " Short
Dictionary of Military and Naval Words and Expressions
of Contemporaneous Chinese." Peking, 1910.
± m ^'t fi^- m m ^ Ta^ Ch'ing^ Kuang^ 3Isu^ Hsin^
Fa^ Ling' : Collection of New Laws and Commands Issued
during the Peign of the ICmperor Kuang Hsu (during the
Period 1901-1908). 20 j]}}- Ts'e', volumes. Edition issued
by the j§j ff PH ^- It Shangi Wu^ Yin^ Shu^ Kuan^,
Shanghai, 1908.
:/c yf a 1^ i? Vi ^"^ Ta^ Ch'ingi Bsliaui T'uug'' Hsin' Fa''
Ling*
: (-'ollection of New Laws and Commands Issued
daring the Peign of Ilsiian T'ung (during the period 1909-
1911). 27 ^}\ Ts'e', volumes (in course of issue). Edition
issued by the j^j f^ |^[J ^ f^ Shan4^ Wu^ Yia^ Sluii
Kuan% Shanghai, 1909-1911.
M M M T/ ililj 11 K'angi Nan- Hai^* Kuan^ Chili* I*: Discussion
of Jianks, by K'ang Yu-wci. Edition issued by the
MW % J^ Kuang^ Chih* Shu* Chii^ Shanghai, 1906.
Wl ® ^fi ^ ?i; CMi'ing^ Kuo- Hsini Cheng' Fa* : Administrative
Organization of the Chinese, Empire ; second edition.
Issued by the M ^ ^ ^ Kuang- Chih' Shu^ Chii^
Shanghai, 1906.
[
Ixxvi
]

mmW^r^M.mm'M
C^hih"* T'ung'
SOCJtCES or INFORMATION.
CU'lncvi Kuo-^ Hsin^ Kal= Cliili^ Tsu^
Piao^ : Table of Ngav Political Oro-anizations
of China. Compiled in a form indicated by '^ |^ ^f, Hu^
Wei--tc-, Chinese Minister to Tokyo, 1909.
i^ ^ ;^ ;# # H Ch'in^ Ting* Ta^ (
li'ing^
lliii^ Tien^:
Collected Institutes of the Ta Ch'ing Dynasty (ajiproved by
the Emperor).
fC ^ m if^ if P -f m Cli'in' Ting^ CUiingi Shang'
Shih- (,'himg^ : New
Hsin^ Lii*
Commercial Laws Sanctioned by the
Emperor, in 10 Categories. Edition issued by the 4tl W
W$ II ^ Pei^ Hsin^ 1* Shu^ Chip, Peking, 1906.
fC ^ iiv( ffi? if "^ t'J^'i"' Ting* Hsiui^ Ching^ Hsin^ Chang^ :
New Police llegulations Sanctioned by the Emperor.
Two jj} Ts'e*, volumes.
§i^M^ M M ^-h'"^' '^^^S' Changi Ch'eng2 Lei^ Tsuan^' :
Collection of Rules and Pegulations Sanctioned bv the
Emperor. Five ^ Ts'e*, volumes. Edition issued by the
ft ^fi ^ II ^ Pci^ Hsin' P Shu^ Chd^ Peking, .1908.
M*^—MM

SOURCES OF INFORMATION.
f\^mWl^1^m

KenneUt/ :
SOUP.CES OF IXFORMATION.
" M. llichard's Comprehensive Geography of the
Chinese Empire and Dependencies (Transhited into English,
revised and enlarged by ). Shanghai, 1908.
Mmjers, JfiUiani Fre/lrrick : " The Chinese Government." A
Manual ot" Chinese Titles categorically arranged and
explained, with an appendix. Third Edition (revised by
G. Playfair). Shanghai, 1896.
Mayers^ S. F. (Assistant (Chinese Secretary, H.B.M's. Legation,
Peking) : " List of the Higher Metro^^olitap and Provincial
Authorities of China." (Compiled by
the Chinese Secre-
taries H.B.M's. Legation, Peking). Shanghai, 1908.
Morse^ Hosfa Ballon (A. B., Harvard ; Member H. A, S.,
Eni;land ; Commissioner of Customs and Statistical Secre-
tary,
I. G. of f^ustoms, China) :
" The Tradn and
Administration uf the Chinese Empire." Shanghai, 1908.
" A Chinese Prommciation Dictionarv in Peking
Ohumofo :
Dialect." Fifth Edition. Tokvo, 1907.
Parker^ E. H. : " China. Her History, Diplomacy and
(/Ommerce from the Earliest Times to the Present Day."
Second Edition. London, 1901.
yVyy, A. Thenphile : "Manuel de Laiigai' Mandarine ou
Recueil Idcologique en Chinois, Francais et Anglais des
termes, locutions et idiotismes de la Langue Mandarine du
Nord (Texte Anglais par M. Ch. H. Oliver, M.A.).
Shanghai, 1895.
fViniams, S. Wells : " The Middle Kingdom. A Survey of the
Geography, Government, Literature, Social Life, Arts and
History of the Chinese Empire and its Inhabitants."
Revised edition. In t\vo volumes. New York, 1904.
[ Ixxix ]

extiiacts fkom cluticisms of the kussian edition of
"The Pkesent Day Political Organization of China."
(^Trnnsliition.')
It is with great iileasKre we note, and heartily welcome, tlie niipeaiance of
this creditable work, produced by the coiiiliiiied effort of H. S. Bruimert and V. V.
Hagelstroni, former s^tudonts of the Department of Oriental Liiiiguage<
of St.
Petersburg Uiiiveraiiy, with the active and intelligent assistance of the Chinese
Secretary of the Imperial Russian Legation at Peking.
We venture to say vvith confuience that in the list of works of this kind,
enumeiated by the authors in their "Source? of Information," the present volume,
\\\ the abundance, variety and up-to-dateness of the information supfilie

KolCfMiff. out (ituriie avcc uii sohi extietiie lorganisation ])oliti les iiiiiov;iti(His y out ete iudiquee? ; pour beuucoup
d'entre ellfs on a note
lu date exacte ou elles ont ete piomultruees et on a cite le texte du deciet qui les a
institiieea : 11 v a lii uiie foule de renseignements que. d^s maintenant, on aurait de
l!i peine a retrouver et que plus tard Thigtoiien recueillera precieusement. Nous
frouhaitons tr&s viveinent que cet ouvrage soit traduit en une langue accessible a
un phis grand nombre de lecteurs que le rnsse : d'autre part nous voudrious y voir
ajouter Findication dei* mots mandchous qui entreat dans la composition d'un
assez grand nombre de litres et qui sf)nt sinipleuient tranecris en chinois.— T'oun;/
l-'ao. Decembre 1910, No. 5.
. . . Only
a sinologue of high st;indiiig would be justified in criticising the
even the tyro to whom
work of Messrs. Brunnert and Hagelstroui ; whereas
transliterations of ideographs are but meaningless sounds can .see at a glance that
in this Russian publication the authors and compilers have successfully accom-
plished an almost colossal task of profound and tireless erudition. Their work
appears to be in the most literal sense an exhaustive one of reference in which all
the essential data in any way connected with Chinese metropolitan and provincial
fcXcative and administrative institutions inny be ascertained at a glance. The
volume consists of four sections, with appendices, an index, a key to the Chinese
readings, a list of authorities, and errata. The first section deals with the Emperor
and Imperial House, the metropolitan governmental
institutions other than
Ministries. The second comprises the Ministries, police, banks, mints, Customs,
temples, education, census, libraries, military
and .naval matters. The third
treats of the Metropolitan Province and Manchuria, and the provincial administra-
tion and colonial possessions of China ; while the fourth deals with such subjects
as otiicials despatched on special missions, institutions reformed or abolished,
honourable ranks, herediUry and honourable titles, posthumous ranks and titles,
rewards, ordere, etc.
It is a pity that a work of such comprehensive scope must remain a sealed
book to the majority of English readers, who would otherwise, at a juncture like
the present, be eager to avail themselves of the most up-to-date information
regarding the Chinese movement in the direction of constitutional reform. Tlias
in the first section are described the new Chinese rarliameut to be opened in 1913,
the Imperial Council, the Imperial ('bHUcellery. the Committee of Ministers, the
Constitutional Keforms Commission, the Constitutional Chamber and Provincial
AC isory Committees, the Commission on Legislative Keforms, the Anti-Opium
Commission, the General Staff, the Committee on Fleet Re-organization and the
Chief Naval Administration and in the second ; part will be found much valuable
materia) concernin.g the old-style and modern Chinese armies, the Chinese lleet,
Courts and prisons, agriculture, railways, telegraphs and telephones. The intrinsic
usefulness of all this classified matter to the specialist is enhanced by the fact
that in every
instance the authors have been careful to furnish the Chinese
termincdogy with a Russian trausliteration.
Before taking leave of a really monumental piece of work which mav
justly be said to represent the last word

'lv
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