PSYCHOTHERAPY ENGAGERS VERSUS NON-ENGAGERS
PSYCHOTHERAPY ENGAGERS VERSUS NON-ENGAGERS
PSYCHOTHERAPY ENGAGERS VERSUS NON-ENGAGERS
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(1991); and Tryon (2003). At the end of this section, I summarize the relevant findings<br />
and limitations of this literature.<br />
Hill (1978) examined helping skills used over thirds of intake sessions.<br />
Counselors were six PhD counseling psychologists (3 male, 3 female) with 1 to 11 years<br />
of full-time postdoctoral experience; their theoretical orientations were as follows: two<br />
were mostly phenomenological, one was mostly gestalt, one was mostly psychoanalytic,<br />
and two were combinations of phenomenological, gestalt, and psychoanalytic<br />
orientations. Clients were 12 university students (6 male, 6 female). Three judges (one<br />
female PhD counseling psychologist, two female undergraduate psychology majors)<br />
categorized the therapist verbal responses for this study. Each counselor conducted an<br />
intake session with one male and one female. No sharp distinction existed between<br />
intake interviewing and counseling at the counseling center, although the emphasis in<br />
intake was on a better understanding of the problem and the formulation of a treatment<br />
plan. The length of the sessions ranged from 16 to 66 minutes (M = 40:30, SD = 15:48).<br />
Judges were trained until they unanimously agreed on 80% of the categorizations. Each<br />
session was divided into thirds based on duration of the session. Counselor verbal<br />
activity (i.e. how much a counselor talks in comparison to the client) was examined by<br />
comparing the number of counselor response units per third of each session to the number<br />
of client response units. Arc sine transformations were done on all counselor verbal<br />
activity scores and helping skills percentages prior to analyses to correct for skewing of<br />
the data with proportion scores.<br />
Results of Hill (1978) indicated that the mean percentage of counselor verbal<br />
activity per thirds were 36.92% (SD = 12.19), 39.83% (SD = 5.52), and 55.25% (SD =<br />
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