PSYCHOTHERAPY ENGAGERS VERSUS NON-ENGAGERS

counselors was reported. Minimal face and content validity was achieved by having three
psychologists match samples to the definitions with near perfect agreement. Cohen’s
kappa for the two judges was .83 on the practice data and .85 on that actual data. Results
indicated that, in the intake interviews, encouragement/approval/reassurance was used
34% of the time, reflection/restatement 21% of the time, self-disclosure 2% of the time,
confrontation 3% of the time, interpretation 3% of the time, providing information 17%
of the time, direct guidance/advice 6% of the time, information seeking 38% of the time,
and unclassifiable less than 1% of the time. Thus, the most used skills in the intake
sessions were information-seeking, reflection/restatement, providing information, and to
some extent, encouragement/approval-reassurance. Limitations of the study include the
small sample size, the use of only doctoral therapists-in-training for the therapist sample,
very little information about the judges (the article did not indicate the gender, age, or
theoretical orientation information for the judges), the lack of demographic information
reported for clients and therapists, and the lack of information about therapists’
theoretical orientations and experience levels.
Lee, Uhlemann, and Haase (1985) used the HCVRCS-R (Friedlander, 1982) in
investigating counselor verbal and nonverbal responses in relation to client-perceived
expertness, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. Clients were 47 first-year university
students (20 male, 27 female) who volunteered to participate in the study. Counselors
were 47 volunteer counselor trainees (17 male, 30 female; age ranged from 23 to 35,
median age of 25.3, experience in counseling ranged from 0 to 5 years; all had completed
at least one counseling practicum course) in their first or second year of master’s level
training in counseling. Clients and counselors were randomly matched. The initial
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