PSYCHOTHERAPY ENGAGERS VERSUS NON-ENGAGERS
PSYCHOTHERAPY ENGAGERS VERSUS NON-ENGAGERS
PSYCHOTHERAPY ENGAGERS VERSUS NON-ENGAGERS
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acceptance of the client), reflections and restatements (for alliance building and to<br />
facilitate information-gathering; if done well help the client feel understood and facilitate<br />
information-gathering), closed and open questions (for information-gathering), and<br />
information in the form of facts/data/opinions (for diagnostic, treatment, and/or referral<br />
information conveyed to the client). Helping skills that might be expected in the middle<br />
third of the intake include open and closed questions (to gain information about the<br />
client), and reflections, restatements, and approval-reassurance for exploring the client’s<br />
concerns, history and presenting problems. Skills that might be expected in the last third<br />
of the session include: some open questions about feelings or thoughts about the helping<br />
process, restatements of what was accomplished in the session, and/or information in the<br />
form of facts, data, or opinions relevant to the client’s presenting concerns. With intake-<br />
only dropouts, perhaps certain skills may be used in too small quantities or may have<br />
been poorly timed.<br />
Studies reporting overall proportions of helping skills used in intakes. In this<br />
section, I review articles that report overall proportions of helping skills used in intake<br />
sessions. After reviewing each article in turn, I then summarize the findings and<br />
limitations of this literature.<br />
Friedlander (1982) revised the HCVRCS. The revision of the HCVRCS<br />
contained nine categories: encouragement/approval/reassurance, reflection/restatement,<br />
self-disclosure, confrontation, interpretation, providing information, information seeking,<br />
direct guidance/advice, and unclassifiable. Clients were 17 undergraduates seeking help<br />
for personal and vocational problems, and counselors were 11 doctoral student trainees at<br />
a counseling psychology training agency. No other demographic data on clients or<br />
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