PSYCHOTHERAPY ENGAGERS VERSUS NON-ENGAGERS
PSYCHOTHERAPY ENGAGERS VERSUS NON-ENGAGERS
PSYCHOTHERAPY ENGAGERS VERSUS NON-ENGAGERS
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of the three judges. Based on an examination of the results, the category of Structuring<br />
was collapsed into the category of Information, while Friendly discussion, Criticism, and<br />
Unclassifiable were collapsed into a category called Other. Thus, the 1978 published<br />
version of the HCVRCS contained 14 categories: minimal encourager, approval-<br />
reassurance, information, direct guidance, closed question, open question, restatement,<br />
reflection, nonverbal referent, interpretation, confrontation, self-disclosure, silence, and<br />
other.<br />
The HCVRCS was revised a number of times before the most recent 2009<br />
version. A 1981 version appeared as the Manual for Hill Counselor and Client Verbal<br />
Response Modes Category Systems (Hill et al., 1981). In 1985, a revised version<br />
appeared as the Manual for Counselor Verbal Response Modes Category System (revised<br />
version) (Hill, 1985). In 1993, the updated version appeared as the Manual for Hill<br />
Counselor Verbal Response Category System (Hill, 1993). Another revision of the<br />
system was included in the publication of the first Helping Skills textbook (Hill &<br />
O’Brien, 1999) and the name of the system changed from the HCVRCS to the Helping<br />
Skills System (HSS). In 2009, for the third edition of the Helping Skills book, four<br />
subtypes of open questions and three subtypes of self-disclosures were added, resulting in<br />
the Hill (2009) system. The most recent version of the HSS (Hill, 2009; see Webform E<br />
at http://forms.apa.org/books/supp/hill3/index.cfm?action=students&article=3) will be<br />
used for the present study.<br />
Studies using the HCVRCS/HSS. In this section I describe some of the studies<br />
that have been done using the HCVRCS/HSS to provide some context for understanding<br />
the HSS. This section will not contain studies using the HCVRCS/HSS that investigate<br />
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