PSYCHOTHERAPY ENGAGERS VERSUS NON-ENGAGERS

of the three judges. Based on an examination of the results, the category of Structuring
was collapsed into the category of Information, while Friendly discussion, Criticism, and
Unclassifiable were collapsed into a category called Other. Thus, the 1978 published
version of the HCVRCS contained 14 categories: minimal encourager, approval-
reassurance, information, direct guidance, closed question, open question, restatement,
reflection, nonverbal referent, interpretation, confrontation, self-disclosure, silence, and
other.
The HCVRCS was revised a number of times before the most recent 2009
version. A 1981 version appeared as the Manual for Hill Counselor and Client Verbal
Response Modes Category Systems (Hill et al., 1981). In 1985, a revised version
appeared as the Manual for Counselor Verbal Response Modes Category System (revised
version) (Hill, 1985). In 1993, the updated version appeared as the Manual for Hill
Counselor Verbal Response Category System (Hill, 1993). Another revision of the
system was included in the publication of the first Helping Skills textbook (Hill &
O’Brien, 1999) and the name of the system changed from the HCVRCS to the Helping
Skills System (HSS). In 2009, for the third edition of the Helping Skills book, four
subtypes of open questions and three subtypes of self-disclosures were added, resulting in
the Hill (2009) system. The most recent version of the HSS (Hill, 2009; see Webform E
at http://forms.apa.org/books/supp/hill3/index.cfm?action=students&article=3) will be
used for the present study.
Studies using the HCVRCS/HSS. In this section I describe some of the studies
that have been done using the HCVRCS/HSS to provide some context for understanding
the HSS. This section will not contain studies using the HCVRCS/HSS that investigate
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