PSYCHOTHERAPY ENGAGERS VERSUS NON-ENGAGERS
PSYCHOTHERAPY ENGAGERS VERSUS NON-ENGAGERS
PSYCHOTHERAPY ENGAGERS VERSUS NON-ENGAGERS
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quality of the technique (e.g., appropriate timing, matching the needs of the client) (Hill,<br />
2005).<br />
Hill (1982) proposed that one can analyze therapist behaviors at six levels,<br />
ranging from the most observable and easily rated to the more abstract and inferential<br />
categories. The six levels are: (a) ancillary behaviors (extralinguistic, linguistic,<br />
nonverbal, and physiological), (b) response modes (i.e., helping skills), (c) content (topic<br />
of discussion), (d) ratings of behavior (attituted, involvement), (e) covert behaviors<br />
(thoughts, perceptions, feelings, attitudes), and (f) clinical strategies (interventions,<br />
techniques). Overriding these six levels would be the philosophical or theoretical<br />
approach of the therapist (Hill, 1982). Thus, verbal response categories (or helping<br />
skills) are among the more observable and easily rated methods for analyzing therapist<br />
behaviors.<br />
There are two common ways of systematizing therapist techniques: molecular<br />
methods (examining therapist techniques on a phrase, sentence, or speaking-turn level)<br />
and molar or global methods (examining therapist techniques across larger segments or<br />
sessions) (Hill & Williams, 2000). The most typical molecular method for measure<br />
therapist techniques focuses on verbal response modes, which are types of therapist<br />
verbal responses independent of the topic or content of the speech (Hill, 1986).<br />
Examples of verbal response modes are: open questions, reflections of feeling,<br />
interpretation, and direct guidance (Hill & Williams, 2000). Elliot et al. (1987) compared<br />
six widely used response modes systems and found that six response modes (question,<br />
information, advisement, reflection, interpretation, and self-disclosure) were included in<br />
all six systems and could be reliably assessed.<br />
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