View/Open - University of Zululand Institutional Repository
View/Open - University of Zululand Institutional Repository View/Open - University of Zululand Institutional Repository
interventions has been to augment the asset base ofthe urban poor or to enhance their capacity to manage their existing asset base (Rogerson, 2000a). First, it is recognised that the regulatory framework that shapes the lives of the poor is established by both central and local governments and is designed to apply nationally and locally. Essentially, the regulatory framework sets the parameters for development in general but more specifically for the municipal environment. The regulatory framework comprises a wide range of laws, including local government laws, ordinances, legislation and regulations related to town planning, public health, building and land development (Vanderschueren et aI., 1996). The development of a regulatory environment that supports the livelihoods of poor communities is an important LED initiative. In particular, access to land for housing is critical and most urban governments exert a strong influence on which groups in the city can obtain land for housing both through what they do in terms of regulation and what they do not do. Indeed, there is an important link between access to housing and livelihoods as regards providing ready access to income-earning opportunities and servicing as a space for home-based income opportunities (Kellett and Tipple, 2000). This research on Ulundi recognises the benefits of positive economic spin-offs that are associated with meaningful local spatial regulatory framework. Second, is improving the delivery of infrastructural services to poor communities is a critical LED role in support of poverty alleviation. Indeed, a major step forward towards expanding the asset base of the urban poor is to enhance their limited access to the full range of municipal services, which would generally include water supply, sanitation, refuse removal, drainage. flood protection, local roads. public transport, street lighting and traffic management. The limited access of the poor to such services is often aggravated by a tendency for design and service standards to be unaffordable or not planned for to allow incremental upgrading as poor communities improve and expand their willingness to pay for services. In the light ofthe above assertion, this research inquiry acknowledges the need for improved service provision in Ulundi. Third. is to critically appreciate that for the urban poor. their greatest asset is their capacity to offer labour for the economy (Vanderschueren et al.. 1996). Accordingly. municipal actions towards employment creation represent important options for poverty alleviation. lndeed. it is 27
stressed that employment generation as the means for alleviating urban poverty historically has been one of the major strategies for alleviating poverty in the urban developing world (Vanderschueren et al., 1996). A range of local government interventions in the developing world experience can facilitate job creation and assistance to poor communities. At one level this would encompass the capacity of municipal govemments and actions implemented to attract new investment, retain existing investors and support the expansion ofexisting formal enterprises. Another dimension would be municipal interventions that favour more pro-poor economic policies that expand employment opportunities or increased incomes for poorer groups. Key areas for policy consideration relate to the activities ofthe survivalist informal economy, including street traders, a range of home based enterprises, and ofurban agriculture. In particular, the introduction of 'accommodationist programmes' (Vanderschueren et al., 1996: 22) towards the informal economy by municipal governments allows scope for low-income groups to develop or pursue their own livelihoods through informal enterprise. Another pro-poor tilt in municipal policies includes direct support offered for the expansion of labour-based public employment and for community-based enterprises. This research acknowledges the concern ofunemployment in Ulundi. The stance of Vanderschueren in the light ofemployment creation to alleviate urban poverty is appropriate in this study ofLED ofUlundi. 2.2.3 Pro-poor LED in urban Sonth Africa This discussion of the pro-poor agenda for LED interventions in cities, drawn from the developing world record, can be enriched by turning to specific South African urban experiences. The context ofthe Developing World South African LED interventions is often seen as innovative, not least concerning the emphasis that it accords to the development of pro-poor LED. In urban South Africa, a variety of LED interventions have been introduced over the past two decades (Bloch, 2000; Rogerson, 2000a). The earliest LED interventions pioneered in cities such as Cape Town, Johannesburg and Durban during the late 1980s and early 1990s essentially were pro-growth and ofthe furm that was described as market-led approaches. Major emphasis 28
- Page 1 and 2: A Situational and Land Use Analysis
- Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This achievement i
- Page 5 and 6: DECLARATION I declare that this res
- Page 7 and 8: strategic path for purposes of addi
- Page 9 and 10: 1.7 CONCLUSION CHAPTER TWO THEORETI
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- Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER SIX THE ANALYSIS AND INTERP
- Page 15 and 16: FIGURE 1.1 1.2 3.1 3.2 4.1 5.1 5.2
- Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES TABLES DESCRIPTION P
- Page 19 and 20: 6.34 7.1 Efficiency and effectivene
- Page 21 and 22: This study provides relevant and me
- Page 23 and 24: The Ulundi Local Municipality seems
- Page 25: Nearly half the area of the municip
- Page 28 and 29: (a) To determine the various land u
- Page 30 and 31: 1.4.4 Land use analysis Land use an
- Page 32 and 33: Hence, the 'sustainable development
- Page 34 and 35: evaluative; and for others, scienti
- Page 36 and 37: namely, the concentric, the sector,
- Page 38 and 39: 2.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER TWO LITERA
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- Page 43 and 44: Regarding a second categorization,
- Page 45: efers to the overall planning and m
- Page 49 and 50: were described as community based e
- Page 51 and 52: the investigation considers issues
- Page 53 and 54: y economic processes. Lefebvre (197
- Page 55 and 56: houses increases with distance from
- Page 57 and 58: Zones and sectors tend to distort f
- Page 59 and 60: Many cities are really too large an
- Page 61 and 62: The classical models of the city su
- Page 63 and 64: model is significant in this study
- Page 65 and 66: a service, or solving a mutual prob
- Page 67 and 68: for regionalism has been weak. Alte
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- Page 77 and 78: and objectives. Are they realistic?
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- Page 83 and 84: It must also ensure that the !DP co
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- Page 90 and 91: human capital is the skill and know
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stressed that employment generation as the means for alleviating urban poverty historically has<br />
been one <strong>of</strong> the major strategies for alleviating poverty in the urban developing world<br />
(Vanderschueren et al., 1996).<br />
A range <strong>of</strong> local government interventions in the developing world experience can facilitate job<br />
creation and assistance to poor communities. At one level this would encompass the capacity <strong>of</strong><br />
municipal govemments and actions implemented to attract new investment, retain existing<br />
investors and support the expansion <strong>of</strong>existing formal enterprises. Another dimension would be<br />
municipal interventions that favour more pro-poor economic policies that expand employment<br />
opportunities or increased incomes for poorer groups. Key areas for policy consideration relate<br />
to the activities <strong>of</strong>the survivalist informal economy, including street traders, a range <strong>of</strong> home<br />
based enterprises, and <strong>of</strong>urban agriculture. In particular, the introduction <strong>of</strong> 'accommodationist<br />
programmes' (Vanderschueren et al., 1996: 22) towards the informal economy by municipal<br />
governments allows scope for low-income groups to develop or pursue their own livelihoods<br />
through informal enterprise. Another pro-poor tilt in municipal policies includes direct support<br />
<strong>of</strong>fered for the expansion <strong>of</strong> labour-based public employment and for community-based<br />
enterprises. This research acknowledges the concern <strong>of</strong>unemployment in Ulundi. The stance <strong>of</strong><br />
Vanderschueren in the light <strong>of</strong>employment creation to alleviate urban poverty is appropriate in<br />
this study <strong>of</strong>LED <strong>of</strong>Ulundi.<br />
2.2.3 Pro-poor LED in urban Sonth Africa<br />
This discussion <strong>of</strong> the pro-poor agenda for LED interventions in cities, drawn from the<br />
developing world record, can be enriched by turning to specific South African urban<br />
experiences. The context <strong>of</strong>the Developing World South African LED interventions is <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
seen as innovative, not least concerning the emphasis that it accords to the development <strong>of</strong><br />
pro-poor LED.<br />
In urban South Africa, a variety <strong>of</strong> LED interventions have been introduced over the past two<br />
decades (Bloch, 2000; Rogerson, 2000a). The earliest LED interventions pioneered in cities<br />
such as Cape Town, Johannesburg and Durban during the late 1980s and early 1990s essentially<br />
were pro-growth and <strong>of</strong>the furm that was described as market-led approaches. Major emphasis<br />
28
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