ilization of Aspergillus oryzae tanna

REFERENCE
Abdel-Naby, M.A., Sherif, A.A., El-Tanash, A.B. and Mankarios, A.T. 1999. Immob-
ilization of Aspergillus oryzae tannase and properties of the immobilized
enzyme. J. Appl. Microbiol., 87 : 108-114.
Adachi, O., Watanabe, M. and Yamada, H. 1968. Studies on fungal tannase Part. II.
Agric. Biol. Chem., 32 : 1079-1085.
Adachi, O., Watanabe, M. and Yamada, H. 1971. Studies on fungal tannase Part. III.
Inhibition of tannase by diisopropylfluorophosphate. J. Ferment. Technol.,
49: 230-234.
Aguilar, C.N., Augur, C., Favela-Torres, E. and Viniegra-González, G. 2000.
Induction and repression patterns of fungal tannase in solid state and
submerged cultures. Process Biochem., 36 : 565-570.
Aguilar, C.N., Augur, C., Favela-Torres, E. and Viniegra-González, G. 2001.
Production of tannase by Aspergillus niger Aa-20 in submerged and solid
state fermentation: influence of glucose and tannic acid. J. Ind. Microbiol.
Biotechnol., 26 : 296-302.
Aguilar, C.N., Favela-Torres, E., Viniegra-Gonzalez, G. and Augur, C. 2002. Culture
conditions dictate protease and tannase production in submerged and solid-
state cultures by Aspergillus niger Aa-20. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 102-
103 : 407-414.

84
Aguilar, C.N. and Gutiérrez-Sánchez, G., 2001. Review: sources, properties, applica-
tions and potential uses of tannin acyl hydrolase. Food Sci. Technol. Int., 7:
373-382.
Aguilar, C.N., Rodríguez, R., Gutiérrez-Sánchez, G., Augur, C., Favela-Torres, E.,
Prado-Barragan, L. A., Ramírez-Coronel, A. and Contreras-Esquivel, J.C.
2007. Microbial tannases : advances and perspectives. Appl. Microbiol.
Biotechnol., 76 : 47-59.
Aissam, H., Errachidi, F., Penninckx, M., Merzouki, M. and Benlemlih, M. 2005.
Production of tannase by Aspergillus niger HA37 growing on tannic acid and
olive mill waste waters. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 21: 609-614.
Ali, S., Ikram-Ul, H., Qadeer, M.A. and Javed, I. 2002. Production of citric acid by
Aspergillus niger using cane molasses in a stirred fermentor. Elec. J. Biotec.,
5: 1-8.
Anthony, T., Raj, K.C., Rajendran, A. and Gunasekaran, P. 2003. Inhibition of proteases
during fermentation improves xylanase production by alkali tolerant
Aspergillus fumigatus ARl. J. Biosci. Bioeng., 96 (4) : 394-396.
Aoki, K., Shinke, R. and Nishira, H. 1976. Purification and some properties of yeast
tannase. Agric. Biol. Chem., 40 : 79-85.
Aryuman, P. and Hanmoungjai, P. 2006. The utilization of agricultural wastes for
tannase production. Thai J. Biotechnol., 7(1) : 8-12.
Ayed, L. and Hamdi, M. 2002. Culture conditions of tannase production by Lactoba-
cillus plantarum. Biotechnol. Lett., 24 : 1763–1765.

85
Bae, H.D., McAllister, T.A., Yanke, J., Cheng, K.J. and Muir, A.D. 1993. Effects of
condensed tannins on endoglucanase activity and filter paper digestion by
Fibrobacter succinogenes 585. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59 : 2132-2138.
Bajpai, B. and Patil, S. 1996. Tannin acyl hydrolase activity of Aspergillus, Penicil-
lium, Fusarium and Trichoderma. W. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 12 : 217-220.
Bajpai, B., and Patil, S. 1997. Introduction of tannin acyl hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.20)
activity in some members of fungi imperfecti. Enzyme. Microbial. Technol.,
20 : 612-614.
Balasundram, N., Sundram, K. and Samman, S. 2006. Phenolic compounds in plants
and agri-industrial by-products : Antioxidant activity, occurrence, and
potential uses. Food Chem., 99 : 191-203.
Banerjee, D., Mondal, K. and Bikas, R. 2001. Production and characterization of
extracellular and intracellular tannase from newly isolated Aspergillus
aculeatus DBF9. J. Basic Microbiol., 6 : 313–318.
Banerjee, R., Mukherjee, G. and Patra, K.C. 2005. Microbial transformation of tannin
rich substrate to gallic acid through co-culture method. Biores. Technol., 96 :
949-953.
Barthomeuf, C., Regerat, F. and Pourrat, H. 1994. Production, purification and
characterization of a tannase from Aspergillus niger LCF 8. J. Ferment.
Bioeng., 77(3) : 320-323.
Battestin, V. and Macedo, G.A. 2007a. Tannase production by Paecilomyces variotii.
Biores. Technol., 98 : 1832-1837.

86
Battestin, V. and Macedo, G.A. 2007b. Effects of temperature, pH and additives on
the activity of tannase produced by Paecilomyces variotii. Elec. J. Biotechnol.,
10 (2) : 192-199.
Belmares, R., Contreras-Esquivela, J.C., Rodrıguez-Herreraa, R., Coronelb, A.R. and
Aguilara, C.N. 2004. Microbial production of tannase : An enzyme with
potential use in food industry. Lebensm. Wiss. Technol., 37 : 857-864.
Begovic, S. and Duzic, E. 1977. Vetenaria 26 : 227–233. In: Lekha P. and Lonsane B.
(1997). Production and application of tannin acyl hydrolase: state of the art.
Adv. Appl. Microbiol., 44 : 215-260.
Beverini, M. and Metche, M. 1990. Identification, purification and physicochemical
properties of tannase of Aspergillus oryzae. Sci. des Aliments., 10 : 807-816.
Bhat, T.K., Makkar, H.P.S. and Singh, B. 1997. Preliminary studies on tannin degra-
dation by Aspergillus niger van Tieghem MTCC 2425. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.,
25 : 22-23.
Bhat, T.K., Singh, B. and Sharma, O.P. 1998. Microbial degradation of tannins – A
current perspective. Biodegrad., 9 : 343-357.
Bradoo, S., Gupa, R. and Saxena, R.K. 1996. Screening for extracellular tannase
producing fungi: Development of a rapid and simple plate assay. J. Gen.
Appl. Microbiol., 42 : 325-329.
Bradoo, S., Gupta, R. and Saxena, R.K. 1997. Parametric optimization and biochemi-
cal regulation of extracellular tannase from Aspergillus japonicus. Process
Biochem., 32 : 135-139.
Batra, A. and Saxena, R.K. 2005. Potential tannase producers from the genera
Aspergillus and Penicillium. Proc. Biochem., 40 : 1553–1557.

87
Canterelli, C., Brenna, O., Giovanelli, G. and Rossi, M. 1989. Beverage stabilization
through enzymatic removal of phenolics. Food Biotechnol., 3 : 203-213.
Chae, S.K., Yu, T.J. and Kum, B. M. 1983. Experimental manufacture of acorn wine
by fungal tannase. Hanguk Sipkum Kwahakhoechi., 15 : 333-334.
Chen, T. 1969. The Induction of Tannase in Aspergillus niger. PhD. Thesis,
University of California, Berkeley, USA.
Chen, G.C. and Johnson, B.R. 1983. Improved colorimetric determination of cell wall
chitin in wood decay fungi. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 46 : 13-16.
Choo, W.K. 2000. Longan production in asia. FAO regional office for Asia and the
Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand.
Couri, S., Pinto, G.A.S., Ferreira de Senna, L. and Martelli, H.L. 2003. Influence of
metal ions on pellet morphology and polygalacturonase synthesis by
Aspergillus niger 3T5B8. Braz. J. Microbiol., 34 : 16-21.
Cruz-Hernández, M., Augur, C., Rodríguez, R., Contreras-Esquivel, J. and Aguilar,
C.N. 2006. Evaluation of culture conditions for tannase production by
Aspergillus niger GH1. Food Technol. Biotechnol., 44 : 541–544.
Department of Internal Trade. “Agricultural products” [online]. Available
http://www.dit.go.th/agriculture/product/agri_6/agri_60650.htm (20 Jan
2008)
Deschamps, A.M. : “Microbial degradation of tannins and related compounds”. In:
Lewis, N.G. and Paice, M.G. (Eds), Plant Cell Wall Polymers Biogenesis and
Biodegradation, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 559-566,
1989.

88
Deschamps, A.M. and Lebeault, J.M. 1984. Production of gallic acid from tara (Cae-
salpinia spinosa) tannin by bacterial strains. Biotechnol. Lett., 6 : 237-242.
Deschamps, A.M., Otuk, G. and Lebeault, J.M. 1983. Production of tannase and de-
gradation of chestnut tannins by bacteria. J. Ferment. Technol., 61 : 55-59.
Dey, G., Sachan, A., Ghosh, S. and Mitra, A. 2003. Detection of major phenolic acids
from dried mesocarpic husk of mature coconut by thin layer chromatography.
Ind. Crop. Prod., 18 : 171-176.
Doi, S., Shinmyo, A., Enatsu, T. and Terui, G. 1973. Growth-associated production of
tannase by a strain of Aspergillus oryzae. J. Ferm. Technol., 51 : 768-774.
Farias, G.M., Elkins, J.R. and Griffin, G.J. 1992. Tannase activity associated with
growth of Cryphonectria parasitica on American and Chinese chestnut
extracts and properties of the enzyme. Eur. J. For. Path., 22 : 392-402.
Field, J.A. and Lettinga, G. : “Toxicity of tannic compounds to microorganisms”. In:
Hemingway, R.W. and Laks, E. (Eds), Plant Polyphenols: Synthesis,
Properties, Significance, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 673-692, 1992.
Friedrich, J., Cimerman, A. and Steiner, W. 1990. Production of pectolytic enzymes
by Aspergillus niger: effect of inoculum size and potassium hexacyanoferrate
2-trihydrate. App. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 33 : 377-381.
Ganga, P.S., Nandy, S.C. and Santappa, M. 1977. Effects of environmental factors on
the production of fungal tannase. Leather Sci., 24 : 8-16.
George, B., Kaur, C., Khurdiya, D. S., and Kapoor, H. C. 2004. Antioxidants in
tomato (Lycopersium esculentum) as a function of genotype. Food Chem., 84:
45-51.

89
Ghosh, M., Das, A., Mishira, A.K. and Nanda, G. 1993. Aspergillus sydowii MG49 is
a stronger producer of thermostable xylanolytic enzymes. Enz. Microbial.
Technol., 15 : 703-709.
Giovanelli, G. 1989. Enzymatic treatment of malt polyphenols for stabilization. Ind.
Bevande., 18 : 497-502.
Goel, G., Puniya, A.K., Aguilar, C.N. and Singh, K. 2005. Interaction of gut micro-
flora with tannins in feeds. Naturwissenschaften., 92 : 497–503.
Graham, H.N. 1992. Green tea composition, consumption and polyphenol chemistry.
Prev. Med., 21 : 334-350.
Guangwu, K., Changchun, W. and Zifa, T. 2000. “Palynological studies on the origin
of longan cultivation”, Paper presented at the First International Symposium
on Litchi and Longan, Guangzhou, China.
Hadi, T.A., Banerjee, R., and Bhattarcharyya, B.C. 1994. Optimization of tannase
biosynthesis by a newly isolated Rhizopus oryzae. Bioprocess Eng., 11 : 239-
243.
Haslam, E. Plant Polyphenols – Vegetable Tannins Revisited. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, pp. 13, 1989.
Haslam, E. and Stangroom, J.E. 1966. The esterase and depsidase activities of
tannase. Biochem. J., 99 : 28-31.
Haslam, E. and Tanner, R.J.N. 1970. Spectrophotometric assay of tannase.
Phytochem., 9 : 2305-2309.
Hatamoto, O., Watari, T., Kikuchi, M., Mizusawa, K. and Sekine, H. 1996. Cloning
and sequencing of the gene encoding tannase and a structural study of the
tannase subunit from Aspergillus oryzae. Gene, 175 : 215-221.

90
Horowitz, W. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 17 th ed. Gaithers-
burg, MD : AOAC International, Inc. 2000.
Huang, W., Ni, J. and Borthwick, A.G.L. 2005. Biosynthesis of valonia tannin
hydrolase and hydrolysis of valonia tannin to ellagic acid by Aspergillus
SHL6. Process Biochem., 40 : 1245-1249.
Iibuchi, S., Minoda, Y. and Yamada, K. 1968. Studies on tannin acyl
hydrolase of microorganisms. Part III. Purification of the enzyme and some
properties of it. Agric. Biol. Chem., 32 : 803-809.
Iibuchi, S., Minoda, Y. and Yamada, K. 1972. Hydrolyzing pathway, substrate
specificity and inhibition of tannin acyl hydrolase of Aspergillus oryzae No.
7. Agric. Biol. Chem., 36 : 1553-1562.
Ikenebomeh, M.J. and A.E. Chikwendu, 1997. Aspergillus niger biomass production
in cassava whey medium. Nig. J. Microbiol., 11: 52-63.
Jean, D., Pourrat, H., Pourrat, A. and Carnat, A. 1981. Assay of tannase (tannin acyl
hydrolase EC 3.1.1.20) by gas chromatography. Anal. Biochem., 110 : 369-
372.
Kar, B. and Banerjee, R. 2000. Biosynthesis of tannin acyl hydrolase from tannin-rich
forest residue under different fermentation conditions, J. Ind. Microbiol.
Biotechnol., 25 : 29-38.
Kar, B., Banerjee, R. and Bhattacharya, B.C. 1999. Microbial production of gallic
acid by modified solid-state fermentation. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 23 :
173-177.

91
Kar, B., Banerjee, R., and Bhattacharyya, B. C. 2002. Optimization of physicochemi-
cal parameters for gallic acid production by evolutionary operation factorial
design technique. Process Biochem., 37(12) : 1395-1401.
Kar, B., Banerjee, R., and Bhattacharyya, B. C. 2003. Effect of additives on the
behavioural properties of tannin acyl hydrolase. Process Biochem., 38(9) :
1395-1401.
Kashyap, P., Sabu, A., Pandey, A. and Szakacs, G. 2002. Extra-cellular L-glutaminase
production by Zygosaccharomyces rouxii under solid-state fermentation.
Process Biochem., 38 : 307-312.
Kostinek, M., Specht, I., Edward, V.A., Pinto, C., Egounlety, M., Sossa, C., Mbugua,
S., Dortu, C., Thonart, P. and Taljaard, L. 2007. Characterisation and
biochemical properties of predominant lactic acid bacteria from fermenting
cassava for selection as starter cultures. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 114 : 342 -
351.
Kumar, R., Sharma, J. and Singh, R. 2007. Production of tannase from Aspergillus ru-
ber under solid state fermentation using jamun (Syzygium cumini) leaves.
Microbiol. Research, 162 : 384-390.
Kumar, R. and Singh, M. 1984. Tannins: their adverse role in ruminant nutrition.
J. Agric. Food Chem., 32 : 447-453.
Leenhouts, P.W. 1971. A revision of Dimocarpus (Sapindaceae). Blumea, 19 : 113-
131.
Leenhouts, P.W. 1973. A new species of Dimocarpus (Sapindaceae) from Australia.
Blumea, 21 : 377-380.

92
Lekha, P.K. and Lonsane, B.K. 1994. Comparative titres, location and properties of
tannin acyl hydrolase produced by Aspergillus niger PKL 104 in solid-state,
liquid surface and submerged fermentations. Process Biochem., 29 : 497-503.
Lekha, P.K. and Lonsane, B.K. 1997. Production and application of tannin acyl
hydrolase: State of the art. Adv. Appl. Microbiol., 44 : 215-260.
Lewis, J.A. and Starkey, R.L. 1969. Decomposition of plant tannins by some soil
microorganisms. Soil Sci., 107 : 235-241.
Li, Y., Guo, C., Yang, J., Wei, J., Xu, J., and Cheng, S. 2006. Evaluation of
antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel extract in comparison with
pomegranate pulp extract. Food Chem., 96 : 254–260.
Liu, J.Z., Huang, Y.Y., Liu, L., Weng, L.P. and Ji, L.N. 2001. Effects of metal ions on
simultaneous production of glucose oxidase and catalase by Aspergillus
niger. Lett. App. Microbiol., 32 : 16-19.
Llorach, R., Espin, J.C., Tomas-Barneran, F.A. and Ferreres, F. 2002. Artichoke
(Cyanara scolymus L.) byproducts as a potential source of health-promoting
antioxidant phenolics. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50 : 3458-3464.
López-Ríos, G.F. 1984. Fitoquímica. 1 st ed. Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo.
Estado de México.
Lowe, E.D. and Buckmaster, D.R. 1995. Dewatering makes big difference in compost
strategies. Biocycle, 36 : 78-82.
Madhavakrishna, W. and Bose, S.M. 1962. Chemical abstracts. Bull. Cent. Leath. Res.
Instit., 56 : 11759f.

Madhavakrishna, W., Bose, S.M. and Nayudamma, Y. 1960. Estimation of tannase
93
and certain oxidizing enzymes in indian vegetable tanstuffs. Bull. Cent.
Leath. Res. Instit., 7 : 1-11.
Maldonado, M. C. and Strasser de Saad, A. M. 1998. Production of pectinesterase
and polygalacturonase by Aspergillus niger in submerged and solid state
system. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 20 (1) : 34-38.
Mahapatra, K., Nanda, R.K. , Bag, S.S., Banerjee, R., Pandey, A. and Szakacs, G.
2005. Purification, characterization and some studies on secondary structure
of tannase from Aspergillus awamori nakazawa. Process Biochem., 40: 3251-
3254.
Mahendran, B., Raman, N. and Kim, D. 2005. Purification and characterization of
tannase from Paecilomyces variotii: hydrolysis of tannic acid using
immobilized tannase. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 70 : 445-451.
Masschelein, C.A. and Batum, M.S. 1981. Enzyme degradation and participation of
ester linked beer polyphenols in chill haze formation. Proc. Cong. Eur. Brew.
Conv., 18 : 359-370.
Mather, J.P., and Roberts, P.E. 1998. Introduction to Cell and Tissue Culture: Theory
and Technique. Plenum Press, New York and London.
Miller, G.L. 1969. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing
sugar. Anal. Chem., 31 : 426-428.
Mohapatra, P.K.D., Mondal, K.C. and Pati, B.R. 2006. Production of tannase through
submerged fermentation of tannin-containing plant extracts by Bacillus
licheniformis KBR 6. Polish J. Microbiol. 55(4) : 297-301.

94
Mondal, K.C. , Banerjee, D., Jana, M. and Pati, B.R. 2001. Colorimetric assay method
for determination of the tannin acyl hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.20) activity. Anal.
Biochem., 295(2) : 168-171.
Mueller-Harvey, I. 2001. Analysis of hydrolysable tannins. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.,
91 : 3-20.
Mueller – Harvey, I., Reed, J.D. and Hartley, L.D. 1987. Characterization of phenolic
compounds, including tannins of ten ethiopian browse species by high
performance liquid chromatography. J. Sci. Food Agric., 39 : 1-14.
Murugan, K., Saravanababu, S. and Arunachalam, M. 2007. Screening of tannin acyl
hydrolase (E.C.3.1.1.20) producing tannery effluent fungal isolates using
simple agar plate and SmF process. Biores. Technol., 98 : 946-949.
Niehaus, J.U., and Gross, G.G. 1997. A gallotannin degrading esterase from leaves of
pedunculate oak. Phytochem., 45 : 1555-1560.
Nielsen, J. and Krabben, P. 1995. Hyphal growth and fragmentation of Penicillium
chrysogenum in submerged cultures. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 46 : 588-598.
Nishira, H. and Mugibayashi, N., 1953. Tannin decomposing enzyme of moulds. XI
formation of tannase by various molds on wheat bran medium. Hyogo Noka
Diagaku Kenkyu Hokoku Nogeikagaku Hen., 4 : 113-116.
Nishitani,Y. and Osawa, R. 2003. A novel colorimetric method to quantify tannase
activity of viable bacteria. J. Microbiol. Methods., 54:281–284.
Nishitani,Y., Sasaki, E., Fujisawa, T. and Osawa, R. 2004. Genotypic analyses of
Lactobacilli with a range of tannase activities isolated from human feces and
fermented foods. Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 27:109–117.

95
Nuero, O. M. and Reyes, F. 2002. Enzymes for animal feeding from Penicillium chry-
sogenum mycelial wastes from penicillin manufacture. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.,
34(6) : 413-416.
Oshoma, C.E. and Ikenebomeh, M.J. 2005. Production of Aspergillus niger biomass
from rice bran. Pakistan J. Nutrition., 4(1): 32-36.
Pandey, A. : “Solid state fermentation: an overview”. In: Pandey, A. (Ed.), Solid State
Fermentation. Wiley Eastern Inc., New Delhi, pp. 3-10, 1994.
Pandey, A. 2003. Solid-state fermentation. Biochem. Eng. J., 13 : 81-84.
Pandey, A., Azmi, W., Singh, J., and Banerjee, U.C. “Fermentation types and factors
affecting it”. In: Joshi, V.K. and Pandey, A. (Eds.), Biotechnology - Food
Fermentation, Vol. I, Educational Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi,
pp. 383-426, 1999.
Pandey, A., Soccol, C.R. and Mitchell, D. 2000a. New developments in solid state
fermentation: I - Bioprocesses and products. Process Biochem., 35 : 1158-
1169.
Pandey, A., Soccol, C.R., Nigam, P., Brand, D., Mohan, R. and Roussos, S. 2000b.
Biotechnological potential of coffee pulp and coffee husk for bioprocesses.
Biochem. Eng. J., 6 : 153162.
Pandey, A., Soccol, C. R., Nigam, P. and Soccol, V. T. 2000c. Biotechnological
potential of agro-industrial residues: I. Sugarcane bagasse. Biores. Technol.,
74 : 69-80.
Pandey, A., Soccol, C.R., Nigam, P., Vandenberghe, L.P.S. and Mohan, R. 2000d.
Biotechnological potential of agro-industrial residues: II Cassava bagasse.
Biores. Technol., 74 : 81-87.

Pandey, A., Soccol, C.R., Rodriguez-leon, J.A. and Nigam, P. : “Solid State
96
Fermentation”. In: Biotechnology Fundamentals and Applications, Asiatech
Publishers Inc., New Delhi., p. 3, 2001.
Papagianni, M., Mattey, M. and Kristiansen, B. 1994. Morphology and citric acid
production of Aspergillus niger PM 1. Biotechnol. Let., 16(9) : 929-934.
Parthasarathy, N. and Bose, S.M. 1976. Glycoprotein nature of tannase in Aspergillus
niger. Acta Biochimica Polonica. 23 : 293-298.
Pearson, D. The Chemical Analysis of Foods. New York : Churchill Livingstone,
1976.
Pinto, G., Bruno, L., Hamacher, M., Tarzi, S. and Couri, S. “Increase of tannase
production in solid state fermentation by Aspergillus niger 3T5B8”. Poster
presentation, 25 th Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals,
Breckenridge, CO, USA, 2003.
Porter, L.J. : “Flavans and proanthocyanidins”. In: Harborne, J.B. (Ed.), The Flava-
noids Advances in Research Since 1986, Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 23-
48, 1994.
Pourrat, H., Regerat, F., Pourrat, A. and Jean, D. 1982. Production of tannnase
(tannin acyl hydrolase E.C. 3.1.1.20) by a strain of Aspergillus niger.
Biotechnol. Lett., 4 : 583-588.
Pourrat, H., Regerat, F., Pourrat, A. and Jean, D. 1985. Production of gallic acid from
tara tannin by a strain of A. niger. J. Ferment. Technol., 63 : 401-403.
Powell, C., Clifford, M. N., Opie, S.C., Ford, M.A., Robertson, A. and Gibson, C.L.
1993. Tea cream formation: the contribution of black tea phenolic pigments
determined by HPLC. J. Sci. Food. Agric., 63 : 77-86.

97
Purohit,J.S., Dutta, J.R., Nanda, R.K. and Banerjee, R. 2006. Strain improvement for
tannase production from co-culture of Aspergillus foetidus and Rhizopus
oryzae. Biores. Technol., 97 : 795-801.
Raimbault, M. 1998. General and microbiological aspects of solid state fermentation.
J. Biotechnol., 1 : 1-15.
Rajakumar, G.S. and Nandy, S.C. 1983. Isolation, purification, and some properties of
Penicillium chrysogenum tannase. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 46 : 525-527.
Ramirez-Coronel, M.A., Viniegra-Gonzalez, G., Darvill, A., and Augur, C. 2003. A
novel tannase from Aspergillus niger with β-glucosidase activity. Microbiol.,
149(10) : 2941-2946.
Rana, N. and Bhat, T. 2005. Effect of fermentation system on the production and
properties of tannase of Aspergillus niger van Tieghem MTCC 2425. J. Gen.
Appl. Microbiol., 51 : 203-212.
Rangkadilok, N., Worasuttayangkurn,L., Bennett, R.N. and Satayavivad, J. 2005.
Identification and quantification of polyphenolic compounds in longan
(Euphoria longana Lam.) fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53 : 1387-1392.
Reed, J.D. 1995. Nutritional toxicology of tannins and related polyphenols in forage
legumes. J. Anim. Sci., 73 : 1516-1528.
Rodríguez Couto, S. and Sanromán, M.A. 2005. Application of solid-state fermenta-
tion to ligninolytic enzyme production. Biochem. Eng. J., 22 : 211-219.
Rodríguez Couto, S. and Sanromán, M.A. 2006. Application of solid-state fermenta-
tion to food industry-A review. J. Food Eng., 76(3) : 291-302.

98
Sabu, A., Augur, C., Swati, C. and Pandey, A. 2006. Tannase production by Lactoba-
cillus sp. ASR-S1 under solid-state fermentation. Process Biochem., 41 : 575-
580.
Sabu, A., Keerthi, T.R., Rajeev Kumar, S. and Chandrasekaran, M. 2000. L-glutami-
nase production by marine Beauveria sp. under solid state fermentation.
Process Biochem., 35(7) : 705-710.
Sabu, A., Pandey, A., Jaafar Daud, M. and Szakacs, G. 2005. Tamarind seed powder
and palm kernel cake: two novel agro residues for the production of tannase
under solid state fermentation by Aspergillus niger ATCC 16620. Biores.
Technol., 96 : 1223-1228.
Sanderson, G., Englewood, N., Coggon, P. and Orangeburg, N. “Green tea conversion
using tannase and natural tea leaves”. U.S. Patent 3,812,266, 1974.
Sasaki, E., Shimada, T., Osawa, R., Nishitani, Y., Spring, S. and Lang, E. 2005.
Isolation of tannin-degrading bacteria isolated from feces of the japanese
large wood mouse, Apodemus speciosus, feeding on tannin-rich acorns. Syst.
Appl. Microbiol., 28 : 358-365.
Scalbert, A. 1991. Antimicrobial properties of tannins. Phytochem., 30 : 3875-
3883.
Schieber, A., Hilt, P., Streker, P., Endreß, H.U., Rentschler, C. and Carle, R. 2003. A
new process for the combined recovery of pectin and phenolic compounds
from apple pomace. Inn. Food Sci. Emerging Technol., 4 : 99-107.
Schieber, A., Stintzing, F.C. and Carle, R. 2001. By-products of plant food process-
sing as a source of functional compounds – recent developments. Trends
Food Sci. Technol., 12 : 401-413.

Seth, M. and Chand, S. 2000. Biosynthesis of tannase and hydrolysis of tannins to
99
gallic acid by Aspergillus awamori – optimization of process parameters.
Proc. Biochem. 36 : 39-44.
Sharma, S., Bhat, T.K. and Dawra, R.K. 2000. A spectrophotometric method for assay
of tannase using rhodanine. Anal. Biochem. 279 : 85-89.
Sharma, S., and Gupta, M.N. 2003. Synthesis of antioxidant propylgallate using
tannase from Aspergillus niger van Teighem in nonaqueous media. Bioorg.
Med. Chem. Lett., 13(3) : 395-397.
Shrikhande, A.J. 2000. Wine by-products with health benefits. Food Res. Int., 33 :
469-474.
Sittig, M. : “Trimethoprim”. In: Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encylopedia, Noyes
Publication, New Jersey, pp. 282-284, 1988.
Smith, J.E. : “The structure and development of filamentous fungi”. In: Smith, J.E.
and Berry, D.R. (Eds), The Filamentous Fungi, Edward Arnold, London,
pp. 1-32, 1975.
Someya, S., Yoshiki, Y. and Okubo, K. 2002. Antioxidant compounds from bananas
(Musa cavendish). Food Chem., 79 : 351-354.
Soong, Y.Y. and Barlow, P.J. 2004. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of
selected fruit seeds. Food Chem., 88 : 411-417.
Soong, Y.Y. and Barlow, P.J. 2005. Isolation and structure elucidation of phenolic
compounds from longan (Dimocarpus longan lour.) seed by high perfor-
mance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J.
Chromatogr. A., 1085, 270-277.

100
Spencer, C.M., Cai, Y., Martin, R., Gaffney, S.H., Goulding, P.N., Magnolato, D.,
Lilley, T.H. and Haslam, E. 1988. Polyphenol complexation – some thoughts
and observations. Phytochem., 27 : 2397-2409.
Subhadrabandhu, S. and Yapwattanaphun, C. “Lychee and longan production in
Thailand”. Paper presented at the First International Symposium on Litchi
and Longan, Guangzhou, China, 2000.
Takeoka, G.R. and Dao, L.T. 2002. Antioxidant constituents of almond [Prunus
dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] hulls. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51 : 496-501.
Teighem, V. 1867. Sur la fermentation gallique. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris)., 65 : 1091-
1094.
Torres, J.L. and Bobet, R. 2001. New flavanol derivatives from grape (Vitis vinifera)
byproducts: antioxidant aminoethylthio-flavan-3-ol conjugates from a poly-
meric waste fraction used as a source of flavanols. J. Agric. Food Chem., 49 :
4627-4634.
Toor, R.K. and Savage, G.P. 2005. Antioxidant activity in different fractions of
tomatoes. Food Res. Int., 38 : 487-494.
Treviño-Cueto, B., Luis, M., Contreras-Esquivel, J.C., Rodríguez, R., Aguilera, A.
and Aguilar, C.N. 2007. Gallic acid and tannase accumulation during fungal
solid state culture of a tannin-rich desert plant (Larrea tridentate Cov).
Biores. Technol., 98 : 721-724.
Van Buren, J.P. and Robinson, W.B. 1969. Formation of complexes between protein
and tannic acid. J. Agric. Food Chem., 17 : 772-777.

101
Van de Lagemaat, J. and Pyle, D.L. 2001. Solid-state fermentation and bioremedia-
tion: development of a continuous process for the production of fungal
tannases. Chem. Eng. J., 84 : 115-123.
Van de Lagemaat, J. and Pyle, D.L. 2005. Modelling the uptake and growth kinetics
of Penicillium glabrum in a tannic acid-containing solid state fermentation for
tannase production. Process Biochem., 40 : 1773-1782.
Viet, T.Q., Hoan, T.X. and Huyen, L.V. 2005. “Utilization of longan seed meal (by-
products of dried longan pulp processing) as local and available feed
resources for dairy goats in winter season of Vietnam”. Workshop-seminar,
Making better use of local feed resources, MEKARN-CTU, Cantho, Vietnam.
Visioli, F. and Galli, C. 2003. Olives and their production waste products as sources
of bioactive compounds. Curr. Top. Nutraceut. Res., 1 : 85-88.
Wang, X.D. and Rakshit, S.K. 1999. Improved extracellular transferase enzyme
production by Aspergillus foetidus for synthesis of isooligosaccharides.
Bioproc. Eng., 20 : 429-434.
Watanabe, M., Ohshita, Y. and Tsushida, T. 1997. Antioxidant compounds from
buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Mőench) hulls. J. Agric. Food Chem., 45:
1039-1044.
Wolfe, K.L. and Liu, R.H. 2003. Apple peels as a value-added food ingredient. J.
Agric. Food Chem., 51 : 1676-1683.
Wong, K.C. and Saichol, K. : “Dimocarpus longan Lour”. In: Verheij, E.W.M. and
Coronel, R.E. (Eds.), Edible fruits and nuts. Plant Resources of Southeast
Asia, Pudoc, Wageningen, pp. 146-151, 1991.

102
Yamada, K., Adachi, O., Watanabe, M. and Ogata, K. 1967. Tannase (tannin acyl
hydrolase) a typical serine esterase. Agric. Biol. Chem., 32 : 257-258.
Yamada, K., Adachi, O., Watanabe, M. and Sato, N. 1968. Studies on fungal
tannase. Part I. Formation, purification and catalytic properties of tannase
of Aspergillus flavus. Agric. Biol. Chem., 32 : 1070-1078.
Zhong, X., Peng, L., Zheng, S., Sun, Z., Ren, Y., Dong, M. and Xu, A. 2004. Secretion,
purification, and characterization of a recombinant Aspergillus oryzae tannase
in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr. Purif., 36 : 165–169.