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Shipton, Z. K., and Cowie, P. A., 2001, Damage zone and slip-surface evolution over micrometre to kilometre scales in high-porosity Navajo sandstone, Utah: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 23, p. 1825-1844. Sigda, J., and Wilson, J., 2003a, Are faults preferential flow paths through semiarid and arid vadose zones?: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 8, 1225, doi: 10.1029/2002WR001406. Stephen, K. D., and Dalrymple, M., 2002, Reservoir simulations developed from an outcrop of incised valley fill strata: AAPG Bulletin, v. 86, no. 5, p. 797-822. Sternlof, K., and Pollard, D., 2001, Deformation bands as linear elastic fractures: Progress in theory and observation: EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, v. 82, no. 47, Fall Meeting Supplemental Abstract T42E-04. -, 2002, Numerical modeling of compactive deformation bands as granular anti-cracks: EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, v. 83, no. 47, Fall Meeting Supplemental Abstract T11F-10. Sternlof, K. R., Chapin, J. R., Pollard, D. D., and Durlofsky, L. J., 2004, Permeability effects of deformation band arrays in sandstone: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 88, no. 9, p. 1315-1329. Sternlof, K. R., Karimi-Fard, M., Pollard, D. D., and Durlofsky, L. J., 2006, Flow effects of compaction bands in sandstone at scales relevant to aquifer and reservoir management: Water Resources Research, in press, doi: 10.1029/2005WR004664. Sternlof, K. R., Rudnicki, J. W., and Pollard, D. D., 2005, Anticrack-inclusion model for compaction bands in sandstone: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 110, B11403, doi: 10.1029/2005JB003764. Stewart, J. H., and Carlson, J. E., 1978, Geologic Map of Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Map MF-930, 1:500,000 (2 sheets). Sumi, Y., Nemat-Nasser, S., and Keer, L. M., 1985, On crack path stability in a finite body: Engineering Fracture Mechanics, v. 22, p. 759-771. Swain, M. V., and Hagan, J. T., 1978, Some observations of overlapping interacting cracks: Engineering Fracture Mechanics, v. 10, p. 299-304. Swierczewska, A., and Tokarski, A. K., 1998, Deformation bands and the history of folding in the Magura Nappe, western outer Carpathians, Poland: Tectonophysics, v. 297, no. 1-4, p. 73-90. Taylor, W. L., 1999, Fluid flow and chemical alteration in fractured sandstones [Ph.D. thesis]: Stanford University, 411 p. 212
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STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, PROPAGATION MEC
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Abstract Low-porosity, low-permeabi
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delivered with fortitude, humor, su
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Chapter 3—Energy-release model of
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List of Illustrations Figure A. Cov
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Figure A. Cover photo that accompan
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likely present in subsurface sandst
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hooking-tip interactions—using th
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and sandstone, my co-authors—Moha
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the hard data from which accurate p
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Although the Aztec sandstone experi
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Waterpocket Fault 36 o 26‘ N 0 1
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Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Quatern
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3.3. Deformation The Aztec also has
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There also are relatively high-angl
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(e) (f) (c) 500µm compaction band
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dihedral angle of 80° or more, and
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5. Compaction band orientations Ori
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n = 20 M n = 20 P n = 22 B n = 20 R
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were encountered, giving the dihedr
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Eichhubl et al., 2004) did not lend
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P (a) (c) S P S Figure 1.10. Stereo
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possible, and use these to better c
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1.5(ρgz) (b) WEST Willow Tank Uppe
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9. Acknowledgements My sincere than
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The term compaction band (CB) was c
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Pollard, 2002). The particular util
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Hue-based image analysis using MATL
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a direct genetic relationship (Hill
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Compaction band fin Depositional be
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suggests—that to first approximat
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Porosity Porosity 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15
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pore-clogging clay—due presumably
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500 µm Figure 2.9. Electron backsc
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(a) (b) σ 3 σ 1 x 3 x 1 x 1 (c) u
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6. Elastic properties Despite a lon
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Comparison of the two approaches es
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term in (6a) and (6c) begins to dom
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MPa MPa 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
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2002) and use a BEM approach (Crouc
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MPa 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 −5 10
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concentration of quartz plasticity
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conducted on well-cemented sandston
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~ 62 m compaction band trend 500µm
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Sternlof et al. (2005) have suggest
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2005). It consists of a long (infin
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⎡ ∆ ⎤ ⎧ p 1 ∆ ⎛ M ⎞
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which point the inelastic strain ha
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they can exert significant effects
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interact is inversely proportional
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 4.3. Typical
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Viewed individually, CB traces tend
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Figure 4.7.
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1973; Mardon, 1988; Peck et al., 19
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undamaged host rock. That CBs canno
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0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
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Normalized stress magnitude 3 2.5 2
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helps to explain why the oblique ap
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and ts = G·ds + H·dn (2) where tn
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plastic compaction, as suggested by
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To determine the sensitivity of pro
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segments will self-correct to provi
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6.3. Approaching tip interactions A
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0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 −0.05 −0.1
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0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 −0.05 −0.1
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the hooking patterns commonly obser
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(a) (b) (c) σ1 compaction band max
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σ 3 σ 2 σ 1 Figure 4.24. Schemat
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NV UT CA AZ Park Road Map Detail Pa
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compaction band Figure 5.2. Typical
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3. Computational method The methodo
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compaction band A 5 mm A‘ compact
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4. Application to the Aztec sandsto
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Permeability (mD) 10 4 10 3 10 2 10
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B‘ A‘ A c f m c m c f c f c f c
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equivalent of the Aztec sandstone,
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effective permeability represents a
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NV UT CA AZ Park Road Map Detail Pa
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Commonly from ~1 mm to ~1.5 cm in t
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Although systematic arrays of DBs p
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to 2 m, with both sets in a cross-h
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y identical blocks all subject to t
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contiguous areas. This type of char
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(0,b) n 3 (0,0) f 2 n 2 n 1 (a,0) (
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6.1. Parallel Effective permeabilit
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By contrast, band-parallel effectiv
Page 174 and 175: Relative Effective Permeability 1.0
Page 176 and 177: (a) (b) (c) 0 meters 3 = 10-2 kb /k
Page 178 and 179: Though grossly systematic, anastomo
Page 180 and 181: 168
Page 182 and 183: 100 meters 5 meters NV UT CA AZ Par
Page 184 and 185: compaction band trend 500µm Figure
Page 186 and 187: Cover Outcrop Band N 100 meters 20
Page 188 and 189: (CBs) and the matrix rock in all si
Page 190 and 191: The finite volume discretization fo
Page 192 and 193: isotropic) can lead to numerical di
Page 194 and 195: 5. Simulations Three sets of 2-D si
Page 196 and 197: Normalized ∆P ∆P ratio (n/p) 4.
Page 198 and 199: P P P P I I P P Case 1 P P Case 2 I
Page 200 and 201: Case 1 Case 1 Case 1 (a) (b) (c) In
Page 202 and 203: 5.2.2. Discussion The elliptical pa
Page 204 and 205: 5.3.1. Results With the regional gr
Page 206 and 207: (a) (b) Leak 200 meters Regional gr
Page 208 and 209: anticipated sustainable pumping rat
Page 210 and 211: Finally, there is the issue of fore
Page 212 and 213: 200
Page 214 and 215: Bakke, S., and Øren, P. E., 1997,
Page 216 and 217: Carpenter, D. G., and Carpenter, J.
Page 218 and 219: Eichhubl, P., Taylor, W. L., Pollar
Page 220 and 221: Karimi-Fard, M., Durlofsky, L. J.,
Page 222 and 223: -, 1987, Fracture from a straight c
Page 226: Wong, T. F., David, C., and Zhu, W.
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