-, 1987, Fracture from a straight crack subjected to mixed mode loading: International Journal <strong>of</strong> Fracture, v. 32, p. 257-263. Mollema, P. N., <strong>and</strong> Antonellini, M. A., 1996, Compaction b<strong>and</strong>s: a <strong>structural</strong> analog for anti-mod I cracks in eolian s<strong>and</strong>stone: Tectonophysics, v. 267, p. 209-228. Morgan, J. K., 1999, Numerical simulations <strong>of</strong> granular shear zones using the distinct element method, 2. Effect <strong>of</strong> particle size distribution <strong>and</strong> inter-particle friction on mechanical behavior: Journal <strong>of</strong> Geophysical Research, v. 104, p. 2721-2732. Morgan, J. K., <strong>and</strong> Boettcher, M. S., 1999, Numerical simulations <strong>of</strong> granular shear zones using the distinct element method. 1. Shear zone kinematics <strong>and</strong> micro<strong>mechanics</strong> <strong>of</strong> localization: Journal <strong>of</strong> Geophysical Research, v. 104, p. 2703-2719. Mura, T., 1987, Micro<strong>mechanics</strong> <strong>of</strong> defects in solids: Hague, Netherl<strong>and</strong>s, Martinus Nijh<strong>of</strong>f. Myers, R., 1999, Structure <strong>and</strong> hydraulics <strong>of</strong> brittle faults in s<strong>and</strong>stone [Ph.D. thesis]: <strong>Stanford</strong> University, 176 p. Myers, R., <strong>and</strong> Aydin, A., 2004, The evolution <strong>of</strong> faults formed by shearing across joint zones in s<strong>and</strong>stone: Journal <strong>of</strong> Structural Geology, v. 26, no. 5, p. 947-966. Naff, R. L., Haley, D. F., <strong>and</strong> Sudicky, E. A., 1998, High-resolution Monte Carlo simulation <strong>of</strong> flow <strong>and</strong> conservative transport in heterogeneous porous media, 2: Transport results: Water Resources Research, v. 34, no. 4, p. 679-698, doi: 10.1029/1997WR02711. Olson, J., <strong>and</strong> Pollard, D. D., 1989, Inferring paleostresses from natural fracture patterns: A new method: Geology, v. 17, p. 345-348. Olsson, W. A., 1999, Theoretical <strong>and</strong> experimental investigation <strong>of</strong> compaction b<strong>and</strong>s in porous rock: Journal <strong>of</strong> Geophysical Research, v. 104, p. 7219-7228. Olsson, W. A., <strong>and</strong> Holcomb, D. J., 2000, Compaction localization in porous rock: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 27, p. 3537-3540. Olsson, W. A., Lorenz, J. C., <strong>and</strong> Cooper, S. P., 2004, A mechanical model for multiplyoriented conjugate deformation b<strong>and</strong>s: Journal <strong>of</strong> Structural Geology, v. 26, no. 2, p. 325-338. Øren, P. E., <strong>and</strong> Bakke, S., 2002, Process-based reconstruction <strong>of</strong> s<strong>and</strong>stones <strong>and</strong> prediction <strong>of</strong> transport properties: Transport in Porous Media, v. 46, p. 311-343. Peck, L., Barton, C. C., <strong>and</strong> Gordon, R. B., 1985a, Microstructure <strong>and</strong> the resistance <strong>of</strong> rock to tensile fracture: Journal <strong>of</strong> Geophysical Research, v. 90, p. 11,533-11,546. 210
Peck, L., Nolen-Hoeksema, R. C., Barton, C. C., <strong>and</strong> Gordon, R. B., 1985b, Measurement <strong>of</strong> the resistance <strong>of</strong> imperfectly elastic rock to the <strong>propagation</strong> <strong>of</strong> tensile cracks: Journal <strong>of</strong> Geophysical Research, v. 90, p. 7,827-7,836. Pittman, E. D., 1981, Effect <strong>of</strong> fault-related granulation on porosity <strong>and</strong> permeability <strong>of</strong> quartz s<strong>and</strong>stone, Simpson Group (Ordovician), Oklahoma: American Association <strong>of</strong> Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, p. 2381-2387. Pollard, D. D., <strong>and</strong> Aydin, A. A., 1988, Progress in underst<strong>and</strong>ing jointing over the past century: Geological Society <strong>of</strong> America Bulletin, v. 100, p. 1,181-1,204. Renard, F., <strong>and</strong> de Marsily, G., 1997, Calculating equivalent permeability: A review: Advances in Water Resources, v. 20, p. 253-278. Rice, J. R., 1968, A path independent integral <strong>and</strong> the approximate analysis <strong>of</strong> strain concentration by notches <strong>and</strong> cracks: Journal <strong>of</strong> Applied Mechanics, v. 35, p. 379- 386. Rudnicki, J. W., 1999, Alteration <strong>of</strong> regional stress by reservoirs <strong>and</strong> other inhomogeneities: Stabilizing or destabilizing?, in Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Ninth International Congress on Rock Mechanics, Paris, p. 1629-1637. -, 2002, Conditions for compaction <strong>and</strong> shear b<strong>and</strong>s in a transversely isotropic material: International Journal <strong>of</strong> Solids <strong>and</strong> Structures, v. 39, p. 3741-3756. -, 2003, Compaction b<strong>and</strong>s in porous rock, in Labuz, J. F., <strong>and</strong> Drescher, A., eds., Bifurcations <strong>and</strong> Instabilities in Geo<strong>mechanics</strong>: Lisse, Netherl<strong>and</strong>s, Swets & Zeitlinger. -, 2004, Shear <strong>and</strong> compaction b<strong>and</strong> formation on an elliptic yield cap: Journal <strong>of</strong> Geophysical Research, v. 109, p. B03402, doi: 1029/2003JB002633. Rudnicki, J. W., <strong>and</strong> Sternl<strong>of</strong>, K. R., 2005, Energy release model for compaction b<strong>and</strong> <strong>propagation</strong>: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 32, no. L16303, doi: 10.1029/2005GL023602. Segall, P., <strong>and</strong> Pollard, D. D., 1983, Joint formation in granitic rock <strong>of</strong> the Sierra Nevada: Geological Society <strong>of</strong> America Bulletin, v. 94, p. 563-575. Sempere, J.-C., <strong>and</strong> Macdonald, K. C., 1986, Overlapping spreading centers: Implications from crack growth simulation by the displacement discontinuity method: Tectonics, v. 5, p. 151-163. Shewchuk, J. R., 1996, Triangle: Engineering a 2D quality mesh generator <strong>and</strong> Delaunay triangulator, in First Workshop on Applied Computational Geometry, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A., p. 124-133. 211
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STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, PROPAGATION MEC
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Abstract Low-porosity, low-permeabi
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delivered with fortitude, humor, su
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Chapter 3—Energy-release model of
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List of Illustrations Figure A. Cov
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Figure A. Cover photo that accompan
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likely present in subsurface sandst
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hooking-tip interactions—using th
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and sandstone, my co-authors—Moha
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the hard data from which accurate p
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Although the Aztec sandstone experi
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Waterpocket Fault 36 o 26‘ N 0 1
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Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Quatern
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3.3. Deformation The Aztec also has
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There also are relatively high-angl
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(e) (f) (c) 500µm compaction band
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dihedral angle of 80° or more, and
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5. Compaction band orientations Ori
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n = 20 M n = 20 P n = 22 B n = 20 R
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were encountered, giving the dihedr
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Eichhubl et al., 2004) did not lend
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P (a) (c) S P S Figure 1.10. Stereo
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possible, and use these to better c
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1.5(ρgz) (b) WEST Willow Tank Uppe
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9. Acknowledgements My sincere than
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The term compaction band (CB) was c
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Pollard, 2002). The particular util
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Hue-based image analysis using MATL
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a direct genetic relationship (Hill
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Compaction band fin Depositional be
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suggests—that to first approximat
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Porosity Porosity 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15
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pore-clogging clay—due presumably
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500 µm Figure 2.9. Electron backsc
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(a) (b) σ 3 σ 1 x 3 x 1 x 1 (c) u
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6. Elastic properties Despite a lon
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Comparison of the two approaches es
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term in (6a) and (6c) begins to dom
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MPa MPa 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
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2002) and use a BEM approach (Crouc
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MPa 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 −5 10
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concentration of quartz plasticity
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conducted on well-cemented sandston
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~ 62 m compaction band trend 500µm
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Sternlof et al. (2005) have suggest
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2005). It consists of a long (infin
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⎡ ∆ ⎤ ⎧ p 1 ∆ ⎛ M ⎞
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which point the inelastic strain ha
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they can exert significant effects
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interact is inversely proportional
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 4.3. Typical
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Viewed individually, CB traces tend
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Figure 4.7.
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1973; Mardon, 1988; Peck et al., 19
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undamaged host rock. That CBs canno
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0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
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Normalized stress magnitude 3 2.5 2
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helps to explain why the oblique ap
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and ts = G·ds + H·dn (2) where tn
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plastic compaction, as suggested by
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To determine the sensitivity of pro
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segments will self-correct to provi
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6.3. Approaching tip interactions A
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0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 −0.05 −0.1
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0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 −0.05 −0.1
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the hooking patterns commonly obser
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(a) (b) (c) σ1 compaction band max
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σ 3 σ 2 σ 1 Figure 4.24. Schemat
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NV UT CA AZ Park Road Map Detail Pa
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compaction band Figure 5.2. Typical
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3. Computational method The methodo
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compaction band A 5 mm A‘ compact
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4. Application to the Aztec sandsto
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Permeability (mD) 10 4 10 3 10 2 10
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B‘ A‘ A c f m c m c f c f c f c
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equivalent of the Aztec sandstone,
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effective permeability represents a
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NV UT CA AZ Park Road Map Detail Pa
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Commonly from ~1 mm to ~1.5 cm in t
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Although systematic arrays of DBs p
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to 2 m, with both sets in a cross-h
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y identical blocks all subject to t
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contiguous areas. This type of char
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(0,b) n 3 (0,0) f 2 n 2 n 1 (a,0) (
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6.1. Parallel Effective permeabilit
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- Page 182 and 183: 100 meters 5 meters NV UT CA AZ Par
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