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$Drilling-induced tensile wall-fractures - Stanford University$

-, 1987, Fracture from a straight crack subjected to mixed mode loading: International Journal of Fracture, v. 32, p. 257-263. Mollema, P. N., and Antonellini, M. A., 1996, Compaction bands: a structural analog for anti-mod I cracks in eolian sandstone: Tectonophysics, v. 267, p. 209-228. Morgan, J. K., 1999, Numerical simulations of granular shear zones using the distinct element method, 2. Effect of particle size distribution and inter-particle friction on mechanical behavior: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 104, p. 2721-2732. Morgan, J. K., and Boettcher, M. S., 1999, Numerical simulations of granular shear zones using the distinct element method. 1. Shear zone kinematics and micromechanics of localization: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 104, p. 2703-2719. Mura, T., 1987, Micromechanics of defects in solids: Hague, Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff. Myers, R., 1999, Structure and hydraulics of brittle faults in sandstone [Ph.D. thesis]: Stanford University, 176 p. Myers, R., and Aydin, A., 2004, The evolution of faults formed by shearing across joint zones in sandstone: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 26, no. 5, p. 947-966. Naff, R. L., Haley, D. F., and Sudicky, E. A., 1998, High-resolution Monte Carlo simulation of flow and conservative transport in heterogeneous porous media, 2: Transport results: Water Resources Research, v. 34, no. 4, p. 679-698, doi: 10.1029/1997WR02711. Olson, J., and Pollard, D. D., 1989, Inferring paleostresses from natural fracture patterns: A new method: Geology, v. 17, p. 345-348. Olsson, W. A., 1999, Theoretical and experimental investigation of compaction bands in porous rock: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 104, p. 7219-7228. Olsson, W. A., and Holcomb, D. J., 2000, Compaction localization in porous rock: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 27, p. 3537-3540. Olsson, W. A., Lorenz, J. C., and Cooper, S. P., 2004, A mechanical model for multiplyoriented conjugate deformation bands: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 26, no. 2, p. 325-338. Øren, P. E., and Bakke, S., 2002, Process-based reconstruction of sandstones and prediction of transport properties: Transport in Porous Media, v. 46, p. 311-343. Peck, L., Barton, C. C., and Gordon, R. B., 1985a, Microstructure and the resistance of rock to tensile fracture: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, p. 11,533-11,546. 210
Peck, L., Nolen-Hoeksema, R. C., Barton, C. C., and Gordon, R. B., 1985b, Measurement of the resistance of imperfectly elastic rock to the propagation of tensile cracks: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, p. 7,827-7,836. Pittman, E. D., 1981, Effect of fault-related granulation on porosity and permeability of quartz sandstone, Simpson Group (Ordovician), Oklahoma: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, p. 2381-2387. Pollard, D. D., and Aydin, A. A., 1988, Progress in understanding jointing over the past century: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, p. 1,181-1,204. Renard, F., and de Marsily, G., 1997, Calculating equivalent permeability: A review: Advances in Water Resources, v. 20, p. 253-278. Rice, J. R., 1968, A path independent integral and the approximate analysis of strain concentration by notches and cracks: Journal of Applied Mechanics, v. 35, p. 379- 386. Rudnicki, J. W., 1999, Alteration of regional stress by reservoirs and other inhomogeneities: Stabilizing or destabilizing?, in Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress on Rock Mechanics, Paris, p. 1629-1637. -, 2002, Conditions for compaction and shear bands in a transversely isotropic material: International Journal of Solids and Structures, v. 39, p. 3741-3756. -, 2003, Compaction bands in porous rock, in Labuz, J. F., and Drescher, A., eds., Bifurcations and Instabilities in Geomechanics: Lisse, Netherlands, Swets & Zeitlinger. -, 2004, Shear and compaction band formation on an elliptic yield cap: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 109, p. B03402, doi: 1029/2003JB002633. Rudnicki, J. W., and Sternlof, K. R., 2005, Energy release model for compaction band propagation: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 32, no. L16303, doi: 10.1029/2005GL023602. Segall, P., and Pollard, D. D., 1983, Joint formation in granitic rock of the Sierra Nevada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 94, p. 563-575. Sempere, J.-C., and Macdonald, K. C., 1986, Overlapping spreading centers: Implications from crack growth simulation by the displacement discontinuity method: Tectonics, v. 5, p. 151-163. Shewchuk, J. R., 1996, Triangle: Engineering a 2D quality mesh generator and Delaunay triangulator, in First Workshop on Applied Computational Geometry, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A., p. 124-133. 211
Page 1 and 2:
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY, PROPAGATION MEC
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Abstract Low-porosity, low-permeabi
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delivered with fortitude, humor, su
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Chapter 3—Energy-release model of
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List of Illustrations Figure A. Cov
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Figure A. Cover photo that accompan
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likely present in subsurface sandst
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hooking-tip interactions—using th
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and sandstone, my co-authors—Moha
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the hard data from which accurate p
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Although the Aztec sandstone experi
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Waterpocket Fault 36 o 26‘ N 0 1
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Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Quatern
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3.3. Deformation The Aztec also has
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There also are relatively high-angl
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(e) (f) (c) 500µm compaction band
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dihedral angle of 80° or more, and
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5. Compaction band orientations Ori
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n = 20 M n = 20 P n = 22 B n = 20 R
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were encountered, giving the dihedr
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Eichhubl et al., 2004) did not lend
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P (a) (c) S P S Figure 1.10. Stereo
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possible, and use these to better c
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1.5(ρgz) (b) WEST Willow Tank Uppe
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9. Acknowledgements My sincere than
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The term compaction band (CB) was c
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Pollard, 2002). The particular util
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Hue-based image analysis using MATL
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a direct genetic relationship (Hill
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Compaction band fin Depositional be
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suggests—that to first approximat
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Porosity Porosity 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15
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pore-clogging clay—due presumably
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500 µm Figure 2.9. Electron backsc
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(a) (b) σ 3 σ 1 x 3 x 1 x 1 (c) u
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6. Elastic properties Despite a lon
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Comparison of the two approaches es
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term in (6a) and (6c) begins to dom
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MPa MPa 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
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2002) and use a BEM approach (Crouc
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MPa 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 −5 10
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concentration of quartz plasticity
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conducted on well-cemented sandston
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~ 62 m compaction band trend 500µm
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Sternlof et al. (2005) have suggest
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2005). It consists of a long (infin
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⎡ ∆ ⎤ ⎧ p 1 ∆ ⎛ M ⎞
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which point the inelastic strain ha
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they can exert significant effects
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interact is inversely proportional
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 4.3. Typical
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Viewed individually, CB traces tend
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Figure 4.7.
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1973; Mardon, 1988; Peck et al., 19
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undamaged host rock. That CBs canno
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0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
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Normalized stress magnitude 3 2.5 2
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helps to explain why the oblique ap
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and ts = G·ds + H·dn (2) where tn
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plastic compaction, as suggested by
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To determine the sensitivity of pro
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segments will self-correct to provi
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6.3. Approaching tip interactions A
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0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 −0.05 −0.1
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0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 −0.05 −0.1
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the hooking patterns commonly obser
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(a) (b) (c) σ1 compaction band max
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σ 3 σ 2 σ 1 Figure 4.24. Schemat
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NV UT CA AZ Park Road Map Detail Pa
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compaction band Figure 5.2. Typical
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3. Computational method The methodo
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compaction band A 5 mm A‘ compact
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4. Application to the Aztec sandsto
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Permeability (mD) 10 4 10 3 10 2 10
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B‘ A‘ A c f m c m c f c f c f c
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equivalent of the Aztec sandstone,
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effective permeability represents a
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NV UT CA AZ Park Road Map Detail Pa
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Commonly from ~1 mm to ~1.5 cm in t
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Although systematic arrays of DBs p
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to 2 m, with both sets in a cross-h
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y identical blocks all subject to t
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contiguous areas. This type of char
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(0,b) n 3 (0,0) f 2 n 2 n 1 (a,0) (
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6.1. Parallel Effective permeabilit
Page 172 and 173: By contrast, band-parallel effectiv
Page 174 and 175: Relative Effective Permeability 1.0
Page 176 and 177: (a) (b) (c) 0 meters 3 = 10-2 kb /k
Page 178 and 179: Though grossly systematic, anastomo
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Page 182 and 183: 100 meters 5 meters NV UT CA AZ Par
Page 184 and 185: compaction band trend 500µm Figure
Page 186 and 187: Cover Outcrop Band N 100 meters 20
Page 188 and 189: (CBs) and the matrix rock in all si
Page 190 and 191: The finite volume discretization fo
Page 192 and 193: isotropic) can lead to numerical di
Page 194 and 195: 5. Simulations Three sets of 2-D si
Page 196 and 197: Normalized ∆P ∆P ratio (n/p) 4.
Page 198 and 199: P P P P I I P P Case 1 P P Case 2 I
Page 200 and 201: Case 1 Case 1 Case 1 (a) (b) (c) In
Page 202 and 203: 5.2.2. Discussion The elliptical pa
Page 204 and 205: 5.3.1. Results With the regional gr
Page 206 and 207: (a) (b) Leak 200 meters Regional gr
Page 208 and 209: anticipated sustainable pumping rat
Page 210 and 211: Finally, there is the issue of fore
Page 212 and 213: 200
Page 214 and 215: Bakke, S., and Øren, P. E., 1997,
Page 216 and 217: Carpenter, D. G., and Carpenter, J.
Page 218 and 219: Eichhubl, P., Taylor, W. L., Pollar
Page 220 and 221: Karimi-Fard, M., Durlofsky, L. J.,
Page 224 and 225: Shipton, Z. K., and Cowie, P. A., 2
Page 226: Wong, T. F., David, C., and Zhu, W.
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